Section 2.

2 Absolute value

absolute value
Defu : The
of a seal no a

denoted
by lal is defined as

if
a> ◦

{
a
14 =
a=0
0
if
a ALO
if
-

lal = max la, -

a)
aw then maxla, a) la/
2f
- = a =

the Iat
If
a
au
max la , a) =
-
-
=

then
lnaxla , a) / at
tf a=o - = 0 =

Theohun (a) lab / = Iat . Ibl

(b) lap = A2 tack

≥ other la aiff
(c) sfc ≤ -
e≤a≤ e
(d) - Iat ≤ a ≤ Iat ta CR -

Proof case I a=0 Mb=0 Then lat-ooh.IM -0

ab=O labl=0 =
lalrlbl

Case I a >O b > 0

,

ab >0 lab / = ab =
Iallbl
Case -11-1 ALO , b< 0
ab >0 =) labl = ab
Iat =
-

a Ibl = b -
lallbl = C- a) C-b)
= ab
labs = lallbl
 Case Aco b> 0
ab co table - ab

Lal = -
a
,
Ibl = b lal lb1=.
-
ab

Hence lab / = lal / bl.

2
(b) la / = a2
of ≥ 0 of = ta4-lal.la/=la12
C) lal ≤e max la, a) ≤-
c

a≤ c and -
AEC

ate and a ≥ - c

- e. ≤ a ≤c

(d) lal = Coy

max a) -

a≤ eat and - a ≤ lal

aerial and a ≥ -
Iat
-
late a≤ Iat

BER then
Triangle Inequality Sfa ,
:

latbl ≤ laltlbl
Zab
@+b) 2=02+5-1
2
latb / =

= lap -11612-1 Zab

≤ taft Ibf-121 abt
= lap -1 lbf -12 Iat Ibl .

=
Cat -11615
latbl ≤ laltlbl
equality oeuvres in the above

inequality iff ab 30

latbl = laltlbl latbF= @ I -11b£

@+ b)2--1 at 2+142+491.14
aʰ+b2t2ab=a2+b2+ 21am
Zab = 2 / abt
ab = lab)
ab 70

of a berthon
corollary >

(a) flat -
Ibl / ≤ la -
bl

(b) la bl -
≤ laltlbl

Ploof lal = / a- btbl

€ la b) + Ibl
-

Iat -
Ibl C- la -
bl ①

Ibl I b- atal
Illy -=

≤ lb-at-laf-a.la-61+14
Ibl -

/ at ≤ la bl -

Lal -
Ibl ≥ - la bl
-
②
Hence flan ① a
② we get
≤ ta bl
lal / b)
-

- la -
bl ≤ -
 flat -

141 ≤ la bl -

(b) la bl
-
= / at C- b) I
≤ lal -11 bl -

=
laltlbl
la bl- ≤ laltlbl

real nos
lol
Sfa az au are
-
-

,
-

then

la , -192-1 -
.
-

+ an / ≤ 1911-1 - -
-

-11941

Examples
(a) Determine the set Aof NER

such that 12N -131<7

12k -131<7 -
722k -13 7
-102 2h24
-52N <
§

A =
{ NERI -5221<2 }
(b) Determine the set B={ NER / tail
<
}
bet
case I NLO
t.nl = - n and .lk -11=-2+1
 In -11 < Int -
n -11<-2

1<0 not
possible
case II <
0 -2k I

Int = n and In it -
= -
In 1)
-

In it
-
<
Int -2+12 a

2k > I
a>
±
Thus I cull
case -11-1 n≥ I

M-1 and bet u

In -11
=
=

In -11 < Int a- I < n

-
I -10 always time
a≥ 1

Thus B = { at 1- < acBu{

at a ≥, }
= { at a > ±}
Alike

In-112 Int In-1122 lap

at
C- if <

N2-22+1 < N2

0
-2kt / <

a>
±
Hence B =
false > 1-3
"
c) Solve the
inequality
12k -11 E NTI

case I n <
1-2
12k -11 =
-2N -11

12k it ≤ ntl
-
-2k -11 ≤ a -11
32 ≥ 0

a ≥ 0

Thus 0 ≤ n < ±
case -1-1 a ≥ ±
2N -1
12m-11 =

12h it
- 2- Ntl 22-1 ≤ Ntl

a ≤ 2

Thus ≤≤ n≤ 2

combining the two cases wept

◦ ≤ n≤ 2
 "

:÷¥¥.
,

(d) f- (a)
2n[j?Y
het =
2--4<3
,

Find a constant M such that

Kat 2≤ no
f
/ feast ≤ M

lfcnsl = I

Now 1222 -123k -111 E 21nF-131kt -11

≤ 2-32+3.3+1=28

Alow 272 § 2h34

2kt 73
12k -1 / = 2n -173

≤ ±
 If my ≤
¥
let Me
2§
I feast ≤ M t Rst 25h3

The Real line

- The absolute value
is
eat of an element a en R
to
eegalded as the distance from a

the origin
the distance between elements a

and b en R is la - bl

1-2-31 = I =
5
 het ER and C- 70 Then the
Def
" a

E- mbd of a is the set

Vela ] =
{ NERI la -

al < E }
C- < a- a <
c-
he at- < C- -

a- Ecu < at C-

¥É
I

An E- nbd
ofa
Theory het AER .

af n
belongs to
Nbd then
the Nela) for every
C- > ◦ a- a

Pf .

a c- Vela) it C- 70

E> 0
In at
- < E F
0
at 0 __
In - = a- a

a- a

exp (a) set U =

{ a 02h43 :

has some nbd

Each element of U E-

it contained in U
of
 let AE U
02 A2 I

let c- < min la , 1- a)

c- < a and c- < 1- a
a- C- 70 and at C- <
I
Ta -
E
,
at C- [ ≤ 70,1 [
✓ U
c- (a)
E

is albeit so EU has
aeu
every a

some E- nbd of it contained in u

(b) bet I =

{ a :O ≤ n≤ I }
Then c- 70 Velo] contains
or
any
and to
pts metin ¥

Veto) & I

and ly b) < c-
c)
af In / < c-
-

-
a

Their
I In aty bl
-
-

Iat b)
Icty )
=

ly bl
-

≤ In a) +
-

< 2€
ie
nty c-
vzelatb
 but
my may
not
belong to

Ve ( Atb)

Ex . 2.2

be R and b -1-0 show

1-
of a
,
that
(a) latta ,
(b)
1%-1=1%-1
Sol
(a) lap = a2
it = Far
it = lal

(b) case I a> 0 & b > 0

% >o 1%1 =
%
a> 0 a =
Iat
b >0 b =
/ b)
1%1
¥, §
=
=

lily the other cases

 BER show that
2-
If a
>

latbl = laltlbl iff ab ≥ 0

( does with the

theory)

3 3 ER and n≤
z
If y
a
, ,

show that n≤y≤ zifand

only if
_

In -

yl + ly 31 -In-31 =

Interpret this
geometrically
Ans ≤ o
a≤y≤z a-
y
y -3<-0
0
a- z≤

lay /
a
g- =

18-31--3-8
t.az/--z-x
lay / + ly -31 -
y
-
u
-137
=
z -
k

= he -31

→
in
4. show that In alec
-

iff
a- can < ate

Sol .
In alone
-
-
c. < a- ace

a- caudate

and
5-
af a < u< b a2y< b
show that 12-81 < b- a
interpret
This
geometrically
Sol .

a<n< b
-
banc -
a
a
b<-y<
-
-

acycb
< b- a
a- ban y
-

< b- a
-
lb a)
-
< a-
y
In-

yl < b- a

TEÉ}
1mg / < b- a
6- Find all NER that satisfy
the
following inequalities
C) 14N -51 ≤ 13

14m -5 / ≤ 13<=7 -13Eur -5<-13

→ ≤ an ≤ 18

-2 ≤ n≤ a
-2

C) 1st-11 ≤ 3

-3 ≤ v21 ≤ 3

-
2≤ a- ≤ 4
n' ≤ y
E) Int ≤ 2

-2 ≤ a ≤ 2
F. Find all NER that satisfy
the
equation 12+11 + In -21=7

Sol . case I 22 -
I
Intl / = -
n-I

x -12
l n-2 / = -

N -12=7
12+11+1 a -21 = 7 - n -
I -

-
Zn =
6

N= -3

case I -12122
IN -111 = a -11
,
I a- 21 = -
N -12

In -111 + In -4=7 Rtl - n-12=7

3=7 not possible

case -11 N≥ 2

In -11 / = Ntl ,
Id -21 =
n -
z

Intl + It -1--7 Ntl -12-2=7

2R=8 9=4

possible values
The of male
v. = -3
,
U=4

one8_ Find all values of m that

satisfy the

following inequalities . Sketch graphs

In -21 < UH (b) 3) at ≤ 2- n
(a) ,
 (a) I a- 21 ≤ nil

case I n < 2

I a-
21 =
-2-12

In-4 ≤ KH -
a-12 ≤ n-11

2k ≥ I

a ≥ ±
⇐≤ x < 2

2
case I NZ
n -2
I a- 21 =

In -21€ Rtl a -2 ≤ u -11

-2 ≤ I
always time
a≥ 2

Hence all the possible values

of u are

{ a :{ ≤ a< 23 u { at a ≥ 23

↑
 n 20
(b) Case I

1 at = - a

3 In / ≤ 2- a -3 n ≤ 2- a

-
2h ≤ 2

22 ≥ -2

a ≥ - i

-
I ≤ n<0

case It a ≥ 0

bet = a

3a ≤ 2- a
3 IN ≤ 2- n

an ≤ 2

a ≤
±
◦ ≤ n≤ ±
Hence the possible values of n all
{ at -1 ≤ n< 03 u { / o≤a≤ ± } a

=
{ x I -
i ≤ a ≤ ±}
tal
F.
→
i

32 = 2- R

Un = 2

n= ±
-32=2 n=
-
I
-
n
one Find all KER that
satisfy the
following
inequalities .

(a) In -
it > 12€11

(b) Cult In -111 < 2

Sol In-11 In-111

.

(a) >

Case I n 2- 1

In -11 =
-
n -11
Intl I =
-
n -
1

Rtl > I
In -11 7 In-111 n -
-
-

I > -
I always time
na -1

case I -
I ≤ u < I
In-11 = - k-11 Intl / = 2-1-11
,

In -11 > be -111 -

U -11 > ut I
2k 20
u< 0

- I ≤ n- o

case -11-1 a ≥ /
In -11 = n -
1
,
In -111 = Ntl

Ia it > In -111 n
-
I > a-11

possible
-

-1>1 not

Thus the
possible values
of a ale

{ ulna -13 u
{ ul -
/ ≤ aco }
a < o
 -11
= In
g.

(
%)

(b) In / + In -111<2
case I RL -
I
I
Intl / n -

Int =
-
n
,
= -

R 1<2
INI -11 -111<2 n -
- -

n
-2N -1<2

-2m 2+13
2N > -3
a > -

2- < n< l
-
-

case -1-1 -
1km210
Intl / UH
In / = - a
=

-2+2+1<2
121 -11m -111<2 true
1<2 always
-
I ≤nco all values possible
 0
case It n ≥

IN = a & In-111 = Ntl

Rtn -11<2
Int + In-111<2
221-1 22
24 < ,

a- ±
◦ ≤ a <
±
Hence the possible values of male
{ al -

{ < n < -

Bu { a
/ → }
≤ aco

v94 • ≤ n<
I} "
=
{ at -

zcnctfy.ie

÷÷÷%÷÷ " " "" "" "

=z¥÷¥ a
 the
One 11 .
Sketch the graph of
Int In -11
equitum y = -

Sol case I 2<0

Irl = - n
,
In -
i / = -
sett
Irl -
In -

it = - k -
C- n -11
= - l
case -1 02-221

Int = n
,
In -1 / = -
UTI

Int - In it -
=
n -
(-2+1)
= 2N -
l

case -11-1 a≥ /
In / = U
,
In -1 / = a-I

INI -
ta il-
= R -
la -

D= I

Hence
{ In
N 20
y= -1
o
◦ ≤ act
, an

ay

I
 the
12 .
Find all NER that
satisfy inequality
4 < In-121+12-11<5

Sol .
case I NL -2

12-11 k -11
12+21 n -2 = -

= -
,

1×+21+12-11 = -2-2-2+1
= -2K -1

Case I -2 ≤ a 21

heel + In -11 = n-12 -

Ntl
= 3
n ≥1
Case#
2-12-12 2N -11
In-12 / + IN -1 / /
-
= =

Now
for me -2

4L In -14 -11N -11<5 -42 -2N -125

5 < -
2h26
-6 < 2m25
- 32 R<-
5-2
fol -
212<1

42 In -121+1 n -11<5 423<5

not
possible
for a≥ 2

YL In -14 + In -11<5 422k -11<5

3222<4
< a < 2

not possible
 Hence the
possible values
of male

-3 C U 2
-

I
2

ER both
13 .
Find all n that
satisfy
12N-31<5 Intl 172
&
simultaneously
Sol -

case I n < -
I

12m 31 -
< 5 -
2N -132 b-
-2N < 2
⇐>
2k > -2

n > - I not possible

case I I ≤ nc
3-
-

5
12N -31 < 5 -
2N -13 <

-
ZRC 2
-
n < I a> -1

In-11172 n -1172 n> I

a> -1 and a> I

n> 1
Hence I am <

Case
a ≥ 3-2
12N -

31 < 5 2N -3<5
22<8 NZY

In -11172 Rtl > 2 a >1 which is

&
there
n< 4
? ≤
 Thus the
possible values
of male
1 < as u
{ ≤ nay
I < nay

Determine and
11 sketch the set
of pairs
a. g) in 12×12 that satisfy
(a) In / = ly / (b) IN -1171=1
,
C) lay 1=2
(d) Int -

ly / = 2

Sol C) case I n>

of > 0
IN =
ly / n=y
case-1 NO
, YEO
KI -_
IN n=
-

y y=
- n

case # Kao
, y 70
IN =
IYI y=
- R

case # neo
, yco
In / =
ly / - n= -

y
n=y
R
AY

*€
-
=
g. yen

:
(b) tally / = 1

Case I 0
n> 0
, y>
lnltly / xty y=tx
case I KEO, YLO
IN -1141 -4 a-
y y = a- 1

case -1-11 ✗ <°

y
,
> 0

Int -1191--1<=7 -

n+y=l y= in
case ☒ Nco
, YCO
Int -1171--1 -
a-
y=l y= , -
a

¥:i
(C) lay / = 2

case I 2710 , Y≥ 0

lay 1=2 Ny=2 Y= 2g ,

a-1-0

case -1 220
, y ≤ 0

2
lay 1--2 ay
- __

y= -2g
case -11 n 20
, Y 710
2
try / ay
=
=2 -

y= Ee
-

cease # ncgyco
lay / =L ny=2 y= ¥

÷tÉ
 d) Int -

ly / = 2

case I nip y 7,0

Int -

ly / =2 a-
y=2 y= a-2

Care -1-1 Nco

, Y>0
Int ly 1--2<=7 y=*x-2
=3
y
-
-
a -

a> 0
case #
yco
k
IN ly / =L a+y=2 y=2
-
-

0
case II 2<0
, y<
1*1 -

ly 1=2 -

kty-2-y-z.tn

¥
^
 and sketch the set
ONE Determine
of pails
(a) g) in RXR that satisfy
Ca) Inl ≤ Iyl Cs ) 124+181<-1
C) lay / ≤ 2 (d) Irl -

ly / 72

Sol (a) Case I RIO Y -40

lately / n≤
y
case I n > 0
YLO
lately / n≤-y y≤ -
a

0
case# 2<0
y>
n≤ y
lately / y≥ a
- -

NCO
case
, YCO
M≤ IN → ≤ -

y y≤ a

:¥ ✗
C) lnltly / ≤ 1
Case I 270 y -40
tatty / ≤ I nty ≤I
y≤ 1- a

case -1 Nco 20
y
≤I
IN -1171<-1 -

key yetta
Case IIIT 270 YCO
lately / ≤I a-
Y≤ I
y ≥ a- 1

case seco Yeo

lately / ≤I - a- y≤ I y≥ -

a- I

*÷¥
C) lay / ≤2

Case I ✗ ZO
Y 710

lay / ≤ 2
ay ≤2
y≤ ze
case -1 k >◦
y≤ 0
hey / ≤2
xy≤2 y
≥÷
-

case -1-11 Nco

y 710

lay / ≤2 -
ny≤z xy ≥ -2

y ≤ -

In
case I NLO
, YCO
my / ≤ 2
my
≤ 2 y > In

#÷
 (d) Int -

ly / 72

case is n
≥o y ≥0

Int -

lift ≥z⇐> a-
y ≥2⇐> y≤ a- 2
Caselli) niro <0
y
Int -

ly / 72 ntyy2 y ≥ 2- a

casein) no
y> 0

t.nl -
ly / 72 -
n -

y ≥2 y≤ -
a- 2

case @ ) n< 0
, yco
IN -

If / ≥z nty72
-

yy2tn

¥÷⇐
One 16 .
het c- 70 and 870 and a ER Show that
of
.

and all nbd a

Vela ) Musial Vela] U
Usta ) N -

foe appropriate values of N

¥É
Sol .

-5¥
Usta)
Vela)nvg (a) =
Vela)

Vela) Uvgla ) = Usta )

Let ✓ = min IE, 8)

✓ ≤ r s
e
, ,≤
IA )
Then Velan Ngl a) =
Vr
let ne Vaca] nvsca)
In AKE
- and lie a / 28 -

In at < min less]

r =
-

never / a)
conversely let me
Vrla)
healer
In at- < c- and la al
-
< 8

RE
Vela] nvgla)
Hence Vela ] hug / a) =
Vp (a)
Now let N =
max CE, S)
Me, V78
 let ME Vela] U
Ngl a)
at
Vela ] or a C-
Vg 19 )

If n C-
ve (a) Then la al-
< C- Er

a C- V la)
,

af me ✓
gla ) then la al -
as ≤ r

see Ia )
us
Hence in case / a)
any me
up
conversely let a c-
ihrla
In at - < r

Now N= C- oh 8

In at-
< c- os In -91<8
ME
Vela) ol C-
u
Us / 9)
a C- Vela] U Vg Ia )
Hence ✓
c- (a) U
Vgla) = V
,
(9)

ones - Show that if a

,
BER and at b. Then
b S.t.
there exist e- -
nbds u of a and V of
unv =

of

i:÷
soe .
 Now at b either a< b OE

f,;⇐"
be a • + c- < b- c-

let a < b b- a > o

let 0C C- < b- a
-2
* " " " " %
Now at C- 2 at
¥
a¥
=

and b- c- > b- 1b¥)

=

a¥
] a- E
, a- + c- [ n ] b- E,btE[

=
Of
Vela )nVeLb)=&
un v =

&
one 18 Show
if a BER that >
They
(a) mania b) lzlatbtla BD
,
= -

& { ,b}= lzlatb

min a la - -
bl )
(b) min {a ,
b ,
c } = min { mnfa.BZ ,

c }
 Soe hit a ≤b

max { a, b} = b
b- a
I a- bl =

latbt I by ± latbt b- a)
{ a- =

= b
= max { a ,b}
mm {a ,
b } =
a

± ca + b- ( b- AD
& ( atb -
I a-
by =

=
£ 12 a) = a

let a≤ bee
(b)
min { as b, c} = a

mm
{ a b},
= a

mu
9mn Ga,b } ,
c
} = min { a c}
,

= a

Mel 9 Show that a, b C C- R Then the middle

if ,

no is mid { a ,
b,
c) = min
{ Max { qb} ,

max { b. e} ,

Sol .
Let a ≤b ≤ a mid {qs,c3=b marisa} }
win
{ max { a ,b3 ,
Max {b. c} ,
max Had
mid % be}
= min
{ b
,
e
,
e } =
b = ,