Algebra Summary

Mensuration
Area of a trapezium 1 Volume of a prism 𝐴ℎ
⎯⎯(𝑎 + 𝑏)ℎ
2
Curved Surface of a cylinder 2𝜋𝑟ℎ Volume of a cylinder 𝜋𝑟 ℎ
Area of a triangle 1 Volume of a pyramid 1
⎯⎯𝑎𝑏 sin(𝐶) ⎯⎯𝐴ℎ
2 3
Surface area of a prism 2𝐴 + 𝑃ℎ Volume of a cone 1
⎯⎯𝜋𝑟 ℎ
3
Surface area of a pyramid 1 Volume of a sphere 4
𝐴 + ⎯⎯𝑃ℎ ⎯⎯𝜋𝑟
2 3

Functions
𝑓: 𝐷 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = ⋯
Name: domain → co-domain (not range), rule

Function must be one-to-one or many-to-one (vertical line test).

Inverse functions and solving equations

The rule of the inverse can be found by swapping the 𝑥 and 𝑦 in the equation.
This can also be seen as a reflection in the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.

𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 and 𝑓 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥

There may be restrictions on the inside function and there may be more solutions to consider.

Inverse function must be one-to-one and must be written as 𝑓 : 𝐷 → 𝑅, 𝑓 (𝑥) = ⋯

Function Inverse Composition to solve

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑓 (𝑥) = √⎯⎯
𝑥 ⎯⎯⎯
√𝑥 = 𝑥 ⎯⎯
√𝑥 = 𝑥
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
𝑥  =𝑥 𝑥 =𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑓 (𝑥) = log (𝑥) log (𝑒 ) = 𝑥 ( )
𝑒 =𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = sin(𝑥) 𝑓 (𝑥) = sin (𝑥) sin (sin(𝑥)) = 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = cos(𝑥) 𝑓 (𝑥) = cos (𝑥) cos (cos(𝑥)) = 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = tan(𝑥) 𝑓 (𝑥) = tan (𝑥) tan (tan(𝑥)) = 𝑥

Polynomials
Remainder and factor theorems
The remainder of a polynomial 𝑃(𝑥) divided by (𝑥 − 𝑎) is equal to 𝑃(𝑎).
A polynomial 𝑃(𝑥) has a factor (𝑥 − 𝑎) if and only if 𝑃(𝑎) = 0.

Complete the square Quadratic formula Discriminant

  ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑏 𝑏 −𝑏 ± √𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 Δ = 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 = 𝑥 + ⎯⎯ − ⎯⎯ 𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 2 2𝑎

Exponential and logarithmic functions

Exponential and logarithmic functions
𝑎 ×𝑎 =𝑎 log (𝑥) + log (𝑦) = log (𝑥𝑦)
𝑎 𝑥
𝑎 ÷ 𝑎 = ⎯⎯⎯= 𝑎 log (𝑥) − log (𝑦) = log ⎯⎯
𝑎 𝑦
𝑎 =1 log (1) = 0
(𝑎 ) = 𝑎 ×
log (𝑥 ) = 𝑛 log (𝑥)
(𝑎 × 𝑏) = 𝑎 × 𝑏 𝑎 𝑎
⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯
𝑏 𝑏
1 1 1
𝑎 = ⎯⎯, 𝑎 = ⎯⎯⎯ log ⎯⎯ = log (𝑥 ) = − log (𝑥)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑥
⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ 𝑚
𝑎⎯⎯ = √⎯⎯ 𝑎⎯⎯ = √𝑎 = √⎯⎯
⎯⎯
𝑎, 𝑎 log √𝑎 = log 𝑥 = ⎯⎯
𝑛

1 log (𝑥) = ln(𝑥)

𝑒 = lim 1 + ⎯⎯ ≈ 2.71828 …
→ 𝑛

Circular functions and trigonometry

Sine is the 𝑦 value on the unit circle. Cosine is the 𝑥 value on the unit circle.
Tangent is the length of the tangent to the 𝑥-axis. Check the sign of the gradient of the radius.

𝑂 𝐴 𝑂
sin(𝜃) = ⎯⎯ cos(𝜃) = ⎯⎯ tan(𝜃) = ⎯⎯
𝐻 𝐻 𝐴

Period of sine and cosine 2𝜋 cos (𝑥) + sin (𝑥) = 1

sin(𝜃)
Period of tangent 𝜋 𝜋 tan(𝜃) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin ⎯⎯− 𝑥 = cos(𝑥) cos(𝜃)
2

Linear simultaneous equations

Unique Solution No Solutions Infinite Solutions
Non-parallel lines Parallel lines that do not meet Parallel lines that completely
overlap each other

𝑚 ≠𝑚 𝑚 = 𝑚 , and 𝑐 ≠ 𝑐 𝑚 = 𝑚 , and 𝑐 = 𝑐