CHAPTER 1

In this module, you shall be able to have a basic introduction of what the course
is all about. Primarily, you will get to know what is the technical definition of the term
‘art appreciation’ and what is its significance as a part of your course undertaking.

It is said that through art we are able to open up the perception and mindset of
individuals as we listen to various interpretations of a particular art. In this case, the
various assumptions and nature of art will also be tackled. You will then find out how
people can have multiple associations and perceptions, to the point of neglect, on art.

As you reach the final part of this

module, you are to look into the
philosophical significance of art as
stated by classic thinkers who
established a prominent figure in the
society. Through this, you will also know
that art has a profound communicative
function as it contains cognitive, social
and moral substance which you may be
able to find out through the Gestalt
Principles. Ultimately, you will find out
[Untitled image of a woman with colors on her face]. (n.d.).
that through art, people are able to https://bit.ly/3IQ2DP9

communicate their feelings, their infinitely varied ideas, and most intimate thoughts.

Take that deep breath and buckle up as you enter the world of art, and most of all,
enjoy!

Course Learning Outcomes:

CLO 1 Demonstrate an understanding and appreciation of arts in general, including
their function, value and historical significance
CLO 2 Analyze and appraise works of art based on aesthetic value, historical
context, tradition, and social relevance
CLO 3 Create their own works of art and curate their own production or exhibit.
CLO 4 Utilizing art for self-expression and for promoting advocacies.
COL 5 Discover and deepen their identity through art with respect to their
nationality, culture, and religion.

1
 LESSON 1
What is Art Appreciation

Art is a necessary component of our existence. It pervades every part of our

lives and selves. We will be discussing the topic of art appreciation in this course. The
phrase "art appreciation" refers to the understanding of the universal and timeless
elements that distinguish all great art. It's commonly used to describe the study of
visual art forms or the introduction of basic visual literacy principles.
It refers to the analysis of an artwork's form for public audiences in hopes of
improving their appreciation of such works of art. It can be studied independently from
its subject matter, symbolism, or historical background. Art appreciation can be
personal and influenced by personal inclinations for aesthetics and form, or it can be
objective and based on a number of design features and principles, as well as cultural
and social acceptance.
Most contemporary art commentators and art historians avoid to use this word
because they believe it implies that art appreciation requires insufficient critical
thought. This should never be treated lightly, as we are constantly surrounded by art
in our everyday lives and exemplify art in its purest form.

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to be able to achieve the following:
A. Appreciate the role of art in an attempt to fully realize man’s end
B. Clarify misconceptions of art

Let Us Engage on This!

Reflect and respond to the comprehension questions based on the following
quotation. Do this in your worksheet:
“Art enables us to find ourselves and lose ourselves at the same time.”
Thomas Merton
1. What is the message of the quotation?
2. Do you agree with the statement of Merton?
3. Cite a specific life experience where you found and lost yourself in art.

Paintings, sculptures, architecture, design, and, more recently, digital art, all
fall under the umbrella of art among others. Art can be enjoyed by everybody, and
because it is subjective, different art forms appeal to different people. Art appreciation,
on the other hand, refers to the study and appreciation of the various art forms to which
we are exposed. It can be very subjective, based on an individual's preferences and
personal tastes, or objective, based on factors such as the piece's design and mastery.

2
A closer investigation into the piece's context, historical implication, and background,
as well as a study of its roots, is part of art appreciation.
Art is derived from the Latin word ars, which means "trade or specialized type
of skill, such as carpentry, smithy, or surgery."

Art
encompasses
varied genre and
color. Its basic
goal is to present
a message and
inflict a thought
from its audience

Taggart, J. [Digital image]. (n.d.). https://norsubayawan.com/elearning/

An artist’s ultimate goal is to produce an art that can speak and connect to its
audience on an intimate level and is to be interpreted in various ways. Given that there
is an influx of styles and trends at a rapid pace in the dynamic world of art, an artist
absolutely needs to connect to its target audience in the most effective way. An artwork
aims to tap the subconscious of any person who sees and experience it.
There are various reasons why art appreciation is so significant in one’s life. It
is an avenue to study about the time period and history of the art piece when it was
created. In another perspective, an artist oftentimes reflects their own struggles and
social challenges. In this way, we will be able to comprehend such societal happenings
by putting ourselves in the point of view of an artist. Basically, we will be able to relate
ourselves to the concerns of the artists.
It is said that art is intended to elicit understanding and communication with its
audience. In this approach, we tap our emotions and memories when we encounter a
work of art. Art appreciation enables a conversation and understanding that there are
several approaches in the interpretation of art by listening to the various ideas and
opinions about it.
Art has been an avenue for people to convey and express things that seems
impossible to say or describe ourselves. Through its visual medium, we are able to feel
joy, sadness, rage, and grief. That is why our interpretation is so crucial as a final piece
in art appreciation. Through our perspective, an art work comes to life and shifts with
every person who encounters it.
Basically, art appreciation and analysis are significant part in our lives for the
reason that it helps us value art in terms of how it connects to us and what it means to
us as an individual. It highlights the background and history of the work of art as well
as the artist’s biographies. It also looks into the design, technique, and expertise to
critically examine it. Most of all, art appreciation promotes analysis and critical
understanding, enabling us to go beyond what meets the eye.

3
Let Us Do This Practice!
A. Choose ONE artwork under each given category that you are familiar with.
Criticize each using the guide questions provided. Do this on your worksheet.
a. Movie
b. Novel
c. Poem
d. Music
e. Architectural Structure
f. A piece of clothing
Guide questions
a. What is it about? What is it for?
b. What is it made of?
c. What is its style?
d. Why does this art is ageless and timeless?
e. Why does this art involve experience?
f. How good is this art?
B. Using your mobile phone, take five pictures of different objects that you
consider as an example of art. Paste them on your worksheet.
C. How is art related to history?

4
 LESSON 2
Assumptions and Nature of Art
The assumptions and nature of art will be taken into account in this lesson. Several
prominent people have had differing perspectives on what actually art means in the
concept of society and life for many centuries.
Art, as previously described in the first lesson, is one that is constantly present.
Many people refuse to acknowledge having anything to do with the arts, although it is
undeniable that life provides us with several forms and opportunities for artistic
interaction. Let us delve deeper into this subject, understanding that this is a diverse
undertaking.

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this chapter, you are expected to be able to achieve the following:
A. Characterize the assumptions of art;
B. Engage better with personal experiences of and in art;
C. Characterize artistic expression based on personal experiences; and
D. Discuss the nature of art.

Let Us Engage on This!

Briefly answer this on your worksheet:

 In one of your encounters with art through museum visits, musical, and
plays among other, have you ever felt disconnected from an artwork?
Was there a point in time you did not understand what message the art
was trying to convey? Explain why you think you did not understand the
art.

Sometimes art
can be a complicated
and confusing thing
where we cannot make
a connection or make
meaning out of it.
Perhaps it is better to
fully understand how
art is perceived based
on the different
assumptions about it.

[Digital images of paintings that are mostly abstract]. (n.d.). https://brainly.ph/question/11304548

5
 ASSUMPTIONS OF ART

Art is Universal

People and their social backgrounds mirror art. Art also bring forth awareness
and unity among our cultural and individual differences. Countries all around the world
makes use of art in order to foster mutual understanding and for cultural exchange
between people.

Regardless of form, all artistic creations have the same capacity to connect
with anybody. We lose sight of its possibility to communicate with us when we
disregard its mere existence.

This reflects our political, social, and cultural processes which is why art is the
most important form of communication. People, tradition, culture, unity, freedom,
harmony, and understanding should all be represented through art.

There is always art in every country and in every generation. Many people
believe that the only things that are deemed artistic are those that were created a long
time ago. This is a misunderstanding.

The works of Jose Rizal and

Francisco Balagtas are occasionally
read in the Philippines because they are
still relevant up to this day.
The Noli
Florante at Laura never ceases to Me
inspire high school learners the universal Tangere
is one of
and pure beauty of love.
the
highly
acclaim-
Another Filipino masterpiece is
ed
the Ibong Adarna, which unceasingly novels of
captures the wild imaginings of the Dr. Jose
youths with its everlasting and golden Rizal
lessons. Manebog, J. (2013). [Photograph of the book
cover of Noli Me Tangere]. https://bit.ly/3HWZtIl

We feel one with King David when we read the Psalms because we are one
with him in his communication with God.

Art is Not Nature

Art is not art unless someone thinks about it and comprehends it, just as nature
requires the lack of thinking to be nature. The sight from the summit of a mountain isn't
art until you've seen it or taken pictures of it. Nature and Art, on the other hand, are
both incredibly special and unique things that may borrow elements from one other but
can never be the equivalent.

6
 A French painter, Paul Cezanne, painted a scene from reality entitled Well and
Grinding Wheel in the Forest of the Chateau Noir (1904). The said scene is inspired
by real scene forest near Cezanne’s native province. In comparing the painting and
the original scene. Cezanne changed some patterns and details quite different from
the original scene from the way they were actually in the photograph. What he did is
not nature. It is art.
The landscape in
question was inspired by a real
forest near Cezanne's home
province. When comparing the
artwork to the original
scenario, there are a few
things to keep in mind.
Cezanne altered numerous
patterns and elements that
were considerably different
from the actual setting from as
they appeared in the image.
He did not act in accordance
with nature.
arbi. (n.d.). [Photograph of the Well and Grinding Well in the Forest of the Chateau Noir]. https://bit.ly/3sJ48ZL

Art Involves Experience

For others, getting this far without a sufficient definition of art may seem
strange. Most individuals don't need a thorough definition of art. Art is nothing more
than a personal experience.

When we speak of experience, (Dudley et.al., 1960) we mean the “actual doing
of something” and it is confirmed that experience is contingent to art. So, if a person
is truly aware and understand art, a person must know it as an experience not as a
fact.

Then a work of art can't be separated from the act of making it. We must make
sense, see, and hear an artwork in order to understand it.

Art is highly personal, individual, and subjective. Our own judgement is a

fundamental component of perceiving it. Understanding of art is always a value
judgment in philosophical terms. Depending on who the perceiver is, his preferences,
biases, and what he possesses on the inside.

Let us Engage on This!

Ponder on the following quotation and write your reflection on your worksheet.
“The role of art as a creative work is to depict the world in a completely different
light and perspective”- Jean Paul Sartre

7
 NATURE OF ART

Art is fundamentally a non-symbolic mode of communication that serves as a

key counterbalance to language. While practically any language necessitates
extensive training in the way the information is encoded into the symbols it utilizes, art
can be communicated with little or no prior indoctrination. The ability to communicate
without using words allows you to experiment with visual-emotional correlations.
Certain colors, especially when combined or contrasted with other colors, can elicit
specific feelings.
Making art necessitates the presence of an artist. On a daily basis, one might
notice beauty. However, not every beautiful thing which can be seen or felt is actually
a work of art. Art is the result of man's creativity, imagination, and emotion.
Although not everyone could be an artist, everyone can appreciate art. We can tell
what is fine and lovely from what isn't, as well as what is of good quality and what isn't.
As a result, we have a place in the sphere of art appreciation. Each piece of art depicts
beauty in its own unique way, the type that the artist sees and wants the audience to
see.
The Role of Creativity in Art Making
Creativity necessitates a willingness to think outside the box. Creativity is what
distinguishes one work of art from another.
When can we say that something is creative?

 When it is out of the ordinary

 When there is originality
 When we have not seen anything like it
 When it is not just a copy or imitation of someone’s work
Nowadays, being creative can be quite challenging.

Let Us Engage on This!

Ponder on the following quotation and write your reflection on your worksheet.
“Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited to all we
know and understand, while imagination embraces the entire world, and all there
ever will be to know and understand.”- Albert Einstein

Art Forms
Emotions can be expressed in various ways through art. As a result, people's work
is a representation of their inner selves rather than what is observed based on the
outside.

 Visual Arts- Visual arts are works of art that are primarily visual in nature and
appeal to the sense of sight. Artists create visual arts because they want to
recreate what they've seen in the same way they saw it. Performance arts,
applied arts, and theater are examples of other artistic disciplines that include
a visual component. Paintings, drawings, lettering, printing, sculpting, and
digital imaging are some examples of visual arts mediums.

8
 Film- The skill of piecing together sequences of static images to create the
appearance of movement is known as filmmaking. Filmmaking is both an art
and a business that concentrates on its cultural, aesthetic, and social value.
The following are the techniques in film-making process: a. motion picture
camera, b. animation techniques, c. computer generated imagery (CGI).

It intends to bring feelings, ideas, and beauty to its viewers, filmmaking

stimulates or creates experiences that are beyond our imagination.

 Performance Art - Performance art is live art in which the artist's medium is
primarily the human body, but he or she may also incorporate other forms of
art such as visual art, sounds, props, into the performance.
The elements of performance arts: a. setting, b. time, c. performer’s body, d.
relationship between the audience and performer.
Performance art is intangible, it cannot be purchased or traded like a
commodity.

 Music- Music is a collection of coordinated sound or sounds. Making music is

the process of putting sounds and tones in an order, often combining them to
create a unified composition. People who make music creatively organize
sounds for a desired result, like a Beethoven symphony or one of Duke
Ellington's jazz songs. Music is made of sounds, vibrations, and silent
moments, and it doesn't always have to be pleasant or pretty. It can be used to
convey a whole range of experiences, environments, and emotions.

 Architecture- Architecture is the creating of beautiful buildings, whilst art is the

quest and creation of beautiful things. Nonetheless, not all buildings are
attractive because some only provide the functionality required, that is whe the
framework, lines, shapes, and colors are not well-designed.
Important elements of architecture are: a. plan, b. construction, c. design.
Buildings should embody these three significant elements if they aim to merit
the title architecture.

 Dance- Dance is a set of gestures that are choreographed to the beat of the
music. Dancing is a method of expression that enables individuals to express
themselves freely. Dancers are not restricted to defined routines and
regulations in art expression, but they are free to create and design their own
routines as long as they are graceful and beautiful.

 Literary Art-. Literary artists utilize language to express themselves and

communicate feelings to their audience. Being a writer is not the same as being
a literary artist. Professional, journalistic, academic, and other technical kinds
of writing are not the only forms of literary art. It has its own style and does not
adhere to any particular format or standard. Novels, poems, and biographies
are examples of fiction and nonfiction.

9
  Theater- Live performers offer tales or visuals of events in front of a live
audience in theater. Theater art is distinguished from literary art by the fact that
it is usually performed according to a script. Acting, gestures, scenery, lighting,
props, sound effects, and musical score are all considered in theater, just as
they are in filmmaking. Theater, like performance art, is a live performance.
Musicals, comedies, tragedies, and improvisation are examples of genres.

 Applied Arts- The goal of applied arts is to provide aesthetic value to ordinary
objects by blending style and design. Artists in this discipline infuse beauty,
charm, and comfort into a variety of common objects. Industrial design, fashion
design, interior design, and graphic design are all examples of this.

Let Us Do This Practice!

A. Respond to the following questions comprehensively. Do this in your worksheet.

1. If you were an artist, what kind of artist would you be?

2. What art field will you explore?
3. Why is art not nature?
4. How can you utilize the arts to express yourself, your community, and your
relations to others?

B. Using the table below, write down examples of the different art forms studied in
the module. Provide ways on how these art forms express and unmask creativity
from the artist. Do this in your worksheet.
Types of Art Example What medium was How does this
Expression used in the form of show the artist’s
art? creativity?
Visual Arts
Film
Performance Art
Music
Architecture
Dance
Literary Art
Theater
Applied Arts

10
 LESSON 3
Philosophical Importance of Art
It is alleged that one of the main purposes of art is its cognitive function. Art is
a medium in the acquisition of truth. Art has even been called as the form of highest
available knowledge to mankind.

Science, art, and philosophy differ on the subject matter of their concern as
well as the medium in which they transform, reflect, and express such subject matter.
In a sense, philosophy like art, depicts man, in his world, reflects a reality in relation to
man, and their relationship with other people in their day to day interactions with the
world.

In this lesson, you will get to know that art can be able to communicate political,
spiritual, philosophical, or depict beauty, and express emotion. It can be a source of
pleasure, to convey ideas, and explore perception all through the analysis and critics
by renowned individuals who established their philosophical pillars in art.

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to be able to achieve the following:
A. Explain and discuss the basic philosophical perspectives of art;
B. Apply concepts and theories on beauty and aesthetics in real life scenario

Art as an Imitation

 In Plato's book, "The Republic," he paints a picture of artists as imitators

whereas art as mere imitations
 In his account of the ideal republic, Plato advises not to include artistic subjects
in the curriculum or ban artists in the republic.
 In Plato's metaphysical or real-life view, things in this world are only copies of
the original, eternal, and true entity found only in the World of Forms.
 Plato's philosophy asserts that there are two realms: the physical realm and
the spiritual realm. The Physical World is the material stuff we see and interact
with on a daily basis; this physical realm is changing and imperfect, as we know
all too well. The spiritual realm, however, exists beyond the physical realm.
Plato calls this spiritual realm the World of Forms (also called the Realm of
Ideas or Realm of Ideals). Plato's Theory of Forms asserts that the physical
realm is only a shadow, or image, of the true reality of the Realm of Forms.
 Plato believed that artists simply strengthened their beliefs in replicating and
discouraging men from reaching for real beings in the World of Forms.
 Plato was deeply skeptical of art and the artist for two reasons: 1. It appeals to
emotions, not to people's rational abilities. 2. They imitate rather than make it
a reality.
 Art then is to be banished with the practitioners to ensure that the attitudes and
behaviors of the members of the Republic are not compromised by the
influence of the art.

11
  For Plato, art is dangerous because it represents a trivial alternative to the
actual entity that can only be achieved by reason.
Art as a Representation

 Aristotle agreed with Plato's view that art was a form of imitation
 However, Aristotle saw art as an aid to philosophy in revealing truth. The kind
of imitation that art does is not the opposite of achieving basic truth in the world.
 Unlike Plato, who thought that art was an imitation of another imitation, Aristotle
conceived art to represent a possible version of reality.
 For Aristotle, all art does not seek to portray reality as it is, but to offer versions
of what could be, or many possibilities of reality.
 In Aristotle’s worldview, art serves two specific purposes. Art allows us to
experience pleasure. Art is also educational and has the ability to guide and
teach our audience about life (perception).
Art as a Disinterested Judgement

 In his Critique of Judgment, Immanuel Kant viewed the judgment of beauty as

a cornerstone of art that can be universal despite its subjectivity.
 Kant realized that judgments about beauty are subjective. However, even
subjective judgments are based on a common criterion for the said judgments.
 How can the assessment of beauty be considered objective or universal?
Consider two examples: I like this picture (subjectively); This painting is
stunning (objectively). The former is clearly a judgment of taste, while the latter
is an aesthetic judgment.
 To make aesthetic judgments we need to be indifferent. In other words, we
should strive to go beyond our personal tastes and preferences so that we can
see art from a universal perspective.
Art as a Communication of Emotion

 According to Leo Tolstoy, art plays a major role in communicating with the
audience's previous experienced emotions. Art conveys emotions, just as
language conveys information to others.
 Art has a unique opportunity to act as a mechanism of social cohesion as a
conductor of man's deepest emotions and thoughts.
 Art is central to human existence, providing access to the emotions of people
both from the past and on the present.

Let us do this practice!

Choose a philosophical stand in art from the ones discussed and draw a cartoon
that represent such philosophy. Write a short explanation of your artwork.
Do this on your worksheet.

12
 LESSON 4
Gestalt Principles of Visual Perception
Our brain is very good in filling in blanks in a picture and therefore creating a
whole image that is greater than the sum of its individual parts. That is why you see
faces in the bathroom tiles, on the clouds, things like side walk cracks, tree leaves and
so on.
Indeed, our brain is wired to see logic, structure and patterns that can help us
make sense of the world around us. A group of German psychologists in 1920s came
up with a set of theories that tells us how people perceive the world, this was called
the Gestalt Principles.
In this lesson, you will find out what are the varied Gestalt Principles and how
it affects our daily commune with art.

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to be able to achieve the following:
A. Explain and discuss the seven Gestalt Principles
B. Identify examples of each Gestalt Principle from print, online, and other
media sources.

Let us engage on this!

Look and examine the image below. What can you observe on the image? What
does your brain suggest based on what you see? Do this activity in your
worksheet.

Gizmodo. (n.d.).
https://www.usertesti
ng.com/blog/gestalt-
principles

Fundamentally, Gestalt principles is grounded on the idea that the human brain
will try to organize and simplify complex designs and images that has many elements,
through the subconscious arranging and rearranging of such parts or elements in order
to create a whole. This is done by our brain in order to better understand and make
meaning of the world.

13
 THE GESTALT PRINCIPLES

Figure-Ground

The figure-ground principle states that people instinctively perceive objects as

either being in the foreground or the background. They either stand out prominently in
the front (the figure) or recede into the back (the ground).

“This determination will occur quickly and subconsciously in most cases.

Figure/Ground lets us know what we should be focusing on and what we can safely
ignore in a composition.” Said Steven Bradley, a web designer.

Figure-ground perception
refers to the tendency of the
visual system to simplify a scene
into the main object that we are
looking at (the figure) and
everything else that forms the
background (or ground). The
concept of figure-ground
perception is often illustrated with
the classic "faces or vases"
illusion, also known as the Rubin
vase. Depending on whether you
[Rubin vase]. (n.d.). https://bit.ly/3IL3pwF
see the black or the white as the
figure, you may see either two
faces in profile (meaning you perceive the white color as the figure and dark color as
the ground or background) or a vase in the center (meaning you see the dark color as
the figure and white color as the ground or background).

Similarity

This principle is basically telling us that when we are presented with multiple
elements, we group together the things that seems to be similar with each other
regardless of their proximity. Consequently, we also tend to think that they perform the
same function. The elements can be grouped according to their shape, size, and color.

14
 You will see that the squares on
the image are equal in space and sizes.
But our brain will automatically group
them by color even if there is no
particular reason for the rhyme and
placement in the image. This image is
an example of the Similarity Principle.

Chapman, C. (n.d.). https://bit.ly/3sMNjgN

Proximity
This principle states that the elements or things we see that are closer to
each other are related than the elements or things that are farther from each other.

Take a look at the circles on the

image. You will observe that the only thing
that is separating the group from the right
from those on the left is the proximity of the
line. And yet, your brain will suggest that
the circles on the right are three distinct
groups.
Chapman, C. (n.d.). https://bit.ly/3sMNjgN

Proximity is so powerful, it
overrides color, shape, and other factors
that distinguish a group of elements or
objects

Bradley, S. (n.d.). https://bit.ly/3sMNjgN

Common Region
This principle is highly related to proximity. It basically states that when we
see objects in the same closed region, we perceive them to be grouped together.

Look at the
image on the left, notice
that the elements have
the same proximity,
color, and shape. But
through the added
border or visible barrier,
it shows the separation
of the group.
[Smashing Magazine]. (n.d.). https://www.smashingmagazine.com/

15
Continuity
This principle states that the elements that are placed or arranged in a curve
or a line are perceived to be more related to each other than those elements not in a
curve or a line.

In the image on the left, as

an example, notice that the red
dots in a curved line seem to be
more related to the black dots in a
curved line than to the red dots in a
straight line. This all because your
eye follows a line or a curve
naturally which makes continuity a
stronger signal rather than
relatedness through color.
[Smashing Magazine]. (n.d.). https://www.smashingmagazine.com/

Closure
When we look at certain things with complex arrangement of visual elements,
our brain tends to look for a singular and recognizable pattern.

When you look at

an image that has missing
parts, you fill in the blanks
so you can make a pattern
that is recognizable. For
example, the image on the
left is just a collection of
black shapes, but your mind
will tell you it’s a zebra. Your
mind gives you a
recognizable pattern based
on your background
experience.

Violianskyi, E. (n.d.). https://bit.ly/3CimRhV

Focal Point
Whatever stands out visually will get the viewer’s attention first, this is what
this principle is all about.

Based on the image,

as an example, the first thing
you noticed is definitely the
red square because it is
different from the black circles
around it. It is the first element
that gets your attention and
then you move towards the
other elements around it.

[Smashing Magazine]. (n.d.). https://www.smashingmagazine.com/

16
The Gestalt Principles and the World of Art
As an artist, knowing how the human mind works will make it easier for you to
direct people’s attention in the right place. These principles hold powers to influence
the audiences’ visual perception which allows the artist to direct our attention, get us
on our feet to take a specific action, and even create a behavioral change upon us.
As an observer of art around the world, you will be able to organize your
experience through a manner that is orderly, regular, and recognizable. This will allow
you to create meaning out of the chaotic and complicated world we live in. Having a
solid understanding of these principles will surely help you better express
understanding when you glance up on a particular image or work of art that is of your
interest.

Let us do this practice!

At this point, it is undeniable that art surrounds us. And these forms of art and
media suggests the Gestalt Principles in one way or another. Select one Gestalt
Principle from the one discussed. From the various art forms and media around
you, take a picture of an example of the principle you have chosen.
Paste your pictures on your worksheet and explain why it is an example of such
principle.

17
 CHAPTER 2
You have just reached the second chapter for this subject! What a terrific journey
you must have had with the first chapter. Let’s keep the momentum going with the topics
in store for the second chapter.
As you have learned on the previous topics, an art piece communicates a message
to its audience that is open for various interpretation and understanding. Within that art
piece are stylistic features that helps the artist communicate meaning to its audience.
These features are what we call elements of art. These elements guide the viewer to a
deeper understanding of any piece of art when we are analyzing it intentionally. Basically,
in this unit, you will identify elements, and answer questions as you carefully look at
paintings and other works of art and analyze how these elements are used purposefully.

Wassily Kandinsky, a Russian

painter, printmaker, and art theorist, is one
of the most famous 20th century artists and
is generally considered the first important
painter of modern abstract art. As an early
modernist in search of new modes of visual
expression and spiritual expression, he
theorized (as did contemporary occultists
and theosophists) that pure visual
abstraction had corollary vibrations with
sound and music. He posited that pure
abstraction could express pure spirituality.
Kandinsky, W. (1913). Composition VII. https://bit.ly/3Mrdr8r

You will also look into the ways and mechanics of selecting a content in art. It may
be realistic or abstract. Find out how several prominent artists showcase their content in
a myriad of ways. Discover what is the difference between a subject and a content.
You had better prepare yourself for this long, bumpy, and meaningful ride!

Course Learning Outcomes:

CLO 1 Demonstrate an understanding and appreciation of arts in general, including
their function, value and historical significance
CLO 2 Analyze and appraise works of art based on aesthetic value, historical context,
tradition, and social relevance
CLO 3 Create their own works of art and curate their own production or exhibit.
CLO 4 Utilizing art for self-expression and for promoting advocacies.
COL 5 Discover and deepen their identity through art with respect to their nationality,
culture, and religion.

1
 LESSON 1
Elements and Principles of Art
It is said that art is the process or product of the purposeful arrangement and
rearrangement of items that affects and influences our intellect, senses, and emotions.
In this lesson, we are to tackle the fundamental elements of art are used by artists to
construct a piece of art.

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to be able to achieve the following:
A. Identify the elements of art; and
B. Evaluate an art work in terms of the different elements of art

What Are the Elements of Art?

The elements of design are the fundamental aspects of any visual design which
include shape, color, space, form, line, value, and texture. Graphic designers use the
elements of design to create an image that can convey a certain mood, draw the eye
in a certain direction, or evoke a number of feelings. While the elements of design form
the basics of any image, designers also lean on the principles of design, which are a
set of practices of working with the elements of design that make a composition look
pleasing to the eye.

The Elements of Art

1. Color

Color helps establish a mood for your composition. When light waves strike an
object and reflect back to the optic nerve in a human’s eyes, the sensation they
perceive is called color. Artists and designers use color to depict and describe the
subject. Color is used by designers to portray mood, light, depth, and point of view.
Designers use the color wheel and the tenets of color theory—a set of guidelines for
mixing, combining, and manipulating colors—to create color schemes.

2
What Is Color in Art?

In works of art, artists use color to depict and describe the subject. Artists,
especially painters, utilize their knowledge of color to portray mood, light, depth, and
point of view in a work of art.

Properties of Color in Art

In the Munsell Color System, professor Albert Munsell identified following properties
the three elements of color:

 Hue: Hue refers to the color itself, which is distinct from any other color, and
represents the name we assign that color such as red, orange, and magenta.
 Value: Value is the darkness or lightness of a hue. When hues are mixed with
white, the resulting color will have a lighter value called tints. When hues are
mixed with the color black, they have a darker value called shades. The many
values of a hue can be shown on a gradient spectrum resembling paint swatches.
 Chroma: A color’s chroma refers to the purity of a color. Chroma is related to
saturation, with high-chroma colors appearing brighter, and low-chroma colors
appearing duller.

A Brief Guide to the Color Wheel

The color wheel is a circular diagram that illustrates the relationships between
different colors. Here is a brief guide to the colors in the color wheel.

3
 [The color wheel]. (n.d.). https://www.pinterest.com/pin/161637074097544182/

 Primary colors: Primary colors are colors that are combined to make a range
of other colors. Traditionally, these are red, yellow, and blue. When mixed,
these three primary colors can form many other colors.
 Secondary colors: Secondary colors are the result of mixing two primary
colors. In the traditional color model, the three secondary colors are green
(yellow plus blue), orange (yellow plus red), and purple (red plus blue).
 Tertiary colors: Tertiary colors are the combination of one primary color with
one secondary color. There are six tertiary colors on the traditional color
wheel: magenta (red-purple), vermillion (red-orange), amber (yellow-orange),
chartreuse (yellow-green), teal (blue-green), and violet (blue-purple).
 Complementary colors: Complementary colors are colors that are found
opposite each other on the color wheel. Complementary color schemes
include blue with orange, red with green, and yellow with purple.
 Analogous colors: Analogous colors sit next to each other on the color
wheel. Analogous color schemes include yellow paired with chartreuse and
green; red with vermillion and orange; and blue with teal and violet. The three
colors in each pairing share a common hue, so they appear to match.
 Warm colors: Reds, oranges, and yellows are referred to as warm colors.
 Cool colors: Blues, greens, and purples are referred to as cool colors.

4
  Monochromatic: A color scheme is monochromatic when it only features
shades or tints of a single hue.
 Neutral colors: Blacks, greys, whites and shades of beige are often referred
to as neutral colors.

2. Line:

Line refers to the way that two points in space are connected. Whether they’re
horizontal lines, diagonal lines, or vertical lines, lines can help direct the eye toward a
certain point in your composition. You can also create texture by incorporating different
types of lines such as curved or patterned lines instead of just straight lines.

[Types of lines]. (n.d.). https://www.pinterest.com/pin/194851121351510282/

5
 3. Value:

In design, value refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. The values of a color
are often visualized in a gradient, which displays a series of variations on one hue,
arranged from the lightest to the darkest. Artists can use the various values of color to
create the illusion of mass and volume in their work.

Value is a basic element of art that refers to the gradual change of lightness or
darkness of a color. It is created when a light source shines upon an object creating
highlights, form shadows and cast shadows.

Value is most evident on the gray scale where black is represented as lowest or
darkest and white is represented as the highest or lightest value. Or more simply said,
they are the various shades of grey between white and black. Artists us them to
create highlights and shadows (shading) in objects and create depth in their paintings or
drawings.

Colors can have value too. In painting, value changes can be achieved by adding
either black or white to the chosen color. Some colors, like yellow and orange, are naturally
light in value.

The Benefits of Values in an Oil Painting

Successful paintings have a full range of value. This means that there are ample
amounts of both light values and dark values. Paintings which possess a full range of
values tend to stand out more and are more pleasing to the eye.

[Understanding value in
painting]. (n.d.).
https://www.artistsnetwork.com/a
rt-subjects/understanding-value-
and-tone-for-better-painting/

6
 Value creates contrast and adds emphasis. The human eye tends to be drawn to
areas of high contrast. High contrast occurs when lighter elements are placed directly next
to much darker ones thereby creating a dramatic effect. This is a technique that is used
to draw attention to specific areas of a painting that the artist wants to emphasize thus
creating a focal point. For example, a light figure on a dark background will become the
center of attention, and a dark figure on a mostly white background will command the
eye’s attention as well.

Value creates the illusion of depth. Value is an important tool to suggest roundness
or depth. It helps to create depth within by making an
object look three-dimensional or a landscape to appear
to recede into the distance. Light values make elements
feel like they are further away and dark values make
them seem closer.

Types of Value in Art

Colors of different value in art interact with each other to create different effects
that can change the mood or depth of your painting. Here are some types of value in
art.

 High key: High key colors contain the most white and are on the palest end of
the gradient scale.
 Low key: Low key colors contain the most black, and are on the darker end of
the gradient scale.
 High contrast: When two colors have opposite values, such as very dark and
very light blue, they are considered high contrast.
 Low contrast: When two colors have values that are only slightly different
from one another, they are considered low contrast.

4. Space:

Space is an element of art that can draw your audience’s attention to your intended
focal points, or give the illusion of a three-dimensional space.

7
What Is Space in Art?

Space is one of key elements of art that refers to the distance around and between
the subjects and aspects of a composition. There are three types of space that are
involved in art composition: positive space (which is the area of the work occupied by
the subject or subjects), negative space (which is the area around the subject or
subjects), and three-dimensional space (a series of techniques that allows an artist to
transform a two-dimensional space into a three-dimensional one). When they work
together, positive and negative space can draw your viewer’s eye to points of interest.
Three-dimensional space creates an optical illusion that makes your painting look more
realistic.

The 3 Types of Space in Art

There are three types of space for artists to consider when outlining a
composition on your picture plane, or the plane that exists in the world of your picture.

1. Positive Space: Positive space refers to the space around the subject or
subjects in a picture. For instance, if you’re drawing a still life, a bowl of
fruit might be your positive space.
2. Negative Space: Negative space refers to the empty spaces surrounding
or in between the subject or subjects in a work of art.
3. Three-dimensional Space: Renaissance Artists mastered the technique
of creating the illusion of three-dimensional space on a flat surface. They
did so by utilizing linear perspective, diminishing scale, and atmospheric
perspective. Linear perspective refers to the use of geometric tools, like a
vanishing point, to create the appearance of depth. Diminishing scale
dictates that the farther you are from an object, the smaller it appears.
Atmospheric perspective refers to the object becoming light color as you
move away from it in space.

8
 5. Shape

In its most basic form, a shape is a two-dimensional area that is surrounded by an

outline. Graphic artists can use other elements including line, color, value, and shadow
to give a shape the appearance of a three-dimensional shape. There are three types
of shapes: organic shapes which occur naturally in the world, geometric
shapes which are angular and mathematically consistent, and abstract shapes that
represent things in nature but aren’t perfectly represented.

Shape is one of the principles of art that serves as a building block for representing
every variety of subject matter through painting, sculpture, and architecture. In its most
basic form, a shape is a two-dimensional area that is surrounded by an outline. Within
the context of art, shape is the external form, the contours, or the outline of a subject.
Though shapes are two-dimensional in painting and drawing, artists use other
elements including line, color, value, and shadow to give a shape the appearance of a
three-dimensional shape.

Geometric and Organic Shapes in Art

Shapes can often be split into two

distinct categories: geometric and organic.
Geometric shapes are precise, regular, angular,
geometric constructions that are mathematically
consistent. Basic shapes that are geometric
include circles, squares, and triangles.
[Geometric
and organic
shapes].
(n.d.).
https://general
/geometric-
shapes-
names/

Organic shapes—sometimes called

biomorphic shapes—are free-form, irregular,
or asymmetrical structures that occur in the
natural world, such as flower petals,
dragonfly wings, clouds, and the human
figure.

9
 6. Form:
Form pertains to the way that a shape or physical configuration occupies space.
Form is one of the principles of art that dictates how artists represent dimensional
shapes in two-dimensional or three-dimensional art.

What Is Form in Art?

Form is one of the elements of visual art which pertains to the way that a shape or
physical configuration occupies space. For a three-dimensional work of art like a
sculpture or work of architecture, form is the shape, structure, and arrangement of
components like length, width, and depth of a shape. Instead of creating form through
physical shape, painters create the appearance of form on a flat surface by using light,
shadow, the appearance of an object’s contours, negative space, and the surrounding
objects around the subject matter.

Form is one of the principles of art that dictates how artists represent dimensional
shapes in two-dimensional or three-dimensional art.

Types of Form in Art: Geometric Form vs. Organic Form

The two types of forms or shapes in art: geometric forms and organic forms.

Geometric forms refer to precise, regular, angular, geometric shapes that are
mathematically consistent, including spheres, cubes, pyramids, cones, and cylinders.

[Geometric forms]. (n.d.). https://sciencestruck.com/list-of-different-types-of-geometric-shapes-with-pictures

10
 Organic forms (or biomorphic forms) represent organic, irregular shapes that often
occur in the natural world, which are usually asymmetrical, free-form, or curved.

[Organic forms]. (n.d.). https://forums.sketchup.com/t/creating-organic-forms/74368

7. Texture
Texture is one of the elements of design that is used to represent how an object
appears or feels. Tactile texture is a physical sense of touch, whether it’s rough,
smooth, or ribbed. Visual texture, on the other hand, refers to the imagined feel of the
illustrated texture, which can create more visual interest and a heightened sensory
experience.

Sculptors and architects can create texture in a three-dimensional work of art by

manipulating the surface texture of a piece. Painters can convey the illusion of texture
in a two-dimensional work of art to imply how an object or subject matter might feel if
it was really touched.

What Is the Difference Between Implied Texture and Physical Texture?

When making a work of visual art, you should consider the two types of texture,
known as physical (or actual) texture and visual (or implied) texture.

 Physical texture: The physical texture of a work of art refers to its tactile
texture that you can feel when you touch it. For example, the physical texture
of a work of art may be soft, hard, smooth or rough.

11
  Visual texture: Artists who create works of art on a two-dimensional surface,
such as painters or draftsmen, are creating a visual texture of their work by
manipulating materials on their canvas.

Examples of Texture in Art

Artist Titian

Year 1534

Medium Oil on canvas

Dimensions 119 cm
× 165 cm
(47 in × 65 in)

Location Uffizi, Florence

Titian. (1532). Venus of Urbino. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/renaissance-reformation/high-ren-florence-rome/late-

renaissance-venice/a/titian-venus-of-urbino

Venus of Urbino by Titian (1532–1534): In this large-scale painting, Titian depicts a

nude woman lounging on a bed. He uses his paint to indicate the surface quality of
the blanket she’s laying on, and the upholstery of her bed. His ability to convincingly
depict the different textures of these costly fabrics is a sign of his mastery of visual
texture.

12
 Principles of Good Design

What exactly are the principles of good

design?

Simply put, the principles of good design are the

tools every artist uses to create an effective
composition. These tools are: balance, contrast,
emphasis, movement, proportion, repetition,
simplicity, space and unity. How well an artist
understands and uses these tools will determine if
[Principles of good design]. (n.d.).
https://blog.flipsnack.com/10-principles-of-good-design/

the composition is a weak or strong one. In a series of discussions, we’ll take a look at
each one of these principles.

Defining the Principles

1. Balance – a feeling of equality of weight, attention, or attraction of the

various elements within the composition as a means of accomplishing
unity.

Balance in art can be defined as a sense of equilibrium

[Balance in art]. (n.d.).
https://www.lifewire.com/balance-
design-principle-3470048
and is achieved when the visual weight of objects is distributed
equally within a composition. When no single part of the
design can overpower or appear heavier than another part in
the same design, a sense of visual balance is created.

Horizontal, Vertical and Radial Balance

 Balancing the components within a painting is best illustrated by visualizing
weighing scales or a playground see-saw. As you can see, balance is not achieved
through an actual physical weighing process, but through visual judgment on the
part of the observer. In this respect, to balance a 2D composition requires a skillful
distribution of its components in such a way that the viewer is satisfied the piece
is not about to topple over.

13
Horizontal Balance

[Horizontal balance]. (n.d.). https://thedailyguardian.com/the-balance-of-life/

When components are balanced left and right of a central axis they are
balanced horizontally.

[Example painting of horizontal balance]. (n.d.). [Example painting of horizontal balance]. (n.d.).
https://fineartamerica.com/featured/balance-with-me- https://fineartamerica.com/featured/balance-with-me-
debbie-criswell.html debbie-criswell.html

Vertical Balance

When they are balanced above and below, they

are said to be balanced vertically.

[Vertical balance]. (n.d.). https://thedailyguardian.com/the-balance-of-life/

14
 [Example paintings on vertical balance]. (n.d.). https://fineartamerica.com/featured/balance-with-me-debbie-criswell.html

Do you see the vertical balance suggested in the painting on the left? Look at
where the foreground ends and you will quickly see how balance is implied by the visual
weightiness of the building in the background.

The painting on the right is a little more obvious in its vertical balance. Notice
how the three objects in the top part of the painting balance the apparent heaviness of
the one object (the plate of pancakes) in the lower part of the painting.

Radial Balance

When components are distributed around the center

point, or spring out from a central line, this is referred to
as radial balance.

[Radial balance]. (n.d.).

https://thevirtualinstructor.com/blog/balance-a-principle-of-art

15
 [Example paintings of radial balance]. (n.d.). https://thevirtualinstructor.com/blog/balance-a-principle-of-art

Types of Balance

There are two types of balance — symmetrical or asymmetrical.

Symmetrical balance is also referred to as symmetry or formal balance.

Asymmetrical balance is also called asymmetry or informal balance. Of these two types,
symmetrical balance is the most stable visually.

Symmetrical Balance

Symmetrical balance is when the weight is equally

distributed on both sides of the central axis. Symmetry is the
simplest and most obvious type of balance. It creates a
secure, safe feeling and a sense of solidity. Symmetrical
balance can be achieved in two ways. One way is by “pure
symmetry,” and the other way is by “approximate symmetry.”
[Brower’s chocolate as example of symmetrical balance]. (n.d.).
https://www.incredibleart.org/lessons/rhodes/designprinciples2.html

A good example of pure symmetry is the human face. It is the same on both the
right side and the left side of the nose. Pure symmetry has its place in certain art works,
however, because of its identical repetition, pure symmetry for a composition can easily
become too monotonous and uninteresting to look at.

Approximate symmetry on the other hand has greater appeal and interest for the
viewer. The two sides of a composition are varied and are more interesting to view. Even
though they are varied somewhat, they are still similar enough to make their repetitious
relationship symmetrically balanced.

16
Asymmetrical Balance

Asymmetrical balance is when both sides of the

central axis are not identical, yet appear to have balance.
The way to use asymmetry is by balancing two or more
unequal components on either side of the fulcrum by
varying their size, value or distance from the center. If the
artist can skillfully feel, judge or estimate the various
elements and visual weight, this should allow him/her to
balance them as a whole, and as a result, achieve a more
interesting composition.
[Graphic illustration of asymmetrical balance]. (n.d.).
https://www.incredibleart.org/lessons/rhodes/designprinciples2.html

The artist will quickly discover the use of asymmetry allows for more freedom of
creativity because there are unlimited arrangements that may be devised by using
asymmetrical balance.

2. Contrast – Another important principle of good design is contrast. This is

principle that is often applied when an artist wants to add visual interest, excitement and
drama to an art piece.

Defining Contrast - Contrast in art refers to the positioning of opposing components

in a work of art. It occurs when two or more related elements are strikingly different. The
greater the difference the greater the contrast.

Opposing Elements in Art

The key to working with contrast is to make sure the differences are obvious. The most common
ways of creating contrast are by creating differences in:

Color — complimentary colors on the color wheel, i.e. red vs. green, blue
vs. orange, yellow vs. violet
Hue — saturated vs. muted colors
Movement — fast vs. slow
Shape — organic vs. geometric shapes
Size — large vs. small shapes

17
 Space — positive vs. negative
Temperature — warm vs. cool
Texture — rough vs. smooth
Value — light vs dark

The Significance of Contrast

 Contrast is significant because it adds variety to the total design and creates
unity. It draws the viewer’s eye into the painting and helps to guide the viewer
around the art piece.

 Contrast also adds visual interest. Most designs require a certain amount of
contrast, if there is too much similarity of the components in any design, it
will become monotonous. Too little contrast results in a design that is bland and
uninteresting to view.

Some Examples of the Effective Use of Contrast

The contrast in the illustration coffee pot and cups

is quite obvious. Notice the contrast of the light background
(wall) with dark foreground (table cloth) and the contrast of
the dark shadows on the tea pot and cup against the wall and
with the lights of the same objects against a dark window.
[Use of contrast in art]. (n.d.).
https://www.incredibleart.org/lessons/rhodes/designprinciples2.html
There is also a contrast of thin and thick lines in the
napkin, straight and curved lines, and don’t miss the contrast created by the use
of geometric shapes (coffee pot and cups) with organic shapes (steam and clouds). The
dark steam is also contrasted with the light clouds off in the distance.

18
 In the illustration of the lady and parrot is a good example
of contrast between lights and darks. A contrast of color exists
between the red parrot and white dress. Also notice the
contrast in the roundness of shapes in the foreground against the
flatness of the dark background. Contrast of texture is also
implied by the softness of the silk dress and soft feathers of the
bird against the hard, flat background.
[A lady and a parrot painting as example of contrast]. (n.d.).
https://www.incredibleart.org/lessons/rhodes/designprinciples2.html

Contrast in this painting is much more subtle. There is

contrast in texture. Notice the hard texture of the fence in the
background as contrasted with the softness of the butterflies
and kittens. Also, a contrast exists between the soil and the
foliage. The kittens themselves have a contrast depicted in their
colors verses the color of the fence in the background and
even with each other. And the red flowers verse green grass
promotes a contrast of complimentary colors.
[Image of cats as an example of contrast]. (n.d.).
https://www.incredibleart.org/lessons/rhodes/designprinciples2.html
3.Emphasis – the stress placed on a single area of a work or unifying visual theme.

The principle of emphasis is another important design element. It is applied when an artist
wants to attract more attention to a certain element or area within a painting by giving it
dominance that makes it stand out.

Defining Emphasis
Emphasis in art is when the artist gives dominance to or stresses a particular area or
element of focus in a painting. Without it a composition is nothing more than a presentation
of a group of details with equal importance. When a composition has no emphasis, nothing
stands out as demonstrated in the illustration below.

19
 [Images with emphasis and without emphasis]. (n.d.). https://www.incredibleart.org/lessons/rhodes/designprinciples2.html

Adding Emphasis

The way of achieving emphasis is by creating a center of interest, also

called a focal point. A focal point is an area where the eye tends to center and is the
focus of the viewer’s attention. It is created by making one area or element in the painting
standout or most important visually while all other elements are contributing but
subordinate. Subordinates are other compositional elements that have been minimized
or toned down in order to bring attention to the center of interest. The focal point may be
the largest, brightest, darkest, or most complex part of the whole, or it may get special
attention because it stands out for some other reason. No more than one component
should vie for primary attention. When more than one component gets equal billing,
emphasis is canceled out.

Some ways to create emphasis might include:

Contrast — the more strongly an element contrasts with its surroundings, the more it
stands out and draws attention it to itself. See the discussion on Contrast for information
about how to use this design principle.

Isolation — similar to placement, isolating an element from a group of other elements

will make it stand out.

Line — an arrow, line, or other similar objects can be used to indicate movement or
direction and lead the eye towards an element. Where lines converge also creates a focal
point. See discussion on Movement for about this good design principle.

20
Placement — elements centered on the canvas will command the viewer’s
attention, however, artists tend to avoid putting the focal point in the center of the canvas. It
is best to off center it a bit and still achieve the same effect. Off center placement is
much more pleasing to the eye.

Size or Scale — this refers to how something seems in scale or size as it is compared to
the objects around it. The larger the scale the more it will stand out and attract the eye.
Smaller elements tend to recede into the background.

Examples of the Effective Use of Emphasis

In this painting it is easy to see how the artist used

light to put emphasis on the chef. He stands out as
the main focal point of the entire the painting.

[Example of emphasis in painting]. (n.d.). https://www.artistsnetwork.com/art-subjects/understanding-value-and-tone-for-better-painting/

The artist creates emphasis in this painting

through the use of color. By painting the cowboy’s
shirt red he was able to create a center of interest.
Your eye is drawn right to his shirt.

[Emphasis in painting]. (n.d.). https://www.incredibleart.org/lessons/rhodes/designprinciples2.html

21
4.Movement – the suggestion of action or direction, the path our eyes follow when we
look at a work of art.

Movement is the principle of good design which gives the artist control over what
the viewer sees next. Using this principle, the artist can create the path our eyes will
travel as we look at a work of art. For example, our attention is first captured by the main
focal point and then it proceeds to move around the composition as one element after
another catches our attention.

Defining Movement in Art

Movement shows action and creates a feeling of motion within a composition. It

also serves as a guide to direct the eye from one element to the next. An artist controls
and forces the progression of the viewer’s eyes in and around the composition of the
painting using eye travel. For instance, the eye will travel along an actual path such as
solid or dotted line, or it will move along more subtle paths such as from large to smaller
elements, from dark to lighter elements, from color to non-color, from unusual to usual
shapes, etc.

Repetition and Rhythm

Movement also contributes to the overall

unity in a piece by creating a relationship
between the various components of a
work. There are various ways to create this
relationship, it can be done by using repetition
and rhythm.
[Stock image, repetition and rhythm]. (n.d.). https://www.interaction-
design.org/literature/article/repetition-pattern-and-rhythm

The use of repetition to create movement

occurs when elements which have something in
common are repeated regularly or
irregularly thereby creating a visual rhythm.
Repetition doesn’t always have to mean exact duplication either; however, it does require
similarity or near-likeness. Slight variations to a simple repetition are good, as this will add
interest. Repetition tends to relate elements together whether they are touching or not.

22
 Rhythm is the result of repetition which leads the eye from one area to another in
direct, flowing, or staccato movement. It can be produced by continuous repetition, by
periodic repetition, or by regular alternation of one of more forms or lines. A single form
may be slightly changed with each repetition or be repeated with periodic changes in size,
color, texture, or value. A line may regularly vary in length, weight, or direction. Color may
also be repeated in various parts of the composition in order to unify the various areas of
the painting.

Movement through Action

Movement can also be created by action. In two-

dimensional works of art, action must be implied. Implied
action in a painting creates life and activity. This is best
illustrated by the direction the eye takes along an invisible
path created by an arrow, a gaze, or a pointing finger. Action
can also be indicated by the “freeze frame” effect of an
object in motion, such as a bouncing ball suspended in mid
air, a jogger about to take that next step, or a swimmer
[Painting of Latin dancers]. (n.d.).
taking a dive, etc. https://www.interaction-
design.org/literature/article/repetiti
on-pattern-and-rhythm

Examples of the Effective Use of Movement

Movement in the painting on the left is created in

several ways. You see it as your eye travels from the little
girl on the blanket and moves up the stairs. You will also
see repetition in color. The color of the building is very
similar to the blanket the child is sitting on. In addition, the
stairs create a repetition effect.

[Example painting of movement]. (n.d.). https://www.interaction-

design.org/literature/article/repetition-pattern-and-rhythm

23
 Repetition creates the movement in the painting
right. The color of the gowns is repeated leading the eye into
the painting. The pattern on the floor also creates repetition.
You also get the feeling of movement created by implied
action.

[Example painting of movement]. (n.d.). https://www.interaction-

design.org/literature/article/repetition-pattern-and-rhythm

5. Proportion – the relation of two things in size, number, amount, or degree.

Proportion in art is the relationship of two or more elements in a composition and

how they compare to one another with respect to size, color, quantity, degree, setting,
etc.; i.e. ratio.

When two or more elements are put together in a painting, a relationship is created.
This relationship is said to be harmonious when a correct or desirable association exists
between the elements. This refers to the correct sizing and distribution of an element which
then creates good proportion. Good proportion adds harmony and symmetry or balance
among the parts of a design as a whole.

When the principle of proportion is applied to a work of art it is usually in the

relationship of size. That is, the size of one element as compared to the size of another
related element within the same composition. In this instance, a comparison of size is
made between the:

 Height, width and depth of one element to that of another

 Size of one area to the size of another area
 Size of one element to the size of another element
 Amount of space between two or more elements

24
 [Example images of good and bad proportions]. (n.d.) https://www.interaction-
design.org/literature/article/repetition-pattern-and-rhythm

Proportion is usually not even noticed until something is out of proportion. When
the relative size of two elements being compared seems wrong or out of balance it is said
to be “out of proportion”. For example, if a person has a head larger than their entire body,
then we would say that they were out of proportion.

There are several ways for achieving good proportion:

1. Place like elements together which are similar in character or have a common
feature.
2. Create major and minor areas in the design, as equal parts can quickly become
monotonous and boring. However, the differences in size must not be so great as to
make the parts appear unrelated and therefore, out of harmony with each other.
3. Arrangement of space should be in such a way that the eye does not perceive a
standard mathematical relationship. Dividing up the composition in halves, quarters and
thirds should be avoided. A subtle relationship creates a more dynamic design.
4. Create harmony in the art work. Harmony is an agreement between the shapes that
stresses the similarities of all parts. In other words, the shape of one part should “fit” the
shape of the adjoining elements. Shapes should “fit” properly in their positions and
spaces.

25
 [Harmony in art]. (n.d.). https://www.artistsnetwork.com/art-techniques/composition/harmony-in-art/

Examples of the Effective Use of Proportion

There is a real sense of proportion in the painting left.

Without the effective use of the principle of proportion you
would not experience the majesty of the mountain in the
background.

[Art depicting proportion]. (n.d.).

https://www.pinterest.com/johanna
stewart2/proportionscale/

In this painting right proportion is instrumental in emphasizing

the distance of the ship in the background.

[Example painting of proportion]. (n.d.).

https://thevirtualinstructor.com/blog/proportion-a-principle-of-art

Examples of the Effective Use of Harmony

It is easy to observe harmony in action in nature.

Notice how the individual wedges “fit” the orange
painting.

[Painting of oranges]. (n.d.). https://www.pinterest.com/pin/567735096748679303/

26
 In the coat of arms, we observe how the different
elements “fit” together perfectly inside each other to
create harmony.

[Example image of harmony]. (n.d.). https://in.pinterest.com/pin/740068151249608856/

6. Repetition and rhythm – the act of repeating an element either regularly or

irregularly resulting in a rhythm of the repeating elements.

7. Simplicity (a.k.a. visual economy) – the elimination of all non-essential

elements or details to reveal the essence of a form.

Visual Economy in art, also known as simplicity, is the omitting

of all non-essential or unimportant elements and details which
don’t really contribute to the essence of the overall composition
in order to emphasize what is important. Simplicity suggests that
a good composition is the simplest solution to the design
problem. Much of the beauty and skill in good design focuses on what is left out, rather
than trying to include everything you can. The secret to a great composition is in knowing
when to stop; when to put the brush down, stand back and say “that’s just about right”.

Examples of the effective use of Simplicity

Simplicity is suggested in the painting of the cowboy by

zooming in thus eliminating the extra surrounding element that
would otherwise detract from the main focus of the painting.

[Painting of a farmer]. (n.d.). https://www.filipinoart.ph/art/isabela-farmer

27
 There is simplicity in the design of the
buildings in the painting right. Detail has been left
out to call your attention to the unique architecture.

[Painting of buildings]. (n.d.).

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/67694800621816473/

In the painting of Egypt detail has been deliberately

left out so the shapes rather than the features become the
areas of interest.

[Painting of sunset in Egypt]. (n.d.).

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/418834834096203651/

In the painting on the right the background and clothing

are done in a very simplistic manner so that the viewer’s
attention is drawn to the face of Mary and that of baby
Jesus. More detail would have been a distraction.

[Painting of Mary and Jesus]. (n.d.).

https://uscatholic.org/articles/201612/why-was-
mary-a-virgin/

8. Space – the interval or measurable distance between objects or forms (two

dimensional or three dimensional).

Space in art refers to the distance or area between, around, above, below, or within
shapes and forms found within a composition. In this discussion we will be taking a closer
look at several different ways space is used in art. These are:

 Positive space
 Negative space
 Two-dimensional space
 Three-dimensional space

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Positive and Negative Space
There are two types of space in art: positive and negative. Both positive and
negative space are important factors to be considered in every good composition. They
occur in both two-dimension and three-dimension art and are complementary to one
another. One impacts on and affects the reading of the other.

Positive space is the “occupied” areas in a work of art that is

filled with something such as lines, colors and shapes. It is the
primary subject matter of a painting; the animals, plants, building,
mountain, vase, people, etc., that forms your area-of-interest. It
dominates the eye and is the focal point in a composition.
[Rubin’s vase]. (n.d.). http://teresabernardart.com/tag/positive-space/

In the example here, positive space (the area in black) is

represented as the forms themselves… i.e. the vase, the individual letters, or the words
“positive space”. It is the opposite of negative space.

Negative space is the unoccupied areas that surround the

subject matter. It is more passive in nature and is defined by the
edges of the positive space it surrounds. It is what gives definition
to our composition.
[Rubin’s vase]. (n.d.). http://teresabernardart.com/tag/positive-space/

In the example, it is the “empty space” (the area in black) or

unoccupied areas that lies between objects, shapes and forms
within a composition, and is also the space in the background that
is not at first noticeable. It goes in all directions and goes on forever. It flows in, around
and between shapes and objects.

Do you see the shapes in negative space? These shapes have substance or mass and
are not simply the absence of something. This is important to remember. Negative space
has weight and mass, and plays an important role in defining your subject.

Negative space is most evident when the space around a subject matter, and not the
form itself, forms an interesting or artistically relevant shape. In this case the use of

29
 negative space is very much a key element of the artistic composition. In the example
above, the negative space forms a shape of two men face to face.

Negative space is important in a composition because it gives balance to positive space

by giving the eye a place to rest. This is a basic element that is often overlooked as a
principle of a good design.

Two and Three-dimensional Space

Two-dimensional space is found on a flat surface such as a

canvas. It has no depth, only length and width. In our example, the
image appears flat because all the objects and forms lie on the
same plane. There is no feeling of depth.

[Rubin’s vase, two-dimensional]. (n.d.).

http://teresabernardart.com/tag/positive-space/

However, the same space can be used to make a two-

dimensional artwork appear three-dimensional by giving a feeling of
depth. Three-dimensional space has width, height and depth. These
three-dimensional signals are so common in nature
[Rubin’s vase, three-dimensional]. (n.d.).
http://teresabernardart.com/tag/positive-space/

The tools needed for creating the illusion of three-dimensional space are:

 Overlapping objects
 Changing size and placement of related objects
 Linear perspective
 Relative hue and value
 Atmospheric perspective

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a. Overlapping objects within your composition is the simplest tool you can use for
creating three-dimensional space in your painting or drawing. The effect is achieved by
allowing the contour of one form to be interrupted by the contour of another form, so that
it looks like one form is physically sitting in front of the other.

b. Changing size and placement of related objects. When two shapes are the same
size and are placed on the same plane, the image tends to appear rather flat and not
have much depth to it. However, by simply varying the size and placement of the shapes
a greater sensation of depth is created.

As a rule of thumb, larger objects tend to appear closer to the viewer and smaller ones
tend to recede into the background. Also, objects placed lower on the canvas appear
closer in distance than those which are placed higher up.

c. Linear perspective (a.k.a. converging lines) is a graphical system used by artists to

create the illusion of depth and volume on a flat surface. As objects move away from the
viewer, they appear to grow smaller and converge toward a vanishing point at the horizon
line. The effective use of linear perspective creates this illusion of diminishing size by
treating the edges as converging parallel lines. The vanishing point may be in any direction
the viewer looks, including up, and may be visible (on the canvas) or imaginary
(somewhere off the canvas).

d. Relative hue and value. Using hue and value to create 3D space on a flat canvas
surface are very important cues that tell us whether an object is nearby or far away. In
general, warm colors or hues tend appear closer, whereas cool hues tend to recede away
from the viewer. On the same token, close objects tend to exhibit brighter, richer hues,
and/or more contrasting in values, including extremes of dark and light. However, distant
objects tend to be either similar or neutral in value, and exhibit grayer hues. Colors that
are close in value are perceived as being on or near the same plane, but colors that have
strong contrast in value appear on separate planes.

e. Atmospheric perspective combines several tools already described above. This

important tool operates when objects that are far away lack contrast, detail, and texture.
As objects get farther away, atmospheric perspective shows color gradually fading to a

31
 bluish gray and details blurring, imitating the way distant objects appear to the human
eye.

As a rule of thumb when using this tool, remember that colors tend to pale and fade as they
recede into the distance. Objects become less defined and lack detail.

Deep Space

When used effectively all of these tools to create the illusion of three-dimensional space
will create a sense of what is referred to as deep space within your painting. In deep space
there are three terms used to describe depth:

 Foreground is the area of a painting that visually appears closest to the viewer. It is often
located on a lower plane or bottom of the canvas.
 Middle ground is space that makes up the distance between the foreground and
background of a painting. There is no specific measurement for what the limits are.
Typically, it is located somewhere on the middle plane of the canvas.
 Background is the area of a painting that visually appears to be far away in the distance
at or near the horizon. It is usually located on a higher plane of the canvas.

There are a number of ways to create the illusion of distance or depth on a flat
surface. Here are some of those ways:

1. Objects that are further away, will appear smaller than those close by. Those same
objects will also grow less distinct the further away they are. Their colors will fade and
blend into the background colors.
2. Objects which are placed higher on a plane create the feeling of depth or distance. The
viewer senses that he or she is standing away from the objects and that there is a large
amount of space in the foreground.
3. Overlapping shapes tend to create a feeling of depth.
4. Arrangement of lights. When light is contrasted against dark, a sense of depth is felt.
5. Converging lines. Parallel lines, as they move away into the distance, appear to come
closer together to form a vanishing point which may or may not be seen. A good
example of this is a road or a path.

32
6. Colors. Warm and bright colors appear closer, whereas cool or dull colors tend to
recede into the distance.

Examples of the Effective Use of Space

Positive and Negative Space

The flat back shadows and

background in the painting on the left
provides a good example of the
effective use of positive and negative
space in this two-dimensional painting.
[Example images of positive and negative space]. (n.d.)
https://za.pinterest.com/visualartvalue/positive-and-negative-space/
The painting on the right demonstrates positive and negative space in a three-
dimensional painting. Can you see the positive and negative here? The fish occupies the
positive space and the water represents the negative space around the fish.

Overlapping Objects

Overlapping objects is a helpful

tool for creating an illusion of 3D.
Depending on how it is applied can
give a sense of deep or shallow space
within a composition.
[Example images with overlapping objects]. (n.d.).
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/463589355383772603/

The Statue of Liberty in the

painting on the left overlapping the river and the horizon helps to create a greater sense
of depth than the painting that is on the right. On the left we get the sensation of deep
space. On the right the space a shallow.

33
Changing Size and Placement

Changing the size and

placement of the objects in these two
paintings helps give more depth to the
painting. Changing the size of the
Indians makes them appear far away
in the painting on the left. On the right,
the ballerinas are on a higher plane
than the ones in the front pushes them
[Example images with varied size and placement]. (n.d.)
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/change-the-size-of-a-
farther away into the background. shadow/

Linear Perspective

[Images with linear perspective]. (n.d.) https://www.pinterest.com/pin/19210735893131219/

Can you see how perspective has given the three paintings above a sense of
depth?

These paintings have very strong one-point perspective which helps create the
illusion of three dimension.

Perspective gives you the sensation that the train is moving away from you and
yet it pulls you down the hallway with it in the painting on the right.

Perspective can also make objects appear 3D. The artist of this building used two-
point perspective to create an object that appears to have volume. Without two-point
perspective this building would lack depth and appear flat.

34
Hue and Value

[Images with hue and value]. (n.d.).

https://www.virtualartacademy.com/three-components-of-
color/

Warm colors pull you up close. Cool colors recede off into the distance. The
painting on the left is a good example of this tool in use.

On the right, light moves toward you and darkness moves off into the
background.

Atmospheric Perspective

[Example images with atmospheric

perspective]. (n.d.).
https://vitruvianstudio.com/what-is-
perspective/

As objects move off into the distance, they become less detailed and grayer. For
example, notice the horizon and the mountain in these two paintings.

For more information about atmospheric perspective see article titled Creating
Depth in Your Paintings via Atmospheric Perspective.

35
Deep Space

[Images showing deep space]. (n.d.).

https://www.liveabout.com/creating-the-illusion-of-
depth-and-space-2578710

When used effectively all the tools (overlapping, perspective, atmosphere, hue and
value) can create the sensation of deep space.

9. Unity – the relationship between the individual parts and the whole of a
composition. This is the desired result in all great art.

Unity is the hallmark of every good design. It is

the final result when all the design elements work
harmoniously together to give the viewer a satisfying
sense of belonging and relationship. You know unity
has been achieved when all aspects of the design
complement one another rather than compete for
attention.
[Unity in art]. (n.d.). https://www.thoughtco.com/elements-of-
composition-in-art-2577514

Unity is the end result when all of the design

principles (balance, movement, emphasis, visual
economy, contrast, proportion and space) have been correctly applied.

Unity within art accomplishes two things:

1. It creates a sense of order. When a design possesses unity there will be a

consistency of sizes and shapes, as well as a harmony of color and pattern.

36
 2. It also gives elements the appearance of completeness that they belong
together. When a composition has unity the design will be viewed as one piece,
as a whole, and not as separate elements with the painting. Using too many
shapes and forms may cause a design to be unfocused, cluttered and confusing.

When unity is achieved:

a. The individual elements within a composition do not compete for attention.

b. The key theme will be communicated more clearly.
c. The design will evoke a sense of completeness and organization.

Examples of the effective use of Unity

[Example paintings with unity]. (n.d.).

https://www.widewalls.ch/magazine/unity-in-art

The painting on the left creates a sense of unity by the effective use of repetition.
See how the artist has repeated similar forms (ducks) and color (brown) throughout the
composition?
On the right grouping of similar objects, proximity was used to create unity within
this painting.

[Example paintings with unity]. (n.d.).

https://www.widewalls.ch/magazine/unity-in-art

The road in this painting is the “third element” that helps to create a relationship
between the people in the foreground to the people in the background.

37
 This painting is another good example of how proximity creates relationships
between related objects.

Let Us Do This Practice!

The image below is the Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh. Evaluate the image below
by identifying the elements of art that can be observed from it. Do this on your
worksheet.

Van Gogh, V. (1889). The starry night. https://www.vangoghgallery.com/painting/starry-night.html

38
 LESSON 2
Content in Art
Looking into the what is being depicted by the artwork might be helpful in deriving
the meaning of a particular image. The subject of an artwork has been there as a basic
component of artwork. Let us try to dig deeper into this and other related concepts.

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to achieve the following:

A. differentiate representational art and non-representational art;

B. Discuss the difference between an artwork’s subject and its content;
C. Identify the subject matter and specific example in art; and
D. Enumerate the sources of subjects of some artworks

Let Us Engage on This!

Look into the image on the left.
Analyze this by responding to the
following questions:
1. What is the artwork all about?

2. Why do you think this was

created?

3. How was the artwork put

together in a singular concept?

[Oil painting of parrot. Stock illustration]. (n.d.). https://bit.ly/3HFrIep

An artwork holds clues that tell us what it is all about. It is a constant mediation
between the viewer and the artwork. Luckily, there are clues that guide the viewer. The
clues are the three basic components:

 Subject- refers to the visual focus or image presented in the artwork; the “what.”
 Content- the meaning that the artist tries to communicate to the viewer; the
“why.”
 Form- how the art work is presented using the elements and the medium or
materials; the “how.”

39
Types of Subject

 Representational Art- presents subjects that have concrete references to the real
world such as events or objects. Also called “figurative art” because the figures
depicted are easy to decode.
 Non-representational Art- the subject presented have no concrete reference to
the real world; not a person, a place, object or event. Instead, the subject is
presented using visual elements such as colors, shapes, and lines, employed to
convey a particular feeling, emotion, or concept.
 Abstract Art- abstract and non-representational art exist in a spectrum. The
difference between the two is almost indiscernible.
Sources of Subject

 Nature
 Culture
 History
 Heritage
 Religion
 Mythology
 People
 Other works of art
Kinds of Subject

 Still life
 History
 Animals
 Nature
 Figures
 Landscape
 Cityscape
 Seascape
 Dreams
 Mythological characters
 Fantasies
Content in Art
An art work’s content is the message or meaning that it expresses or communicates. A
viewer must take note that there are various levels of meaning that aids in understanding
the content of an art work. They are:

 Factual meaning- the most basic level of meaning for it may be made out from
the immediately recognizable forms in the artwork and how they relate to one
another.
 Conventional meaning- pertains to the widely-recognized interpretation of the
artwork using motifs, signs, symbols and other cyphers. These conventions are
forged through time, strengthened by repetitive use and wide acceptance by the
viewers and scholars who study them.

40
  Subjective meaning- stem from the viewer’s or audiences’ personal
circumstances (what we know, learned, experienced, and values we stand for.)
When these subjectivities come into play, a variety of meaning may arise as
individuals experience and artwork. Subjective meaning is, therefore, never
singular but multiple and varied.

Let Us Do This Practice!

Look into the following images. Respond to the following questions comprehensively.
Do this in your worksheet.
A. Identify the subjects of the following images.
B. What do you think each subject on the image represent?
C. Identify the source(s) of the subjects in the following images.

1.

Bain, G. (1900). Philip Burne-Jones Holding a Cat.

[Photo, George Grantham Bain Collection, Library
Congress, Washington, DC.]. https://bit.ly/3HO2SJ2

2.

Matisse, H. (1905). Landscape at Collioure. [ Oil on

canvas, 38.8 x 46.6cm. Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Matisse was a member of Fauves (French for “wild
beasts”), who used bold colors to convey emeotions].
https://mo.ma/3KnbSqA

41
3.

Oosterwijik, M. (1668). Vanitas Still-Life. [ Oil on

canvas 73 x88.5cm. Kunsthistorisches Museum,
Vienna].
https://arthistoryproject.com/artists/maria-van-
oosterwijck/vanitas-still-life/

4.

Delaunay, R. (1912-1913). Le Premier Disque. [Oil

painting with a style of Orphism].
https://bit.ly/3Kgzflo

5.

Maes, N. (1655). The Idle Servant. [Oil on canvas,

National Gallery, London].
https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/nicolae
s-maes-the-idle-servant

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