FORMULAE TABLE

Percent Relative Error:

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜀 = × 100%
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Newton-Raphson Method:
𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑥 =𝑥 −
𝑓 (𝑥 )

Lagrange Interpolating Polynomials:

𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝐿 (𝑥)𝑓(𝑥 )

𝑥−𝑥
𝐿 (𝑥) =
𝑥 −𝑥

Finite Difference Formulas:

(a) First Derivatives:

Forward: Backward: Central:

𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥 − ℎ) 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥 − ℎ)

𝑓 (𝑥) ≈ 𝑓 (𝑥) ≈ 𝑓 (𝑥) ≈
ℎ ℎ 2ℎ

(b) Second Derivatives:

Forward:
1
𝑓 (𝑥) ≈ [𝑓(𝑥) − 2𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) + 𝑓(𝑥 + 2ℎ)]
ℎ

Backward:
1
𝑓 (𝑥) ≈ [𝑓(𝑥 − 2ℎ) − 2𝑓(𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑓(𝑥)]
ℎ

Central:
1
𝑓 (𝑥) ≈ [𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 2𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥 − ℎ)]
ℎ

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Euler’s Method:
𝑦 =𝑦 + ℎ𝑓(𝑥 ,𝑦 )

Ralston’s Second Order:

1 2
𝑦 =𝑦 + 𝑘 + 𝑘 ℎ
3 3

3 3
𝑘 = 𝑓(𝑥 , 𝑦 ) , 𝑘 = 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ ,𝑦 + 𝑘 ℎ
4 4

4th Order RK Method:

1
𝑦 = 𝑦 + (𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 𝑘 )ℎ
6

1 1
𝑘 = 𝑓(𝑥 , 𝑦 ) , 𝑘 = 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ ,𝑦 + 𝑘 ℎ
2 2

1 1
𝑘 = 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ ,𝑦 + 𝑘 ℎ , 𝑘 = 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ , 𝑦 + 𝑘 ℎ)
2 2

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