MINOR INSTRUMENTS IN SURVEYINGA hand level is a simple compact instrument used for reconnaissance and preliminary survey, for locating contours on the ground and for taking short cross sections. It consists of a rectangular or circular tube, 10 to 15 cm long, provided with a small bubble tube at the top. A line of sight parallel to the axis of the bubble tube is defined by a line joining a pin hole at the eye end and a horizontal wire at the object end. In order to view the bubble tube at the instant the object is sighted, a small opening, immediately below the bubble is provided in the tube. ‘The bubble is reflected through this opening on to a mirror, which is inside the tube inclined at 45° to the axis and immediately under the bubble tube.) 5 TO USE THE INSTRUMENT : PSCC Maat ce rengeaursr sos eB screen ass RL CL eS sta RSCG ae oar CaS point to be observed. Raise or lower the object end of the tube till the image of the bubble seen Fret ccod cece sce eR es aCe BEN Re acim Cellier ocr Aa acca nKeABNEY CLINOMETER LC CSCSSCiés r FRSC C Ce ese eT renCCeTa (Serre TO ESET Te eRe CET CC cae Meech Ren nce ec eaten ee ee ce SSeS eat CnC Mata Nolte CROCE Sc eee SORT OmeTe ted half is the view of the The Abney Level is a device that couples a protractor to a sighting tube, A bubble le stqU CULES Ne EMI ecm Yee Cha BTCC OS eee Tbe Ree ms ea coe eee Cont Cee est eae eee eect] Com Olen R Mtoe oe att ames Te Aes CL ete men cel Oe ComsLe e nese Masts ocel reas eT Cec Te CCM cee CSL TC tera eect a TS ProeTTeM Ce Rese TSTMS ME MTU SET TSCM ea Cee COR SSet COOMBE TOR sta and the stadia and level line holder are located below the prism viewing port and are Paar eM Ce OR ECON (cece ene een aCe eee eee ee Cet SONI OT eet eae Cn CCE aCe coat SG Re eee oan Sere Rey conc ae cece ed mechanism to focus the target. The bubble level on the main body is used to level the Freee toattMeasurement of vertical angle — 1) Keep the instrument at eye level and direct it to the object till the line of sight passes through it. 2) Since the line of sight is inclined the bubble will go out of centre. Bring the LoTelb come ntmecelccrd 3) Read angle on the arc by means of the vernier.It is used for determining difference in elevation between points and is specially adopted to plane tabling. The Po ero ceae ens eters Men Mn tate canara we acelec mn) estimation. It consists of : A base plate carrying a small bubble tube and a leveling screw. Thus, it can be accurately leveled. The eye vane carrying a peep hole. It is hinged at its lower end to the base plate. Ries Com uate ae ene nt enRecsecar sents side and tangent of the angles to the other side of fesTemecialere Mey erennTa ocSet the plane table over the station and keep the clinometer on it. Level the clinometer with the help of leveling screw. eee eters ee eee on ere a ee an Co cae acres bis ts the signal at the other point to be sighted. Note the reading, ie. tangent of the angle against the wire. Thus the difference in elevation between eye and object = distance x tangent of vertical angle = d tanaThis consists of a simple frame carrying a mirror and a plain glass. The mirror ONCE Cl ea Ce Ret eee as BUSY c aCe Coes Reel as oc Ba eM ee ON CO RE ete es eas IE ral Co TORSO CC eae forms vertical reference line. The instrument is based on the principle that a ray of light after being reflected back from a vertical mirror along the path of incidence, is horizontal. When the instrument is suspended at eye level, the TLS RESTS) Ye) picrbabeleg niet the plain glass opposite the image of the eye are at the level is visible at the edge of the mirror, while the objects ae eatersFOOT RULE CLINOMETER Foot rule clinometer consists of a box wood rule having two arms hinged to each other at one end, with a small PS act eae ea Coan Sree ee eee a pair of sights through which the object can be sighted. A graduated arc is also attached to the hinge, and angles of clevations and depressions can be measured on it. A small compass is also recessed in the lower arm for taking bearings. To sight an object, the instrument is held firmly against a Fret rts Mea oR STN ecco oncerar tas a WCC ster arm is then raised till the line of sight passes through the casas re ear eee eet Cee tro Pa omrcern rors meN a Us Reva snitare arnt ees) Fo on Coa VeneMRerSMe Mees Cae Te ELToa Cano TS PS RTS a OREM eee atcc tree Re Coast Sead upper arm is central. The reading is then noted.It is a precise clinometer for the measurement of slopes. It consists of following parts : A telescope for providing line of sight. Sree ace ierme te eetaer entelinae Rene create a2 A vertical arc which rotates or tilts along with the tilting of the telescope. POO Ct A target mounted on a holding staff of the same height.BUN B ronda eR cor mes unc Beretta SRO ae NCR Ce predetermined percentage inclination (jc. percentage slope) and for determination of the percentage amount of inclination of existing highways. It has a vertical arc allowing to read slopes up to + 40% or -40% with graduation to 0.5% thus making sure estimation to 0.1% The design of the telescope, when inclined, admits the sighted object, the Ciclo Msi o CMs CME ete Me A SLan yD rstas gs Meatcereteetem er te meme vertical are can be simultaneously seen in the telescope. A second spirit level likewise is parallel to the tilting axis.DE LISLE’S CLINOME’ This is another form of clinometer, similar to that of Burel hand, measuring the vertical angles, determining the slope of the gi setting out gradients. ‘This consists of the following: SUMS Ce ear CUanCos Cane ae TCO ce Me tran tear nn terete half-way across the frame. The frame can be suspended in gimbles. The edge of the mirror forms a vertical reference line. 2) A heavy semi circular arc is attached to the lower end of the frame. The arc is graduated in gradients or slopes from 1 in 5 to 1 in 50. The arc is attached to the vertical axis to allow revolving to help measure the rising gradients or away from [esTeRO ea cemce me Ce CCR iaTCn cI eamta Ceca 3) A radial arm is fitted to the Centre of the arc. The arm consists of a beveled Fes Cony Co LUE Cec CReTaTe ones Cora CoN cTetoans eRe Va WE Conetoaes Ce Tccam Cc ta Coote oT inclined to the vertical. The inclination to the horizontal of the line from the eye to the point at which it appears in the mirror equals the inclination of the mirror to the vertical.Slide the weight to the inner stop of the arm. The are should be turned SCovane Te ore SEerem-aete Cael Tele Mare acre Bere cl ne Tomeec Cel (ose Suspend the instrument from the thumb and hold it at arm’s length in Etatag RRCG LMM eSSteCeseM TC RESTCM SYN Ca eran Om RCO Ceres Breer eCey ae Reems eee tra cess NY Oven TSE Ton MLC CaO ML TCOOU TORS eTTT Pore RRC Cama Ced Ces mem Fi Meae reir eet at ant eM ce eee eae s eae Ven Mag W cece ITetta SET CRCT a Note the reading on in the form of gradient which can be converted into degrees if so Petco For better results, a vane or target of height equal to the height of observer's eye must be placed at the object and sighted.TSE Mccann Bel seat re (clelas cera cneberMelimeeerelaeles It e Poe to ae aR CMecec any ecm Tome fod ends. The tube is supported by a A- frame having a hole at its top to fix the instrument to a straight rod or stand, The tube is also engraved to give readings of SEEN Cents remy aw Net areecot) eae CTS oT Tear Peele Cer Orda Te CeCe LT aOR aT suitable rack and pinion arrangement. The weight at its Reerpse ate Meo seas ese CRD Co Ne RECO graduation Rey amrsted Sea reece seme sre ea Cc SPCR TOT Le intersection of the cross wires and its prolongation. Faerae er etme eeu emcee ner ae cot ene oan s of the bar, and serves as an index. The linea) TO MEASURE THE SLOPE: |. fix the instrument on to the stand and hold it to one end of the line. Keep the Sore ar ale met ocean aCe Se Cette eet We Co reno ae Te eee Can ea passes through the cross mark of the sight vane. om ree era teeter are tbe eae acer ace ere eee line. b) TO SET OUT A GRADIENT: 1. Hold the instrument at one end. SRNR OC Ue eRe emai Rem TRC 5. Slide the weight to set it to the given gradient, say 1 inn. 4. Direct the assistant to raise or lower the target till it is bisected. Drive a peg at the other end so that the top of the peg is at the same level as that the bottom of the target.Gu emer tea ee OME Cc estate Can ran ccstecee MeeVee tae Re Conrcere successively from two mirror, the angle between the first and last directions of PNR Re CCReECOn te en te rece mcnCen ate Reva Tenacceer trons ‘The distinguishing feature of the sextant is the arrangement of mirrors which Peer an Se aeons eee creates cee cree cent near LT Peete Nes CRT Cte at era eee ae ee ce ec ree Tte ae renner ste eae Care em CRIN CU MORN eC encore ETT ence en rereree Ceetr Rte tri cee Centre tts Cel ere mney eaePee eee Orme eter Cm Shomer ec CL cl Prod When two mirrors are parallel, the reading on the index should be zero. Buea te nO ore Ren rte CRcens ee ren aretr ete caett ere Ea Re RO mC Rn eroee ee ae eco aera e cog cc] Fre ETCCRY an COCO TOME TOROS Es Ter COC Ce Canes Teme nC Fe Tete CON eee eee eettcersBox sextant: it is a small pocket instrument used for measuring I ese esosste ett nectar) Martated mS Cee RtTs TeamrS Teme Tso TSC Corer Te TSR CSL optical square. Tra Lee setting the vernier to 90 , it may be used as an Nautical sextant: it is Reems enema varTNere Gn enecentrntten Pee Tarn ern me mrt rae Re ieoaetnterg Pilots to 20 cm radius let into a gun metal casting carrying the main PMA eRt Rema ecaoar ac ConeRORnR tele aeattecimere rns me be taken to 20 “ or 10”. Sounding sextant: it is also very similar to the nautical sextant, with a large index glass to allow for the difficulty of sighting an object from a small rocking boat in hydrographic survey.A sextant requires the following four adjustments: Feeder coke tek es ene CUS rete cod Co te eee eee Eon cco aCO ra Ae pe Be ETM eage cue em COmeaCO pa TCMOS Meta CeCe Ko to make the line of sight parallel to the plane of the graduated arc. OT oR Ce test ee trea ctrl RR eC earn tc Tana omens is set at zero (i.e. to eliminate any index correction). In a box sextant, the index glass is permanently fixed at right angles to the plane of the instruments by the maker.