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Correlation between Performance, Carcass Traits and Blood Lipid Profile of Broilers
Chicken Fed with Rations Supplemented with Plant Powders

Article · May 2018

DOI: 10.9734/JALSI/2018/40681

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 Journal of Applied Life Sciences International

17(2): 1-12, 2018; Article no.JALSI.40681

ISSN: 2394-1103

Correlation between Performance, Carcass Traits

and Blood Lipid Profile of Broilers Chicken Fed with
Rations Supplemented with Plant Powders
Serge Cyrille Houketchang Ndomou1, Cristelle Tiwo Tsapla1,
Fabrice Tonfack Djikeng1,2, Gires Boungo Teboukeu1,
Hermann Arantes Foffe Kohole1, David Tsafack Ngoudjou1,
Herve Kuietche Mube3 and Hilaire Macaire Womeni1*
1
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O.Box 67 Dschang,
Cameroon.
2
School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Catholic University Institute of Buea, P.O.Box 563
Buea, Cameroon.
3
Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences,
University of Dschang, P.O.Box 70 Dschang, Cameroon.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Authors SCHN, HKM and HMW
designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of
the manuscript. Authors SCHN, FTD, CTT and DTN managed the analyses of the study. Authors
SCHN, GBT and HAFK managed the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final
manuscript.

Article Information

DOI: 10.9734/JALSI/2018/40681
Editor(s):
(1) Palanisamy Arulselvan, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
Reviewers:
(1) Ayodeji Fasuyi, Ekiti State University, Nigeria.
(2) Lucian Ioniță, Romania.
Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/24432

nd
Received 22 January 2018
Accepted 31st March 2018
Original Research Article rd
Published 3 May 2018

ABSTRACT
Aims: Utilization of phytobiotics as growth promoter in broilers rearing is not efficiently applied by
farmers. This study aimed to assess the relationship between performance, carcass traits and lipid
profile of broilers (Cobb 500 strain) fed with different rations supplemented with or without plant
powders using principal component analysis.
Methodology: One hundred broilers aged twenty-one day were randomly allocated to 5

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Corresponding author: E-mail: womeni@yahoo.fr;

 Ndomou et al.; JALSI, 17(2): 1-12, 2018; Article no.JALSI.40681

experimental diets with 10 replicates consisting of the negative control diet without supplementation,
the positive control diet containing 200 UI/kg of vitamin E and the other rations were obtained by
adding Camellia sinensis leaves; Zingiber officinale root and Annona muricata flowers powders in
the basal diet at 5 g/kg respectively. The performance traits were recorded weekly and on the 49th
day, broilers were randomly slaughtered and their carcass collected for body measurements, while
blood was collected for lipid profile determination.
Results: The first two components explained about 69.58% of the total variation where the first
component explaining 38.58% was associated with the treatment supplemented with the powders of
Camellia sinensis and the second explaining 31% was associated with the negative control
treatment.
Conclusion: Thus the addition of camellia sinensis powders could be useful to enhance growth
performance, carcass characteristics and blood lipids profile of broilers.

Keywords: Plant powders; broilers; performance; carcass traits; lipids profile and principal component
analysis.

1. INTRODUCTION Consequently, multivariate approach is employed

The high demand for protein meat is causing
modern broiler to reach the market immature
each year [1]. However, growth is a complex trait
in animals that are controlled by many factors.
Body weight and body conformations are the two
important parameters for measuring growth in
the domestic chickens. Also, advances in
nutrition had led to massive use of antibiotic and
chemical antioxidants for growth promotion and
meat preservation.
There have been growing concerns about
residues of these substances in animal products
and their impact on antibiotic resistance and
carcinogenic responses [2]. Due to these, they
have been banned in many countries [3]. Current
research focuses on the use of environment-
friendly plant based natural antioxidants and
growth promoters that can help to achieve rapid
poultry growth while maintaining product quality.
It was observed that diet containing 1 g/kg of
ginger did not affect the growth performance of
broilers [4], whereas [5] reported that
supplementation of ginger at the levels of 5, 10,
or 15 g/kg slightly improved growth performance
of broilers. In addition, incorporation of Citrus
sinensis peel extract in the diet of broiler
chickens decreased blood parameters
(cholesterol, glucose; uric acid, LDL, HDL) of
broiler chickens [6]. However, there is less
information on the effect of locally produced
plants on broiler chickens growth performance.
The mechanisms involved in the control of
growth in chickens are too complex to be
explained only by univariate analysis because all
related traits are biologically correlated due to
pleiotropic effect of genes and linkage of loci [7].
to analyze growth data in chicken and other
domestic animals. Principal components analysis
is a mathematical procedure that transforms a
number of possibly correlated variables into a
smaller number of uncorrelated variables known
as principal components which are ordered so
that the first few retain most of the variation
present in the original variables [8]. According to
[9] the principal components analysis is a
multivariate methodology that can be used with
success when characteristics are correlated. This
analysis transforms an original group of variables
into another group, principal components, which
are linear combinations of the original variables.
The main advantage is the independence of
these components. Another important aspect is
that each of the principal components explains a
percentage of the total variance. The first
principal component explains the highest
percentage of this variance. Principal component
analysis has been used to describe the
relationship between body measurements and
body size in chicken [10] and turkey [11].
The objective of this study was to assess the
application of principal components analysis to a
set of growth and carcass traits of broiler
chickens fed with different rations supplemented
with natural plant powders in order to understand
their relationship and identify the ration that
defines well the body conformation of broiler
chickens.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Study Area and Plants Preparation
The assay was conducted at the application and
Research Farm of the University of Dschang (LN

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 Ndomou et al.; JALSI, 17(2): 1-12, 2018; Article no.JALSI.40681

5 to 7º, LE 8 to 12º). Dschang is situated at the
Western Sudano-Guinean Savannah of
Cameroon at 1500 m above sea level. The
ambient temperature is between 20 and 28ºC.
Precipitation oscillates between 1500 and 2000
mm and the relative humidity varies between 60 -
80%.
Fresh leaves of Camellia sinensis and flowers of
Annona muricata were collected at Bafou and
Santchou divisions respectively; while the roots
of Zingiber officinale were purchased at the
local market, Dschang in Menoua Division.
After collection, all samples were cleaned and
dried at 45ºC in an oven (Oven-Venticell MMM
Group) for 48 h. Dried plant organs were
then ground to obtain powders which were stored
in a desiccator for further uses. Broiler chicks
(Cobb 500) aged 01 day were purchased from a
local supplier (Societé des provenderies du
Cameroun) and reared during 21 days with
basal diet (Table 1). The animals were housed
under controlled temperature (40-45ºC) and
lighted 23 h per day. They were vaccinated
against Gumboro Disease, Newcastle
Disease on day 8, 14 and 21 in the
drinking water.
2.2 Animals and Experimental Design
For the experiment, one hundred broiler chicks
(Cobb 500) aged 21 days of uniform weight (500-
550 g) were used. Chicks were randomly
assigned in cages [50 cm (length) × 50 cm
(width) × 50 cm (height)] previously washed and
disinfected. Each cage consisted of 02 broilers
(male and female) receiving 5 treatment options,
with 10 replicates per treatment. Treatment
included a negative control diet without any
supplement (CO), a positive control diet
containing 200 UI/kg of vitamin E (Vit E), and the
other rations were obtained by adding 5 g/kg of
tea leaves powder (CS); 5 g/kg of Ginger root
powder (ZO) and 5 g/kg of Soursop flowers
powder (AM) in the basal diet respectively. Feed
and water were supplied ad libitum throughout
the experimental period. Drinkers were washed
every day. The experiment was conducted in a
finisher compartment where the broilers were
lighted 12 h/day (light-dark cycle). The protocols
were approved by the application and research
farm committee (Department of Animal
Production, University of Dschang, Cameroon)
according to the standard ethical guidelines for
the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals [12].

Table 1. Feed ingredients and proximate nutrients composition of experimental diets

Ingredients (Kg) Periods

st st nd th
Brooding (1 – 21 day) Finisher (22 – 49 day)
Corn 59 60
wheat bran 3 8
Soybean crab 23 13
*Premix 5% 5 5
Shell 1 1
Cotton 3 5
Palm oil 1 1.5
Fish meal 5 6.5
Total (Kg) 100 100
proximate nutrients composition
Metabolizable Energy (kcal/kg) 2961.71 3005.80
Crude Protein (%) 23.32 20.54
Energy/protein ratio 126.98 146.37
Lysine (%) 1.4 1.20
Methionine (%) 0.48 0.45
Calcium (%) 1.11 1.32
Phosphore (%) 0.54 0.58
Crude fibre (%) 4.76 4.91
*Premix 5%: crude proteins = 40%, Lys = 3.3%, Meth = 2.40%, Ca = 8%, P = 2.05%, Metabolizable energy=2078
kcal/kg. Premix (0.5%) provided the following per kilogram of diet: 10,000 IU of vitamin A; 3,000 IU of vitamin D3;
2,500 mg of vitamin E; 4,000 mg of vitamin K3; 5,000 mg of vitamin B1; 500 mg of vitamin B2; 2,500 mg of vitamin
B6; 5 mg of vitamin B12; 10,000 mg of vitamin C; 2,000 mg of pantothenic acid; 5,000 mg of calcium
pantothenate; 5 mg of biotin; 2,500 mg of folic acid; 70,000 mg of sodium chloride; 15,000 mg of potassium
chloride; 17,500 mg of choline chloride and trace elements of Fe; Cu; Zn; I; Co; Mg; Mn

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 Ndomou et al.; JALSI, 17(2): 1-12, 2018; Article no.JALSI.40681
2.3 Data Collection
2.3.1 Growth performances
The body weight (BW) of animals was measured
weekly and the body weight gain (BWG) was
determined by a difference between two
consecutive weekly weighing using a scale. The
feed intake (FI) was calculated by subtracting the
served on the refusal portion of food in the week.
And the feed conversion ratio was determined by
making the ratio of the amount of food consumed
to the weight gain during the week. All these
were calculated according to the following
formula:
2.3.2 Carcass characteristics parameters
On the 49th day, 08 broilers per treatment were
randomly selected, fasted for 24h and they were
bled by section of the jugular vein. Feathers were
plucked using boiling water (80 – 90ºC) and
eviscerated manually. The heart, kidney, crop
and intestines were taken off. The legs were then
sectioned at tibiotarsus-metatarsal articulation
and head was separated from neck at cranium-
atlas junction. The abdominal and thoracic cavity
organs were then removed as well. The hot
carcass weight was then recorded at 1hour post
mortem. Then, the offal components such as
liver, gizzard, heart, head, abdominal fat and
intestine were also weighed to the nearest 0.01 g
using a scale (ScoutTM Pro). The carcass yield at
1 hour post-mortem was calculated using the
following equation:
2.3.3 Blood lipids profile
During slaughter, 5 ml of blood samples were
collected from each bird in clean sterilized tubes.
The samples left to coagulate for 12 h and
centrifuged (Labofuge A Heraeus
Separationstechnik GmbH) at 3500 rpm for 15
minutes at room temperature to obtain serum
which was stored at -20ºC until analysis. The
serum lipid profile was determined using
4
colorimetric methods (MONLAB kits, Spain).
Standard protocols as described by [13] were
used to determine: Total cholesterol (TC), High
Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and
Triglyceride (TRG) levels; while the Low density
lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level was
estimated using the formula established by [14].
2.4 Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using
GraphPad Prism version 5.0. Results were
expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD).
One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with
Student-Newmann-Keuls test was used for
statistical analysis of the mean. Differences were
considered significant at p<0.05. Pearson
correlation coefficients among the body
measurements were calculated and the
correlation matrix which was the primary data
required for Principal Component Aanalysis
generated. The principal components analyses
were performed using the factor program of
XLSTAT (2007) statistical package.
3. RESULTS
3.1 Growth Performance
The effects of zingiber officinale (ZO), annona
muricata (AM) and camellia sinensis (CS)
powders on growth performance of broiler are
presented in Table 2. Generally, there was no
significant difference (p>0.05) between body
weight, body weight gain, feed intake and feed
conversion ratio. Feed intake fluctuates between
4.01 kg to 4.28 kg respectively for the negative
control group to the group supplemented with
annona muricata powders. for the body weight
parameter’s, the highest value was obtained with
the positive control group (2.57 kg), while the
lowest value with the ration supplemented with
powder of annona muricata. Compared to other,
the ration supplemented with powder of zingiber
officinale recorded the highest value for bwg
(1.91 kg) and the lowest with the ration
supplemented with camellia sinensis powder
(1.78 kg). For the feed conversion ratio, the
treatment zo revealed the lowest value (1.10)
and the highest was obtained with the dietary
treatment supplemented with camellia sinensis
powders (1.26).
3.2 Carcass Characteristics
Carcass characteristics of broiler chickens were
not significantly affected (P>0.05) by dietary
 Ndomou et al.; JALSI, 17(2): 1-12, 2018; Article no.JALSI.40681

inclusion of these plant powders in the diet
(Table 3). However, the treatment ZO recorded
the highest carcass yield (85.10%), high leg and
gizzard weight than other groups. In addition, the
lowest abdominal fat weight was obtained from
treatments ZO and Vit E, whereas birds fed on
diet supplemented with Camellia sinensis (CS)
recorded the highest value (P˂0.05) of intestine
length compared to other treatments. Overall, the
treatments supplemented with natural plant
powders influenced carcass characteristics of
broilers chickens than the negative control group.
3.3 Blood Lipids Profile
The means blood lipid profile of broilers fed with
different rations are presented in Table 4. There
was no significant difference (P˃0.05) for total
cholesterol and cholesterol LDL between all the
rations. However, we observed a significant
increase of HDL cholesterol in the entire
supplemented rations compared to the negative
control group (8.09 mg/dL) with high value
obtained in the ration supplemented with powder
of Camellia sinensis (38.22 mg/dL). Also, the
treatment CS decreased significantly (P<0.05)
the level of Triglycerides (10.75 mg/dL) in birds in
comparison to the other rations with the highest
value obtained with the positive control group
(36.82 mg/dL).
3.4 Correlations between Performance,
Carcass Traits and Blood Lipids
Profile of Broilers Chickens
Table 5 presents the Correlations between
performance, carcass traits and serum lipids
profile of broilers chickens. Concerning the
performance and carcass traits, there was a
significant and positive correlation between feed
intake and carcass yield (P<0.05, r= 0.91);
feed conversion ratio and abdominal fat (P<0.05,
r= 0.89). A highly negatively correlation was
observed between head weight and feed intake
(P<0.01, r= -0.97) and head weight and carcass
yield (P<0.01, r= -0.96). In addition, Body weight
gain and feed conversion ratio were negatively
correlated (P<0.05, r= -0.94); abdominal fat was
negatively correlated to body weight gain
(P<0.05, r= -0.93) and carcass yield (P<0.05, r= -
0.88) respectively. Concerning carcass traits and
blood lipids profile, there was a highly and
positive correlation between Intestine length and
HDL cholesterol (P<0.01, r= 0.99). However, LDL
cholesterol was weakly and negatively
associated with HDL cholesterol and Intestine
length (P<0.05, r= -0.93). Furthermore, no
significant association was found between the
carcass yield and the other carcass traits; no
association between feed intake and other
growth performance parameters. Hence, no
significant correlation was found between blood
lipids profile and growth performance and
carcass traits except intestine length.
3.5 Principal Components Analysis of
Growth Performance, Carcass Traits
and Blood Lipids Profile
Fig. 1 presents the principal components
analysis of growth performance, carcass traits
and blood lipids profile of birds fed with the five
different rations. Indeed, principal components
analysis discriminated the five rations according
to the different parameters analyzed in this study.
The Eigenvalue showed the amount of variance
explained by each of the factors out of the total
variance. Two common factors were identified
with Eigenvalues of 6.558 (PC1) and 5.270
(PC2). The two factors combined accounted for
69.58% (with 38.58% and 31% for the first and
second axis respectively) of the total variability
present in the parameters measured. PC1 had
high loadings on food conversion ratio (0.377),

Table 2. Effects of dietary treatments on growth performance of broilers

Parameters Treatments
Con Vit E CS ZO AM
a a a a a
FI (Kg) 4.01 ± 0.25 4.22 ± 0.29 4.09 ± 0.22 4.21 ± 0.11 4.28 ± 0.28
BW (Kg) 2.51 ± 0.17a 2.57 ± 0.23a 2.46 ± 0.16a 2.49 ± 0.17a 2.39 ± 0.23a
a a a a a
BWG (Kg) 1.81 ± 0.25 1.87 ± 0.08 1.78 ± 0.31 1.91 ± 0.078 1.84 ± 0.08
a a a a a
FCR 1.18 ± 0.23 1.12 ± 0.05 1.26 ± 0.32 1.10 ± 0.05 1.15 ± 0.08
Values are presented as mean ± SEM. Values on the same line with same superscript don’t differ significantly
(P  0.05). Con = Control or Basal diet; Vit E = Basal diet + 200 UI/kg of Vit E; CS = Basal diet + Camellia
sinensis; ZO = Basal diet + Zingiber officinale; AM = Basal diet + Annona muricata; FI = Feed Intake; BW = Body
Weight; BWG = Body Weight Gain; FCR = Feed Conversion Ratio

5
 Ndomou et al.; JALSI, 17(2): 1-12, 2018; Article no.JALSI.40681

Table 3. Effects of dietary supplementation of dried plants on the carcass characteristics of

broilers

Parameters Treatments
Con Vit E CS ZO AM
a a a a a
CY (%) 74.71 ± 1.05 75.15 ± 0.57 74.69 ± 0.53 75.07 ± 0.29 75.09 ± 0.65
Liver (g) 41.00 ± 3.25a 45.87 ± 3.62a 42.75 ± 4.00a 42.75 ± 4.93a 43.37 ± 3.28a
a a a a a
AF (g) 32.25 ± 7.50 26.62 ± 8.96 33.00 ± 15.00 27.12 ± 7.65 30.37 ± 8.37
a a a a a
Intestine (g) 73.87 ± 5.34 80.75 ± 9.50 80.62 ± 5.78 76.12 ± 5.68 72.50 ± 14.50
Legs (g) 102.75 ± 12.50a 101.37 ± 12.62a 97.00 ± 14.00a 105.75 ± 15.25a 94.50 ± 15.25a
a a a a a
Head (g) 56.87 ± 6.62 54.50 ± 5.12 56.62 ± 6.87 54.25 ± 4.81 53.87 ± 1.90
IL (cm) 171.00 ± 14.50a 179.12 ± 11.87a 189.00 ± 5.50b 179.00 ± 7.25a 181.00 ± 16.75a
a a a a a
Gizzard (g) 32.87 ± 3.59 34.50 ± 2.37 35.62 ± 3.78 37.12 ± 4.15 33.62 ± 1.87
a a a a a
Heart (g) 12.25 ± 2.75 13.87 ± 2.37 13.62 ± 1.46 12.37 ± 0.87 12.87 ± 0.93
Values are presented as mean ± SEM. Values on the same line with same superscript don’t differ significantly
(P  0.05). Con = Control or Basal diet; Vit E = Basal diet + 200 UI/kg of Vit E; CS = Basal diet + Camellia
sinensis; ZO = Basal diet + Zingiber officinale; AM = Basal diet + Annona muricata; CY = Carcass Yield; AF =
Abdominal Fat; IL = Intestine Length

Table 4. Effects of dietary supplementation of natural feed additives on blood biochemical

parameters of broilers

Parameters Treatments
Con Vit E CS ZO AM
a a a a a
Tc (mg/dL) 131.40 ± 25.76 130.32 ± 11.65 113.67 ± 11.05 112.03 ± 9.62 124.07 ± 7.76
c b a b b
Hdl (mg/dL) 8.09 ± 3.50 21.70 ± 3.01 38.22 ± 7.97 22.75 ± 7.00 28.33 ± 3.00
Tri (mg/dL) 23.25 ± 2.31b 36.82 ± 3.40a 10.75 ± 3.40c 22.58 ± 0.53b 27.01 ± 4.23b
Ldl (mg/dL) 125.86 ± 25.83a 119.47 ± 12.41a 103.25 ± 12.14a 111.20 ± 5.17a 113.61 ± 8.78a
a,b,c
Values are presented as mean ± SEM. Values on the same line with different superscript differ significantly
(P ≤ 0.05). Con = Control or Basal diet; Vit E = Basal diet + 200 UI/kg of Vit E; CS = Basal diet + Camellia
sinensis; ZO = Basal diet + Zingiber officinale; AM = Basal diet + Annona muricata; Tc: Total cholesterol; Hdl =
High density lipoprotein; Tri = Triglyceride; Ldl = Low density lipoprotein

abdominal fat (0.365) and head weight (0.305)
while PC2 being orthogonal to PC1, loaded
moderately on HDL cholesterol (0.396), Intestine
length (0.390) and feed intake (0.267). In
addition, we observed that the first axis opposed
the supplemented rations to the negative control
group (Con), while the second axis opposed the
rations supplemented with vitamin E, powders of
Zinziber officinale and Annona muricata to the
rations supplemented with Camellia sinensis
powder and the negative control group
respectively.
4. DISCUSSION
4.1 Growth Performance
Findings from this study showed that dietary
supplementation of 0.5% of Zingiber officinale
(ZO), Annona muricata (AM) and
Camellia sinensis (CS) powders could not affect
(P > 0.05) growth performance of broilers during
the experiment. This could be due to low
adaption of broiler chickens to the different
rations. In fact, [15] showed that broiler chickens
need a period of adaptation to ration
supplemented with garlic powder. These results
are similar to those obtained by [16] who
reported no significant difference in feed intake,
body weight gain and feed conversion ratio for
broilers receiving Flavomycin, cumin, peppermint
in their diets during the brooding period.
However, the effects of Zingiber officinale
observed in this study are similar to those
obtained by [5] which reported that 5 g/kg of
ginger supplements slightly improved growth
performance of broilers. This could be because
of the appetite stimulating and digestive
properties of these plants as described by [17].
Also, according to [18] medicinal plant
supplements are commonly used as dietary
additives for humans and in animal diets as feed
additives in order to improve their performance,
health and the quality of their products because
of their wide range of appetite and digestion
stimulative properties. Also, they are chosen for
their non-toxic chemical composition, relatively
low cost and easy availability.

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Table 5. Correlations between performance, carcass traits and blood lipids profile of broilers chickens

Variables FI BW BWG FCR CY Liver AF Int Legs Head IL Gizzard Heart TC HDL Tri LDL
FI 1
BW -0,278 1
BWG 0,630 0,273 1
*
FCR -0,607 -0,286 -0,947 1
*
CY 0,913 0,081 0,824 -0,847 1
Liver 0,675 0,353 0,398 -0,386 0,731 1
* * *
AF -0,667 -0,463 -0,931 0,893 -0,885 -0,684 1
Int -0,085 0,569 -0,091 0,262 -0,055 0,555 -0,184 1
Legs -0,251 0,681 0,589 -0,525 0,081 -0,142 -0,493 0,083 1
** **
Head -0,970 0,183 -0,779 0,774 -0,961 -0,601 0,770 0,193 0,047 1
IL 0,263 -0,368 -0,280 0,502 -0,060 0,309 0,172 0,550 -0,553 -0,055 1
Gizzard 0,258 0,066 0,478 -0,170 0,201 0,154 -0,411 0,435 0,388 -0,262 0,499 1
Heart 0,233 0,254 -0,221 0,282 0,152 0,772 -0,119 0,813 -0,429 -0,051 0,646 0,079 1
TC -0,146 0,376 -0,127 -0,177 0,084 0,159 -0,022 -0,207 -0,042 0,092 -0,663 -0,869 0,039 1
**
HDL 0,357 -0,471 -0,239 0,448 0,011 0,307 0,155 0,445 -0,608 -0,151 0,990 0,476 0,595 -0,666 1
Tri 0,512 0,447 0,580 -0,766 0,771 0,652 -0,729 -0,068 0,180 -0,599 -0,496 -0,319 0,147 0,676 -0,465 1
* *
LDL -0,239 0,467 0,145 -0,417 0,089 -0,088 -0,158 -0,389 0,373 0,079 -0,937 -0,684 -0,361 0,878 -0,939 0,644 1
*: P<0.05; **: P<0.01 (correlation coefficients differ significantly). FI = Feed Intake; BW = Body Weight; BWG = Body Weight Gain; FCR = Feed Conversion Ratio; CY = Carcass Yield; AF = Abdominal Fat; Int= Intestine
weight; IL = Intestine Length; TC: Total Cholesterol; HDL = High Density Lipoprotein; Tri = Triglyceride; LDL = Low Density Lipoprotein

7
 Ndomou et al.; JALSI, 17(2): 1-12, 2018;; Article no.JALSI.40681

Fig. 1. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) of performance, carcass traits and serum lipids
profile of broilers chicken fed with the five rations
Con = Control or Basal diet; Vit E = Basal diet + 200 UI/kg of Vit E; CS = Basal diet + Camellia sinensis; ZO =
Basal diet + Zingiber officinale; AM = Basal diet + Annona muricat
muricata;
a; TC: Total Cholesterol; HDL = High Density
Lipoprotein; Tri = Triglyceride; LDL = Low Density Lipoprotein FI = Feed Intake; BW = Body Weight; BWG = Body
Weight Gain; FCR = Feed Conversion Ratio; CY = Carcass Yield; AF = Abdominal Fat; Int= Intestine weig weight; IL =
Intestine Length

4.2 Carcass Characteristics 4.3 Blood Lipids Profile

Results of this study showed that all carcass
cuts (head, liver, abdominal fat, intestine, legs,
gizzard, heart) except for the intestine
length, were the same in broilers of different
groups (P>0.05).. This is in agreement with that
of [19] which worked on supplementation of
garlic (Allium sativum)) powder on performance
and carcass characteristics in broiler
chickens and reported thatat garlic at levels of 1%
and 3% had no significant effects on
relative weights of carcass, fat pad, or
digestive organs among different treatments
except for the small intestine. However, birds fed
on diet supplemented with Camellia
sinensis (CS) powder recorded the highest value
of intestine length compared to other
treatments. This could be explained by the action
of bioactive compounds present in this plant
which stimulate the enzymes s participating in the
digestion.
Blood parameters of broilers fed with Camellia
sinensis, Zingiber officinale and Annona muricata
powders are presented in Table 4. The results
revealed that the treatment ZO recorded the
lowest value for total cholesterol. This result is in
close agreement with those of [20] who reported
a reduction in broilers cholesterol level when
aqueous extract of ginger was added to their
diet. In addition, It was concluded that (E)
(E)-8 beta,
17 epoxyllabed-12-ene-15, 16-dial,
dial, a compound
isolated from ginger, interfered with cholesterol
biosynthesis in liver homogenates of
hypercholesterolaemic mice causing its re reduction
[21]. The control group in this study recorded the
lowest value for cholesterol HDL while the
highest was obtained by the treatment CS. This
treatment also recorded the lowest value for
Triglycerides. These results may be due to the
hypocholesterol effect of tea extract as reported
by [22].. In fact, these authors added green tea

8
 Ndomou et al.; JALSI, 17(2): 1-12, 2018; Article no.JALSI.40681
extracts to the layers’ diets and reported a
significant reduction in serum cholesterol and
triglycerides level compared to the control. Also,
[23] reported similar findings where triglycerides
were significantly decreased, while HDL was
significantly increased by garlic supplementation
in chicken up to 8 weeks of age in comparison to
the control group. This may probably be due to
the possible mechanism of hypocholesterolaemic
and hypolipidemic action of garlic products which
depresses the hepatic activities of lipogenic and
cholesterogenic enzymes such as malic enzyme,
fatty acid synthase, glucose-6 phosphatase
dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxyl-3-methyl-glutaryl-
CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase which are
responsible for cholesterol synthesis in the liver
[24]. Also, [25] showed that the addition of green
tea by-product to diets of broilers decreases
serum LDL content as compared to the control
group.
4.4 Correlations between Performance,
Carcass Traits and Blood Lipids
Profile of Broilers Chickens
There was highly and positively relationship
between the carcass and feed intake. This
showed that an increase of feed intake could
lead to an increase in carcass yield of broilers;
this could be due to the quality and quantity of
lipids added in broilers diet. Indeed, [26] revealed
that in monogastric animal like pig and poultry,
the nature on nutrients such as lipids given to
animals can influence the quantity and quality of
fatty acids in their muscles and lipid metabolism
is intimately linked to the quality of the fat source
in diets and may influence broiler chickens’ body
development. Therefore, the quantity and quality
of fat added in diet could be a good indicator to
predict the carcass weight of chickens. In
addition, the high association between food
conversion ratio and abdominal fat could be due
to the fact that broilers were less active and
therefore may be able to deposit more fat than
more active superior converters of feed into gain.
This result is in agreement with those of [27]
which showed a correlation between feed
conversion and abdominal fat in broilers based
on the genetic correlation estimate between
abdominal fat and food conversion ratio. Also,
this association of fat and feed efficiency could
be related to the deviation of nutrients by the
organism to the adipose tissue [28] because
according to [29] fat demands a great amount of
energy to be deposited. The negatively
correlation observed between food conversion
ration and body weight could be related to the
9
fact that feed conversion ratio is inversely
proportional to body weight gain. This explains
that a high body weight could lead to low feed
conversion ratio. It was also showed a negative
relationship between feed conversion ratio and
weight gain in the chicken with genetic
correlations of -0.50 [30].
Also, weight gain was negatively correlated to
feed conversion ratio in turkey [31]. Our study
also showed that an increase in HDL cholesterol
leads to a decrease in LDL cholesterol. This is in
line with finding of [32] which observed a
negative correlation between high-density
lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein (P<0.01)
in broiler chickens. According to [33] in a healthy
body, the level of LDL is low and the level of HDL
is high. It was also noted that increasing serum
HDL has beneficial effects on decreasing
unfavorable outcomes of high blood cholesterol
[34].
4.5 Principal Components Analysis of
Growth Performance, Carcass Traits
and Blood Lipids Profile
Principal components analysis of growth
performance, carcass traits and blood lipids
profile discriminated the five feeding treatments.
The first principal component (PC1) accounted
for 38.58% of the total variability present in the
parameters measured is associated with the
treatment supplemented with the powders of
Camellia sinensis; while the second principal
component (PC2) that accounted for 31% is
associated with the negative control treatment.
This finding revealed that ration supplemented
with natural powders of tea leaves enhance
efficiently growth performance, carcass
characteristics and blood lipids profile of broilers.
These are in agreement with [35] which revealed
that adding 1.5% of green tea powder to the diet
was found to significantly decrease (P< 0.05) the
abdominal fat yield in broiler chickens.
Furthermore, green tea (extract) has been
reported to improve the growth performance,
meat yield and gut microflora of poultry. And this
is related to their major active constituents
(polyphenolic catechins) and so, can be
utilized as a powerful antioxidant, antiviral,
immunostimulant and hypocholesterolemic agent
[36,37].
5. CONCLUSION
This study revealed the interdependency of the
five dietary treatments on each other. This
 Ndomou et al.; JALSI, 17(2): 1-12, 2018; Article no.JALSI.40681
interdependency was explored by analyzing
them at the same time using principal component
analysis rather than by analyzing them
separately. In general, the rations supplemented
with natural plant powders influenced
performance and carcass characteristics of
broilers chickens than the negative control group.
The quantity and quality of fat added in diet could
be a good indicator to predict the carcass weight
of chickens. By supplementing rations with
Camellia sinensis powders could be a good
alternative to enhance growth performance,
carcass characteristics and blood lipids profile of
broiler chickens.
CONSENT
It is not applicable.
ETHICAL APPROVAL
As per international standard or university
standard written ethical approval has been
collected and preserved by the authors.
COMPETING INTERESTS
Authors have declared that no competing
interests exist.
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