INTRODUCTION TO

HEMATOLOGY
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

On completion of this course, the student can be

able to:
• Define Hematology
• Classify the branches of hematology
• Types of Laboratory tests in done
in laboratory
• Composition of blood &
• Components of Blood
 CONTENTS

1. Definition of Hematology
2. Functions ofblood
3. Composition of blood
4. Volume of the blood
5. Branches of hematology
6. basic hematology
7. Immuno hematology / Transfusion medicine
8. Hemorrhagic disorders
 FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
1. Gas transport – blood carries oxygen from lung to the
tissues and carbon dioxide in reverse direction.

2. Transport of nutritional substances for all cells

(glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, ketone bodies,
microelements etc.). Blood carries final products of metabolism
(urea, uric acid, bilirubin, creatinin etc.) from tissues to kidney,
where from they excreted with urine.

3.Regulation of different processes. Blood creates and

carries local hormones (hormonoids) to the target organs.
 FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

4. Thermoregulation – heat change between

tissues
and blood.

5. Osmotic function – maintenance of the

osmotic
pressure in blood vessels.

6. Protective function – blood has antibodies

and leucocytes, which perform phagocytosis.

7. Detoxification – blood enzymes can

neutralize (split) different toxic substances.
 PROPERTIES OF BLOOD

• 1. Color: Blood is red in color. Arterial blood is scarlet red because it contains more
oxygen and venous blood is purple red because of more carbon dioxide.

• 2. Volume: Average volume of blood in a normal adult is 5 L. In a newborn baby,

the volume is 450 ml. It increases during growth and reaches 5 L at the time of
puberty. In females, it is slightly less and is about 4.5 L. It is about 8% of the body
weight in a normal young healthy adult, weighing about 70 kg.

• 3. Reaction and pH: Blood is slightly alkaline and its pH in normal conditions is
7.4.

• 4. Specific gravity:
• Specific gravity of total blood : 1.052 to 1.061
• Specific gravity blood cells : 1.092 to 1.101
• Specific gravity of plasma : 1.022 to 1.026

• 5. Viscosity: Blood is five times more viscous than water. It is mainly due to red
blood cells and plasma proteins.
VOLUME OF BLOOD
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
 BLOOD
COMPOSITION
APPLICATIONS OF
HEMATOLOGY
BASIC HEMATOLOGICAL TESTS
IMMUNO HEMATOLOGY/ TRANSFUSION
MEDICINE
BLEEDING
DISORDERS
 ERYTHROCYTES
Function – transport of gases
Do not contain nucleus and mitochondria
Main protein – hemoglobin (35 %)
Energy – from
glycolisis

Life span – 120

days

Formation is
stimulated by
ERYTHROCYTES
PROPERTIES OF RBC
ERYTHROPOI
SIS
Cells of
blood
QUANTITY OF LEUKOCYTES AND
THEIR CHANGES
• White cells are nucleated and somewhat variable
in size and shape. Their number is 4-9•Giga per
liter. The number of lymphocytes are – 18-37 %,
• monocytes – 3-11 %,
• eosinophils –0,5-5 %,
• basophils – 0-1 %,
• juvenile neutrophile – 0-1 %,
• relating to stab (rod-shaped) neutrophil – 1-6 %,
• segmented neutrophil – 47-72 %.
• The number of leukocytes may increase
or decrease.
 BLOOD CELLS
Neutrophils
Function – protection against
infections

60-70% of all leucocytes

Main source of energy –

glucose in glycolysis (small
amount of mitochondria)

Hundreds of granules
(contain hydrolyses,
peroxidases, phosphatases,
lysocim....)
PHAGOCYTOSIS
Oxygen burst – marked
consumption of oxygen in
phagocytosis

Active radicals are

formed (kill bacteria)
 BASOPHILS
Function – allergic reactions, blood clotting

1-5 % of all leucocytes

Produce a lot of
histamine, serotonin,
heparin

Energy mainly from

oxidative
phosphorylation
 EOSINOPHILS
Function – protection from microorganisms,
allergic reactions

3-6 % of all leucocytes

Amount is
increased in
helmintosis,
organism
sensibilization,
alergy
 MONOCYTES
Function – phagocytosis, exit into tissues –
tissue macrophages

4-8 % of all leucocytes

Are accumulated in the

place ofinflammation

A lot of lysosomal
hydrolases

Aerobic pathway of
energy obtaining prevails
 LYMPHOCYTES
Function – formation of humoral and cell
immunity

20-25 % of all
leucocytes.
Intensive synthesis of
protein - immunoglobulins

Т- і В-limphocytes

Energy mainly from

glycolysis
 LYMPHOCYTES

• PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE OF T-LYMPHOCYTES( THERE ARE

RECEPTORS TO ANTIGENS ON THE MEMBRANE OF T-
LYMPHOCYTES, WHICH HELPS TO DISTINGUISH GENETIC
HETEROLOGOUS SUBSTANCES.)

• FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF B- LYMPHOCYTES

SYNTHESES THE IMMUNOGLOBULINS SUCH AS IGM, IGA,
IGG, IGE, IGB, IGN).
PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE OF
T-LYMPHOCYTES
• 1. Immune memory
• 2. Anti viruses immunity
• 3. Anti tissue immunity
• 4. Regulate phagocytosis

Function of В-lymphocytes
• 1. Immune memory.
• 2. Specific immunity. B-lymphocytes syntheses the
immunoglobulins such as IgM, IgN, IgA, IgG, IgB,
IgE.
 THROMBOCYTES
Function – formation of blood clot
<1 % of all leucocytes
2 types of granules:
•dense (АТP,
serotonin,
catecholamines);
•аlpha-granules -
lysosomes

Synthesize actin, myosin,

troponin

Synthesize prostaglandins
and thromboxans
 YOUTUBE
VIDEOS
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-

hm3pdr8UA
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQWlcSp

9Sls
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XVWOlK

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