Frequency Response

Analysis

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• Frequency response is the response characteristics of
the system when subjected to sinusoidal inputs. The
input frequency is varied, and the output
characteristics are computed or represented as a
function of the frequency.

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Response of 1st order system to a
sinusoidal system

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Amplitude Ratio(AR) And Phase
Angle(θ)

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 Bode Plot

• A Bode plot is a plot of the amplitude ratio (AR) and the

phase lag as a function of the frequency of the input line
wave (which is the same as the frequency of the output
wave). Logarithmic scales are used for the frequency axis.
The y-axis is often plotted using the units of decibels,
which is 20 log AR.
• We do not need all of dB (or PB) over the range of values
of ω.We note the broad dependence of dB or PB on ω
and approximate the actual relationships through the use
of asymptotes.
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 Bode Diagram

Bode diagram for first order system

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• Using log scale, allows you to cover a wide range of
possible input frequencies, and compresses big
changes and emphasizes small changes to provide a
better big picture of the overall response.
Furthermore, the advantage of drawing things on a
log-log scale is that the Bode plot becomes much
easier to sketch by hand.

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 Corner Frequency

• The frequency corresponding to the inverse of the

time constant is called the corner frequency and
represented by c

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Graphical Rules for
Bode Diagram

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First order systems in series

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Example

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Bode diagram of first order systems
in series

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The Second Order System

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Bode diagram for 2nd order system

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Control System Design by Frequency
Response

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Control System Design by Frequency
Response

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