Functions and Graphs Summary

Power Functions Vertical Line

Integer Power Function 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥=𝑘
Even 𝑛 ≥ 1 Odd 𝑛 ≥ 1

Side Parabola
𝑥=𝑦

1   ⎯⎯
𝑓 (𝑥) = √ 𝑥
Negative Power Function 𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯= 𝑥   ⎯⎯
𝑥 𝑓 (𝑥) = −√ 𝑥
1 1
𝑦 = ⎯⎯= 𝑥 𝑦 = ⎯⎯⎯= 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥

Circle
𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑟

Root Functions 𝑦 = √⎯⎯

𝑥 = 𝑥 ⎯⎯   ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑟 − 𝑥
  ⎯⎯   ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑦=√ 𝑥 = 𝑥 ⎯⎯ 𝑦 = √⎯⎯
𝑥 = 𝑥 ⎯⎯ 𝑓 (𝑥) = − 𝑟 − 𝑥

Polynomials
Linear (𝑥) Quadratic (𝑥 ) Cubic (𝑥 ) Quartic (𝑥 )

Key Features of Graphs

Axis intercepts, stationary points, points of inflection, domain (including maximal, implied or natural
domain), co-domain and range, asymptotic behaviour and symmetry.

Domain Restrictions 𝑦-intercept: 𝑥 = 0

1   ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑦 = 𝑓(0)
⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥-intercept(s): 𝑦 = 0
𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 0 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 0 = 𝑓(𝑥)

Coordinate Geometry
Coordinate Geometry
𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦 +𝑦   ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯   ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
midpoint = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ distance = (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑦 ) = run + rise
2 2

rise 𝑦 −𝑦 𝑚 = tan(𝜃) 𝑚∥ × 𝑚 = −1
𝑚 = ⎯⎯⎯ 𝑚 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
run 𝑥 −𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑦 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
⎯⎯⎯⎯ + ⎯⎯⎯⎯ = 1
𝑥-int 𝑦-int

Types of Relations
Many-to-Many Many-to-One One-to-Many One-to-One

Horizontal Line Test (Inverse Function Test) Vertical Line Test (Function Test)

Functions
𝑓: 𝐷 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = ⋯
Name: domain → co-domain (not range), rule

Function must be one-to-one or many-to-one (vertical line test).

Inverse Functions and Solving Equations

The rule of the inverse can be found by swapping the 𝑥 and 𝑦 in the equation.
This can also be seen as a reflection in the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.

𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 and 𝑓 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥

There may be restrictions on the inside function and there may be more solutions to consider.

Inverse function must be one-to-one and must be written as 𝑓 : 𝐷 → 𝑅, 𝑓 (𝑥) = ⋯

Function Inverse
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑓 (𝑥) = √⎯⎯
𝑥
1 ⎯⎯
𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯ 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑥
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥