PHILLIPINE LITERATURE DURING 1.

Komedya - A traditional form of

THE SPANISH COLONIZATION theater
PERIOD that combines drama,
music, and dance, often
Historical Background featuring stories of chivalry
The first permanent Spanish settlement and love.
was established in Cebu by Miguel 2. SENAKULO - A play or performance
López de that
Legazpi in 1565. The majority of the portrays the events of Jesus
coastal and lowland regions from Luzon Christ's passion, death, and
to northern Mindanao were under resurrection, usually during
Spanish rule by the Holy Week.
end of the 16th century after the 3. SARSUWELA - A Filipino musical
founding drama
of the Spanish city of Manila in 1571. with elements of theater,music, and
• Colonization Reasons dance, often featuring comedic or
- Propagation of the Christian romantic themes. ex. Moro-Moro
- Religion 4. PLAYLETS - A short theatrical
- Economic Security performance or skit that is often used for
- Sustainability of Power educational or entertainment purposes.
Ex. Pnuluyan
• Spanish Influence 5. DRAMA - In Philippine literature,
- Catholicism and Its Patriarchal Politics "drama" refers to written or performed
- Spanish Language Influence works that tell stories and convey
- Changes in Filipino Surnames and emotions through
NativeNames dialogue and action.
- Changes in lifestyle
Literary Forms
PHILLIPINE LITERATURE • Religious and Secular Prose
Recreational Plays Religious Prose - is something of a lost
• Philippine Theater
category in romantic studies. It is not • Jose Corazon de Jesus (Huseng
widely present in undergraduate Batute)
anthologies. 18th and 19th centuries is • Francisco Baltazar
now classified as 'religious prose’ • LeonaFlorentino
Pasyon - is a narrative poem about the • Isabelo de los Reyes
passion, death, and resurrection of
Jesus Christ. Other notable workd of Jose Rizal wrote
Secular Prose (non- religious) - is Mi Ultimo A Dios (My Last Farewell) to
historically been used primarily of the express his love for the native soil, while
limited range of creative and AndresBonifacio wrote a patriotic poem
pseudoscientific writings which survives entitled Pagibig sa Tinubuang Lupa
from the Anglo-Saxon period, the (Love for the Native Land)
romance
literature in the tales of the fabulous and The First Books During the Spanish
encountered by distant travelers. Period
Awit - A narrative poem featuring 12 The Doctrina Christiana were two early
syllables in each line and 4 lines per books on the catechism of the Catholic
stanza. Church, both published 1593 in Manila,
Its rhythm is slow, often accompanied Philippines. These are two of the
by the melodic tones of a guitar or earliest printed books in the
bandurya. Philippines.
Korido - A Filipino story song or poem
that uses music and verses to tell tales Other Books
of love, • Nuestra Senora del Rosario
heroes, or history. It uses rhyme and • Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de
meter to tell stories, often focusing Hombre
onheroism or • Ang Barlaan at Josaphat
romance. • The Pasion
• Urbana at Felisa
Prominent Props • Ang mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalms for
Mary)
 In Fiction, the period of
PHILLIPINE LITERATURE DURING apprenticeship in literary writing in
THE AMERICAN COLONIZATION English is marked by imitation of style of
PERIOD storytelling and strict adherence to the
way the short story is practiced by
American Colonization developed the popular American fictionists.
Philippine’s Education and Culture  Use of free verse while
 Free public instruction in all traditional rhyme and meter
levels of education in public were retained.
schools.  Most of these were in the
 Free public education made vernacular due to struggle in
knowledge and information the use of English language.
accessible to a greater  Balagtas tradition of writing
number of Filipinos. poem to modernist poetry
 Those who availed of this  Paz Marquez Benitez “Dead
education through college Stars” (Short story in English
were able to improve their with the infusion of Filipino
social status and joined good ideals about life and morality)
number of educated masses  Manuel Arguilla’s “How my
who became part of the Brother Leon Brought Home a
country’s middle class. Wife” (The use of vivid
 The use of English medium of imagery of Nagrebcan in
instruction in all levels of Ilocos was shown)
education.
Tagalog Novelist Who Wrote
the Same Theme
Fiction
(i.e. the interplay of faith,
love and social justice)

 Inigo Ed Regalado-  Fausto J. Galauran

 Roman Reyes  Susana de Guzman
  Rosario de Guzman-Lingat spontaneously between protagonist who
 Lazaro Francisco debate over the pros and cons of an

 Hilaria Labog issue.

 Rosalia Aguinaldo  Francisco F. Balagtas is the

 Amado V. Hernandez nation’s foremost poet who

invented the balagtasan in his
honor.

Iloko Novelist
The separate, yet parallel
 Leon Pichay- noted novelist, who developments of Philippine literature in
was also the region’s laureate English and those in tagalog and other
then. languages of the archipelago during the
 Hermogenes Belen and Mena American period only prove that
Pecson Crisologo whose Mining literature and writing whatever language
wenno Ayat ti Kararwa is and in whatever climate are able to
considered to be the Iloko survive mainly through the active
version of Noli me Tangere. imagination of writers.

Visayas Novelist
PHILLIPINE LITERATURE DURING
THE JAPANESE ERA
 Magdalena Jalondi and Ramon
Muzones- dwelt on the themes of
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
love, courtship, life in the farmlands
Between 1941-1945, Philippine
and other social upheavals of the
Literature was interrupted in its
period.
development when the Philippines was
 Marcel Navarra wrote stories and
again conquered by another foreign
novel in Sugbuhanon
country Japan. Philippine literature in
English came to a halt.
The balagtasan is the debate in Except for the TRIBUNE and the
verse, in political battle done almost PHILIPPINE REVIEW almost all
newspapers in English were stopped by nationalism, country, love, and life in the
the Japanese. barrios, faith, religion and the arts.
This had an advantageous effect on Three types of poems emerged during
Filipino Literature, which experienced this period.
renewed attention because writers in
English turned to writing in Filipino. Juan 1. Haiku — a poem of free verse
Laya, who use to write in English turned that the Japanese like. It was
to Filipino because of the strict made up of 17 syllables divided
prohibitions of the Japanese regarding into three lines. The first line had
any writing in English. 5 syllables, the second, 7
The weekly LIWAYWAY was placed syllables, and the third, five. The
under strict surveillance until it was Haiku is allegorical in meaning, is
managed by Japanese named short and covers a wide scope in
ISHIWARA. meaning.
In other words, Filipino literature was 2. Tanaga — like the Haiku, is short
given a break during this period. Many but it had measure and rhyme.
wrote plays, poems, short stories, etc. Each line had 17 syllables and it’s
Topics and themes were often about life also allegorical in meaning.
in the provinces. 3. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form)
— like those mentioned earlier in
FILIPINO LITERATURE the beginning chapters of this
 Poetry book. it is the usual and Common
 Filipino drama Form of Poetry.

 Filipino short stories

 Philippine literature in english B. FILIPINO DRAMA DURING THE
JAPANESE PERIOD

A. FILIPINO POETRY DURING THIS The drama experienced a lull during the

PERIOD Japanese period because movie houses

The common theme of most poems showing American films were closed.

during the Japanese occupation was The big movie houses were just made to
show stage shows. Many of the plays
were reproductions of English plays to Cruz, Antonio Rosales, Clodualdo del
Tagalog. Mundo and Teodoro Santos. As a result
The translators were Francisco Soc of this selection, the following got the
Rodrigo, Alberto Concio, and Narciso first three prizes:
Pimentel. They also founded the
organization of Filipino players named
Dramatic Philippines. D. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN
ENGLISH (1941-1945)
A few of playwriters were: Because of the strict prohibitions
1. Jose Ma. Hernandez imposed by the Japanese in the writing
- wrote PANDAY PIRA and publishing of works in English,
2. Francisco Soc Rodrigo Philippine literature in English
- wrote sa PULA, SA PUTI experienced a dark period. The few who
3. Clodualdo del Mundo dared to write did so for their bread and
- wrote BULAGA (an expression in the butter or for propaganda.
game Hide and Seek). Writings that came out during this period
4. Julian Cruz Balmaceda were journalistic in nature. Writers felt
- wrote SINO BA KAYO?, DAHIL SA suppressed but slowly, the spirit of
ANAK, and HIGANTE NG PATAY. nationalism started to seep into their
consciousness. While some continued
C. THE FILIPINO SHORT STORY to write, the majority waited for a better
DURING THE JAPANESE PERIOD climate to publish their works.
The field of the short story widened Noteworthy writer of the period was
during the Japanese Occupation. Many Carlos P. Romulo who won the Pulitzer
wrote short stories. Among them were: Prize for his bestsellers I SAW THE
Brigido Batungbakal, Macario Pineda, FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES, I SEE
Serafin Guinigindo, Liwayway Arceo, THE PHILIPPINES RISE and his
Narciso Ramos, and NVM Gonzales. MOTHER AMERICA AND MY
The best writings in 1945 were selected BROTHER AMERICANS.
by a group of judges composed of Journalists include Salvador P. Lopez,
Francisco Icasiano, Jose Esperanza Leon Ma. Geurrero, Raul Manglapuz
and Carlos Bulosan. Nick Joaquin they wrote, “―The Philippine novel,
produced THE WOMAN WHO LOOKED whether written in English or any of the
LIKE LAZARUS. Fred Ruiz Castro wrote native languages, has remained social-
a few poems. F.B. Icasino wrote essays realist.
in The Philippine Review. • Edgardo Reyes‘ Sa Mga Kuko ng
Among others Alfredo Litiatco published Liwanag (1966), is a critique of urban
With Harp and Sling and in 1943, Jose blight.
P. Laurel published Forces that Make a • Edilberto K. Tiempo‘s To Be Free
Nation Great. The Commonwealth is a historical probe of the western idea
Literary Awards gave prizes to of freedom in the context of indigenous
meritorious writers. Philippine culture.
• Kerima Polotan Tuvera‘s novel
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN THE The Hand of the Enemy (1972), a
POST WAR AND CONTEMPORARY penetratingly lucid critique.
PERIOD Francis C. Macansantos
- born in Cotabato City in the
Post War and Contemporary Period Philippines, grew up in Zamboanga City,
- also known as the “Recovering Era.” and was a resident of Baguio City from
- It is a period in Philippine History that 1981 until his demise in July 2017.
started in 1945 (the time when the - He won the NCCA (National
Japan surrender to the Americans) until Commission for Culture and the Arts)
1970. Writer’s Prize for Epic Poetry in 2003,
- It is the period where the Philippines and has four books of poetry.
gained Independence from the Priscilla S. Macansantos
Japanese and Americans. - writes, “Though better known as
a poet in English, Francis also wrote
Post War and Contemporary Period: prose, fiction and literary criticism.
• According to Francis C. Francis passed away suddenly in July
Macasantos and Priscilla Macasantos 2017.
in their essay on Philippine Literature in Edgardo M. Reyes (September 20, 1936
the Post-War and Contemporary Period, – May 15, 2012)
- was a Filipino novelist. His works - Was a Filipino fiction writer,
of fiction first appeared in the Tagalog essayist, and journalist.Some of her
magazine, Liwayway. stories were published under the
- Aside from being a novelist, pseudonym “Patricia S. Torres”.
Edgardo M. Reyes was also a - Her short stories “The Trap”
screenwriter. (1956), “The Giants” (1959), “The
Ang Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag ay isang Tourists” (1960), “The Sounds of
kathambuhay o nobela na nasa wikang Sunday” (1961) and “A Various Season”
Tagalog at isinulat ng Pilipinong may- (1966) all won the first prize of the
akdang si Edgardo M. Reyes noong Palanca Awards.
1986.
Post War Period Problem:
Edilberto Kaindong Tiempo (August 5, - In the 1950s, the Guerilla
1913 – September 19, 1996) warfare, also known as the
- was a Filipino writer and HUKBALAHAP, (Hukbong Bayan
professor. Labansa Hapon) was causing problems
- He and his wife, Edith L. Tiempo, in the government, but in the
are credited by Silliman University with Magsaysay administration, they
establishing “a tradition in excellence in vanished, neutralized, or gone.
creative writing and the teaching of
literacy craft which continues to this day” The Philippine Literature during the
at that university. Post war-Contemporary Period:
• To Be Free, Edilberto K. - Transitional period in Philippine
Tiempo’s classic novel about revolution, literature from the American style to the
American conquest, and the Second modern style of writing.
World War, was first published in 1972 - In year 1946, Ginto sa Makiling, a
and has since enjoyed seven novel by Macario Pineda, was
commercial print runs. published. It is the first work that
appeared after the Second World War to
Kerima Polotan-Tuvera (December 16, be recorded.
1925 – August 19, 2011)
Macario Pineda - Was a Filipino writer and labor
- Was a Filipino short story writer, leader who was known for his criticism
novelist, and columnist. of social injustices in the Philippines.
- “Five Minutes”, his first story was - the poet who was also a union
published by Graphic. His other English leader and social activist, wrote novels
stories were “Cita”, “Nila”, and “Auntie encouraging social change.
Writes the Ending”. - was later imprisoned for his
- Published in the year 1947, Ang involvement in the communist
Ginto sa Makiling was considered the movement.
finest novel by Macario Pineda (1912-
1950). The novel was a window to the Lilia Quindoza Santiago (February 5,
attitudes and lifestyles of townspeople in 1949 – February 15, 2021)
the Philippines during the first half of - was a writer and academic in the
20th century. Philippines. She was named Makata ng
Taon, “Poet of the Year,” in 1989 and
Lazaro Francisco (February 22, 1898 – wrote the prize-winning novel Ang
June 17, 1980) Kaulayaw ng Agila.
- Lázaro Francisco y Angeles,
known as Lazaro A. Francisco Common Themes of Philippine
- a famous Tagalog novelist, is Literature during the Post War-
described as a realist with social and Contemporary Period:
moral ideals.
- Produced the three following • Romanticism
novels: “Sugat Sa Alaala” (1950), • Nationalism
“Maganda Pa Ang Daigdig” (1956), • Independence
“Daluyong” (1962) • Nature
- Francisco was posthumously • Expression of Feelings
named a National Artist of the
Philippines for Literature in 2009. Filipino Writers during the Post war
Amado Hernandez (September 13, Period:
1903 – March 24, 1970)
N.V.M. Gonzales (1915-1999)
- Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzalez,
also known as N.V.M. Gonzalez, is
fictionist, essayist, poet, and teacher. He
articulated the Filipino spirit in rural,
urban landscapes.
- was a Filipino novelist, short story
writer, essayist and, poet. Conferred as
the National Artist of the Philippines for
Literature in 1997.
Stevan Javellana (1918–1977)
- also known as Esteban
Javellana.
- A Filipino novelist and short story
writer in the English language, was born
in 1918 in Iloilo.
- He wrote Without Seeing the
Dawn.
INTRODUCTION TO TAGALOG
LITERATURE
Etymology of the word “Tagalog”
Tagalog- come from the word “Taga-
ilog” or river dwellers.
Tagalog is one of the 8 main languages
of the Philippines
Tagalog was chosen as the main basis
of the national language called Filipino
because it was found to be widely
spoken and was accepted by Filipinos
and it had a large literary tradition
Tagalog became the basis of the
national language called Filipino
because of the Executive Order no.
134, s. 1937 signed by the late former
Pres. Manuel L. Quezon and pursuant
to provisions of Commonwealth Act
no. 184.
Rio Alma
- born March 9, 1944
- came from a family of peasant farmers
in the province of Bulacan, near Manila.
- His collection of criticism Ang Makata
sa Panahon ng Makina is one of the
founding works of modernist criticism in
Tagalog.
- Professor Emeritus in the Department
of Filipino and Philippine Literature,
- He is well known as a scholar in the - Sentimental. (2004)
national language and a promoter of
- Estremelenggoles. (2004)
literature in it.

- Memo Mulang Gimokudan. (2005)

- He founded the Children‘s
Communication Center (publisher of - Dust Devils. (2005)
Adarna Books), conducts the long-
- Sonetos Postumos, book of poems
running poetry clinic,
with translation by Marne Kilates and
paintings by National Artist Ang Kiukok.
- Linangan sa Imahen, Retorika, at Arte
(2006)
(Lira), has been executive director of the
National Commission for Culture and
- Tatlong Pasyon sa Ating Panahon,
the Arts (NCCA),
poems for children with illustrations by
Mark Justiniani, Neil Doloricon,
- He is well known as a scholar in the
Ferdinand Doctolero. (2006)
national language and a promoter of
literature in it.
- Buwan, Buwang, Bulawan. (2009)

- and is currently dean of the college of

UP Diksyunaryong Filipino
liberal arts at UP.
Kulo at Kolorum
- He was conferred the Order of
National Artist for Literature in 2003. Baklang Kolorum

His Awards

His Works:
- Mga Retrato at Rekwerdo (1984)
- Palipad-Hangin. (1985)
- National Artist for Literature (June
2003)
- Centennial Award for Literature by the
Cultural Center of the Philippines in

- Katon Para sa Limang Pandama. 1998

(1987)
- Southeast Asia Write Award in land. Tightly we shut our eyes, Tightly,
Bangkok in 1989 ever tightly… Only to wonder in the
- Palanca Memorial Award for poetry morning What power of sun expunged
and essay in 1970,1979,1984 and 1990 And expelled these armies of the night.
- CCP Literary Awards in 1975,1979,and
1984

Typhoon an Excerpt by Rio Alma COÑotation

The typhoons‘ episodes of terror are 21st Century Literature from the
yearly: Berserk wind and shattered Philippine and the World - II
glass Streaming from the mouths of a Biography of Paolo Manalo
thousand serpents, Smoke of dark • Born in Manila
crystal billowing From beyond the • He is a poet and an assistant
ancient shoulders of the bristling land. professor English, Literature and
creative writing at the University of the
The heavens crawl with crackling Philippines-Diliman.
electricity And the verdicts of thunder • He is also the literary editor of the
are without forgiveness or pity. There Philippine Free Press.
were nights When we were children • “Jolography”, his first book of
watching And listening for the keening poems.
• his first book of poems, which
And whiplash of wet, demented received the 1st prize in poetry from the
monsters: Turning wildly they tore every (2002) Palanca Awards
roof, They toppled and smashed every • the (2004) U.P. Gawad
wall and post; The drains and canals Chancellor Para sa Natatanging Likha
choked, The distressed bamboo begged ng Sining (Outstanding Literary Work).
for mercy. • He was a student at the 15th
New York State Summer Writers
We shut our eyes At the final rumbling Institute (2001), a fellow of the UP
rape Of our prostrate crops, the helpless Institute of Creative Writing (ICW)
National Writers' Workshop when it was 3. Except he's not who he says he is,
revamped (2006) pare. He's a sneeze with Chinese blood:
• An artist-in-residence at The Ha Ching!
MacDowell Colony (2006). Paolo Manalo
• He took his postgraduate studies 4. Naman, it's like our Tagalog accent,
at the University of St. Andrews in so they won't think we're all airs; so
Scotland. much weight it means nothing naman.
5. Dude, man, pare, at the next stop
What is Jolography? we'll make buwelta.
• “Jolography”, The word originally So they can see we know how to look
referred to the Pinoy hip-hop. where we came from.
• Where the poems by Paolo 6. It's hirap kaya to find a connection.
Manalo are in "textese" or Taglish Who ba's puwede to be our guide?
(Tagalog plus English), written in the 7. Dude, man, can you make this areglo
premise that, in Manalo's words, “the naman?
language that we're using is flawed, 8. Make it pabalot kaya in the mall. So
damaged, corrupted, sold out, they can't guess what you're thinking.
negotiated... and yet it's still beautiful." That's what I call a package deal.

COÑotation
- It's a poem that copies the form Frank Rivera, Text Tula and Tanaga

and style of a listicle. It's basically a

listicle in poem form. Text tula - a poetry genre mastered by
COÑotation Frank Rivera where entire poems are
(An Excerpt) written and read on mobile phones.
Though usually short due to the
1. I'm like tripping right now I have necessity of the number of characters
suitcase fever. allowed in text messaging, the elements
2. Dude, man, pare, three people can be of poetry are still present in this genre
the same.
Text Tula - comes in a wide variety of
forms, such as free verse, blank verse, Frank Rivera’s Biography
couplet, sonnet, quatrain, cinquain, ● Born on 29 February 1948 in
diamante, limerick, haiku, and ballad. Paete, Laguna
Many forms, such as haiku and sonnet, ● He received his AB English-
were originally developed in other Filipino degree from the
languages but became popular with University of the Philippines
poets writing in English.
His books includes
- Haiku and Sonnet are from ● Tuhog-tuhog (2005);
Japan, Sonnets has 14 lines long ● Jose Rizal:
while a haiku is just 3 lines ● Iba't ibang Pananaw (2005);
without the need to rhyme at all ● Halik sa Kampilan (2005);
● Makata sa Cellphone (2005);
Lyric poems - are often divided into ● TAO: Isang Tagulaylay Sa
stanzas or verses. Stanzas are usually Ikadalawampu't Isang Siglo
separated by a single blank line. (2004);
Stanzas within a poem may have the ● Oyayi, Ang Zarzuela (2004);
same form or may vary. The poet also ● Darna, Etc. (2003);
tries to develop interesting forms based ● Sining Kambayoka's Mga
on variations of rhyme, rhythm and Kuwentong Maranao (2003);
metre. Ambon, Ulan, Baha:Sarsuwelang
Pinoy (2003);
Rhyme - is the repetition of sounds in ● Gothic Telemovies (2002);
different words. Rhyme can occur within ● MULAT: Mga Isyung Panlipunan
lines (internal rhyme) or - more usually - sa mga Dulang Pantelebisyon
at the end of lines (end rhyme).A rhyme (2002);
scheme is a short formula for describing ● Mga Dula sa Magkakaibang
the pattern of rhyme in a poem. End Midyum (1982);
words that rhyme are assigned the ● Ama at iba pa, Sari-saring Dula
same letter. (1982)

His awards includes
● Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
honors;
● Paete Outstanding Citizen
Award;
● Aliw Awards; Dalitext; Global
● Filipino Literary Award;
● Palanca;
● National Book Award;
● UP National Fellow;
● MSU Kambayoka Gador Award;
● CCP and NCCA Awards;
● Urian; Philippine Centennial
● Literary Award;
● Patnubay ng Sining, Manila;
● People's Journal Award;
● Bahag-Hari Television;
● Catholic Mass Media Award;
● Manila Film Festival;
● Film Academy of the Philippines;
● Star Awards;
● Famas.
● Also known as “makata sa cell
phone” with his popular
● “textula” series, Rivera has, to
date, authored 21 books of plays
for stage, radio, TV and film; plus
short stories, essays and four
books of poetry published by the
UST Publishing House.
● He has received four National
Book Awards.
● His poems and “textula” are read
in political rallies, passed around
as text messages, read on radio,
posted on social media, printed in
tabloid and newspaper columns,
recited in school programs and
utilized as material in oratorical
and declamation contests.
Dalitext- consists of 4 lines with 8
syllables each
Example of dalitext:
“Makata ng Cell Phone” by Frank Rivera
Bayang mahilig sa ganda/
Inuuna ang postura/
Walang laman ang bituka/
Kundi gasgas na pag-asa.//
Si MEGAN YOUNG nang manalo/
Nagbunyi ang Pilipino/
May dala sanang asenso/
Magkakapag-asa tayo.//
Nagkagyera sa Mindanao/
Kaban ng bayan ninakaw/
Sa Bagyo’y daming pumanaw/
MISS WORLD, salamat sa araw.//
Tanaga - is a type of Filipino poem,
consisting of four lines with seven to
nine syllables each with the same rhyme
at the end of each line --- that is to say a
7-7-7-7 or 9-9-9-9 Syllabic verse, with
an AABB rhyme scheme.To compare,
the Japanese haiku has 17 phonetic
units divided into three phases of 5, 7
and 5 units respectively.
2 Tanagang UAAP by Frank Rivera
1. Ayy! Napana ang Tigre
Ang dilaw naging verde
Di-El-Es-Yu-Yu-Es-Ti
Mga Teng ang nagwagi
2. Sa mahilig sa bola
Hindi bago ang kanta
Nang mag-dribble si Ama
Sa anak ipinasa.
CHICK LITERATURE
Chick lit or Chick literature - is
genre fiction which addresses
issues of modern womanhood,
often humorously and light-
heartedly. The genre became
popular in the late 1990s, with
chick lit titles topping bestseller
lists and the creation of imprints
devoted entirely to chick lit.
Here in the Philippines, industry
insiders place its debut to have
taken place in 2002, which is
about the time Summit Books
began publishing English-
language novels for young,
female urbanites. Since then,
chick lit has become one of the
top money-makers of the local
book industry, with its books
having print runs far beyond
those of other local titles.
Examples of Chick Literature:
The Devil Wears Prada – is a
2003 novel by Lauren
Weisberger
The Nanny Diaries – is a 2002
novel by Emma McLaughlin and
Nicola Kraus
MINA V. ESGUERRA
Writes contemporary romance
and young adult novellas. She
has a bachelor's degree in for Zack is true or not, before it’s
Communication and a master's too late.
degree in Development
Communication, put to good use ILOCANO LITERATURE
in her work as trainer and content
● One of the most colorful regional
management consultant.
Filipino literatures.
Mina Esguerra’s Books
• Interim Goddess of Love ● It is one of the significant

• Fairy Tale Fail contributors to Philippine

• That Kind of Guy literature along with Tagalog,
Her young adult/fantasy trilogy Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Bikol, and
Interim Goddess of Love is a Pangasinense.
college love story featuring gods
● Before Spanish colonialism,
from Philippine mythology.
Ilocano literature existed in both
Her contemporary romance
written and oral forms.
novellas won the Filipino
Readers' Choice awards for ● The Spanish arrival in Ilocos
Chick Lit in 2012(Fairy Tale Fail) Norte in 1572 had a significant
and 2013 (That Kind of Guy). impact on Ilocano literature.
MY IMAGINARY EX by: Mina
● During the Spanish era, Ilocano
Esguerra (an open-ended story)
poetry was influenced by Spanish
Jasmine lied to everyone that she
poetry.
and Zack are a couple back then
when they were in college just to ● Contemporary Ilocano writers
help her friend Zack win a girl have received major awards,
named Lena. Because Lena only including the Palanca Awards.
dated guys with experienced, or
had exes. Years passed Jasmine
F. Sionil Jose / Francisco Sionil Jose
found out that Zack was getting
married and now she is ● born on December 3, 1924
questioning whether her feelings
 serves as a cautionary tale
● Filipino journalist and fictionist
against excessive pride and
● declared as a National Artist for boasting, prevalent in Filipino
culture.
Literature in 2001 and has been
The author discusses the
called a “Philippine National
destructive consequences of
Treasure”
egoism and hubris, drawing
● Founded the Philippine branch of
parallels between historical
PEN (international organization of events and contemporary society.
poets, playwrights, and novelists) He emphasizes the importance of
in the late fifties. understanding one's role in
● Established SOLIDARIDAD society to maintain social
harmony and avoid chaos.The
publishing house in 1965.
story also touches on the need
● Published the Solidarity journal of
for humility and selflessness,
current affairs, ideas, and arts. highlighting the examples of

● His works are available in 28 individuals who sacrificed for the

greater good. Ultimately, it calls
languages.
for self-awareness and an
● Received awards, including the
acknowledgment of the roles we
1980 Ramon Magsaysay Award, play in the world.
the most prestigious award of its
kind in Asia, and the 2004 Pablo 1. Describe when someone is
Neruda Centennial Award from mayabang.
Chile.
- When someone is mayabang it
'Yabang': Our Curse and Undoing means the person is being
(By F. Sionil Jose) arrogant, boastful, or excessively
self-confident. They tend to
This story by F Sionil Jose, titled excessively show off their
'Yabang: Our curse and undoing,' accomplishments, status, or
abilities, often seeking attention
and admiration from others.
2. What does this article say
about our Philippine history?
- When discussing former
Philippine presidents, Jose
criticizes those who exhibited
excessive "yabang" during their
rule. He argues that this trait
often led to arrogance, self-
aggrandizement, and a within the society.
disconnect from the realities
faced by ordinary Filipinos. It is
also said that 'yabang' lead to
downfall of Filipinos many time as
it causes rivalry and quarrel
among leaders with example of
the revolution of 1896 and Huk
uprising in 1949-1953.
4. Can you identify the writing
style used in this essay?
- Jose's essay blends expository
and persuasive elements to
create a thought-provoking piece
that both informs and challenges
readers. He effectively conveys
his insights on Filipino culture
while prompting introspection and
a deeper understanding of the
complexities of "yabang
6. Can you identify the theme or
the idea that the author wants to
tell his readers about life?
- The theme or idea that the
author wants to tell his readers
about life is the need for humility
MARANAO LITERATURE
Who are the Maranaos?
-The Maranaos are a predominant
Muslim Filipino ethnic group native to
the region around Lake Lanao in the
island of Mindanao. The term “Maranao”
means the “People of the Lake” or “Lake
dwellers”.
Maranao Literature
-Maranao literatures are expressed in
oral and written tradition.
-Maranao literatures include folklore
literature such as legends, myths, epics,
folktales, and the symbolic speech of
courtship, proverbs, riddles, poems,
songs and ballads.
-The Maranao epic song, known as the fictional were based on real-life
Darangen was proclaimed by UNESCO survivors.
in 2005 as one of the Masterpieces. The four series books of
iRead4Peace are:
Darangen 1. Marawi Land of the Brave
-The Darangen is an ancient epic song This story tells us the tale of two
that encompasses a wealth of brothers and their strong
knowledge of the Maranao people who connection to Marawi and Lake
live in the Lake Lanao region of Lanao Hoping to instill the values
Mindanao. The Darangen, which spans of resilience, The story was
17 cycles and 72,000 lines, inspired by the accounts of the
commemorates events in Maranao fourth to sixth grade evacuees in
history as well as the trials of mythical Saguiaran and Capitol Marawi
heroes. City during interviews by the
-The Darangen, which means “to Philippine Business for Social
narrate in a song,” predates the Progress Many of the children
Islamization of the Philippines in the recall a simple life filled with
fourteenth century and is part of a larger study play prayer, and family
epic culture linked to early Sanskrit activities.
traditions that stretches across most of
Mindanao. Amir loved stories about his
iRead4Peace native land, especially the ones
-iRead4Peace is a project spearheaded that tell about Maranaos bravery
by the Philippine Business for Social and skill in battle. When his
Progress (BPSP), together with The peaceful life in Marawi was
Bookmark Inc., showcases a four series upended by terrorist, it was his
books on the culture, values, and belief in his proud heritage that
experiences of the Maranaos under the kept him resilient. Still he was
siege. Written in both English and shocked by the destruction and
Maranao, the storybooks, although loss that came with the siege.
Even though they have and are
 still facing difficult circumstances, This is a story of friendship
they look forward to a future among three Muslim and
where they can be doctors, Christian children who were
nurses engineers, business struck with the Marawi conflict.
owners, even Muslim scholars. The story of these children
This story hopes to remind the highlighting the importance of
children of Marawi the beauty of understanding amid cultural and
their land and the strength of the religious differences
community. War does not choose its victims.
The suffering it brings extends
2. Lost and Found: a song of beyond the battlefield or ground
Marawi zero Eventually, children get
A narrative poem about falling caught in a mess, not of their
back on family through the choosing. This story shows how
kindness of strangers during the sometimes children have the
serge. The poem has two better judgement on how to cope
personae/voices who are telling with war.
two parallel stories that meet at
the end of the world. Having lived through war, they
can prove to adults that
One persona is Ana, 6-year-old difference in faith, culture, or
girl stranded in Marawi with her even social status can be bridged
pregnant mother while the other by true friendship and
persona is Amin a husband and understanding
father who is trying to rescue his
elderly father Their stories 4. The Day the Typhoon Came
complete each other and reveal This is a story of care and
the power of kindness to help find concern for others even how
what is loss. different they are. Lake Lanao is
rich in diversity with different
3. Water Lilies for Marawi animals who during a strong
 typhoon help each other to find
shelter and safety
In this story, the typhoon, used as
a symbol for the siege, has
stirred trouble for the animals yet
they still found a way to protect
each other from the storm. This
story draws its inspiration from
Muslims covering up
Christian friends from
terrorist. The use of different
animals as the subject of the
story reflects diversity
- Achilles talks about “our frequent
kisses” and “devout union of the
thighs”
“SYMPOSIUM” by PLATO
- Phaedrus said, “Lovers
sometimes sacrifice their lives for
their beloved. Even Achilles, who
was the beloved of Patroclus,
sacrificed himself to avenge his
their
lover.”
the
“THE SATYRICON” by PETRONIUS
- Misadventures of Encolpius and
his 16 y/o lover, Giton
- Earliest known text of its kind
depicting homosexuality

18th and 19th CENTURY

GAY LITERATURE
- Put the Greek appreciation of
- Collective term for literature nudity into art and literature
produced by or for the gay
- Age of Enlightenment (1650s to
community
1780s)
- Myths have been used by
- gay men of this period
individual cultures, in part, to
“commonly understood ancient
explain and validate their
Greece and Rome to be societies
particular social institutions or to
where homosexual relationships
explain the cause of transgender
were tolerated and even
identity
encouraged”
“ILIAD” by HOMER
20TH and 21ST CENTURY
- Achilles ad Patrolus

“THE MYRMIDONS” by AESCHYLUS

 - discussion of homosexuality - A writer, reporter, editor, manager
became more open and society’s and professor.
understanding of it evolved. - Leader of “Ang Ladlad,” a
- Much of LGBT literature has lesbian, gay, bisexual,
achieved a high level of transgender (LGBT) political
sophistication party in the country

LADLAD: AN ANTHOLOGY OF “GEYLUV” by HONORARIO

PHILIPPINE GAY WRITINGS BARTOLOME DE DIOS
- Was recorded in 1994 - Main characters were Benjie and
- Published by J. Neil Garcia and Mike

Danton Remoto - Carmi, ex ni Mike

- Explores the ‘macho,’ - Honorario studied sociology in
conservative culture that Manila
continues to misunderstand - He was also involved in
homosexuality development work for 10 years.
- Contains various poems, short - In each story, each character is
stories and plays about the not only troubled by the problem
experiences of ‘gays’ of the gay person, it is always

J. NEIL CARMELO GARCIA related to the society in which the

problem is located and faced.
- Graduated with AB journalism,
magna cum laude from the
University of Santo Tomas in Kilometer Zero
1990 (by Wilfredo Pascual)
- Currently a professor of English,
Creative Writing, and Biography
Comparative Literature at the Wilfredo O. Pascual Jr.
College of Arts and Literature, - born on 1969
University of the Philipppines - internationally acclaimed essayist

DANTON REMOTO
Kilometer Zero: Personal Essay
- nine essays spanning Pascual’s life
- kilometer zero – a particular location in
a country from which distances are
traditionally measured
- this means that every time
Pascual encounters a new experience,
he would always look upon himself as
he is his own kilometer zero.
Animalia
- a collection of his anecdotes (story
based on true events) connecting his
memories to animals.
Anecdotes:
 Bats
 Tilapia
 Elephants
 Dogs
 Sea Turtles
 Pigeons
 Deer
 Frogs
Bats Plot:
The story takes place in 1979
when Wilfredo was twelve years old, the
eldest among three siblings, together
with their 30 year old parents in their
grandparents' two-story house in Nueva
Ecija, Philippines.
They discovered that bats got
inside, and this resulted in them killing
all of these bats and sealing the hole
from whence they came through the
dead body of a bat trying to go through
the air conditioner gap.
A few years later and Wilfredo
comes to know about echolocation, and
he contemplates about his experience.
Bats Lesson:
Akin to echolocation, stories have the
ability to spread and endure through
time and space, to rebound back to its
source.
Another Lesson could be seen in this
excerpt: “Humans don’t hear well
enough.” And so it propagates a cycle of
complaints and grief, yet not much is
done to stop it, so they just keep on
coming.