Staff should have the skills, proficiency and experience

Tools and spares needed to do the task

workload management
Allocating tasks that are accomplishable and in time available

Providing Human Factors training to planning staff

Claustrophobia
Fear of enclosed spaces
Recognise overload situation is building up

High level of arousal

overload Outer ear
Performance deteriorates Sense vibrations, detect sound Outer ear directs sound to eardrum
Ears perform two function
Error rate increase Balance and sense motion Ossicles transmit eardrum vibrations
workload Hearing 3 parts of ear Middle ear
Under aroused

Deterioration in performance Youth hears 20-20,000 Hz, Protects from loud sounds, reduces noise
underload greatest to 30,000Hz.
Increase in errors Performance and Limitation of ears
Basilar membrane transmits vibrations
Inner ear

demoestic Stress the perception of important elements

results from major life changes at home
the comprehension of their meaning
Stress from tasks rises with guidance absence or time pressures In Maintenance engineering context
work related the projection of their status into the future
general organisational environment
feedback
'window' at the very front eye
Employment fitness assessment: medical examination Situation awareness ways to improve Cornea
Pre-employment disposition project system status backward Foucusing device
Authorities assess factors, barring license based on condition
severity.
Major light bending (70%-80% light)
Anatomy of the eye Iris and pupil
Day-to-day Coloured part of the eye
fitness and health Fitness and health The sense of vision is the
most important
Capacity reduced by illness or injury Regulates light entry

Engineer's health affects aircraft safety and performance Vision Muscles alter shape
Factors Affecting Performance
Focusing on retina
Eyeball longer than normal Lens
Short sight (near-sight) Lens shape change: accommodation
Image in front of the retina
Influenced by fatigue, aging
Self imposed 2 types of Time pressure Human Performance and Limitations Distance object are blurred
LAE to complete task to get aircraft out on time
Concave lens corrects nearsightedness Complex nerve layer
Management, Supervisor Common eye defects Retina
External source Eyeball shorter than normal Focal retina center
effects
Errors rise with diminished care during tasks Image behind the retina Rod
time pressure and deadlines Long sight (far sight) Contain 2 types of sensitive cells
Blurred vision up close Cones
Prioritise task
management of it
Consider actual time to complete task Convex lens fixes farsightedness inward

Personnel available throughout the whole job

Physical factors
Appropriate utilisation of staff
Influence of ingested foreign substances
Factors that limit vision
Availability of parts and spares
Environmental factors
1st stage: Transitional sleep-wake phase, easily awakened
Factors associated with object being viewed
2nd stage: Fairly easy to wake someone up
5 stages of sleep sleep Other visual problems
sensory memory
3rd stage: Deep sleep, less responsive, challenging to wake
Iconic

Deepest sleep stage, hard to awaken The need to take human Reduce errors 3 major components
Echoic
factors into account
REM sleep: even tougher to awaken, termed paradoxical sleep Enhance performance Information processing
Haptic Auditory
sleep and fatigue, shiftwork
Enhance safety
loss of alertness and a feeling of tiredness working memory Visual-spatial
fatigue Murphy's Law
Anything that can go wrong will
Low circadian levels link to reduced performance/alertness Episodic
go wrong.
General
Intergroup conflict
long-term memory Semantic
Inter-team rivalry may surface
Selective
Teams' failure to share responsibility leads to accountability Limited attention capacity, one focus
issues
Normally involve two person: Sender and Recipient Types of attention Divided
A shift is defined as a single continuous work period
Within and between teams Multitasking: divided attention
morning responce can be a simple acknowledgement or a reply Organisational culture
Company's approach: philosophy, policies, procedures, Focused attention: exclusive concentration
types of shifes selection, training, quality control Focused
afternoon
work logging and recording Sustained attention guides focus
Recording tasks systematically. Sustained
night Attention and perception
shiftwork
keeping up to date transforming data into information
fixed Keeping up-to-date with info Perception
shift systems Communication & individual Data curation needs expertise
rotating/totational dissemination of information Hazards in the Workplace Advantage: Will mostly do well for a given task
Disseminating critical data
Aviation Legislatn &
Disadvantage: Neglecting teamwork can hinder goal options, evaluation, selection.
more days off Human Factor achievement Decision making

avoid peak traffic hours Identifying dangers Responsibility

recognizing and avoiding hazards Advantage: Collective ownership with cross-validation Confirmation bias reinforces mental models
advantage
chance for part-time job Disadvantage: Confirmation bias
Dealing with unforeseen situations Shirking responsibility assuming others will act
higher pay dealing with emergencies Social Psychology group
May act against safety
registration
the input of information into memory
Memory depends on three processes storage
Group decisions tend toward riskier choices: risky shift the retention of information
The Swiss Cheese Model illustrates how multiple layers of swiss cheese
Group polarisation Memory
defense can fail, allowing errors to pass through when
the recovery of stored information
weaknesses align, akin to holes lining up in slices of cheese.
retrieval
cheese is the defence / protector, holes
on the cheese are mistakes and errors
less effort due to others' presence Ultra-short-term memory
error models
Social loafing Duration up to 2 sec
software
SHEL Sensory information storage
hardware categorize human facotrs fatigue
in 4 aspects Human Error top contributor to errors, part of the "dirty dozen." Store 7 ±2 items
environment lack of teamwork Short-term memory
Teamwork's crucial in growing organizations, easy to lose, hard
to gain Duration 10 to 20 sec
livewire lack of knowledge 3 forms of memory
Tech changes, memory limits lead to errors. Training vital to Duration of short term memory can be extended
prevent mistakes.
skill-based distraction
mind's pace ahead of action, causing errors. Contributes to 15% Short-term memory interferes easily
routine slips aviation accidents.
rule-based lack of resources
deviations from established procedures Inadequate resources lead to fatal accidents when critical Capacity unlimited
types of error in maintenance tasks systems fail unexpectedly. Semantic memory
complex problem-solving mistakes Time pressure drives decisions, most errors from self-imposed Divided into 2 types
Dirty Dozen pressure, requiring recognition and management
knowledge-based Episodic memory
pressure
Hesitation in speaking up leads to fatal accidents; assertiveness Long-term memory
Equipment malfunctions balances listening and decision-making, avoiding passivity or
Errors lead to system failures lack of assertiveness aggression.
Safety risks Established ingrained routines
a response to demands, isn't all bad unless excessive; managing Motor programs
Mistakes compromise safety it prevents errors
Delays stress
Errors disrupt schedules Experienced individuals may lack awareness; asking "what ifs"
implication of errors helps counter this, especially amid conflicting information
lack of awareness
Mistakes incur costs
unwritten rules impacting safety standards. Negative norms
Financial losses
detract from established safety practices
Severe errors risk lives, cause damage norms
Potential accidents/incidents Lack of information exchange, emphasis on aligning mental
images
lack of communication

Overconfidence leading to unawareness of risks

Preventing errors involves proactive measures, while managing complacency
errors requires swift, effective responses.
avoiding and managing errors