MODERN TRANSPARENT PAPERS. MATERIALS, DEGRADATION, "AND THE RFPECTS OP SOME CONSERVATION TREATMENTS DIANNE VAN DER REYDEN, CHRISTA HOFMANN, MARY BAKER, AND MARION MECKLENBURG ‘Consrvation Anaya Laboratory, Smitheonin Tien, Washington, D.C, 20560 anstRact Modern transparent papers lio known stating paper eq specie hamlcl and gee propertey, such te telson, esothnos, and Whitones, which are produced by Fosaly formulated campestonr sed manufnturing roedars ork, thse mela! fermolations may income ways render euch pepe susspabl to podem from damage nd fagradatcn, whl alto making thom partlarly recive to mie and verte that most be ‘ied inconsurvaton treatments to comet thes probleme. Inoedr to evaluate the es f water ‘od orgau salvent on such papa, far Ysoh poets Were dog! to eosier the varialor {fpaper composition, proper, type olen, tohnigu of epliesion ftlvnt, nd Matoing ‘Tis paper romance fins on marl charstaranton,dopracetive fet fang, 48 atten. seis See Most mossums teres, and eines contain Lage mamas of « clas of materia . senariclly raw at transparent o tracing popor, which sore, among eer Sb the “4 [Sppot layer for techical snd aehiterurel downge Such denen ar ed recy By a ‘lets, crginors,hsariana tnd ster soolay for many somarch purse, ard oe en ‘chibted and roprodund However, ty ean ast be fecvely replaces hy ponopeabr, ‘esmil r rofim, ice the design moda may br cl to Gtihar mer oft aod, ‘earot or smdged ftom handing In aditon, the rsrngr may Rave notations nd oF ‘rane, whieh tet sigiant changes indasigns important anundertandng of the isan Sr evollin of weitectar! sane and cncpt, and thane nla bt important cheng may So ‘Captured in rpeedction, which ln fll to ecurtely portay the vanly ef mea, preening dren elements and tages of desi Fialy, repeductons cecasonally cop ‘rnting sobbed tn magi or onthe reverse ofthe detwingsConmguanty, sculre fh {oui sco tothe orginal mate Unfortunate sompssion, sb, af, pat us, td ‘Eapllity of thee drawings, expounded ty War frsuant handing, maker Shem patcay ‘uleeaie to damage” To proven the otal detection ofthe original infrmatin, uch eng ‘oqoeniy require conservation tote ‘Conservation estent of ach ntact e completed not oly By vera and entive ‘medi, bat ae hy ofthe vary mature of the paper suppor, which require ees chemicl od lyse peopertin, sh sp tranaacens, whtensae, ard soca, produced by special {ormulate empetins ee manufatringprocedree However Uns pial olan ae cedures may render ach papers ecopinallyrussoptle to damage rach at sures arin, Srbedded gre and tain, Sn degradation sth ae cmitlement and aeration ten Dates ar exromels Iygrosops, which vendor them partly suelo coling lanar ‘Ecertiong, and dimensional changes. Dire manfacurng posses tay also reder the Saperscxtrumelyseaive to conmrvation eaten. Th eel tus for westnets ‘eirng solvent for waning or deeiiaton 1, 18, 8 ning with agua ment ara { thormoplactieadhatos 3% 91,2, 65, 69,4, csoleaon Ash sain eemovel (17, (humidification ar Mtenng 15), Th papers may also bo sani to reatment pplieaton| ‘ehniqoe, mck a immersion eof eon sk aha 15, 22 28, 2, as en symp Pros Vl 247.198 Mr Remarc ScRESPARCHT DESIGN ‘Som conservation Iertue exes on the analysis and treatment evaluation of old sranaparet pee, 16-28-90 ba we vale on madara enaparent popes 2,85 38. En'BT, the Comevaton Anat! Laboratory began rvorehcharaceriing covers ‘yp o fpesaiy pers inling ceed and ranaparent pop) toenale conservators to Desageie ‘Roontve of mang type fepecialy pupa in ert ntti ptertalchangs properties From ing and scletttestnnl ab) sign testers seeting elves and aplieation technique apprepte to ape pes fetal peers ‘The ongoing mer icudes Che our Stearelated project decorted Blow Eo [eee wees Te See CeaON a Sa papas aT ETE [imnry clogs (nual toning paper, genuine vpetblo pardment paper, inion ‘urchin pager or elamsin, snd ela or prepared cing paper) Og. , Charactaration [isindd idemifeton of Sach material by Ser mierosony and ining, SEEDS, PTR, a ‘GC/S an formation peers ty SEM imaging and UW ecrnzopy The amples wor le ‘Sharasarnod by measurement of chemical hh physical properties Ineludine pH er, im ‘hut, enemasan, thal song, and denies ably icc Aging: raluaion ofthe efit of cleraad aging on the propertin of the clad {ranapront papers wa done by measuring proper, fore ard afer aging, of or, epee {Garam low, and ene song (Pg 23, 6. Accerated aged eaples were also eed {S'la gi od yoprs or entnent and arth esting Pile IU Scent application: Evalaton ofthe efece of for eommenly woud san removal Bas Mpntet ty toe difrene entrant tachnqune to anaparene papers haw iced ‘Seorurcsnn of pac, glam andlor Pig Sand wali observation apperance dlins rvinging in vst ar lett ight, and tracking sation o Farath materials by SEM ha WW moo Cie, ‘ProicL IV; Humiiaton, radeon ofthe eft foe umiicatin techniques and bo Faifening icchinoer ed frrtaparent papers nuded nemarement of ehangesin nein {Enromintion and glo Fge 78, tans eons ig 9 and SEM sure taping Oe 10) {WAT Conditions of tting end snlyte are lite in Appendix [PROBE I: CHARACTERIZATION ‘General terms tt deeb tnparant paper in he itrnture nce tang paps clea popes sa skin pen wae paper 1,8 11, 35 37, «7h US Padar) Spcieatons for Teecng Payee UUPSELM 1912 array Tocorice four das, with epic minimal ‘eguremenie rie ype 0 zagor chen Wed pal permanence, ancy, wien, Toularength sd fr poperte of tar restr fidcnarance and ape among oe things {ia npondle 2h Properin ay vary depending on intended et. Yor nians, eras lsh fait be rou fer pec wrk or amowth for ink stration, Manafatrers of meer {Toneparent pers ted to ago se prod aa) natural tracing paper, 0) vegstable $aroiment paper genuine pacha paper er perzamel, © imiationparehnant Gmgamye or “lseino, cd vellum paper ar prepared race pers Each of ha papers i ade by either Si penomng the hor ok hy eerbeating to inure that te Sher ratre eben down ‘inate ir interac anal) pewstig the paper theo inure that the ai pocket ro ‘Manned or flea ithe material having mre edn enllar othe pape Shere. A per ‘host con be mais trangarent by ang or applying trieperntisar (contng andor {Rpreenting sgt) by iumcvin theses nada by enlarger poesing {tne pimory socedreaocd to nk ) nara racing per Ohl overteaien hile shoot otcling I bed to pense 0) vetable parchment paper ev pergamst Caren i, [Eninton parchment, prgungm r laine puper igh alanera), or) voll or prepared ‘ating paper th ae with taneprenier, Ectal paper ware laced randomly to epost the afremenion pes of wader teapeparet perenne paper sven "anaparnt™ conta, ne thas the fewer ‘Sldtives "The compton tomo of hs papers are nted and epee blow; morphoogea ‘Rhvctures hve bon dcumented by SEM imaging of surfaces and ronesctons (4,4, fis 1 SUMMARY OF GENERAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SELECTED MODERN TRACING PAPERS‘Aighlyoverblen natural ting paper sample, which we ave designated "Ge made ‘om a fara chemical ood pulp and rumors sive hs the preset dares of ‘Briain af ceria wat yalp n rceand italy mo ber rear in rose etn. ‘Thun boca tho paper osu’ ins Inve volume af water having aly 8% ibe contort Sahl high tsmporttare BO degree) ardor to sot the ters and inernse bration Wis nmohine sslandared Tis donaty ranger between L113 gamle en, "Tha genuine vegetable parcmontppere mode och weed lp and transporentzed ty a memetary immersion nelle acd; wih changer the wood er nts an mst el "Phe gala then elif hy washing and netraliton, wise ton the ers ito er Teuant paper ith hgh iii wes strength recommended by ts mavufcsurer for ofect Iithoprgty and aie wren printing Testing Bn not been completed or is oer, 9 no ings tre ieladed inte caent pucation, "The alendared imitation perches pape simp, or elaine cnt sample, show in ‘oth uric and ron setion SEM phtamicogrphs fg lillated chemin! mon pup fibers, arally “gelatine” hy prlongea boating of tho pulp sd highly eompreme fy calendaring Eisen chm wodpulp ins are estas inwatar with 220.0% fer sntent. The final eet ‘2 Gamponed. sod then opreicndereg,‘undor high presure and heat Cppeosmataly ood atiner ine a 8:20 depress CD. ‘vellum paper sap,“ rade Sm 100% cots ites whieh do net bila wpon coverstng ae wll chal wood pun ‘The twisted shape fcotlen Shar prevents lose ‘Gnormacon snd wap air, lending to eatering flight nthe err iterce. Therefor, 50 tuner rocuives raaperrinnn, ade up of outing andr impregnate Th sample Ras an {eternal and extras of arch an melamine formalde eo ‘A prepered racing paper sample, 7A oad of 108 "ra, and i tchnialy in the same cary ao sample “Cs Hower, i spear abe contd witha sonar material pled ty ‘Bite sr pocket, oon Sn SEAE src age. In SEAM com wcton thi oting appre ‘Rpropnate their, which are one tole Stnct and spon lex rtd than the thar Papers Ir tranaparentd hy an armete solvent basa Rete rein and tp coated by prone and eallulne eer. PROJNCT IE DEGRADATION FROM AGING ‘Tee transparent papers nth stady were artilly aged at 80 dagen ,S08IRN for our ‘meoke whch it mt be mated, eabanully easeds the eoniog aquired by the Fedral ‘peskcnions for Tvacing Pare UU-PGHH 1972 (14, App To fantte compasiaen wilt Snples sharactdate of toro standard papermaking pecs, oeauremet fo Sntrimpsrentned Whatman papor hve oon inelaed in some eae. Celrimaix Fg 2: The transparent papers fr the most prt appeared tobe about ae abe a She glans paper conte. showing © dig sera in elling > Tho notable exception war "emple“G", whch showed coniderable charge in all vel upon agin, dvning witha eh. {2rd end Jelow, and bacon une brown color. ‘This could be due tothe prance of Shromephares formed es veal of ou svere aging condos fom the numerous ives in {Xie portelarpoper” Te nafctrer aftbutee slr change under wr ging coon {the prosncs of eiphamic adams ralph that dnd to onl sang, Doeulaon ‘inf algne growth daring provemng ot molifed larch ade oss Sing ‘pacts, Transmison. and Gloss Pig. 3 Aging rcaln an inraoyIn epalty that wat ‘ily apparent rll mine, laugh sample "0" and "O” underwent the renee “rwanurabie nereas All upon ad corresponding drop inpercens anaminion Cat ‘rose ny sample Having igh saa io, oving Wo uperalenoring, and wslerate sin ‘Sromath Pig. ‘The tele song of wo tracing pare were meanred and Yoh hal far [str srengh than marmally preted peper. ‘The may rt combination of exceptionally rong smn, Smpregeanar aidor oretecting. Sample "G, whish underwent. pronounced Soderwent a Zoduction tn sangth, characteris of embeilment. This maybe areal of in berae a i Fig. 2: COLORIMETRY Fig. 3: OPACITY meen ESS sere Fig. 4: TENSILE STRENGTH TRANSPARENT AND WHATMAN PAPERS STRAIN (NTN)Iweakdown in itng, In aitin, verbeatng ain the ete pstiley of samp "6" maybe ‘sponse fr subsantl Gare nstrongh tite sea an elangton tina a, ecuuss it prououe corer Mies snd menkone iil sltashient tre {IL Olas al sample "A" had the Nght tal sate pl 605 ad 68 respectively) which rood slic afer aging 64 and 6.1) Sample "C* had u pT (63 whieh ire er aging (G6. Sampo "0" hat ow iia 4.6) which dropped spray ater acing (3 [PROJPCT I: RFFECTS OP SOLVENT TREATMENTS ON TRANSPARENT PAPERS ‘Transparent pape, eemuae of the secal propre montioned hove, tend to be riuary saeptite fo treatment with water or argue sven Por the porpone ofthe rec, our common ain removal slventn enter, etna cron, ad teluen) were elie ‘oles enh ansparent paper ty thee common conservation fedmigus immersion, euton ink and pul. afuntion ef changer fn opocs elas abd planar warmly eoased 1 bolvent tse, aplcntionfechnizm, an paper type indents ean emia ummaried ba, Fos Sluset_Euluation Water eonerally Saved he grater et changte ofall ‘elon regaro of aplication tei typ of ape in heey, olting in ‘inseam opecty nd decrense n aee Gig 3) Water was te only solvent iat ‘aed apprecibl lana disrtions which Wore ebot the ana rgarlons at {pplz tecigos ar typeof paper ‘Aston, chara and ‘sens. general fed le ee on oat a les Etustion Soton sauna watanot Sspleation frequently causa th geste Sean in opty angle the prentst 2 gle Visual hanger indice by ple may ron in pre fos recon Pate esta ‘Son pletion fstab ae soon wih SEM imaging aver Type: Tho eighty overteten sn Mighiy cslndared glanine sample Uerwent tho gestern of {owing svene Seatment. The natural tracing tample "G" war the Yar tad yall weatmentoitions “The heavy ‘Salad prepared ring sample "A" ad he estat genera reseiity a slvente {Ered Only tmcteron in ttuene had no ‘edllyspporent alee on "AY wherene TET ATA T ET ti de aplication of toloenseausst Wesenat Gewce Dan ay ret ray orn ‘lginaton revealed at eras treated hy tuo applied by mimerson sn poalcng underwent ‘eed Muorecence al inrased abortion, eden of a bea up of ofa ane ‘Sreaiy sous this paper maybe propared with a nacre baad vain SED caging th ‘sper confirmed ht euch oven alfa the pape lle (243). Po inane, rane “pple by sstion da append to au ro ature a. 8) tnmerson ate sssle theo! appeared to caus a beckon of material ig 69, prigilating smal tyres which ‘were tied by SEMVEDS ns slizon had Fs sncatratad in the nan of eatin ‘rience by SEM slomenal st mapping Piaf e'he mam mera wea. 6,Fig. a Acctone applied by rution disk ‘Fg. 6h Eubanoh applied by immersion (she side of SEM photomicrograph) “the upper Fig. 64 Elemental dot map fr Sin PAPERSig 8 DELTA PROPERTIBS AFTER HUMIDIFICATION AND FLATTENING ‘OF AGED TRANSPARENT PAPERS COLD) ‘AGED IMIFATION PARCHIMENT PAPER (Glassino) ‘AGED PREPARED TRACING PAPER EAD AGED NATURAL TRACING PAPER ("6") AGED VELLUM TRACING PAPER (0° A]"ig 9 TENSILE STRENGTH AFTER HUMIDIFICATION ANDSUCTION TABLE DRYING ‘OF UNAGED (NEW AND AGED (OLD) TRANSPARENT PAPERSWater Avolistion Tethiaus Bvaluaon: The mort severe. planar dition oscured with Inumerion,pareuarly forth oerbeaten nara snsng "flowed y hamblaton pas th haber, which ued les planar dataton since ba tnhniqos aoa edie watt Pentre "Emmerson lm eel fhe peter Gimeno) cages age 7 & 8) andthe [estet change in mechanical properin Pig 9), spel incompataen te munity dhamber ‘Thc wat parteslary tus forth evordnatan natural teeing paper", fr whi ‘meron aed the grestet increase nsran to rea, pool fot ebondng afer the relane Suing Innersion of dred nsralnprofuced ring manafctre,Inmerion tomo «pent Sees {n'tho sree and ran te beak for reparct tracing paper sample “A psiblyrom Ue eal ‘pat he sosing material ‘alicning Tachiane Balun: With reepct othe tw Matennglechnigae, compared tordred conte, ration abe dying of immerse samplon stad severe dition, eel favo overtanton nara tracing "G's compared with eying n't eiona hte pes Dimanslonal hanger inthe gain Sreton wore prota the everest td ealedared pape flowing immersion snd drying on the Poston able Pigs 7 & 8) Toe eed popes were Paper Tage: Heavily nated prepared tracing stnple "A" inured the genet chang in opacity fallowingtmenenson, bsorine misled, ‘This may rel rma darepnn of atc eh Secured ta mame degree Sr thi paper rgarlas of hunuifestiontachagae. Ae evidenced ty [Sei photomirograpis omarion Pi on anda huiddeaton packspeom Pi 10 appeced ig. 100 Aer homey pack CONCLUSION Some proininary siento which sy sd soorators fed with the teint of Proc: Based on manatee information, ltratre, ator om fang, hae i rst ‘ea of varision and everlp tn the farash and formation proven fr modern ancy ‘apa, tnd hi can make them eel to dating Hever, te fury, Eamation and Propane of odors tanmperen. papers follow certain tenis euler feat hat ‘Snervatore maybe abl to determine, with qunltestions, wheter a ape character of bropared tring or vellum pep atarl tracing paper vegetable prconen paper,Imitation parshont_ ‘This ay be done, with varying deerous of zcursy, by sora txhniqus, {rinsans a) observing general appearance gh poss ov calpdave niation parent, igh tennliceny fraser tacng paper high Auoesene fr papers wih transparent) planar {in nenslonal malty (enor fo oe tracing) escty to water greatr er oeebeato ‘stu rnin parchment paper oronun lve greater ore canoeing ae ‘renlh weaker for ovrhten natal tatinge afer aging) anayang Mita content with Danse lpst misono chomizal mood pulp formar tracing a parchment popes, ction [etrecnge wth renparetan) or that mergaogy by SEN, endo) undarangistramentl ‘lemental nalysie ing SEMUEDS, FIR, or CCIM. Tn dion to th more frequent ured ‘Gens micretome co wang of samples combined with SEB, PIR, and UV mieroxony [ppmar fo eve ret pounial for viding dtd nformatin on composition ad ditto fares material in saps Pins I Avolorated aging under the conditions cule im ths paper caused dramatic {iors in tha proper fall he sample, ameines inex of ho asa cored (ecoptable ty the US Fedral Speciation (ia, App Thee se abetanial ference in SBechansal. properties, burs and afer aging, Gepeding on whether the sples wate {Panaparentised by overeating or by transpaening agents genera te heavily abd ‘funurarcat pope mp somo fo Rave tr retention foal and tent poprcos fer [ping than dhe overbeaten natural ecg pepo imation parchment paper spl ‘russ: he tacts of stone on the mts af traneparent papers vary great del and som {0 dapund fre on he componton fhe paper, allowed bythe aplication tehnigue ad Spee vent Ot the gore muted hare, the natural racing paper wae tho east afl a he vy coved papa we the mat fled by the vrs salted appstion techni Water sed de rat changes Geren pl storon eel pay tal devreasen au) Sh ouone the leat The proper met severly aocted wae tranaocney, whith decrened In ‘mow case Prepared papers were the moat senate to dlies Poke Dine eigen ing a atenng tanaparet ape fect proper [idifrent mays Based ona Sindng, oreaar who mist mere x ranepaent paper ‘str igh nd denna egos lee ovre IF th paper is aed inate pros rater Tan om ucon abe Praneparose peers with Rene esting hat mgt ttn on expose {0 molsar should be hamid ina Pani chamber rahe ny prolonged contact wih Nomiituntion ace maton. ‘This Inter tchnsue, however, might he more appropiate fr Soeonted armada ranaperent papers, sine inl Cig prevented ACKNOWLEDGENENTS "The authors would ike to thane the many Conservation Anata Labrator ntrns who ped propara ands nme the proet, in parla Jnar Beer Spelsl hake gos {o SEM operon Adlane Feathers and Conservator Mel Wachowiak fr is lp wih UT Imisoaopy, anil Hon Cunningham for hs development of mictoming technique for eur ‘eansparea papers ape, APPENDICES 1 Conditions tering ad analyse 2 Summary of US Fedaral Spestions for tracing papare (UuPsean ior —Bitigratyal sie o E APPENDDC 1: Experimenta! procodues sl nstrmentl ans iLmaanirameate The pl war mennured with Corning Mod 12 Reach BH mate with an Orion odsl No 8136 fc cute cmtnation lero, The nae electro, with ape oy etna water, was lwored ono unre poper samp 1.5 em) ons plythane bag Bude wit tors Th I wasecoded fer min The cectoe wae ened i p07 ad BHT ir solutions baie ach menaromenssason. ‘Tho sue pt Ue tested ne and ‘ged contol of enh paper type war menured m2 mancaament or each of 8 sume Gsromona: Moncopy wae undrtken on polarized ight stage microscope sing transite Sot refered vibe and ultraviltsuminaton, UV iluinen employed a rt pe Ct ps) EP #00 eaitation eter and coma bas pier CHRSIONRSISY Michi staining, Yor the line potasivm lode tat for asc, 0.8 g indie were ‘ated tha soluston 28g potansiem cdo nl water The lation ase 0100 (Browaing 1977, 90 ‘SEM; SEM imaging and SEM snaps were arid out ona Jol JKA 840 Aseanning eetron ‘mcromope wih Tracor Nordhern'TN 8802 energy deprive rn’ naive eytom, For Maing {hetampler wore mounted on luinum stead ald eoated For elses nasa the sles ‘sere mounted on carbon subs and carbon cane UR FTIR analyst was carsod ot on Matson Cygnus 100 Fourier Transform tnrared Spuctrophotometr wis Specrtach IRPian Maonope ‘The ease of nebulae amg ‘sre salad by relctane fr tranamon spec, irs wore pee nintendo el ‘To'leate coatings, sampler of the payers were extracted with solvent; the lente were ‘vapratd tthe reldues ale by rnc in the Samond cl, ‘Gas chuonatseranhy: Sample of aw papers, A and Gand ofthe aged paper G were hyde {ntpstectum Hydride GON ie methans) ercrigh, wvtated with 2M yeas eo ‘Sette with dl tr a hen taken 0 drys im stream of tegen Po apie wa ‘ediolved inmethylne chlo and hen an equ velame of Smt rmamica meen ace ‘wus aed to form tli! estar, To propre saple was snalaed ona Caro Bebe mae! S380 {us chvomaiogagh with 30m x30 mm Dis! column, One male of the rama plus ‘Spars velumo of ethylene chard wat nected. Tho Snsortngeratte ae S00. The Ina earn temperature oC waa measly ated 10min °C Th eee wae Adicted wit eam ination dtc 305: Phe cnemalogrse fe tampon sel af ‘andar wletion of met etre CHI03" were coped. Axia ating: The tranepzent papsr sample were aged forfour wet inthe dak 090°C and {bseeltive namie nan Aumoeatednrnsbstl Systran HAL Tempers! omy ‘han: Those conditions have bean shawn a mtble for aaa seas 03) Ast of ‘rare papers way wv with coticn van no plxile ras that al four earnrs wore ‘uored andthe sampls dl nt tach cae anther. Hower the supe did irae ne oor (olaimstrs, Trnumston and pacts; Con (peclar eetance hed) tal tape (dite plas regular trananlson, and cporty ere mearared ith tha Tinea Ulraea Spuctrcloimetr (Dy: 10 obarver, ameter of trea cv 12 ind oaing the CE Lab clot ‘lation, where L~ resents the epee of brightness (10) white 0 Heh, the ego of ‘enews oie numbers ofthe dares of reenaee (negative muerte the degree of Jallowness streamer or he Segre of tucmas negli aba). Doe fo megane ‘the transparent pper, he anand doviaton for th L= value trams was ruber igh, Sonitinar amounting 08 Porson traneminton five uscaarntawe ohen pe eee ‘ol averagod”Opwsty forthe mivent wesomert mar measured ty the rato a eecon when ‘tplor wer reed aginst a whe and ak eon the Huaterk Ulsan SpestesorinterGes: The sce wos mensred with ¢De Lange Labor Rafokomator Rl, Thr measurements per umole were taken and average heath of te following ange 2, 60 and 83 ‘The tone properon were investigated sing the Mecklenburg clastion fermomter 2] with ora lo spied in the machine detonate paper rps. Narrow fp a rm wth woe cot wth a mat ator Atarmatwuremect the paper ikess ik [veplacee nthe mirometer the pape tripe were mounted hoon nthe paras exposed {laboratory anapere Afar an initial elvan peridat- gauge lng 8, the ip tras staked 0.0085 inch apd one mute later tho sree ustlned by tho paper ep war ‘ond “Thi poses was repented oes por minute ntl the paper erp rk, Mesouremants Iter made on tee srpe ch paper Prom hee ata nore su rc applied pr ero. ‘ectonel area ef hes) and srlcange tn length vied by gauge length) neo computed ‘Nomnl sess war plotted as fonelion of tain for each paper ei. Tho pew and aged ‘unlreated eno andthe new and aed ete samgles pape A a paper G hat were dried ‘nthe rtnn tbe were named te Ses each Dimensional hanger: Dionne ofthe sanplo were assured ace pr tpl nm: {noe and inmate dunoton ble eaten, nar ums, ar one ey ying, ater ‘romani dying andr two weeks storage ling drying. Te dinenaons al 3 cane Itcling new and gud wntrnied orl andrew and aged ieted spl ete measur Planar distin: New and aged unrated controle and new and aged oat samples wore fomperel snd sujestvely ranked in dig raking pt and tated ligt in poli ‘tempt to evalote planar dition. halo 8 samples was ranked Grungng fom 1 fr Tat hanged t'8 fr mos chang) "A Sind dy i planned a prvi ore aly arate ‘te Malte: Moltre content was mosurcd with a Sovereign elecone melsture meter, mode 52 ‘Arh sumples humidified with Goretex wee talon ou ofthe sadieh and placed btwean ‘ete im capped ttre upper plete iat nae emoved snd the trace othe {apor meaurc ‘The rama procedure ar app forthe hamid chamber tamplee The sample [End out very ft The eararmonte fd fo be ten vary gully Te iniersed ample wore taken otf the bal snl place om pelyester Sim spared Wy abstr Ono et of mo (120 70 mm) and od» Tob ea ated par want ‘ar enh amideation {tehniqu, Pour mexsuramans were taken pr paper sample sod sverged ttl 912 eamlat ice: Distomaoour eth dated sles ditom pant skeliton waselecid fo ‘roring properties ince, unlike gel poutees Gnelhpellbe, aga larch Yoo, odroxyeopiethglallt) it canbe med with autour oe onagiense slvnts fo form a ‘Sse or pnt Sat sens cluea adie to& powder, which em han be Brahe of ‘nore cbanve than fed lon tie wbiser han Fry ety wih fred fom yard ‘Senter ofmazearim, sls, alum, or thr metal. It more conelale than ose ‘Sid poles sch ar powdered alle, paper or etton The atomascous earth war stared ‘rth ach sven apprenimtely 12 ml slvent to 03 rama earth depending on solver ed ‘laced onthe sample” Contrary to nm race, tbe Wot pale Was ot surround By ry ‘alice which would edu teline formation ‘Sustign disks Solounte were applied Lally by dropper drops of lat, with ding betwoon ‘drop on a6 em tad pass te sk naked tf wih poeta i), wich Tach 8 front of 59g ‘The taneprent papers ware died ndar low vacuum on a Natcr dal ede ‘ation ine, which can rach a prmnre fe 5°85 (5 mietion pack stam: Th huniifction pack est consisted « damp bltor paced (ns poltetrfaoreeiyleae nombres (aplyeter fl Inminata, WIG" thse, rote’ by We ‘Gare & hanes, in) whch war held contact wih te eanspaest pape while under Wht ‘ola (IFS,APPENDDC 2 Federal Specionons "The US goverment har develope spec minimal standards fr madera tracing paper. _Asoring to Poder) Speieaion (UU PSII 197Dy meen tarng paper ar cana a ar ‘Goes which are requred to have ceisin chemical and phyecal properties ae eared ‘Sarat, Beaty sald the ou pes const nes eoupe 100% ra be paper aed fe group of chomic wood pulp Mir, each roup with varng ogres of whitenest, ‘tanfucecy strength, an permanence, The gor reenter that no de nat charge, ‘tenting to abortive comperzon afar eslerated aging 10 depress C, 72 Roar haope) ‘reragen depending on lamscton pe, om 28 70% ad nt increase more than frag fe chem wn ta nda ot ep mare tn SO eer ‘Manafuchrors havo ied mt the standards, Septe imberert vageancat a tpectbing defied 100% ra rahe on ton nr api clon, spc oe Sheararement’) and the recent elfen requiring minimum isusion 580% “recovered ‘pater in og and chara wood pp rarest APPENDIX 3: Salete Biography 1 Anderson, P."Teanspront Paper: An examination aft tes hough he cnt, with ‘clot investigation fa alin ory 180hcentary eacinga” Unpublished Senor Hey, Yale ote, 180, Hstay of Aet Depp 147 2 Andes, TAD, "Tracing and Copying Paper, Th The Treatment of Pager far Soil Burpuee, Sete snd Greenwood, London, 190 Bachmann, K. Transparent Papers Before 1850: Histary and conservation Problems" InNew Dasesan a Base Contcration, Osos, Elan: Prensa the nettle of Paper Conservation 10h Anniversnry Conferene, 1017 Age 185 4, Bachmann, K. “The Trestmen of Transparent Paper: A Review." ‘The Hook and Bane ‘Group Annu, Va. 2, 1083, pp. 218, Baar, MD. van der Ray, aN, Ravenel, "PTIR Ay of Conte Papers The ook and Per Grown Annual Vol 8 1888 re, 112, 6. Bolam. Pe, 1962, The Farasion and Strate of Paper, aration of the symposium J at Oxford Sopambe 1961, Londa Tecra! tion of Ue Beth Paper and BaaréMakeré ‘Ameciston ne) Val land 2 4, Bolum, Ped 1978, Thaundamental Proprtis of Paper sls tits sss, transactions tho symposium held a Camtsiage Septemter 1973. Landa Teckel action ofthe Dah Prope and Bowl Maker Awcaton in, Val 1 and 2 Booker, PA, A Hisar a Roginerne Drawing, Northgate Publishing Co. Landon, 1979 9. Bush, A “Conservation o 18h antary tacng pape inthe atonal ‘Martine Ban ln Nes Dice in Pasa Canarian, Oxfr England: Pepe of he Ena et Paper Conueraton I Analvrany Confenee: 1017 Ape 198. 0, Cab, C, The Architectural Drawing: i Development and irs 180.1859, Montiel lsoe Vance Biblogapies, 1576, 11 fate, Ja, 19808, Pulnand Paper Chemists and Chemical Technolgy, New York: ‘ite ntrnance. rd aon 4 Vl 12, Dawe, BA. Pier anit Use. Coby, Lockwood and Son, Loon, 194, 18, Erhardt, .,D, xan Bnd, W. Hopwood “The Compara of Aesleat Aging Conditions rough the Analy of Bc of Arifcly Aged Pager” AIC Bua and Paper Papin 16thantl esting, AIC, Washington DC, yp. 4356 14, Federal Speietion UU S6IH 1972 15, Flamm, VC. Hofiann, § Dobragin,G. Bank. “Conservation of Tracing Papers" Brogrnt of he Teannal [COM Mei Des 190, yp. weer 16, Pine, P, Leslre,C. Largan. Richard B, Gunga. “Anatase Rstauration des apie Transparent Anson” ‘Casati 10861087 Pare, Arehios Nationals, 1988 pp. 95139. 11, Poder, #, Martin Loy, Jos Calo Andra, Francase Lele, "Comparative Study ttn Paper Besching Methoge” TELA Confess, 191, 901.27. 38. Glaser, MCT. “Conservation of Drawings by Prank Lloyd Welgbt at the New Baeland Conervatin Conte” ALG renin ofthe Anal Meine San Fae, 1988, yp. 2025. 19, Sirah Wasiatym “Spray Pty (rn sett) Hat Sal Adbsive Lining of Pen ee ‘ion Gal Ine Drawings on Tacng Paper” JAIC 190980:96102. 20, Wiggin H. ar J de Yong, “The Beating Process,” n The Formation an Siuctuce of ‘haar, ccte! by Frais Blam, Vill, Landon 1982, pp SLES {CEM Wolf “ine Mathode, um Taneprenpapar mu Kaechiren” 22 Hofmann, C.D, van dar Raye, and M. Baker, “The est of Three Hunidifstion, Flattening at Drying Tacsquc an tho Opies! and BMecharieal Properties of New an Aan Matern “Franpevent Pepers Dagar presented. e IPC, Mlanchoor, England, Apr) 1960; ‘cing nine Fase Conaair, 9 23, Kori, Med, Costing, Converting and Shsials Poses, Vol 8, Pulp and Paper 24, Kell J. Bai Arte Pee, London: Trafil Publiations U. 1967 25, _MaClintsk, “Tha Drawing of Frank Lloyd Wright: Conzereation of Works on Trang ‘Paper tn New Dino in Paper Consecration Oxford nga. Preprints ofthe Ina ot 26 Maddon, HA, Par I Miso Sunes and Manure London Sr Tta Pitman and Sone, Li, 180, 27, Maroger, J. Tha Suess Formulas. apd Teshniawe afte Maer, trans by Bleanor ‘oxtans” NW an London the Susie Postion, Ine 1808. 28, Mecklentang, M. “Th Rae of Wat om the Strong of Polymers and Adhesives Doctoral eration, Univrsty 9€ Sayan Callege Par, MD, 184 20. Mlle JS, "Anais af Some 1th Contury Teasing Paper Ingregnans snd 19th Century Glete Varnes” In New Diss in Par Cansration Onfr,Bagland: Propints of he ‘nditate of Pager Conarvation 100s Anmiversry Conerence, 1617 Ape 1996. 80, Mother, RH ed. Saclay Baers Ths Prputon and Aopitios, Remson Pres, Broakiya 1960 91, Orme, An isa en Transco Prints nd an Dasparenses nGensra, Landon: 1807 ‘2, Richadin, PF. Fleder, S.Boorlog,C. Pope. ‘Analy par CGISM des Proite ‘Plregnalion do Papier Calque Ancine" ICOM Preis, Loe Angeles 199, op 482456, is nesi a a 32,__Robiouon J, “Pte bondingin Pulnapa Fare Chemis and Choma Techasae, JP. Chae othr slin, Vo il New York 108, pp 81590, 34. Roth LJ. Winer. Banspasnigng of Paper Biotic Serie No, 201, Inettate of Pipor Chemisty, Appleton, Wiseman 1863- 35. Randa, "The Composition and Mamsucure of Modern Tracing Papers In New ‘Ox, England ‘Popent of the Intate of Taper Comeration 1th Anniverery Conference, 4-17 Apa 186 88 Sauls, C. "La Resturation dee Papers Calauee ax Archives Nena" Paper osonad a the Sah Triennial Mesting, ICOM Const or Connration, Oia, September 1 Stn ad Co, Lite SA Smart, HL "The Mithide of Manufecture of Tranlucnt coied Papore ond the Conservation Pobloms.” Unplibed 2nd year psc Camberwell School af Are 38, Stinklner, ©, “raeparetpaier” Males Resta, No.1 & 2, 1978, No.1, pp Bis, Nov pp 110117 40, Stone JL "Teatnent of 19th Contry Tracing Papers rm he Prodi Law Olmsted Coiection™ Paper prsanted a tho 10h Tenn) Mating. ICOM Comastes fr Conservation Voth Ger 75178. 41. van der Reyden,D, “Rocont Scone esearch in Paper Conservation" Juma ef the ‘Susi neta for Conarabion 31 U88D¢ 107138. 42, _vandor Reyéon, D.C. Motmana, and, Baker, “sfc of Aging an Solvent Treatments en Sms Properties of Mader Tracing Papers” forthcoming i JAC 1999 $8. _yanderReyde, DC. Hafan, ane M, Baker. "Soe Ect of Sleni on Traneparent Paours "Paper preeied at IPC, Marchosar,Bglnd, Apel 1902 fricoming in The PaDae (Cansrvatr 199, 4 Vausi,P, “Traneprentisig of Pape" TAPP] Journal Vo. 48, No dan. 1980 45. Vincent H, “The Mature Used in the Manufacture of Tracing Peper," Paste Tene ‘Binal, TAPP ection, Des 1993, p 30408, 48, Vitale "Observations onthe thor ue an farition the ited glace od ral ‘ton dak vice,” Th Past anserrata, Vol 21888, 9.87 41. Watkins, 8 “Chemiet Watermarking of Paper*daumal of he Amrian Ieiute fr Casarvaton 29 (1990) ppt? 431 48 Yatee, § A. “The Canervtion of Nineteenth Century Tracing Paper” The Paver Canara, Va 8198 pp. 2030, 48 Yates MLL Chartam Papers Pete correspondence) 19912Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology II Symposium held April 27-May 1, 1952, San Francisco, California, U.S.A, EDITORS Pamela B. Vandiver Srithonian Instntion washington, DC, USA, James R. Druzik ‘The Gay Conservation Insate Marin Del Rey, California, USA George Sega Wheeler Mauopolian Mussum of Act Now York, New York, U.S.A, Ian C. Freestone The Beh Museuan Londons United indo TVARTERIATS RESEARCH SOCIETY