ALAT PENGEMPAR

“ Centrifuge”

Disediakan Oleh: Che Shuraya Bt Che Ismail

Pengajar Juruteknologi Makmal Perubatan
 Learning Outcome
• Describe the component of centrifuge and
their function of each component.
• Explain basic principles and how the
handling and maintenance centrifuge.
 Content Outline
• Terminology centrifuge and General Function
• Types of centrifuge ( Analytical and Preparative
centrifuge with examples)
• Components centrifuge and their functions
• Basic princple of Centrifuge
• How to handling, cleaning and maintenance
centrifuge
• Safety & Precaution procedure during handling
centrifuge
Hand Centrifuge
Alat pengempar lama, menggunakan
tangan utk memusingkannya.
Centrifuge
Pengenalan & Prinsip Pengemparan

“By exerting a force greater than that of

a gravity, a centrifuge is able to
sediment particles suspended in a
fluid.

The greater the centrifugal force

(outward pull due to rotation), the more
rapid & effective the sedimentation.”
 KEGUNAAN
• Alat pengempar adalah alat yang
digunakan untuk memisahkan
bahan/partikel dalam larutan
• Mempercepatkan mendapan
bahan-bahan di dalam sesuatu larutan
Memisahkan plasma/serum dari sel
darah
Komponen Alat Pengempar.
Komponen Alat Pengempar
• Centrifuge Head
• Securing bolt
• Rotor ( Fixed angle rotor, Swinging bucket rotor)
• Axle
• Inner chamber of centrifuge
• Lid Lock
• Lid
• Container
• Multiple carrier
• Centrifuge tube
• Instrument panel ( halaju, masa dan lain-lain)
• Motor( electrical)
Rotor
Centrifuge
Jenis-jenis alat pengempar

• Analitikal Centrifuge
• Preparative Centrifuge
Jenis-jenis alat pengempar

• Jenis analytical
microhematocrit centrifuge
• Jenis preparative
swing out rotor/bucket
fixed-angle rotor/head/bucket
Fixed Angle Rotor
Alat pengempar jenis preparative.
(Fixed angle head)
Swinging Bucket Rotor
Alat pengempar jenis preparative.
(Swing out.)
Rotor, High Capacity Swing
Bucket
 Preparative Centrifuge
• Digunakan untuk memisahkan mendakan
pepejal “solid suspended” yang terdapat
dalam sampel biologi yang berbentuk cecair
• Terdapat pelbagai jenis yang berbeza dari
segi kapasiti isipadu sampel dan saiz
• Perlu diseimbangkan dan sampel perlu
berada dalam keadaan simetri sebelum
pengemparan dilakukan
Samb…
• Partikel- partikel yang terkandung
dalam sampel akan terpisah ke dalam
supernatan dan pelet atau berada
dalam kedua-duanya bergantung
kepada
• saiz,bentuk,ketumpatan dan keadaan
pengemparan.
Samb…

• Supernatan mengandungi bahan yang

tidak terenap dan boleh dienapkan
dengan pengemparan pada kelajuan
yang lebih tinggi
 Figure 10
Blood components after centrifugation
 Analytical centrifuges
• Digunakan untuk mengukur satu atau
lebih komponen solid di dalam
sesuatu larutan
• Digunakn untuk mengukur ciri fizikal
partikel yang dienap seperti koefisien
pengenapan dan berat molekul
• Contoh: microhaematocrit centrifuge
Microhaematocrit centrifuge
Alat pengempar jenis analitikal.
(Microhematocrit centrifuge.)
 Microhaematocrit centrifuge
• Need not to be balanced before use
( samples are small capillary tubes and
forces relatively low)-need only to load the
samples symmetrically
• Never run with lid open
• In case of spillage clean centrifuge
chamber with soap solution and disinfect
with 70% alcohol.
 Kelajuan Pengemparan
• Partikel yang berpusing mempunyai daya
tarikan yang berupa magnitud kepada fungsi
halaju pada sudut tertentu (kelajuan
pusingan) dan radius pengemparan (Jarak
antara bekas sampel dengan pusat rotor)
• Terdapat 2 cara untuk memperihalkan daya
tarikan ini:
a) KUASA PENGEMPARAN RELATIF/ relative
centrifugal force (RCF)
b) PUTARAN SEMINIT /revolutions per
minute (RPM)
Calculations of maximum RCF
RCF(g) = 1.118 X radius(mm) X rpm2 X 105

Nomogram
For calculating RCF
Centrifuge
 Graduated Conical Disposable Centrifuge Tubes

Use tubes that are rated at or above the maximum speed of your
centrifuge. Polystyrene or glass tubes are suitable for tabletop centrifuges;
super high-speed floor models (ultracentrifuges) should use polypropylene
or other tubes designed to withstand the severe strain.
Seimbangkan kedudukan tiub centrifuge
Tetapkan kelajuan dan masa
pengemparan yang diperlukan
Centrifuge
Suggested steps to follow BEFORE
starting the centrifuge:

• Insure centrifuge bowl and tubes are dry.

• Is the centrifuge spindle clean?
• Avoid overfilling of tubes and bottles.
• Insure rotor is properly seated on drive hub.
• Make sure tubes are properly balanced in rotor
• Has the rotor been properly secured to drive?
• Is the centrifuge lid shut properly?
 Cara penggunaan centrifuge
• Hidupkan suiz dan pastikan bekalan elektrik
dibekalkan
• Tetapkan masa dan halaju pada centrifuge
mengikut prosedur ujian
• Masukkan sampel ke dalam tiub centrifuge
• Pastikan tiub centrifuge yang digunakan sesuai
dengan jenis centrifuge
• Isipadu sampel untuk preparative centrifuge
hendaklah seimbang bagi semua tiub
• Tiub hendaklah dimasukkan ke dalam bucket
dan hendaklah disusun dalam keadaan simetri
 Samb..
• Setelah semua tiub yang hendak diempar
dimasukkan tutup penutup centrifuge (lid)
dengan rapat dan lock
• Tekan butan ON untuk memulakan proses
pengemparan
• Tunggu sehingga proses pengemparan
berhenti sepenuhnya baru buka penutup
centrifuge (lid) untuk mengambil sampel
 Suggested steps to follow After
centrifuge run is complete
• Once the centrifuge run is complete, make
sure the rotor has STOPPED completely
before you open the centrifuge lid; then
check for spills. If infectious material was
placed in the centrifuge, WAIT 10 minutes
before opening the centrifuge lid. If leak or
damage has occurred, close the lid and
plan proper decontamination and cleanup.
Penjagaan, Pembersihan &
Kewaspadaan
Keselamatan & kewaspadaan semasa
mengendalikannya
• Read carefully the manufacturer’s instructions.
• Balance a centrifuge by positioning the buckets
correctly, checking that each bucket contains its
cushion, & ensuring that the contents of the buckets
on each side of the centrifuge weight the same.
• When using a swing-out rotor, check that the tubes
are of suitable length & will not be broken when the
buckets swing out.
• Before filling tubes, check that they are NOT cracked
or chipped, whenever possible use plastic-ware.
• Do not attempt to stop a centrifuge by hand.
• Never open a centrifuge until the motor has stopped
& the buckets have come to rest.
 Maintenance/Cleaning:
• Clean regularly the buckets & inside of a centrifuge using
a cloth soaked in a non-corrosive disinfectant (eg 70%
EtoH, no hypochlorite solution !) Wear gloves.
• Keep rotors clean and dry. If breakage occurred while
centrifuging, allowed 10 minutes for the droplets to
settled. Wear protective gloves, use forceps & cotton
wool swabs soaked with disinfectant to clean up &
removed broken tubes.
• Bucket and rotor are removed from a centrifuge. Make
sure rotor has been cleaned/decontaminated. If salts or
corrosive materials were used, ensure they have been
removed from the rotor.
• If water has accumulated inside the rotor, place the rotor
with its bottom side up and dry it completely. Dry the
inside before you operate the centrifuge.
Potential Problems to Watch For
Problem Effect Precaution Against
Unbalanced Damage to seals or other Keep lid closed during
load parts operation and shut down
and stop the rotor if you
observe anything
abnormal, such as:
--noise
--vibration
Broken tubes Centrifuge contamination When loading the rotor:
and personal injury --examine tubes for
signs of stress
--discard tubes that look
suspicious
 Soalan…
• Terangkan secara ringkas kegunaan bagi
centrifuge berikut:
a) Analytical centrifuge
b) Preparative centrifuge
• Senaraikan 5 komponen penting yang
terdapat pada sesebuah centrifuge
• Terangkan cara penjagaan dan
pemeliharaan centrifuge