WAR & CONQUEST

THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

CONTENT
Historical Background
Bohemian-Palatine War (1618–1623)
Danish intervention (1625–1629)
Swedish intervention (1630–1635)
French intervention (1635–1648)
Peace of Westphalia

SPECIAL RULES

DEPLOYMENT
Belligerents
Commanders

ARMY LISTS
Baden
Bohemia
Brandenburg-Prussia
Brunswick-Lüneburg
Catholic League
Croatia
Denmark-Norway (1625-9)
Denmark-Norway (1643-45)
Electorate of the Palatinate (Kurpfalz)
England
France
Hessen-Kassel
Holy Roman Empire
Hungarian Anti-Habsburg Rebels
Hungary & Transylvania
Ottoman Empire
Polish-Lithuanian (1618-31)
Later Polish (1632-48)
Protestant Mercenary (1618-26)
Saxony
Scotland
Spain
Sweden (1618-29)
Sweden (1630-48)
United Provinces
Zaporozhian Cossacks

BATTLES

ORDERS OF BATTLE

MISCELLANEOUS
Community
Manufacturers
Thanks
Books

Many thanks to Siegfried Bajohr and the Kurpfalz Feldherren for the pictures of painted
figures. You can see them and much more here: http://www.kurpfalz-feldherren.de/

Also thanks to the members of the Grimsby Wargames club for the pictures of painted
figures. Homepage with a nice gallery this : http://grimsbywargamessociety.webs.com/

V2
V1
WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) was fought primarily in
what is now Germany, and at various points involved most
countries in Europe. It was one of the most destructive conflicts
in European history.
The origins of the conflict and goals of the participants were
complex, and no single cause can accurately be described as the
main reason for the fighting. Initially, the war was fought largely
as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the
Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics
and balance of power within the Empire played a significant
part. Gradually, the war developed into a more general conflict
involving most of the European powers. In this general phase,
the war became more a continuation of the Bourbon–Habsburg
rivalry for European political pre-eminence, and in turn led to
further warfare between France and the Habsburg powers, and
less specifically about religion.
A major impact of the Thirty Years' War was the extensive
destruction of entire regions, denuded by the foraging armies
(bellum se ipsum alet). Episodes of famine and disease
significantly decreased the populace of the German states,
Bohemia, the Low Countries and Italy, while bankrupting most
of the combatant powers. While the regiments within each army
were not strictly mercenary in that they were not guns for hire
that changed sides from battle to battle, the individual soldiers
that made up the regiments for the most part probably were. The
problem of discipline was made more difficult still by the ad hoc
nature of 17th-century military financing. Armies were expected
to be largely self-funding from loot taken or tribute extorted
from the settlements where they operated. This encouraged a
form of lawlessness that imposed often severe hardship on
inhabitants of the occupied territory. Some of the quarrels that
provoked the war went unresolved for a much longer time. The
Thirty Years' War was ended with the treaties of Osnabrück and
Münster, part of the wider Peace of Westphalia.
 archbishop and replaced him with Ernst of Bavaria, a Roman
Origins of the War
The Peace of Augsburg (1555), signed by Charles V, Holy
Roman Emperor, confirmed the result of the 1526 Diet of
Speyer, ending war between German Lutherans and Catholics.
 Rulers of the 225 German states could choose the
religion (Lutheranism or Catholicism) of their realms
according to their consciences, and compel their
subjects to follow that faith (the principle of cuius
regio, eius religio).
 Lutherans living in a prince-bishopric (a state ruled
by a Catholic bishop) could continue to practice their
faith.
 Lutherans could keep the territory they had captured
from the Catholic Church since the Peace of Passau
in 1552.
 Those prince-bishops who had converted to
Lutheranism were required to give up their territories
(the principle called reservatum ecclesiasticum).
Although the Peace of Augsburg created a temporary end to
hostilities, it did not solve the underlying religious conflict. In
addition, Calvinism spread quickly throughout Germany in the
years that followed. This added a third major faith to the region,
but its position was not recognized in any way by the Augsburg
terms, to which only Catholicism and Lutheranism were parties.
4
The rulers of the nations neighboring the Holy Roman Empire
also contributed to the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War:
 Spain was interested in the German states because it
held the territories of the Spanish Netherlands on the
western border of the Empire and states within Italy
which were connected by land through the Spanish
Road. The Dutch revolted against the Spanish
domination during the 1560s, leading to a protracted
war of independence that led to a truce only in 1609.
 France was nearly surrounded by territory controlled
by the two Habsburg states (Spain and the Holy
Roman Empire), and was eager to exert its power
against the weaker German states; this dynastic
concern overtook religious ones and led to Catholic
France's participation on the otherwise Protestant side
of the war.
 Sweden and Denmark were interested in gaining
control over northern German states bordering the
Baltic Sea.
The Holy Roman Empire was a fragmented collection of largely
independent states. The position of Holy Roman Emperor was
mainly titular, but the emperors, from the House of Habsburg,
also directly ruled a large portion of Imperial territory (the
Archduchy of Austria, as well as Bohemia and Hungary). The
Austrian domain was thus a major European power in its own
right, ruling over some eight million subjects. The Empire also
contained several regional powers, such as Bavaria, Electoral
Saxony, the Margravate of Brandenburg, the Palatinate, Hesse,
the Archbishopric of Trier and Württemberg (containing from
500,000 to one million inhabitants). A vast number of minor
independent duchies, free cities, abbeys, prince-bishoprics, and
petty lordships (whose authority sometimes extended to no more
than a single village) rounded out the Empire. Apart from
Austria and perhaps Bavaria, none of those entities was capable
of national-level politics; alliances between family-related states
were common, due partly to the frequent practice of splitting a
lord's inheritance among the various sons.
Religious tensions remained strong throughout the second half of
the 16th century. The Peace of Augsburg began to unravel, as
some converted bishops refused to give up their bishoprics, and
as certain Habsburg and other Catholic rulers of the Holy Roman
Empire and Spain sought to restore the power of Catholicism in
the region. This was evident from the Cologne War (1583–88), a
conflict initiated when the prince-archbishop of the city,
Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, converted to Calvinism. As
he was an imperial elector, this could have produced a Protestant
majority in the College that elected the Holy Roman Emperor –
a position that had always been held by a Catholic.
In the Cologne War, Spanish troops expelled the former prince-
Catholic. After this success, the Catholics regained pace, and the
principle of cuius regio, eius religio began to be exerted more
strictly in Bavaria, Würzburg and other states. This forced
Lutheran residents to choose between conversion or exile.
Lutherans also witnessed the defection of the lords of the
Palatinate (1560), Nassau (1578), Hesse-Kassel (1603) and
Brandenburg (1613) to the new Calvinist faith. Thus, at the
beginning of the 17th century, the Rhine lands and those south to
the Danube were largely Catholic, while Lutherans
predominated in the north, and Calvinists dominated in certain
other areas, such as west-central Germany, Switzerland and the
Netherlands. However, minorities of each creed existed almost
everywhere. In some lordships and cities, the number of
Calvinists, Catholics, and Lutherans were approximately equal.
Much to the consternation of their Spanish ruling cousins, the
Habsburg emperors who followed Charles V (especially
Ferdinand I and Maximilian II, but also Rudolf II, and his
successor Matthias) were content for the princes of the Empire to
choose their own religious policies. These rulers avoided
religious wars within the empire by allowing the different
Christian faiths to spread without coercion. This angered those
who sought religious uniformity. Meanwhile, Sweden and
Denmark, both Lutheran kingdoms, sought to assist the
Protestant cause in the Empire, and also wanted to gain political
and economic influence there, as well.
V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648
Religious tensions broke into violence in the German free city of
Donauwörth in 1606. There, the Lutheran majority barred the
Catholic residents of the Swabian town from holding a
procession, which provoked a riot. This prompted foreign
intervention by Duke Maximilian of Bavaria (1573–1651) on
behalf of the Catholics. After the violence ceased, Calvinists in
Germany (who remained a minority) felt the most threatened.
They banded together and formed the League of Evangelical
Union in 1608, under the leadership of the Palatine Prince-
Elector Frederick IV (1583–1610), (whose son, Frederick V,
married Elizabeth Stuart, the daughter of James I of England).
The establishment of the League prompted the Catholics into
banding together to form the Catholic League in 1609, under the
leadership of Duke Maximilian.
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia. He
urged the Council of Trent to approve Communion in Both kinds
for German and Bohemian Catholics.
Tensions escalated further in 1609, with the War of the Jülich
succession, which began when John William, Duke of Jülich-
Cleves-Berg, the ruler of the strategically important United
Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, died childless. There were two
rival claimants to the duchy: (1) Duchess Anna of Prussia,
daughter of Duke John William's eldest sister, Marie Eleonore of
Cleves, and who was married to John Sigismund, Elector of
Brandenburg; and (2) Wolfgang William, Count Palatine of
Neuburg, who was the son of Duke John William's second eldest
sister, Anna. Duchess Anna of Prussia claimed Jülich-Cleves-
Berg as the heir to the senior line, while Wolfgang William,
Count Palatine of Neuburg claimed Jülich-Cleves-Berg as Duke
John William's eldest male heir. Both claimants were
Protestants. In 1610, to prevent war between the rival claimants,
the forces of Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor occupied Jülich-
Cleves-Berg until the dispute was decided by the Aulic Council
(Reichshofrat). However, several Protestant princes feared the
Emperor, a devout Catholic, intended to keep Jülich-Cleves-Berg
for himself to prevent the United Duchies falling into Protestant
hands.18 Representatives of Henry IV of France and the Dutch
Republic gathered forces to invade Jülich-Cleves-Berg, but these
plans were cut short by the assassination of Henry IV. Hoping to
gain an advantage in the dispute, Wolfgang William, Count
Palatine of Neuburg converted to Catholicism; John Sigismund,
Elector of Brandenburg, on the other hand, converted to
Calvinism (although Duchess Anna of Prussia stayed
Lutheran).18 The dispute was settled in 1614 with the Treaty of
Xanten, by which the United Duchies were dismantled: Jülich
and Berg were awarded to Wolfgang William, while the Elector
of Brandenburg gained Cleves, Mark, and Ravensberg.
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia.
The background of the Dutch Revolt is also necessary to
understanding the events leading up to the Thirty Years' War. It
was widely known that the Twelve Years' Truce was set to
expire in 1621, and throughout Europe it was recognized that at
that time, Spain would attempt to reconquer the Dutch Republic.
At that time, forces under Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the
Balbases, the Genoese commander of the Spanish army, would
be able to pass through friendly territories to reach the Dutch
Republic; the only hostile state that stood in his way was the
Electoral Palatinate.19 (Spinola's preferred route would take him
through the Republic of Genoa, the Duchy of Milan, through the
Val Telline, around hostile Switzerland bypassing along the
north shore of Lake Constance, then through Alsace, the
Archbishopric of Strasbourg, then through the Electoral
Palatinate, and then finally through the Archbishopric of Trier,
Jülich and Berg and on to the Dutch Republic). 19 The Electoral
V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

Palatinate thus assumed a strategic importance in European The Bohemian Revolt 1618–1621
affairs out of all proportion to its size. This explains why the
Protestant James I of England arranged for the marriage of his
daughter Elizabeth Stuart to Frederick V, Elector Palatine in
1612, in spite of the social convention that a princess would only
marry another royal.
By 1617, it was apparent that Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor
and King of Bohemia, would die without an heir, with his lands
going to his nearest male relative, his cousin Archduke
Ferdinand II of Austria, heir-apparent and Crown Prince of
Bohemia. With the Oñate treaty, Philip III of Spain agreed to this
succession.
Ferdinand, having been educated by the Jesuits, was a staunch
Catholic who wanted to impose religious uniformity on his
lands. This made him highly unpopular in Protestant (primarily
Hussite) Bohemia. The population's sentiments notwithstanding,
the added insult of the nobility's rejection of Ferdinand, who had
been elected Bohemian Crown Prince in 1617, triggered the
Thirty Years' War in 1618, when his representatives were thrown
out of a window into a pile of horse manure. The so-called Contemporary woodcut depicting the Second Defenestration of
Defenestration of Prague provoked open revolt in Bohemia, Prague (1618), which marked the beginning of the Bohemian
which had powerful foreign allies. Ferdinand was quite upset by Revolt, which began the first part of the Thirty Years' War.
this calculated insult, but his intolerant policies in his own lands
had left him in a weak position. The Habsburg cause in the next Without heirs, Emperor Matthias sought to assure an orderly
few years would seem to suffer unrecoverable reverses. The transition during his lifetime by having his dynastic heir (the
Protestant cause seemed to wax toward a quick overall victory. fiercely Catholic Ferdinand of Styria, later Ferdinand II, Holy
Roman Emperor) elected to the separate royal thrones of
Phases Bohemia and Hungary. Some of the Protestant leaders of
Bohemia feared they would be losing the religious rights granted
to them by Emperor Rudolf II in his Letter of Majesty. They
preferred the Protestant Frederick V, elector of the Palatinate
(successor of Frederick IV, the creator of the League of
Evangelical Union). However, other Protestants supported the
stance taken by the Catholics, and in 1617, Ferdinand was duly
elected by the Bohemian estates to become the Crown Prince,
and automatically upon the death of Matthias, the next King of
Bohemia.

The war can be divided into four major phases: The Bohemian
Revolt, the Danish intervention, the Swedish intervention and
the French intervention.

Vilem Slavata of Chlum, 1618 enamel on copper, by follower of

Dominicus Custos

The king-elect then sent two Catholic councillors (Vilem Slavata

of Chlum and Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice) as his
representatives to Hradčany castle in Prague in May 1618.
Ferdinand had wanted them to administer the government in his
absence. According to legend, the Bohemian Hussites suddenly
seized them, subjected them to a mock trial, and threw them out
of the palace window, which was some 50 feet off the ground.
Remarkably, they survived unharmed.

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

This event, known as the (Second) Defenestration of Prague,

started the Bohemian Revolt. Soon afterward, the Bohemian
conflict spread through all of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown,
including Bohemia, Silesia, Lusatia, and Moravia. Moravia was
already embroiled in a conflict between Catholics and
Protestants. The religious conflict eventually spread across the
whole continent of Europe, involving France, Sweden, and a
number of other countries.
Had the Bohemian rebellion remained a local conflict, the war
could have been over in fewer than thirty months. However, the
death of Emperor Matthias emboldened the rebellious Protestant
leaders, who had been on the verge of a settlement. The
weaknesses of both Ferdinand (now officially on the throne after
the death of Emperor Matthias) and of the Bohemians
themselves led to the spread of the war to western Germany.
Ferdinand was compelled to call on his nephew, King Philip IV
of Spain, for assistance.
The Bohemians, desperate for allies against the Emperor, applied
to be admitted into the Protestant Union, which was led by their
original candidate for the Bohemian throne, the Calvinist
Frederick V, Elector Palatine. The Bohemians hinted Frederick
would become King of Bohemia if he allowed them to join the
Union and come under its protection. However, similar offers
were made by other members of the Bohemian Estates to the
Duke of Savoy, the Elector of Saxony, and the Prince of
Transylvania. The Austrians, who seemed to have intercepted
every letter leaving Prague, made these duplicities public.23 This
unraveled much of the support for the Bohemians, particularly in
the court of Saxony. The rebellion initially favoured the
Bohemians. They were joined in the revolt by much of Upper
Austria, whose nobility was then chiefly Lutheran and Calvinist.
Lower Austria revolted soon after, and in 1619, Count Thurn led
an army to the walls of Vienna itself.

Ottoman support

Frederick V, Elector Palatine as King of Bohemia, painted by

Gerrit von Honthorst in 1634, two years after the subject's
death.

In the east, the Protestant Hungarian Prince of Transylvania,

Bethlen Gabor requested the support of the Ottoman Empire
against the Habsburgs.
Bethlen Gabor, led a spirited campaign into Hungary with the
support of the Ottoman Sultan, Osman II. Fearful of the Catholic
policies of Ferdinand II, Bethlen Gabor requested a protectorate
by Osman, so "the Ottoman Empire became the one and only
ally of great-power status which the rebellious Bohemian states
could muster after they had shaken off Habsburg rule and had
elected Frederick V as a Protestant king". Ambassadors were
exchanged, with Heinrich Bitter visiting Constantinople in
January 1620, and Mehmed Aga visiting Prague in July 1620.
The Ottomans offered a force of 60,000 cavalry to Frederick and
plans were made for an invasion of Poland with 400,000 troops
in exchange for the payment of an annual tribute to the Sultan. 25
These negotiations triggered the Polish–Ottoman War of 1620-
21.26 The Ottomans defeated the Poles, who were supporting the
Habsburgs in the Thirty Years' War, at the Battle of Cecora in
September–October 1620, but were not able to further intervene
efficiently before the Bohemian defeat at the Battle of the White
Mountain in November 1620.
The emperor, who had been preoccupied with the Uskok War,
hurried to reform an army to stop the Bohemians and their allies
from overwhelming his country. Count Bucquoy, the
commander of the Imperial army, defeated the forces of the
Protestant Union led by Count Mansfeld at the Battle of Sablat,
on 10 June 1619. This cut off Count Thurn's communications
with Prague, and he was forced to abandon his siege of Vienna.
The Battle of Sablat also cost the Protestants an important
ally — Savoy, long an opponent of Habsburg expansion. Savoy
had already sent considerable sums of money to the Protestants
and even troops to garrison fortresses in the Rhineland. The
capture of Mansfeld's field chancery revealed the Savoyards'
involvement, and they were forced to bow out of the war.
In spite of Sablat, Count Thurn's army continued to exist as an
effective force, and Mansfeld managed to reform his army
further north in Bohemia. The Estates of Upper and Lower
Austria, still in revolt, signed an alliance with the Bohemians in

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

early August. On 17 August 1619, Ferdinand was officially
deposed as King of Bohemia and was replaced by the Palatine
Elector Frederick V. In Hungary, even though the Bohemians
had reneged on their offer of their crown, the Transylvanians
continued to make surprising progress. They succeeded in
driving the Emperor's armies from that country by 1621.
1621–1625
This was a serious blow to Protestant ambitions in the region. As
the rebellion collapsed, the widespread confiscation of property
and suppression of the Bohemian nobility ensured the country
would return to the Catholic side after more than two centuries
of Hussite and other religious dissent. The Spanish, seeking to
outflank the Dutch in preparation for renewal of the Eighty
Years' War, took Frederick's lands, the Rhine Palatinate. The
first phase of the war in eastern Germany ended 31 December
1621, when the Prince of Transylvania and the Emperor signed
the Peace of Nikolsburg, which gave Transylvania a number of
territories in Royal Hungary.

Some historians regard the period from 1621–1625 as a distinct

Contemporary painting showing the Battle of White Mountain
(1620), where imperial forces under Johan Tzerclaes, Count of
Tilly won a decisive victory.
portion of the Thirty Years' War, calling it the "Palatinate
phase". With the catastrophic defeat of the Protestant army at
White Mountain and the departure of the Prince of Transylvania,
greater Bohemia was pacified. However, the war in the
Palatinate continued: Famous mercenary leaders - such as,
particularly, Count Ernst von Mansfeld - helped Frederick V to
defend his countries, the Upper and the Rhine Palatinate. This
phase of the war consisted of much smaller battles, mostly sieges
conducted by the Spanish army. Mannheim and Heidelberg fell
in 1622, and Frankenthal was taken two years later, thus leaving
the Palatinate in the hands of the Spanish.

The Spanish sent an army from Brussels under Ambrosio

Spinola to support the Emperor. In addition, the Spanish
ambassador to Vienna, Don Íñigo Vélez de Oñate, persuaded
Protestant Saxony to intervene against Bohemia in exchange for
control over Lusatia. The Saxons invaded, and the Spanish army
in the west prevented the Protestant Union's forces from
assisting. Oñate conspired to transfer the electoral title from the
Palatinate to the Duke of Bavaria in exchange for his support and
that of the Catholic League.
Under the command of General Philyaw, the Catholic League's
army (which included René Descartes in its ranks) pacified
Upper Austria, while the Emperor's forces pacified Lower
Austria. The two armies united and moved north into Bohemia.
Ferdinand II decisively defeated Frederick V at the Battle of
White Mountain, near Prague, on 8 November 1620. In addition
to becoming Catholic, Bohemia would remain in Habsburg
hands for nearly three hundred years.
This defeat led to the dissolution of the League of Evangelical
Union and the loss of Frederick V's holdings. Frederick was
outlawed from the Holy Roman Empire, and his territories, the
Rhenish Palatinate, were given to Catholic nobles. His title of
elector of the Palatinate was given to his distant cousin, Duke
Maximilian of Bavaria. Frederick, now landless, made himself a
prominent exile abroad and tried to curry support for his cause in
Sweden, the Netherlands and Denmark.

Don Ambrosio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases, commander

of the Spanish army.

The remnants of the Protestant armies, led by Count Ernst von

Mansfeld and Duke Christian of Brunswick, withdrew into
Dutch service. Although their arrival in the Netherlands did help
to lift the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom (October 1622), the Dutch
could not provide permanent shelter for them. They were paid
off and sent to occupy neighboring East Friesland. Mansfeld
remained in the Dutch Republic, but Christian wandered off to
"assist" his kin in the Lower Saxon Circle, attracting the
attentions of Tilly. With the news that Mansfeld would not be
supporting him, Christian's army began a steady retreat toward
the safety of the Dutch border. On 6 August 1623, Tilly's more
disciplined army caught up with them 10 miles short of the
Dutch border. The battle that ensued was known as the Battle of
Stadtlohn. In this battle, Tilly decisively defeated Christian,
wiping out over four-fifths of his army, which had been some
15,000 strong. After this catastrophe, Frederick V, already in
Philip IV, King of Spain, equestrian portrait painted by Diego exile in The Hague, and under growing pressure from his father-
Velázquez.
8

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648
in-law, James I, to end his involvement in the war, was forced to
abandon any hope of launching further campaigns. The
Protestant rebellion had been crushed.
Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly, commander of the Bavarian and
Imperial armies.
Huguenot rebellions (1620-1628)
Cardinal Richelieu at the Siege of La Rochelle against the
Huguenots, Henri Motte, 1881.
In France, the Protestant Huguenots, mainly located in the
southwestern provinces, revolted against the central Royal power
of the French government. The uprising followed the death of
Henry IV, who, himself originally a Huguenot before converting
to Catholicism, had protected Protestants through the Edict of
Nantes. The new ruler however, Louis XIII, under the regency of
his Italian Catholic mother, Marie de' Medici, became more
intolerant of the Protestant religion. The Huguenots tried to
respond by defending themselves, establishing independent
9
political and military structures, establishing diplomatic contacts
with foreign powers, and openly revolting against central power.
The Huguenot rebellions came after two decades of internal
peace under Henry IV, following the intermittent French Wars of
Religion of 1562–1598. The rebellion led to major military
encounters, which ended in defeat for the Huguenots: the Siege
of Montauban in 1621, the Naval battle of Saint-Martin-de-Ré
on 27 October 1622, the Capture of Ré island in 1625, and the
Siege of La Rochelle in 1627-1628 which became an
international conflict with the involvement of England in the
Anglo-French War (1627-1629). The House of Stuart in England
had been involved in attempts to secure peace in Europe
(through the Spanish Match) and had intervened in the war
against both Spain and France. However, due in part to the scale
of the defeat (which indirectly led to the assassination of the
English leader the Duke of Buckingham), and also due to the
lack of funds for war, which stemmed from internal conflict
between Charles I and his Parliament, England stopped being
involved in European affairs, to the dismay of Protestant forces
on the continent.29 France remained the largest Catholic kingdom
unaligned with the Habsburg powers, and would later actively
wage war against Spain. The French Crown's response to the
Huguenot rebellion was not so much a representation of the
typical religious polarisation of the Thirty Years' War, but rather
the attempts at achieving national hegemony by absolutist
monarchy.
Count-Duke of Olivares, favourite and minister of Philip IV,
painted by Diego Velázquez.
Danish intervention (1625–1629)
Peace in the Empire was short-lived, however, as conflict
resumed at the initiation of Denmark. Danish involvement,
referred to as Low Saxon War or Kejserkrigen ("Emperor's
War"),30 began when Christian IV of Denmark, a Lutheran who
was also the Duke of Holstein, a duchy within the Holy Roman
Empire, helped the Lutheran rulers of neighbouring Lower
Saxony by leading an army against the Imperial forces. Denmark
had feared that its sovereignty as a Protestant nation was
threatened by the recent Catholic successes. Christian IV had
also profited greatly from his policies in northern Germany. For
instance, in 1621, Hamburg had been forced to accept Danish
sovereignty and Christian's second son was made bishop of
Bremen. Christian IV had obtained for his kingdom a level of
stability and wealth that was virtually unmatched elsewhere in
V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648
Europe. This stability and wealth was paid for by tolls on the
Oresund and also by extensive war reparations from Sweden.
Denmark's cause was aided by France which, together with
England, had agreed to help subsidize the war. Christian had
himself appointed war leader of the Lower Saxon Circle and
raised an army of 20,000 mercenaries and a national army
15,000 strong.
King Christian IV of Denmark, General of the Lutheran army.
To fight him, Ferdinand II employed the military help of
Albrecht von Wallenstein, a Bohemian nobleman who had made
himself rich from the confiscated estates of his countrymen. 33
Wallenstein pledged his army, which numbered between 30,000
and 100,000 soldiers, to Ferdinand II in return for the right to
plunder the captured territories. Christian, who knew nothing of
Wallenstein's forces when he invaded, was forced to retire before
the combined forces of Wallenstein and Tilly. Christian's poor
luck was with him again when all of the allies he thought he had
were forced aside: England was weak and internally divided,
France was in the midst of a civil war, Sweden was at war with
the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and neither Brandenburg
nor Saxony were interested in changes to the tenuous peace in
eastern Germany. Wallenstein defeated Mansfeld's army at the
Battle of Dessau Bridge (1626) and General Tilly defeated the
Danes at the Battle of Lutter (1626).34 Mansfeld died some
months later of illness, apparently tuberculosis, in Dalmatia.
Wallenstein's army marched north, occupying Mecklenburg,
Pomerania, and ultimately Jutland itself. However, he was
unable to take the Danish capital on the island of Zealand.
Wallenstein lacked a fleet, and neither the Hanseatic ports nor
the Poles would allow an Imperial fleet to be built on the Baltic
coast. He then laid siege to Stralsund, the only belligerent Baltic
port with the facilities to build a large fleet. However, the cost of
continuing the war was exorbitant compared to what could
possibly be gained from conquering the rest of Denmark.
Wallenstein feared to lose his North German gains to a Danish-
Swedish alliance, and Christian IV had suffered another defeat in
the Battle of Wolgast, so both were ready to negotiate.
Negotiations were concluded with the Treaty of Lübeck in 1629,
which stated that Christian IV could keep his control over
Denmark if he would abandon his support for the Protestant
German states. Thus, in the following two years more land was
subjugated by the Catholic powers. At this point, the Catholic
10
League persuaded Ferdinand II to take back the Lutheran
holdings that were, according to the Peace of Augsburg,
rightfully the possession of the Catholic Church. Enumerated in
the Edict of Restitution (1629), these possessions included two
Archbishoprics, sixteen bishoprics, and hundreds of monasteries.
The same year, Gabriel Bethlen, the Calvinist Prince of
Transylvania, died. Only the port of Stralsund continued to hold
out against Wallenstein and the Emperor.
Catholic General Albrecht von Wallenstein.
Swedish intervention (1630–1635)
Some within Ferdinand II's court did not trust Wallenstein,
believing that he sought to join forces with the German Princes
and thus gain influence over the Emperor. Ferdinand II
dismissed Wallenstein in 1630. He was to later recall him after
the Swedes, led by King Gustaf II Adolf (Gustavus Adolphus),
had invaded the Holy Roman Empire with success and turned
the tables on the Catholics. His contributions made Sweden the
continental leader of Protestantism until the Swedish Empire
ended in 1721.
Gustavus Adolphus, like Christian IV before him, came to aid
the German Lutherans, to forestall Catholic aggression against
their homeland, and to obtain economic influence in the German
states around the Baltic Sea. In addition, Gustavus was
concerned about the growing power of the Holy Roman Empire.
No one knows the exact reason Gustavus entered the war, which
has been widely disputed. Like Christian IV, Gustavus Adolphus
was subsidized by Cardinal Richelieu, the Chief Minister of
Louis XIII of France, and by the Dutch. 39 From 1630 to 1634,
Swedish-led armies drove the Catholic forces back, regaining
much of the lost Protestant territory. During his campaign he
managed to conquer half of the Imperial kingdoms.
Swedish forces entered the Holy Roman Empire via the Duchy
of Pomerania, which served as the Swedish bridgehead since the
Treaty of Stettin (1630). After dismissing Wallenstein in 1630,
Ferdinand II became dependent on the Catholic League.
Gustavus Adolphus allied with France in the Treaty of Bärwalde
(January 1631). France and Bavaria signed the secret Treaty of
Fontainebleau (1631), but this was rendered irrelevant by
Swedish attacks against Bavaria. At the Battle of Breitenfeld
(1631), Gustavus Adolphus's forces defeated the Catholic
League led by General Tilly.
V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

A model of a section of a pike and shot formation from the Thirty

Years' War on display at the Army Museum in Stockholm.

Gustavus II Adolphus at the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)

Ferdinand II's suspicion of Wallenstein resumed in 1633, when

Wallenstein attempted to arbitrate the differences between the
Catholic and Protestant sides. Ferdinand II may have feared that
Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Spain, commander of the Spanish Wallenstein would switch sides, and arranged for his arrest after
and Imperial armies. removing him from command. One of Wallenstein's soldiers,
Captain Devereux, killed him when he attempted to contact the
A year later they met again in another Protestant victory, this Swedes in the town hall of Eger (Cheb) on 25 February 1634.
time accompanied by the death of Tilly. The upper hand had The same year, the Protestant forces, lacking Gustav's
now switched from the league to the union, led by Sweden. In leadership, were defeated at the First Battle of Nördlingen by the
1630, Sweden had paid at least 2,368,022 daler for its army of Spanish-Imperial forces commanded by Cardinal-Infante
42,000 men. In 1632, it contributed only one-fifth of that Ferdinand.
(476,439 daler) towards the cost of an army more than three
times as large (149,000 men). This was possible due to subsidies
from France, and the recruitment of prisoners (most of them
taken at the Battle of Breitenfeld) into the Swedish army. The
majority of mercenaries recruited by Gustavus II Adolphus were
Germanvbut Scottish mercenaries were also common. With Tilly
dead, Ferdinand II returned to the aid of Wallenstein and his
large army. Wallenstein marched up to the south, threatening
Gustavus Adolphus's supply chain. Gustavus Adolphus knew
that Wallenstein was waiting for the attack and was prepared, but
found no other option. Wallenstein and Gustavus Adolphus
clashed in the Battle of Lützen (1632), where the Swedes
prevailed, but Gustavus Adolphus was killed.

The victory of Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle of Breitenfeld

(1631).

By the Spring of 1635, all Swedish resistance in the south of

Germany had ended. After that, the Imperialist and the Protestant
German sides met for negotiations, producing the Peace of
Prague (1635), which entailed a delay in the enforcement of the
Edict of Restitution for 40 years and allowed Protestant rulers to
retain secularized bishoprics held by them in 1627. This
protected the Lutheran rulers of northeastern Germany, but not
those of the south and west (whose lands had been occupied by
the Imperial or League armies prior to 1627).
The treaty also provided for the union of the army of the
Emperor and the armies of the German states into a single army
of the Holy Roman Empire (although Johann Georg of Saxony

11

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

and Maximillian of Bavaria kept, as a practical matter,
independent command of their forces, now nominally
components of the "Imperial" army). Finally, German princes
were forbidden from establishing alliances amongst themselves
or with foreign powers, and amnesty was granted to any ruler
who had taken up arms against the Emperor after the arrival of
the Swedes in 1630.
Germany and the Low Countries. France aligned her strategy
with the allied Swedes in Wismar (1636) and Hamburg (1638).
Initially after the Peace of Prague, the Swedish army under
Johan Banér was pushed back by the re-inforced Imperial army
up north into Germany. The pursuit of the Swedish army led to
desertions and other losses in the Imperial army, and finally they
met in the Battle of Wittstock in 1636. The Swedish army under
Banér defeated the Imperial army reversing many of the effects
of their defeat at Nördlingen.

The Battle of Lens, 1648.

French military efforts met with disaster, and the Spanish

counter-attacked, invading French territory. The Imperial general
Johann von Werth and Spanish commander Cardinal-Infante
Ferdinand of Spain ravaged the French provinces of Champagne,
Burgundy and Picardy, and even threatened Paris in 1636 before
Although a Catholic clergyman himself, Cardinal Richelieu
being repulsed by Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar. Bernhard's victory
allied France with the Protestants.
in the Battle of Compiègne pushed the Habsburg armies back
towards the borders of France. Widespread fighting ensued, with
This treaty failed to satisfy France, however, because of the
neither side gaining an advantage. In 1642, Cardinal Richelieu
renewed strength it granted the Habsburgs. France then entered
died.
the conflict, beginning the final period of the Thirty Years' War.
Sweden did not take part in the Peace of Prague and it continued
the war together with France.
Initially after the Peace of Prague, the Swedish army under
Johan Banér was pushed back by the re-inforced Imperial army
up north into Germany.

French intervention (1635–1648)

France, although Roman Catholic, was a rival of the Holy

Roman Empire and Spain. Cardinal Richelieu, the Chief
Minister of King Louis XIII of France, felt that the Habsburgs
were too powerful, since they held a number of territories on
France's eastern border, including portions of the Netherlands.
Richelieu had already begun intervening indirectly in the war in
January 1631, when the French diplomat Hercules de Charnace
signed the Treaty of Bärwalde with Gustavus Adolphus, by
which France agreed to support the Swedes with 1,000,000 livres Torstenson 1642
each year in return for a Swedish promise to maintain an army in
Germany against the Habsburgs. The treaty also stipulated that After the battle of Wittstock, the Swedish army regained the
Sweden would not conclude a peace with the Holy Roman initiative in the German campaign. In the Second Battle of
Emperor without first receiving France's approval. Breitenfeld in 1642, outside Leipzig, the Swedish Field Marshal
Lennart Torstenson, defeated an army of the Holy Roman
After the Swedish rout at Nördlingen in September 1634 and the Empire, led by Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria and his
Peace of Prague in 1635 where the Protestant German princes deputy, Prince-General Ottavio Piccolomini, Duke of Amalfi.
sued for peace with the German emperor, as Sweden's ability to The Imperial army suffered 20,000 casualties. In addition, the
continue the war alone appeared doubtful, Richelieu made the Swedish army took 5,000 prisoners and seized 46 guns. 4,000
decision to enter into direct war against the Habsburgs. France Swedes were killed or wounded. The battle enabled Sweden to
declared war on Spain in May 1635 and the Holy Roman Empire occupy Saxony. His defeat made Emperor Ferdinand III more
in August 1636, opening offensives against the Habsburgs in

12

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648
willing to negotiate peace, not only with France, but also
impressed on him the need to include Sweden.
In 1643, Louis XIII died, leaving his five-year-old son Louis
XIV on the throne. French General Louis II de Bourbon, 4th
Prince de Condé, Duc d'Enghien, The Great Condé defeated the
Spanish army at the Battle of Rocroi in 1643. The chief minister
of Louis XIII, Cardinal Mazarin, facing the domestic crisis of the
Fronde in 1645, began working to end the war.
In 1643, Denmark made preparations to again intervene in the
thirty-years war, but on the Imperial side (against Sweden). The
Swedish marshal Lennart Torstenson expelled Danish prince
Frederick from Bremen-Verden, gaining a stronghold south of
Denmark and hindering Danish participation as mediatiors in the
peace talks in Westphalia. Torstensson went on to occupy
Jutland, and after the Royal Swedish Navy under Carl Gustaf
Wrangel inflicted a decisive defeat on the Danish Navy in the
battle of Fehmern Belt in an action of 13 October 1644 forcing
them to sue for peace. With Denmark out of the war, Torstenson
then pursued the Imperial army under Gallas from Jutland in
Denmark down to Bohemia. At the Battle of Jankau near Prague,
the Swedish army defeated the Imperial army under Gallas and
could occupy Bohemian lands and threaten Prague as well as
Vienna. In 1645, Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé defeated
the Bavarian army in the Second Battle of Nördlingen. The last
Catholic commander of note, Baron Franz von Mercy, died in
the battle.
On 14 March 1647 Bavaria, Cologne, France and Sweden signed
the Truce of Ulm. In 1648 the Swedes (commanded by Marshal
Carl Gustaf Wrangel) and the French (led by Turenne and
Condé) defeated the Imperial army at the Battle of
Zusmarshausen and Lens. The Battle of Prague in 1648 became
the last action of the Thirty Years' War. The Swedish general
Hans Christoff von Königsmarck, commanding Sweden's flying
column, entered the city and captured Prague Castle on the
western bank of the Vltava river. These results left only the
Imperial territories of Austria safely in Habsburg hands.
Peace of Westphalia
Over a four year period, the parties (Holy Roman Emperor,
France and Sweden) were actively negotiating at Osnabrück and
Münster in Westphalia. The end of the war was not brought
about by one treaty but instead by a group of treaties such as the
Treaty of Hamburg. On 15 May 1648, the Peace of Munster was
signed ending the Eighty Years' War. Over five months later, on
24 October, the Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück were signed.
Chapelle of Moncourt, the last vestige of a village destroyed
during the war.
Casualties and disease
So great was the devastation brought about by the war that
estimates put the reduction of population in the German states at
about 15% to 30%. Some regions were affected much more than
others. For example, Württemberg lost three-quarters of its
population during the war. In the territory of Brandenburg, the
losses had amounted to half, while in some areas an estimated
two-thirds of the population died. The male population of the
German states was reduced by almost half. The population of the
Czech lands declined by a third due to war, disease, famine and
the expulsion of Protestant Czechs. Much of the destruction of
13
civilian lives and property was caused by the cruelty and greed
of mercenary soldiers, many of whom were rich commanders
and poor soldiers. Villages were especially easy prey to the
marauding armies. Those that survived, like the small village of
Drais near Mainz, would take almost a hundred years to recover.
The Swedish armies alone may have destroyed up to 2,000
castles, 18,000 villages and 1,500 towns in Germany, one-third
of all German towns. The war caused serious dislocations to both
the economies and populations of central Europe, but may have
done no more than seriously exacerbate changes that had begun
earlier.
Pestilence of several kinds raged among combatants and
civilians in Germany and surrounding lands from 1618 to 1648.
Many features of the war spread disease. These included troop
movements, the influx of soldiers from foreign countries, and the
shifting locations of battle fronts. In addition, the displacement
of civilian populations and the overcrowding of refugees into
cities led to both disease and famine. Information about
numerous epidemics is generally found in local chronicles, such
as parish registers and tax records, that are often incomplete and
may be exaggerated. The chronicles do show that epidemic
disease was not a condition exclusive to war time, but was
present in many parts of Germany for several decades prior to
1618.
However, when the Danish and Imperial armies met in Saxony
and Thuringia during 1625 and 1626, disease and infection in
local communities increased. Local chronicles repeatedly
referred to "head disease", "Hungarian disease", and a "spotted"
disease identified as typhus. After the Mantuan War, between
France and the Habsburgs in Italy, the northern half of the Italian
peninsula was in the throes of a bubonic plague epidemic (see
Italian Plague of 1629–1631). During the unsuccessful siege of
Nuremberg, in 1632, civilians and soldiers in both the Swedish
and Imperial armies succumbed to typhus and scurvy. Two years
later, as the Imperial army pursued the defeated Swedes into
southwest Germany, deaths from epidemics were high along the
Rhine River. Bubonic plague continued to be a factor in the war.
Beginning in 1634, Dresden, Munich, and smaller German
communities such as Oberammergau recorded large numbers of
plague casualties. In the last decades of the war, both typhus and
dysentery had become endemic in Germany.
Reduction in Germany's population as a percentage
Political consequences
One result of the war was the division of Germany into many
territories — all of which, despite their membership in the
Empire, won de facto sovereignty. This limited the power of the
Holy Roman Empire and decentralized German power.
The Thirty Years' War rearranged the European power structure.
The last decade of the conflict saw clear signs of Spain
weakening. While Spain was fighting in France, Portugal —
which had been under personal union with Spain for 60 years —
acclaimed John IV of Braganza as king in 1640, and the House
V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648
of Braganza became the new dynasty of Portugal (see
Portuguese Restoration War, for further information).
Meanwhile, Spain was forced to accept the independence of the
Dutch Republic in 1648, ending the Eighty Years' War. Bourbon
France challenged Habsburg Spain's supremacy in the Franco-
Spanish War (1635-59); gaining definitive ascendancy in the
War of Devolution (1667–68), and the Franco-Dutch War
(1672–78), under the leadership of Louis XIV.
From 1643–45, during the last years of the Thirty Years' War,
Sweden and Denmark fought the Torstenson War. The result of
that conflict and the conclusion of the great European war at the
Peace of Westphalia in 1648 helped establish post-war Sweden
as a force in Europe.
The edicts agreed upon during the signing of the Peace of
Westphalia were instrumental in laying the foundations for what
are even today considered the basic tenets of the sovereign
nation-state. Aside from establishing fixed territorial boundaries
for many of the countries involved in the ordeal (as well as for
the newer ones created afterwards), the Peace of Westphalia
changed the relationship of subjects to their rulers. In earlier
times, people had tended to have overlapping political and
religious loyalties. Now, it was agreed that the citizenry of a
respective nation were subjected first and foremost to the laws
and whims of their own respective government rather than to
those of neighboring powers, be they religious or secular.
The war also has a few more subtle consequences. The Thirty
Years' War marked the last major religious war in mainland
Europe, ending the large-scale religious bloodshed
accompanying the Reformation, which had begun over a century
before. There were other religious conflicts in the years to come,
but no great wars.60 Also, the destruction caused by mercenary
soldiers defied description (see Schwedentrunk).
14
The war did much to end the age of mercenaries that had begun
with the first Landsknechts, and ushered in the age of well-
disciplined national armies.
(below map)Central Europe at the end of the Thirty Years' War,
showing the fragmentation that resulted in decentralization.
The war also had consequences abroad, as the European powers
extended their fight via naval power to overseas colonies. In
1630, a Dutch fleet of 70 ships had taken the rich sugar-
exporting areas of Pernambuco (Brazil) from the Portuguese but
had lost everything by 1654. Fighting also took place in Africa
and Asia. The destruction of the Koneswaram temple of
Trincomalee in 1624 and Ketheeswaram temple accompanied an
extensive campaign of destruction of five hundred Hindu
shrines, the Saraswathi Mahal Library and forced conversion to
Roman Catholicism in the Tamil country conducted by the
Portuguese upon their conquest of the Jaffna kingdom. The
country witnessed battles of the Thirty Years' War and general
hostilities of the Eighty Years' War; Phillip II and III of Portugal
and later the Dutch and English used forts built from the
destroyed temples, including Fort Fredrick in Trincomalee, to
fight sea battles with the Dutch, Danish, the French and English
which saw the beginning of the loss of the sovereign Tamil
nation-state on the island.6162
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War
V2
V1
WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

15

V2
V1
WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

16

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

MUSKET
SPECIAL RULES Range 18”, KA3, KA4 first shot only, move&shoot
Massed Missile Rule for units in Light Formation

ALLIES & MERCENARIES ORGAN GUN

Do not benefit from the Army General and no SIP can be used CA SA KA S Mo L
for them except from a character that is within the unit. Cannon&Crew 3 3 3 2 7 3
Equipment: Hand weapon. Crew of three men. Durability 8
ARQUEBUS Range 20”, D6 KA4 hits, no armour, D3 for skirmishers.
Range 18”, KA3, move or shoot Special Rules: Cannon

ARTILLERY DUELL (optional) PIKE

Each field gun can shoot once at an enemy cannon if in range With these lists, the rules for pikes in War & Conquest change.
and sight, without counting as moved. Four hits in case of a Cavalry may now charge the front of an unarmoured pike
successful hit roll. formation. The other pike rules on page 121 remain the same.

BATTALION GUN (50pts) PISTOLS

Must be attached to a rank&file unit. Can move and shoot (-1 to Range 6”, KA3, Armour Piercing 1, move&shoot, no penalty
hit). Must stay at one flank of the unit. Shoot at the same target
as the unit. Cannot be targeted seperately by missle fire. SPANISH ORDONNANCE (Tercio)
Is a combined formation of pike and missile armed models. The
CA SA KA S Mo L standard formation is 36 pikemen (6x6) with 2x2 musketeers or
Cannon&Crew 3 3 3 2 7 2 arquebusiers on each edge. If more models are used try to keep
this shape as close as possible.
Equipment: Hand weapon. Crew of 2 men. Durability 8. - a tercio with unarmoured pikemen can drift
Cannonball: Range 18”, in case of a hit one model per rank (up - armoured pikemen cannot drift/turn, formation change needed
to five) get a KA3 hit, D3 hits for skirmishers. - no double pace, only the charge is at double rate
Cannister shot: max. 9” with D6 KA3 hits. - can only charge targets in Frontal Attack Zone
Only cannonball or cannister shot munition possible, not both - only the pikemen charge, the missile armed models will not get
Special Rules: Cannon in touch with the enemy, only when charged from more than
one side or in previous turns after ongoing melee, may flee as
CARACOLE charge reaction
Second rank can fire too, if target in Frontal Attack Zone. - the musketeers/arquebusiers can shoot straight forward or turn
90° and shoot with -1 for move&shoot
CARBINE - enemy units never get the +1/+2 bonus for flank/rear as long as
16”, KA3, move&shoot the pikemen are over half strength
- armoured pikemen charging only at basic rate get KA4 in the
DUTCH ORDONNANCE (Mixed Flank Formation) first round of combat
Is a combined formation of pike and missile armed models. The
standard formation is 18 pikeman (3x6) with 9 musketeers or STAKES (30pts)
arquebusiers on each flank (make it 3x12). If more models are Suitable stake models should be placed as the unit is deployed
used try to keep this shape as close as possible. You need at least for battle at the start of the game. These are assumed to cover the
as many missile armed models than those with pike. front facing of the formation. Should the unit move or choose to
Missile armed models are placed at each flank instead of the rear not place the stakes as they deploy, they are lost. Likewise,
ranks of the unit which have a maximum depth of three models. troops that enter the battle after Turn 1, cannot use stakes, unless
Both flanks must be equally chosen. Casualties are taken the scenario permits otherwise. A formation that charges a
normally from the rear rank. formation behind stakes will not gain any Impact Bonus.
Cavalry fighting a unit behind stakes has its CA reduced by 1
DRAGOONS until it wins or draws a combat.
- can mount/dismount by formation change (command test) A formation fighting behind stakes may add 1D6 when taking a
- cannot charge if mounted Command test to avoid pursuing a fleeing foe or if subject to the
Warband 'surge' rule on page 128.
FIELD GUN (50/75/100/125pts)
CA SA KA S Mo L SWEDISH ORDONNANCE (Combined Forces)
Cannon&Crew 2 3 2 2 7 4 Missile and pike armed models can be fielded separately in units
which have a maximum depth of two models. Each unit of
Equipment: Hand weapon. Durability 8. regular cavalry can attach a unit of musketeers, counting as
Light (6pdr), Medium (12pdr), Heavy (24pdr), Very Heavy Skirmishers which must have a unit strength equal to or less than
(48pdr) the cavalry unit they have to accompany as close as possible.
Range 36/48/60/72”, in case of a hit one model per rank (up to
five) get a KA 3/4/5/6 hit, D3 hits for skirmishers. No armour. SWISS ORDONNANCE (Mixed Square Formation)
Cannot move, but pivot and shoot (-1 to hit) Is a combined formation of pike and missle armed models. The
Special Rules: Cannon, Unmotivated standard formation is 36 pikemen (6x6) with 4 musketeers or
arquebusiers on each corner. If more models are used try to keep
FIRELOCKS this shape as close as possible.
- foot and mounted troops with firelocks do not suffer the -1 Missile armed models are placed at each corner instead of the
penalty for move and shoot rear ranks. All sides must be equally chosen. Casualties are taken
equally from pike and missle armed models. Each side has its
GRENADOES own arc of sight and those units cannot double pace. In case of a
- count as javelin with KA4 , D3 models hit charge or being charged the missile armed models are placed in
- in case of hit roll of 1 the thrower and his unit take the damage the rear (an unangaged side). Enemy units do not get a flank or
rear bonus against those units as long as the pike models are over
HEAVY CAVALRY half strength. Armoured pikemen charging get KA4 in the first
Rank Bonus +1, +2 if charging only at basic move rate. round of combat

HIDDEN ARTILLERY UNMOTIVATED

Gun cannot be seen until it shoots or enemy is within 10”. Units not allowed to use SIP for.
17

V2
V1
WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

18

V2
V1
WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

19

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

BELLIGERENTS COMMANDERS
Protestant States and Allies
Gustavus II Adolphus †
Sweden
Johan Banér
France
Lennart Torstenson
Bohemia
Carl Gustaf Wrangel
Denmark-Norway (1625–1629)
Charles X Gustav
Saxony
Louis XIII of France
United Provinces
Cardinal Richelieu
Electorate of the Palatinate
Marquis de Feuquieres †
Brunswick-Lüneburg
Louis II de Bourbon
England
Vicomte de Turenne
Scotland
Frederick V
Brandenburg-Prussia
Jindrich Matyas Thurn
Transylvania
Christian I of Anhalt-Bernburg
Hungarian Anti-Habsburg Rebels
Christian IV of Denmark
Zaporozhian Cossacks
Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar
Ottoman Empire
Johann Georg I of Saxony

Maurice of Nassau

Piet Pieterszoon Hein

William of Nassau

Frederik Hendrik of Orange

Maarten Tromp

Ernst Casimir

Hendrik Casimir I

Duke of Buckingham

Earl of Leven

Gabriel Bethlen

Ernst von Mansfeld

Christian of Brunswick

Bohdan Khmelnytsky

20

V2
V1
WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

21

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

BELLIGERENTS COMMANDERS
Roman Catholic States and Allies
Holy Roman Empire Philip IV of Spain

Catholic League Count-Duke of Olivares

Austria Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba

Kingdom of Hungary Ambrosio Spinola

Kingdom of Croatia Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand

Spanish Empire Gómez Suárez de Figueroa

Denmark-Norway (1643–1645) Fadrique de Toledo

Antonio de Oquendo

Francisco de Melo

Diego Felipez de Guzmán

Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly †

Albrecht von Wallenstein

Ferdinand II

Ferdinand III

Franz von Mercy †

Johann von Werth

Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim

Maximilian I

22

V2
V1
WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

23

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

BADEN 0-1 SPIESSWAGEN (WAGON LAAGER)

CA SA KA S L Mo Pts
CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Wagon&crew 3 3 3 2 4 8 60
CAVALRY: Up to 25%
INFANTRY: At least 50% Equipment: Six men crew armed with hand weapon.
MERCENARIES: Up to 25% (Artillery up to 10%) 40x80mm base. Durability 8
SIP: not pooled Up to 4 wagons per laager. Must be deployed first (within up to
2” between the wagons) and cannot move. Each wagon has two
light guns (count as battallion guns).
CHARACTERS
MERCENARIES
CA SA KA Mo L S Pts
Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170 0-2 FIELD GUNS
Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90
Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90
0-1 CARACOLING REITERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Equipment and Armour Value: as unit Horseman 2 3 3 7 19 L
Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3). Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols
Special Rules: Caracole
Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each.
Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points. MUSKETEERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 R
CAVALRY
Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.
0-1 CUIRASSIERS Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R PIKEMEN
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R
Special Rules: Caracole
Equipment: Hand weapon, pike.
0-1 LANCIERS May have heavy armour (+3).
CA SA KA Mo Pts F Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance
Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 L
Equipment: Hand weapon, thrusting spear, heavy armour,
pistols
Special Rules: Must be the smallest unit of cavalry

LANDESREITER
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 8 20 R
Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols
May have light armour (+2)
Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry

GEFOLGE
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 2 3 3 7 16 L
Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine
0-1 per unit of Landesreiter
Special Rules: Caracole

INFANTRY

MILITIA
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Militia 3 3 3 7 8 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have heavy armour (+3).

Up to half may have arquebus (free) or musket (+1) instead of
pike.
Special Rules: Spanish Ordonnance

0-1 PFORZHEIMER SCHÜTZEN

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Musketeer 2 3 3 7 7 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.

24

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

BOHEMIAN REVOLT (1618-1623AD) OUTRAGED PEASANTS

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Levy 2 2 3 5 3 R
CAVALRY: Up to 25%
INFANTRY: At least 50% Equipment: Hand weapon
MERCENARIES: Up to 25% (Artillery up to 10%) Special Rules: Undisciplined, Unmotivated
ALLIES: Up to 25%
SIP: not pooled BOHEMIAN RAW LEVY FOOT
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Levy 2 2 3 6 4 R
CHARACTERS
Equipment: Hand weapon. Up to half may have arquebus (+2).
CA SA KA Mo L S Pts Special Rules: Undisciplined, Combined Formation
Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170
Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 MERCENARIES
Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90
0-4 FIELD GUNS
Equipment and Armour Value: as unit
Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3).
DUTCH CAVALRY
Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points. Horseman 4 4 3 7 29 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols

CAVALRY Up to half may have CA/SA3 placed in the rear ranks (-4)

CUIRASSIERS HUNGARIAN HUSSARS

CA SA KA Mo Pts F CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R Horseman 3 3 3 7 15 S

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine or bow
Special Rules: Caracole Special Rules: Feign Flight

CARACOLING REITERS OR HARQUEBUSIERS

CA SA KA Mo Pts F ALLIES
Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 L
Transylvanian Allies
Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols or arquebus
May have pistol and arquebus (+2)
Special Rules: Caracole

INFANTRY

DRAGOONS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike

Special Rules: Dragoons

MUSKETEERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.

Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

PIKEMEN
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike.

May have heavy armour (+3).
Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

25

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

Elector Frederick IV, Christian served his son, Frederick V, and

PRINCE CHRISTIAN I was appointed to command the Protestant forces to defend
Bohemia against Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II and his
allies when that country's nobles elected Frederick as their king
in 1619. The same year, Christian was accepted in the
Fruitbearing Society. When his forces were defeated at the Battle
of White Mountain in 1620, Christian advised Frederick against
making a stand in Prague. In 1621, in response to his affiliation
with the Palatines, Christian was put under an imperial ban that
effectively made him an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire
and stripped him of his lands.

Christian fled first to Sweden, and then became a guest of King

Christian IV in Denmark. He appealed to Emperor Ferdinand for
mercy in 1624 and was allowed to return to his principality,
where he died six years later.

Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_I,_Prince_of_Anhalt-
Bernburg

Christian I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, also known as Christian

of Anhalt, (11 May 1568 – 17 April 1630) was a German prince
of the House of Ascania. He was ruling prince of Anhalt and,
from 1603, ruling prince of the revived principality of Anhalt-
Bernburg. From 1595 he was governor of Upper Palatinate, and
soon became the advisor-in-chief of Frederick IV, Elector
Palatine.

Christian was the second son of Joachim Ernest, Prince of

Anhalt, by his first wife Agnes, daughter of Wolfgang I, Count
of Barby-Mühlingen. Born in Bernburg, Christian was trained
from 1570 in Dessau by Caspar Gottschalk in Latin, Italian, and
French. Still a child, he participated in diplomatic missions,
among other places, to Constantinople; thus prepared, he
developed into an ambitious, urbane diplomat.

In the early months of 1586 he went to Dresden and remained

there several years as the closest friend of his namesake,
Christian I, Elector of Saxony, whose Calvinist sympathies he
shared. It is known that he suffered from alcoholic excesses
during his stay at the electoral court.

Taking possession of his family lands in December of the same

year (1586), Christian remained a devoted Calvinist and later
served as advisor to Frederick IV, Elector Palatine. In 1591 he
led the Palatine army in aid of the French king Henry IV. When
a dispute for the possession of the Diocese of Strasbourg erupted
in 1592, he supported Brandenburg against Lorraine. In 1595 he
was appointed Governor of the Upper Palatinate by Frederick IV
and settled in Amberg.

In 1603 the principality of Anhalt was formally divided between

Christian and his surviving brothers. He received Bernburg, and
with this settlement revived the old principality of the same
name that had been extinct since 1468.

As a diplomat, Christian played an important role in the

formation of the Protestant Union in 1608. With the death of the
26

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

BRANDENBURG-PRUSSIA (1646-1648AD)

CHARACTERS: Up to 25%
CAVALRY: Up to 25%
INFANTRY: At least 50%
MERCENARIES: Up to 25% (Artillery up to 10%)
SIP: not pooled

CHARACTERS

CA SA KA Mo L S Pts
Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170
Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90
Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90

Equipment and Armour Value: as unit

Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3).

Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each.

Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points.

CAVALRY

HORSE
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 14 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols

INFANTRY

WIBRANZEN ZU FUSS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Trooper 3 3 3 7 8 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.

Every third unit may have pike instead of musket (free)
Special Rules: Swedish Ordonnance

0-2 LEIBGARDE
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Guard 3 3 3 8 14 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.

Special Rules: Drilled , Firelocks

0-4 BATTALION GUNS

WIBRANZEN ZU PFERD
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine or pike

Special Rules: Dragoons

MERCENARIES

0-2 FIELD GUNS

27

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

BRUNSWICK-LÜNEBURG OUTRAGED PEASANTS

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Levy 2 2 3 5 3 R
CAVALRY: Up to 25%
INFANTRY: At least 50% Equipment: Hand weapon
MERCENARIES: Up to 10% Special Rules: Undisciplined, Unmotivated
SIP: not pooled

MERCENARIES
CHARACTERS
0-4 FIELD GUNS
CA SA KA Mo L S Pts
Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170
Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90
Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90

Equipment and Armour Value: as unit

Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3).

Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each.

Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points.

CAVALRY

CUIRASSIERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols

Only after 1632AD: Downgrade to Mo7 (-2)
Special Rules: Caracole

CARACOLING REITERS OR HARQUEBUSIERS

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols or arquebus

Only after 1632AD: Upgrade to SA4 (+2)
Special Rules: Caracole

INFANTRY

DRAGOONS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike

Special Rules: Dragoons

MUSKETEERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.

Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

PIKEMEN
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike.

May have heavy armour (+3).
Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

28

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648
CHRISTIAN OF BRUNSWICK
Life
Christian was born in Gröningen (in today's Saxony-Anhalt), the
third son of Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. After
his father's death, he was educated by his maternal uncle, King
Christian IV of Denmark, and attended the University of
Helmstedt. After the death of his brother, Rudolf, Bishop of
Halberstadt, in 1616, he was elected his successor as Lutheran
administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Halberstadt. This
position provided him the necessary finances to start a military
career.
In 1621 Christian joined the army of Maurice of Orange and
fought in the Netherlands against a Spanish army. Later he raised
his own army and, in liege to Frederick V, Elector Palatine, he
carried out three significant battles: the Battle of Höchst (1622),
the Battle of Fleurus (1622), and lastly at the Battle of Stadtlohn
(1623). He participated in a number of plunderings and burnings
along the France-Germany border and throughout the
Netherlands. Christian fought alongside the Count of Mansfeld
in the first two engagements, and suffered two losses to the
Count of Tilly: an arguable one at Höchst, and his final one at
Stadtlohn. Christian's major success was at Fleurus, where his
actions directly led to the relieving of the Protestant stronghold
of Bergen op Zoom.
A lover of cavalry warfare, Christian gained a reputation for
cruelty and violence, especially against the Catholic church. His
Catholic opponents dubbed him der Tolle ("the mad") due to his
excesses in war. This has been disputed and considered by some
to be undeserved as it was probably started by pro-Imperial
pamphlets at the time. Christian died childless of wounds
sustained in battle in 1626.
Campaigns of 1622-23
In 1621, Christian was one of the few men to continue rallying
behind Frederick V, who had only the year before claimed and
been deposed from the throne of Bohemia following his crushing
loss at the Battle of White Mountain. Frederick was still leader
of the Protestant resistance rooted from the 1618 crushed
Bohemian Revolution. What attracted Christian to the cause is
29
arguable, but something that may have had to do with it was the
fact that before his campaigning, Christian declared a chivalric
love for Elizabeth, Frederick's wife and daughter of James I of
England, who at this point of the war had sent several thousand
troops under Sir Horace Vere to the Palatinate.
By the end of 1621 he had managed to raise 10,000 troops, with
whom he wintered in Westphalia, gathering a great treasure from
the dioceses of Münster and Paderborn. Christian's military
actions began in 1622 when Ernst von Mansfeld began
organizing his forces and expressed interest in linking up with
his army, especially after his ally Georg Friedrich, Margrave of
Baden-Durlach, was crushingly defeated at the Battle of
Wimpfen. They were caught at the Battle of Höchst, June 22,
1622, and although Christian was arguably defeated, he was able
to escape with much of his army despite crossing a river under
heavy fire and losing all of his baggage. The newly united
Protestant army moved into Alsace, leaving Heidelberg, the
capital of the Palatinate, to fall to Count von Tilly in September
1622, effectively forcing Frederick V out of the war.
After intense foraging and ravaging of the Alsace region,
Christian and Mansfeld moved north in Lorraine, and upon the
news of the Spanish siege of Bergen op Zoom, they marched to
the relief of the city, fighting the Battle of Fleurus (August 29,
1622) and in the midst of the battle, Christian displayed his well-
known courage and stubbornness on the field by leading four
unsuccessful cavalry charges against the Spanish lines under
Fernández de Córdoba. It was on the fifth charge that the
Protestant horsemen broke the Spanish lines and paved the way
for the Protestant relief of Bergen op Zoom that October. This
came at a cost of most of Christian's infantry and one of
Christian's arms. Fresh from that victory, Christian spent the
winter of 1622-23 in the Spanish Netherlands resting and
replenishing his army to what would be in spring 1623 set at
roughly 15,000.
Spring 1623 saw a plan between Christian, Mansfeld, the
Hungarian general Bethlen Gabor, and his ally Count Thurn to
retake Bohemia for the Protestants and to breathe new life into
the ailing Protestant cause. The campaign faltered from the start
as Count von Tilly received news of the troop movements and
positioned himself in Lower Saxony, with reports from Mansfeld
coming to Christian that he did not have the money to pay his
armies or to campaign, leaving Christian to himself in the north.
Outnumbered again, and leading an army that was not as
disciplined as Tilly's, Christian made a break for the relative
safety of the United Provinces. He was outrun and
outmaneuvered 10 miles short of the Dutch border, and in a
stand typical of Christian's bravery, he was nonetheless
decisively defeated at the Battle of Stadtlohn on August 6, 1623,
when he lost all but 2,000 of this 15,000-man army. Broken, he
fled for The Hague with the remnants of his army.
Defeat and death
Christian's defeat signalled the "Palatine Phase" of the Thirty
Years' War, and the end of the Protestant rebellion as a whole.
Three days after Stadtlohn, Frederick V signed an armistice with
Ferdinand II, ending the former's resistance to what seemed as
impending Catholic domination of the Holy Roman Empire.
Mansfeld shortly thereafter disbanded his army on the Rhine
with the entrance of Denmark, the United Provinces, and
England into the war in 1625. Under a plan that involved
Christian, Mansfeld, and Christian IV, King of Denmark,
pushing from the United Provinces and from Denmark, Christian
found himself with ample financial backing. Ordered to advance
on the Rhineland, he undertook this mission but quickly found
himself checked by Tilly in Hesse, and opted this time to retreat
rather than fight. Ill from the outset of the campaign, he died at
Wolfenbüttel on June 16, 1626, at the age of 26.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_of_Brunswick
V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

CATHOLIC LEAGUE PIKEMEN

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R
CAVALRY: Up to 25% Equipment: Hand weapon, pike.
INFANTRY: At least 25% May have heavy armour (+3) and CA4 (+2).
MERCENARIES: Up to 50% (Artillery up to 10%) May be Drilled (+2)
ALLIES: Up to 25% Special Rules: Spanish Ordonannce
SIP: not pooled
0-1 RONDARTSCHIER
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CHARACTERS Swordsman 4 3 3 8 18 R
Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, shield
CA SA KA Mo L S Pts KA4 against infantry. May be deploey separately or as combined
Army General formation with the pikemen. Must be the smallest infantry unit.
- - - 9 3 +2 170
Special Rules: Drilled
Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90
Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90 0-4 BATTALION GUNS
Special Rules: Only after 1632AD
Equipment and Armour Value: as unit
Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3).
MERCENARIES
Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each.
Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points. 0-4 FIELD GUNS

BAVARIAN CUIRASSIERS
CAVALRY
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 4 4 3 8 29 R
CUIRASSIERS
Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry
Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R
CROAT
Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols CA SA KA Mo Pts F
May have Heavy Cavalry instead of Caracole (free)
Horseman 4 3 3 7 21 L
Only after 1632AD: Downgrade to Mo7 (-2)
Special Rules: Caracole Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine.May have pistols (+2)
Special Rules: Feign Flight
CARACOLING REITERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F POLISH COSSACKS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 2 3 3 7 16 L
Horseman 3 3 3 6 17 L
Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols
Only after 1632AD: Upgrade to SA4 (+2) Equipment: Hand weapon, bow
Special Rules: Caracole May have thrusting spear (+2)
Special Rules: Feign Flight, May Skirmish
CARABINS
HUNGARIAN HUSSARS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 S
Horseman 3 3 3 7 15 S
Equipment: Hand weapon, carbines
Special Rules: Feign Flight, Only until 1616AD
Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine or bow
CARACOLING HARQUEBUSIERS Special Rules: Feign Flight
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 2 3 3 7 16 L
ALLIES
Equipment: Hand weapon, arquebus
Only after 1632AD: Upgrade to SA4 (+2)
Special Rules: Caracole, Only after 1616AD Spanish Allies

INFANTRY

DRAGOONS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L
Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike
Special Rules: Dragoons

MUSKETEERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 L
Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.
After 1632AD: May have Swinefeathers (+20, count as Stakes)
Special Rules: Spanish Ordonnance

30

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648
COUNT OF TILLY
Early years
Johann Tserclaes was born in February 1559 in Castle Tilly,
Walloon Brabant, now in Belgium, then the Spanish
Netherlands. Johann Tserclaes was born into a Roman Catholic
Brabantine family and after receiving a Jesuit education in
Cologne, he joined the Spanish army at age fifteen and fought
under Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza in his
campaign against the Dutch forces rebelling in the Eighty Years'
War and participated in the successful Siege of Antwerp (1584–
1585) in 1585. After this he joined in the Holy Roman Empire’s
campaign against the Ottoman Turks in Hungary and
Transylvania as a mercenary in 1600 and through rapid
promotion became a Field Marshal in only five years. When the
Turkish Wars ended in 1606, he remained in the service of
Rudolf II in Prague until he was appointed commander of the
Catholic League forces by Bavaria under Maximilian I, Elector
of Bavaria in 1610.
Campaign in Bohemia
As commander of the forces of the Catholic League he fought
against the Bohemian rebels following the Defenestration of
Prague, by which time he had trained his soldiers in the Spanish
Tercio system, which featured musketeers supported by deep
ranks of pikemen. A force of 25,000 soldiers, including troops of
both the Catholic League and the Emperor scored an important
victory against Christian of Anhalt and Count Thurn at the
decisive Battle of White Mountain west of Prague on 8
November 1620. Half of the enemy forces were killed or
captured, while the Catholic League lost only 700 men. This
victory was vital in crushing resistance to the emperor in
Bohemia, as it allowed Prague to be captured several days later.
Campaign in Germany
Next he turned west and marched through Germany, but was
defeated at the Battle of Mingolsheim on 27 April 1622. He then
joined with the Spanish general Duke Gonzalo Fernández de
Córdoba, (not to be confused with the famous Spanish general of
the same name, famous from the Italian Wars in Italy at the end
of the 15th century), and was victorious at the Battle of Wimpfen
against Georg Fredrick, Margrave of Baden-Durlach on 6 May;
this victory occurred after the enemies’ ammunition tumbril was
hit by cannon fire and exploded.
31
He was successful again at the Battle of Höchst on 20 June and
was made a Count (Graf in German) for this victory. These three
battles in two months allowed him to capture the city of
Heidelberg following an eleven-week siege on 19 September.
Christian the Younger of Brunswick, whom he had already
defeated at Höchst, raised another army, but again lost to him at
the Battle of Stadtlohn where 13,000 out of his army of 15,000
were lost, including fifty of his high-ranking officers. Together
with the complete surrender of Bohemia in 1623, this ended
virtually all resistance in Germany.
This caused king Christian IV of Denmark to enter the Thirty
Years' War in 1625 to protect Protestantism, and also in a bid to
make himself the primary leader of Northern Europe. Count
Tilly besieged and captured Münden 30 May 1626, whereupon
local and refugee Protestant ministers were thrown into the
Werra river, but could not lay a siege to Kassel. Count Tilly,
Johann Tserclaes then fought the Danish at the Battle of Lutter
on 26–27 August 1626 in which his highly disciplined infantry
charged the enemy lines four times whereupon they broke
through, leading him to win decisively, and destroying more than
half the fleeing Danish army; as was uncharacteristic of warfare
of the times. Because of this and other victories by Wallenstein,
Denmark was forced to sue for peace at the Treaty of Lübeck,
but this disrupted the balance of power in Europe resulting in
Swedish involvement in 1630 under their redoubtable leader, the
brilliant King and Field General Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
who had been attempting to dominate the Baltic for the previous
ten years in wars with Poland, then a continental power of note.
Sack of Magdeburg
While Adolphus landed his army in Mecklenburg and was in
Berlin, trying to make alliances with the leaders of Northern
Germany, Johann Tserclaes laid siege to the city of Magdeburg
on the Elbe River, which promised to support Sweden.
The siege began on 20 March 1631 and he put his subordinate
Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim in command while he
campaigned elsewhere. After two months of laying siege, and
after the fall of Frankfurt (Oder) to the Swedish, Pappenheim
finally convinced Tilly, who had brought reinforcements, to
storm the city on 20 May with 40,000 men under the personal
command of Pappenheim. The assault was successful and the
walls were breached, but the commanders supposedly lost
control of their soldiers and a massacre of the populace ensued in
which 25,000 of the 30,000 inhabitants of the city perished by
sword and the fire which destroyed most of the city. The city,
then among the major places in Germany and of the size of
Cologne or Hamburg, never recovered from this disaster.
This is a highly controversial event in Johann Tserclaes’ career
and historians still debate how much responsibility he bears for
what happened. His enemies quickly blamed him, claiming that
the massacre was ordered and used it as justification to enact
similar killings. But many historians consider it unlikely that he
ordered the city torched. Magdeburg was a strategically vital city
of the Elbe River and was needed as a resupply center for the
looming fight against the Swedes. Although extremely opposed
to the Reformation movement, Tserclaes was a very experienced
commander and would have recognized the strategic importance
of the city. Additionally, he sent a proposal of surrender to
Magdeburg days before the final assault, after the capture of the
Toll redoubt. However the mayor of Magdeburg rejected any
such proposal, expecting the Swedish relief force to arrive soon.
When the slaughter began, and no escape was possible, the
children of the city were formed in procession and marched
across the market-place singing Luther's hymn: "Lord keep us
steadfast in thy Word, Curb Pope and Turk who by the sword,
would wrest the kingdom from thy Son, and set at naught all he
hath done." The children were soon slain, whether or not this
inhumane deed was ordered by Tilly is not certain. However, it
is interesting to note that Tilly afterwards wrote to the Emperor,
'Never was such a victory since the storming of Troy or of
Jerusalem. I am sorry that you and the ladies of the court were
not there to enjoy the spectacle'.
V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

Campaign against the Swedish

Following Magdeburg, Johann Tserclaes engaged Gustavus
Adolphus at the Battle of Breitenfeld on 17 September 1631,
near the city of Leipzig, which Tserclaes had reached by laying
waste to Saxony. In the battle he was outmaneuvered by King
Gustavus Adolphus and lost 13,000 soldiers in the hard-fought
battle. The Swedes’ maneuvering and accurate, rapid artillery
fire caused his troops to break and flee. He withdrew, and
political rivalries prevented Wallenstein from coming to his aid,
so he turned to defense. While attempting to prevent the Swedish
from crossing into Bavaria over the Lech River near the city of
Rain am Lech, he was wounded by a cannon ball early in the
Battle of Rain and died of tetanus fifteen days later in Ingolstadt
at the age of 73 on 30 April 1632. His tomb is in Altoetting,
Upper Bavaria.

Gustavus sent his own personal physician to tend to his wounds

which caused Tilly to tell him, "Your king is truly a noble
knight."

Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Tserclaes,_Count_of_Tilly

32

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

After this he served with Tilly against Christian IV of Denmark,

GRAF ZU PAPPENHEIM and besieged and took Wolfenbüttel. His hope of obtaining the
sovereignty and possessions of the evicted prince of Brunswick-
Wolfenbüttel was, after a long intrigue, definitely disappointed.

In 1628 he was made a count of the empire. The siege and storm
of Magdeburg followed, and Pappenheim, like Tilly, has been
accused of the most savage cruelty in this transaction. But it is
known that, disappointed of Wolfenbüttel, Pappenheim desired
the profitable sovereignty of Magdeburg, and it can hardly be
maintained that he deliberately destroyed a prospective source of
wealth.

From a military point of view Pappenheim's conduct was

excellent; his measures were skillful, and his personal valour, as
always, conspicuous. So much could not be said of his tactics at
the battle of Breitenfeld, the loss of which was not a little due to
the impetuous cavalry general, who was never so happy as when
leading a great charge of horse. The retreat of the imperialists
from the lost field he covered, however, with care and skill, and
subsequently he won great glory by his operations on the lower
Rhine and the Weser in rear of the victorious army of Gustavus
Adolphus. Much-needed reinforcements for the king of Sweden
were constantly detained by Pappenheim's small and newly-
raised force in the north-west.

Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim (May 29, 1594 –

November 17, 1632) was field marshal of the Holy Roman
Empire in the Thirty Years' War.

Pappenheim was born in the little town of Pappenheim on the

Altmühl, in Bavaria, the seat of a free lordship of the empire,
from which the ancient family to which he belonged derived its
name.

He was educated at Altdorf and at Tübingen, and subsequently

travelled in southern and central Europe, mastering the various
His operations were far-ranging and his restless activity
languages, and seeking knightly adventures. His stay in these
dominated the country from Stade to Kassel, and from
countries led him eventually to adopt the Roman Catholic faith
Hildesheim to Maastricht. Being now a field marshal in the
(1614), to which he devoted the rest of his life. At the outbreak
imperial service, he was recalled to join Wallenstein, and
of the great war he abandoned the legal and diplomatic career on
assisted the generalissimo in Saxony against the Swedes; but,
which he had embarked, and in his zeal for the faith took service
was again despatched towards Cologne and the lower Rhine. In
in Poland. The experience gained in the service in the Polish
his absence a great battle became imminent, and Pappenheim
army (especially in the way of fighting cavalry) will soon be able
was hurriedly recalled. He appeared with his horsemen in the
to take advantage of fighting on the side of the Catholic League.
midst of the battle of Lützen (November 16, 1632). His furious
attack was for the moment successful. As Rupert at Marston
He soon became a lieutenant-colonel, and displayed great
Moor sought Cromwell as his worthiest opponent, so now
courage and ability at the battle of the White Mountain near
Pappenheim sought Gustavus. At about the same time as the
Prague (November 8, 1620), where he was left for dead on the
king was killed, Pappenheim received a mortal wound in another
field. In the following year he fought against Mansfeld in
part of the field. He died later the same day or early the next
western Germany, and in 1622 became colonel of a regiment of
morning en route to Leipzig, where his body was embalmed at
cuirassiers. In 1623, as an ardent friend of Spain, the ally of his
the Pleissenburg fortress.
sovereign and the champion of his faith, he raised troops for the
Italian war and served with the Spaniards in Lombardy and the
Source:
Grisons. It was his long and heroic defence of the post of Riva
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Heinrich_Graf_zu_Pappe
on the Lake of Garda which first brought him conspicuously to
nheim
the front.

In 1626 Maximilian I of Bavaria, the head of the League,

recalled him to Germany and entrusted him with the suppression
of a dangerous peasant rebellion which had broken out in Upper
Austria. Pappenheim swiftly carried out his task, encountering a
most desperate resistance, but always successful; and in a few
weeks he had crushed the rebellion with ruthless severity
(actions of Efferdingen, Gmünden, Vöcklabruck and Wolfsegg,
15–30 November 1626).

33

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

CROATIA
0-4 BATTALION GUNS
CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Special Rules: Only after 1632AD
CAVALRY: Up to 25%
INFANTRY: At least 50%
MERCENARIES: Up to 10% MERCENARIES
ALLIES: Up to 25%
SIP: not pooled 0-4 FIELD GUNS

CHARACTERS ALLIES

CA SA KA Mo L S Pts Spanish Allies

Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170
Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90
Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90

Equipment and Armour Value: as unit

Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3).

Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each.

Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points.

CAVALRY

CUIRASSIERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols

Only until 1632AD: May have Heavy Cavalry instead of
Caracole (free)
Only after 1632AD: Downgrade to Mo7 (-2)
Special Rules: Caracole

CARACOLING REITERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 2 3 3 7 16 L
Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols
Only after 1632AD: Upgrade to SA4 (+2)
Special Rules: Caracole

CARACOLING HARQUEBUSIERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 L
Equipment: Hand weapon, arquebus
Only after 1632AD: Upgrade to SA4 (+2)
Special Rules: Caracole

INFANTRY

DRAGOONS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L
Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike
Special Rules: Dragoons

MUSKETEERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 L
Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.
After 1632AD: May have Swinefeathers (+20, count as Stakes)
Special Rules: Spanish Ordonnance

PIKEMEN
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R
Equipment: Hand weapon, pike.
Special Rules: Spanish Ordonnance

34

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

DENMARK-NORWAY (1625-1629AD)
MERCENARIES
CHARACTERS: Up to 25%
CAVALRY: Up to 25% 0-3 FIELD GUNS
INFANTRY: At least 50%
MERCENARIES: Up to 25% (Artillery up to 10%)
ALLIES: Up to 25% MERCENARY REITERS
SIP: not pooled CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 2 4 3 7 17 L

CHARACTERS Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols

CA SA KA Mo L S Pts MERCENARY PIKEMEN

Army General CA SA KA Mo Pts F
- - - 9 3 +2 170
Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R
Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90
Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90 Equipment: Hand weapon, pike.
May have heavy armor (+3).
Equipment and Armour Value: as unit Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance
Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3).
MERCENARY MUSKETEERS
Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points. Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.

CAVALRY Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

CUIRASSIERS HIGHLANDERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R Highlander 3 3 3 7 6 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Equipment: Hand weapon

Special Rules: Caracole May have shield (+1) and double-handed weapon (+2)
May have arquebus (+1)
CHEVAUX LÈGERS Special Rules: Warband
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 14 L
ALLIES
Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols
May have light armour (+2) Only in 1626AD: Transylvanian Allies
Only in 1626AD: Mansfeld Allies, Protestant Mercenary
HARQUEBUSIERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 14 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, arquebus

INFANTRY

FOOT
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Trooper 3 3 3 7 8 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike.

May have heavy armour (+3)
Up to half may have arquebus (free) or musket (+1).
Special Rules: Dutch Ordonannce

0-1 GUARD FIRELOCKS

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Guard 3 4 3 8 14 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.

Special Rules: Firelocks, Dutch Ordonannce

0-1 DRAGOONS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike

Special Rules: Dragoons

35

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648
CHRISTIAN IV OF DENMARK
Christian IV (12 April 1577 – 28 February 1648) was the king of
Denmark-Norway from 1588 until his death. With a reign of
more than 59 years, he is the longest-reigning monarch of
Denmark, and he is frequently remembered as one of the most
popular, ambitious and proactive Danish kings, having initiated
many reforms and projects.[citation needed] He is sometimes
referred to as Christian Firtal in Denmark and Christian Kvart or
Quart in Norway.
Court life
The son of Frederick II, king of Denmark-Norway, and Sofie of
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, he was born at Frederiksborg castle in
1577.[1] He descended, through his mother's side, from king
John of Denmark, and was thus the first descendant of King John
to assume the crown since the deposition of King Christian II.
He succeeded to the throne at the age of 11, on the death of his
father on 4 April 1588.[1] While he was still growing up,
chancellor Niels Kaas and the Rigsraadet council served as
trustees of the royal power. He received a good education, and
was a headstrong and talented student.[2] At the age of 18,
Christian ascended the throne on 17 August 1596.
On 30 November 1597, he married Anne Catherine of
Brandenburg, a daughter of Joachim Friedrich, margrave of
Brandenburg and duke of Prussia. The queen died fourteen years
later, after bearing Christian seven children. Four years after her
death the king privately married a handsome young
gentlewoman, Kirsten Munk, by whom he had twelve children
— a connection which was to be disastrous to Denmark.
In the course of 1628 he discovered that his wife, Kirsten Munk,
was having a relationship with one of his German officers; and
when he put her away she endeavoured to cover up her own
disgrace by conniving at an intrigue between Vibeke Kruse, one
of her discharged maids, and the king. In January 1630 the
rupture became final, and Kirsten retired to her estates in
Jutland. Meanwhile Christian openly acknowledged Vibeke as
his mistress, and she bore him a numerous family. Vibeke's
children were of course the natural enemies of the children of
Kirsten Munk, and the hatred of the two families was not
without influence on the future history of Denmark.
Military and economic reforms
36
Christian took an interest in many and varied matters, including
a series of domestic reforms. He also did much for Danish
national armaments. New fortresses were constructed under the
direction of Dutch engineers. The Danish navy, which in 1596
had consisted of but twenty-two vessels, in 1610 rose to sixty,
some of them built after Christian's own designs. The formation
of a national army proved more difficult. Christian had to depend
mainly upon hired mercenary troops as was common practice in
the times—well before the establishment of standing armies—
augmented by native peasant levies recruited for the most part
from the peasantry on the crown domains.
Up until the early 1620s, Denmark's economy profited from
general boom conditions in Europe. This inspired Christian to
initiate a policy of expanding Denmark's overseas trade, as part
of the mercantilist wave fashionable in Europe. He founded a
number of merchant cities, and supported the building of
factories. He also built a large number of buildings in Dutch
Renaissance style.
However, despite Christian's many efforts, the new economic
projects did not return a profit. He looked abroad for new
income. Christian IV's Expeditions to Greenland involved a
series of voyages in the years 1605-1607 to Greenland and to
Arctic waterways in order to locate the lost Eastern Norse
Settlement and to assert Danish sovereignty over Greenland. The
expeditions were unsuccessful, partly due to leaders lacking
experience with the difficult Arctic ice and weather conditions.
The pilot on all three trips was English explorer James Hall. An
expedition to North America was commissioned in 1619. The
expedition was captained by Dano-Norwegian navigator and
explorer, Jens Munk. The ships, searching for the Northwest
Passage, arrived in Hudson Bay landing at the mouth of
Churchill River, settling at what is now Churchill, Manitoba.
However, it was a disastrous voyage, with cold, famine, and
scurvy destroying most of the crew.
Christian sent Ove Gjedde to establish Denmark's first colony at
Tranquebar, on India's south coast, in 1620. Christian also
assigned the privilege establishing the Danish East India
Company.
The Kalmar War
In 1611, he first put his newly organized army to use. Despite
the reluctance of Rigsraadet, Christian initiated a war with
Sweden for the supremacy of the Baltic Sea It was later known
as the Kalmar War because its chief operation was the Danish
capture of Kalmar, the eastern fortress of Sweden. Christian
compelled King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden to give way on
all essential points at the resulting Treaty of Knäred of 20
January 1613.[1] However, despite Denmark's greater strength,
the gains of the war were not decisive.
He now turned his attention to the Thirty Years' War in
Germany. Here, his objectives were twofold: first, to obtain
control of the great German rivers— the Elbe and the Weser—
as a means of securing his dominion of the northern seas; and
secondly, to acquire the secularized German Archdiocese of
Bremen and Prince-Bishopric of Verden as appanages for his
younger sons. He skillfully took advantage of the alarm of the
German Protestants after the Battle of White Mountain in 1620,
to secure coadjutorship of the See of Bremen for his son
Frederick (September 1621). A similar arrangement was reached
in November at Verden. Hamburg was also induced to
acknowledge the Danish overlordship of Holstein by the
compact of Steinburg in July 1621.
The Emperor's War
Portrait by Karel van ManderThe growing power of the
Catholics in North Germany in and after 1623 was a threat to the
Danish holdings in the Schleswig-Holstein duchies and almost
induced Christian to intervene directly in the Thirty Years' War.
For a time, however, he stayed his hand. The urgent solicitations
of the western powers, and his fear that Gustavus Adolphus
should supplant him as the champion of the Protestant cause,
finally led him to plunge into war on 9 May 1625.He also feared
that Sweden could use a war to further expand their holdings in
V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648
the Baltic Sea. Christian embarked on a military campaign which
was later known in Denmark and Norway as "The Emperor
War" (Danish: Kejserkrigen, Norwegian: Keiserkrigen).
He had at his disposal from 19,000 to 25,000 men, and at first
gained some successes; but on 27 August 1626 he was utterly
routed by Johan of Tilly in the Battle of Lutter.[1] Christian had
not thoroughly planned the advance against the combined forces
of the Holy Roman Emperor and the Catholic League, as
promises of military support from the Netherlands and England
did not materialize. In the summer of 1627 both Johan of Tilly
and Albrecht von Wallenstein occupied the duchies and the
whole peninsula of Jutland.
Christian now formed an alliance with Sweden on 1 January
1628, as he and Gustavus Adolphus shared the reluctance of
German expansion in the Baltic region. Gustavus Adolphus
pledged to assist Denmark with a fleet in case of need, and
shortly afterwards a Swedo-Danish army and fleet compelled
Wallenstein to raise the siege of Stralsund. Thus with the help of
Sweden, the superior sea-power enabled Denmark to tide over
her worst difficulties, and in May 1629 Christian was able to
conclude peace with the emperor in the Treaty of Lübeck,
without any diminution of territory. However, the treaty bound
Christian not to interfere in the Thirty Years' War any further,
removing any Danish obstacles when Gustavus Adolphus
entered the war in 1630.
Containment of Sweden
Christian's foreign policy did not suffer from lack of confidence
following the Danish defeat in The Emperor's War. To
compensate for lacking export revenues, and also in order to
stifle the Swedish advances in the Thirty Years' War, Christian
enacted a number of increases in the Sound Dues throughout the
1630s. Christian gained both in popularity and influence at
home, and he hoped to increase his external power still further
with the assistance of his sons-in-law, Corfitz Ulfeldt and
Hannibal Sehested, who now came prominently forward.
Between 1629 and 1643 the European situation presented
infinite possibilities to politicians with a taste for adventure.
However, Christian was incapable of a consistent diplomatic
policy. He would neither conciliate Sweden, henceforth his most
dangerous enemy, nor guard himself against her by a definite
system of counter-alliances.[1] Christian contacted the Catholic
part of the Thirty Years' War, and offered to broker a deal with
37
Sweden. However, his mediating was highly skewed in favour of
the Holy Roman Emperor, and was a transparent attempt of
minimizing the influence Swedish influence in the Baltics.[6]
His Scandinavian policy was so irritating and vexatious that
Swedish statesmen advocated for a war with Denmark, to keep
Christian from interfering in the peace negotiations with the
Holy Roman Emperor, and in May 1643, Christian faced another
war against Sweden.[1] The increased Sound Dues had alienated
the Dutch, who turned to support Sweden.[2]
Torstenson War
Sweden was able, thanks to their conquests in the Thirty Years'
War, to attack Denmark from the south as well as the east; the
Dutch alliance promised to secure them at sea. In May, the
Swedish Privy Council decided upon war; on 12 December the
Swedish Field Marshal Lennart Torstensson, advancing from
Bohemia, crossed the southern frontier of Denmark; by the end
of January 1644 the whole peninsula of Jutland was in his
possession. This unexpected attack, conducted from first to last
with consummate ability and lightning-like rapidity, had a
paralysing effect upon Denmark. Fortunately for his subjects, in
the midst of almost universal helplessness and confusion,
Christian knew his duty and had the courage to do it.
Vilhelm Marstrand: Christian at the Battle of Colberger Heide.In
his sixty-sixth year he once more displayed something of the
magnificent energy of his triumphant youth. Night and day he
laboured to levy armies and equip fleets. Fortunately for him, the
Swedish government delayed hostilities in Scania till February
1644, and the Danes were able to make adequate defensive
preparations and save the important fortress of Malmö. The
Danish fleet denied Torstensson crossing from Jutland to Funen,
and defeated the Dutch auxiliary fleet which came to
Torstensson's assistance at the Action of 16 May 1644.[6]
Another attempt to transport Torstensson and his army to the
Danish islands by a large Swedish fleet was frustrated by
Christian IV in person on 1 July 1644. On that day the two fleets
encountered at the Battle of Colberger Heide. As Christian stood
on the quarter-deck of the Trinity a cannon close by was
exploded by a Swedish cannonball, and splinters of wood and
metal wounded the king in thirteen places, blinding one eye and
flinging him to the deck. But he was instantly on his feet again,
cried with a loud voice that it was well with him, and set every
one an example of duty by remaining on deck till the fight was
over. Darkness at last separated the contending fleets; and the
battle was drawn.
The Danish fleet subsequently blockaded the Swedish ships in
the Bay of Kiel. But the Swedish fleet escaped, and the
annihilation of the Danish fleet by the combined navies of
Sweden and the Netherlands, after an obstinate fight between
Fehmarn and Lolland at the end of September, exhausted the
military resources of Denmark and compelled Christian to accept
the mediation of France and the Netherlands; and peace was
finally signed with the Treaty of Brömsebro on 8 February 1645.
Here Denmark had to cede Gotland, Ösel and (for thirty years)
Halland, while Norway lost the two provinces Jämtland and
Härjedalen, giving Sweden the supremacy of the Baltic Sea.
V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

Last years and death

Monument of Christian IV in Kristiansand, Norway.After the
Torstenson War, Rigsraadet took on an increasing role, under the
leadership of Corfitz Ulfeldt and Hannibal Sehested. The last
years of Christian's life were embittered by sordid differences
with his sons-in-law, especially with Corfitz Ulfeldt.

He was responsible for several witch burnings, most notably the

conviction and execution of Maren Spliid (Splids), who was
victim of the witch hunt at Ribe and was burned at the Gallows
Hill near Ribe on 9 November 1641.

On 21 February 1648, at his earnest request, he was carried in a

litter from Frederiksborg to his beloved Copenhagen, where he
died a week later. He was buried in Roskilde Cathedral.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark

38

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

DENMARK-NORWAY (1643-1645AD) MERCENARIES

CHARACTERS: Up to 25% 0-3 FIELD GUNS

CAVALRY: Up to 25%
INFANTRY: At least 50%
MERCENARIES: Up to 25% (Artillery up to 10%) GERMAN MERCENARY REITERS
ALLIES: Up to 25% CA SA KA Mo Pts F
SIP: not pooled Horseman 2 4 3 7 17 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols

CHARACTERS

CA SA KA Mo L S Pts ALLIES
Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170
Brigade Com. Only in 1644AD: Holy Roman Empire
- - - 8 1 +1 90
Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90

Equipment and Armour Value: as unit

Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3).

Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each.

Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points.

CAVALRY

CUIRASSIERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols

Special Rules: Caracole

CHEVAUX LÈGERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 14 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols

HARQUEBUSIERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 14 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, arquebus

INFANTRY

FOOT
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Trooper 3 3 3 7 8 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike.

Up to half may have musket (+1)
Special Rules: Swedish Ordonnance

0-1 GUARD FIRELOCKS

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Guard 3 4 3 8 14 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.

Special Rules: Firelocks, Swedish Ordonnance

0-1 DRAGOONS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike

Special Rules: Dragoons

39

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

ELECTORATE OF THE PALATINATE (KURPFALZ) MERCENARIES

CHARACTERS: Up to 25% 0-4 FIELD GUNS

CAVALRY: Up to 25%
INFANTRY: At least 50%
MERCENARIES: Up to 10% 0-1 CUIRASSIERS
ALLIES: Up to 25% CA SA KA Mo Pts F
SIP: not pooled Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols

CHARACTERS Special Rules: Caracole

CA SA KA Mo L S Pts MUSKETEERS
Army General CA SA KA Mo Pts F
- - - 9 3 +2 170
Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 R
Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90
Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90 Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.
Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance
Equipment and Armour Value: as unit
Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3). PIKEMEN
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R
Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points.
Equipment: Hand weapon, pike.
May have heavy armour (+3).
CAVALRY Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

CARACOLING REITERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F ALLIES
Horseman 2 3 3 7 19 L
Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Spanish Allies
Special Rules: Caracole

CARACOLING HARQUEBUSIERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 2 3 3 7 16 L
Equipment: Hand weapon, arquebus
Special Rules: Caracole

INFANTRY

MILITIA
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Militia 2 2 3 7 6 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have light (+1) or heavy

armour (+3).
At least half must be armed with arquebus (free) or musket (+1)
but can’t have armour.
Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

MILITIA MUSKETEERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Musketeer 2 2 3 7 6 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.

IRREGULARS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Levy 2 2 3 6 5 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, halberd

Special Rules: Undisciplined, Unmotivated

40

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

ENGLAND NORTHERN MILITIA BOWS AND BILLS

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Militia 3 3 3 6 6 R
CAVALRY: Up to 25%
INFANTRY: At least 50% Equipment: Hand weapon, halberd
MERCENARIES: Up to 25% (Artillery up to 10%) Up to half may have bow instead of halberd (free)
SIP: not pooled Special Rules: Combined Formation

CHARACTERS MERCENARIES

CA SA KA Mo L S Pts 0-3 FIELD GUNS

Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170
Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 0-1 IRISH LIGHT HORSE
Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90 CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 14 S
Equipment and Armour Value: as unit
Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3). Equipment: Hand weapon, pistol

Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. IRISH MUSKETEERS
Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points. CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 R

CAVALRY Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.

Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance
0-1 CUIRASSIERS
IRISH PIKEMEN
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R
Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R
Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols
Special Rules: Caracole, Must be the smallest cavalry unit Equipment: Hand weapon, pike.
Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance
HARQUEBUSIERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 14 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket

May have pistol and carbine instead of musket (free)

NORTHERN MILITIA HORSE

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 L

Equipment: Hand weapon

May have pistol (+2)
Special Rules: Feign Flight

INFANTRY

DRAGOONS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike

Special Rules: Dragoons

MILITIA OR RAW LEVY MUSKETEERS

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Musketeer 3 2 3 6 6 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.

Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

MILITIA OR RAW LEVY PIKEMEN

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Pikeman 2 3 3 6 6 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike.

Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

41

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

FRANCE DRAGOONS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L
CAVALRY: Up to 25%
INFANTRY: At least 50% Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike
MERCENARIES: Up to 25% (Artillery up to 10%) Special Rules: Dragoons
ALLIES: Up to 25%
SIP: not pooled NEW FOOT
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Trooper 3 3 3 7 8 L
CHARACTERS
Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.
CA SA KA Mo L S Pts Special Rules: Swedish Ordonnance, Only from 1636AD
Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170
Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 MERCENARIES
Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90
0-3 FIELD GUNS
Equipment and Armour Value: as unit
Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3).
BERNARDINE CAVALRY
Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points. Horseman 2 4 3 7 15 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols

CAVALRY Special Rules: Only 1636-1645AD

CHEVAUX LÈGERS BERNARDINE FOOT

CA SA KA Mo Pts F CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 14 L Trooper 3 3 3 6 7 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.

May have light armour (+2) Special Rules: Swedish Ordonnance,, Only 1636-1645AD
Only from 1637AD: Upgrade to CA4 (+2)

CARABINS ALLIES
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 S Only until 1636AD: Venetian Allies
Only from 1637AD: Swedish Allies
Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine Only from 1637AD: Dutch Allies
Special Rules: Feign Flight Only from 1637AD: Hessen-Kassel Allies

GENDARMES
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols

Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry, Only until 1636AD

INFANTRY

0-1 GARDES
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Guard 4 4 3 7 12 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike.

Up to half may be armed with arquebus (free) or musket (+1)
Special Rules: Drilled, Dutch Ordonnance

VIEUX CORPS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Trooper 3 3 3 6 7 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike.

Up to half may be armed with arquebus (free) or musket (+1).
Only from 1637AD: Upgrade to Mo7 (+1)
Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

42

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

HESSEN-KASSEL GRENADIERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Grenadier 3 3 3 7 12 -
CAVALRY: Up to 25%
INFANTRY: At least 50% Equipment: Hand weapon, Grenadoe
MERCENARIES: Up to 10% 0-3 Grenadiers can be added into units of pike or shot.
SIP: not pooled Special Rules: Only from 1631AD

CHARACTERS MERCENARIES

CA SA KA Mo L S Pts 0-4 FIELD GUNS

Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170
Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90
Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90

Equipment and Armour Value: as unit

Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3).

Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each.

Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points.

CAVALRY

CUIRASSIERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols

Only until 1632AD: May have Heavy Cavalry instead of
Caracole (free)
Only after 1632AD: Downgrade to Mo7 (-2)
Special Rules: Caracole

INFANTRY

DRAGOONS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike

Special Rules: Dragoons

MUSKETEERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.

Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

PIKEMEN
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have heavy armour (+3).

Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

OUTRAGED PEASANTS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Levy 2 2 3 5 3 R

Equipment: Hand weapon

Special Rules: Undisciplined, Unmotivated

MOUNTED JÄGER
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Dragoon 3 4 3 7 12 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine

Special Rules: Dragoons, Only from 1631AD
43

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE PIKEMEN

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R
CAVALRY: Up to 25% Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have heavy armour (+3).
INFANTRY: At least 50% Special Rules: Spanish Ordonnance
MERCENARIES: Up to 50% (Artillery up to 10%)
ALLIES: Up to 25% 0-1 RONDARTSCHIER
SIP: not pooled CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Swordsman 4 3 3 8 18 R
Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, shield
CHARACTERS KA4 against infantry. May be deploey separately or as combined
formation with the pikemen. Must be the smallest infantry unit.
Special Rules: Drilled
CA SA KA Mo L S Pts
Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170
0-4 BATTALION GUNS
Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 Special Rules: Only after 1632AD
Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90

MERCENARIES
Equipment and Armour Value: as unit
Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3).
0-4 FIELD GUNS
Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each.
Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points.
BAVARIAN CUIRASSIERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CAVALRY Horseman 4 3 3 8 24 R
Equipment: Horse, hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols
CUIRASSIERS Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CROAT
Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 18 L
Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols
Only until 1632AD: May have Heavy Cavalry and lance instead Equipment: Horse, hand weapon, lance.
of Caracole (+2) Special Rules: Feign Flight
Only after 1632AD: Downgrade to Mo7 (-2)
Special Rules: Caracole POLISH COSSACKS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CARACOLING REITERS Horseman 3 3 3 6 17 S
CA SA KA Mo Pts F Equipment: Horse, hand weapon, pistols
Horseman 2 3 3 7 19 L May have thrusting spear (+2)
Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Special Rules: Feign Flight
Only after 1632AD: Upgrade to SA4 (+2)
Special Rules: Caracole HUNGARIAN HUSSARS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CARABINS Horseman 3 3 3 7 15 S
CA SA KA Mo Pts F Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine or bow
Horseman 3 3 3 7 14 S Special Rules: Feign Flight
Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine Only Eastern Frontier
Special Rules: Only until 1616AD

CARACOLING HARQUEBUSIERS ALLIES

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 L Spanish Allies
Equipment: Hand weapon, arquebus
Only after 1632AD: Upgrade to SA4 (+2)
Special Rules: Caracole, Only after 1616AD

INFANTRY

DRAGOONS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L
Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike
Special Rules: Dragoons

MUSKETEERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 R
Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.
After 1632AD: May have Swinefeathers (+20, count as Stakes)
Special Rules: Spanish Ordonnance
44

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648
ALBRECHT VON WALLENSTEIN
Early life
Isabelle von Harrach, Wallenstein's second wifeWallenstein was
born on 24 September 1583 in Heřmanice, Bohemia, into a poor
Protestant branch of the Waldstein (Wallenstein, Valdštejn)
family who owned Heřmanice castle and seven surrounding
villages. His mother Markéta (née Smiřická of Smiřice) died in
1593, his father Wilhelm (Vilém) in 1595. They had raised him
bilingually – the father spoke German while his mother preferred
Czech – yet Wallenstein in his childhood had a better command
of Czech than of German.The religious affiliation of the parents
was Lutheranism and Utraquism.
After the death of his parents, Albrecht for two years lived with
his maternal uncle, Jindřich Slavata of Chlum and Košumberk, a
member of the Unity of the Brethren (Bohemian Brethren), and
adapted his uncle's religious affiliation. Uncle sent him to the
brethren's school at Košumberk Castle in Eastern Bohemia. In
1597, Albrecht was sent to the Protestant Latin school at
Goldberg (now Złotoryja) in Silesia, where the then German
environment led him to hone his German language skills. While
German became Wallenstein's everyday language, he is said to
have continued to curse in Czech. On 29 August 1599
Wallenstein continued his education at the Protestant University
of Altdorf near Nuremberg, Franconia, where he was often
engaged in brawls and épée fights, leading to his imprisonment
in town prison.
Already in February 1600, Albrecht left Altdorf for his Grand
Tour through the HRE, France and Italy, where he studied at the
universities of Bologna and Padua. Wallenstein thus was in
command of the German, Czech, Latin and Italian languages,
was able to understand Spanish, and had some skills in French.
Wallenstein then joined the army of the Emperor Rudolf II in
Hungary, where he saw, under the command of Giorgio Basta,
two years of armed service (1604–1606) against the Ottoman
Turks and Hungarian rebels. In 1604, his sister Kateřina Anna
married the leader of Moravian Protestants Karel the Older of
Zierotin. He studied at University of Olomouc (matriculated
1605). In 1606, he came into contact with the Olomouc Jesuits,
and converted to Catholicism in the same year. The decision to
45
convert may have had its roots in his friendship with the Jesuits,
the Counter-Reformation policy of the Habsburgs which
effectively barred Protestants from being appointed to higher
offices at court, in Bohemia and in Moravia, and the impressions
he gathered in Catholic Italy. However, there are no sources
indicating the reason for Wallenstein's conversion, except for a
subjunctive anecdote by his contemporary Franz Christoph von
Khevenmüller about Virgin Mary saving Wallenstein's life when
he fell from a window in Innsbruck. Wallenstein later would owe
allegiance to the Imperial Habsburg Monarchy as a member of
the Order of the Golden Fleece.
In 1607, upon recommendation by his brother-in-law Zierotin
and another relative Adam of Waldstein, often mistakenly
referred to as his uncle, Wallenstein was made chamberlain at
the court of Matthias, and later also chamberlain of archdukes
Ferdinand and Maximilian.
In 1609, Wallenstein married Czech Lucretia of Víckov, née
Nekšová of Landek, rich widow of Arkleb of Víckov owning the
towns of Vsetín, Lukov, Rymice and Všetuly/Holešov (all in
eastern Moravia). She was three years older than himself, and he
inherited her estates after her death in 1614. He used his wealth
to win favour, offering and commanding 200 horses for
Archduke Ferdinand of Styria for his war with Venice in 1617,
thereby relieving the fortress of Gradisca from Venetian siege.
He later endowed a monastery in her name, and had her reburied
there.
In 1623, Wallenstein married Isabella Katharina, daughter of
Count Harrach. She bore him two children, a son who died in
infancy and a surviving daughter. Examples of the couple's
correspondence survive. Both marriages made him one of the
wealthiest men in the Bohemian Crown.
Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War began in 1618 when the estates of
Bohemia rebelled against Ferdinand of Styria and elected
Frederick V, Elector Palatine, the leader of the Protestant Union,
as their new king. Wallenstein associated himself with the cause
of the Catholics and the Habsburg dynasty. Sympathizing with
the Bohemians, he used his position as commander of the troops
of the Moravian estates to escape with the Moravian treasure-
chest to Vienna. There, however, the authorities told him that the
money would go back to the Moravians — but he had shown his
loyalty to Ferdinand, the future Emperor.
Wallenstein equipped a regiment of cuirassiers and won great
distinction under Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of
Bucquoy in the wars against Ernst von Mansfeld and Gabriel
Bethlen (both supporters of the Bohemian revolt) in Moravia.
Wallenstein recovered his lands (which the rebels had seized in
1619) and after the Battle of White Mountain (8 November
1620) he secured the estates belonging to his mother's family and
confiscated tracts of Protestant lands. He grouped his new
possessions into a territory called Friedland (Frýdlant) in
northern Bohemia. A series of successes in battle led to
Wallenstein becoming in 1622 an imperial count palatine, in
1623 a prince, and in 1625 Duke of Friedland. Wallenstein
proved an able administrator of the duchy and also sent a large
representation to Prague to emphasize his nobility.
Self image Wallenstein depicted as Mars, the God of war, riding
the sky in a chariot pulled by four horses. Ceiling decoration in
the main hall of the Wallenstein PalaceIn order to aid Ferdinand
(elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1619) against the Northern
Protestants and to produce a balance in the Army of the Catholic
League under Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, Wallenstein
offered to raise a whole army for the imperial service following
the bellum se ipsum alet principle, and received his final
commission on 25 July 1625. Wallenstein’s success as a military
commander brought him fiscal credit, which in turn enabled him
to receive loans to buy lands, many of them being the former
estates of conquered Bohemian nobles. Wallenstein also used his
credit to grant loans to Ferdinand II, who then repaid him
through lands and titles. Wallenstein's popularity soon recruited
V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

30,000 (not long afterwards 50,000) men. The two armies Treachery and death
worked together over 1625–27, at first against Mansfeld.

Having beaten Mansfeld at Dessau (25 April 1626), Wallenstein

cleared Silesia of the remnants of Mansfeld's army in 1627. At
this time he bought from the emperor the Duchy of Sagan (in
Silesia). He then joined Tilly in the struggle with Christian IV of
Denmark, and afterwards gained as a reward the Duchies of
Mecklenburg, whose hereditary dukes suffered expulsion for
having helped the Danish king. This awarding of a major
territory to someone of the lower nobility shocked the high-born
rulers of many other German states.

Wallenstein assumed the title of "Admiral of the North and

Baltic Seas". However, in 1628 he failed to capture Stralsund,
which resisted the Capitulation of Franzburg and the subsequent
siege with assistance of Danish, Scottish and Swedish troops, a
blow that denied him access to the Baltic and the chance of
challenging the naval power of the Scandinavian kingdoms and
of the Netherlands. Though he succeeded in defeating Christian
IV of Denmark in the Battle of Wolgast and neutralizing
Denmark in the subsequent Peace of Lübeck, the situation
further deteriorated when the presence of the Imperial catholic
troops on the Baltic and the Emperor's "Edict of Restitution"
brought King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden into the conflict.
He attempted to aid forces of the Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth under Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski, which
were fighting Sweden in 1629; however, Wallenstein failed to
engage any major Swedish forces and this significantly affected
the outcome of the conflict.
Over the course of the war Wallenstein's ambitions and the
exactions of his army had made him a host of enemies, both
Catholic and Protestant princes and non-princes. Ferdinand
suspected Wallenstein of planning a coup to take control of the
Holy Roman Empire. The Emperor's advisors advocated
dismissing him, and in September 1630 envoys were sent to
Wallenstein to announce his removal. Wallenstein gave over his
army to General Tilly, and retired to Jičín, the capital of his
Duchy of Friedland. There he lived in an atmosphere of
"mysterious magnificence".
However, circumstances forced Ferdinand to call Wallenstein
into the field again. The successes of Gustavus Adolphus over
General Tilly at the Battle of Breitenfeld and on the Lech (1632),
where Tilly was killed, and his advance to Munich and
occupation of Bohemia, demanded action. In the spring of 1632,
Wallenstein raised a fresh army within a few weeks and took to
the field. He drove the Saxon army from Bohemia and then
advanced against Gustavus Adolphus, whom he opposed near
Nuremberg and after the Battle of the Alte Veste dislodged. In
November, came the great Battle of Lützen, in which
Wallenstein was forced to retreat but in the confused melee,
Gustavus Adolphus was killed. Wallenstein then withdrew to
winter quarters in Bohemia.
The Killing of Wallenstein
In December Wallenstein retired with his army to Bohemia,
around Plzeň. Vienna soon definitely convinced itself of his
treachery, a secret court found him guilty, and the Emperor
looked seriously for a means of getting rid of him (a successor in
command, the later emperor Ferdinand III, was already waiting).
Wallenstein was aware of the plan to replace him, but felt
confident that when the army came to decide between him and
the Emperor the decision would be in his favour.
On January 24, 1634 the Emperor signed a secret patent (shown
only to certain of Wallenstein's officers) removing him from his
command. Finally an open patent charging Wallenstein with
high treason was signed on February 18 and published in Prague.
Losing the support of his army, Wallenstein now realized the
extent of his peril, and on February 23 with a company of some
hundred men, he went from Plzeň to Cheb, hoping to meet the
Swedes under Duke Bernhard. After his arrival at Cheb,
however, certain senior Scottish and Irish officers in his force
assassinated him on the night of February 25.To carry out the
assassination, a regiment of dragoons under the command of an
Irish Colonel Butler and the Scots colonels Walter Leslie and
John Gordon first fell upon Wallenstein's trusted officers Adam
Trczka, Vilém Kinsky, Christian Illov and Henry Neumann
whilst the latter banqueted at Cheb Castle (which had come
under the command of John Gordon himself), and massacred
them. Trczka alone managed to fight his way out into the
courtyard, only to be shot down by a group of musketeers.A few
hours later, an Irish captain, Walter Devereux, together with a
few companions, broke into the burgomaster's house at the main
square where Wallenstein had his lodgings (again courtesy of
John Gordon), and kicked open the bedroom door. Devereux
then ran his halberd through the unarmed Wallenstein, who,
roused from sleep, is said to have asked in vain for quarter.
The Holy Roman Emperor may not have commanded the
murder, nor even desired it, but he had given free rein to the
party who he knew wished "to bring in Wallenstein, alive or
dead." After the assassination, he rewarded the murderers with
honour and riches.

In the campaigning of 1633, Wallenstein's apparent Wallenstein was buried at Jičín.

unwillingness to attack the enemy caused much concern in
Vienna and in Spain. At this time the dimensions of the war Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_von_Wallenstein
grew more European. Wallenstein had, in fact, started preparing
to desert the Emperor: he expressed anger at Ferdinand's refusal
to revoke the Edict of Restitution. History records tell little about
his secret negotiations; but rumors told that he was preparing to
force a just peace on the Emperor in the interests of united
Germany, at the same time hesitating — as he used to do in other
respects — and trying to stay loyal to the Emperor as far as
possible. With this apparent "plan" he entered into negotiations
with Saxony, Brandenburg, Sweden, and France. But,
apparently, the Habsburgs' enemies tried to draw him to their
side. In any case, he gained little support. Anxious to make his
power felt, he at last resumed the offensive against the Swedes
and Saxons, winning his last victory at Steinau on the Oder in
October. He then resumed negotiations.

46

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

FRANZ VON MERCY

Franz von Mercy who came of a noble family of Lorraine, was

born at Longwy some time between 1590 and 1598. From 1606
to 1630 he was engaged in the imperial service. By the latter
year he had attained high military rank, and after distinguishing
himself at the first Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) he commanded a
regiment of foot on the Rhine and defended Rheinfelden against
the Swedes with the utmost bravery, surrendering only after
enduring a five-months' siege. He now became a general officer
of cavalry (General-Feldwachtmeister), and in 1635, 1636 and
1637 took part in further campaigns on the Rhine and Doubs.

In September 1638 the elector of Bavaria made him master-

general of ordnance in the army of Bavaria, then the second
largest army in Germany. In the next campaign he was
practically commander-in-chief of the Bavarians, and at times
also of an allied army of Imperialists and Bavarians. He was now
considered one of the foremost soldiers in Europe, and was made
general field marshal in 1643 when he won his great victory over
the French Marshal Rantzau at the Battle of Tuttlingen (Nov. 24-
25), capturing the marshal and seven thousand men.

In the following year Mercy opposed the French armies, now

under the Great Condé and the Vicomte de Turenne. He fought,
and in the end lost, the desperate Battle of Freiburg, but
revenged himself the next year by inflicting upon Turenne the
defeat of Mergentheim (Marienthal). Later in 1645, fighting
once more against Enghien and Turenne, Mercy was killed at the
Battle of Nordlingen (or Allerheim) at the crisis of the
engagement, which, even without Mercy's guiding hand, was
almost a drawn battle. He died on 3 August 1645. On the spot
where he fell, Enghien erected a memorial, with the inscription
Sta viator, heroem calcas.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_von_Mercy

47

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648
JOHANN VON WERTH
He was born in 1591 at Büttgen in the duchy of Jülich as the
eldest son with eight more brothers and sisters. His parents
(Johann von Wierdt († 1606) and Elisabeth Streithoven)
belonged to the numerous class of the lesser nobility, and at an
early age he left home to follow the career of a soldier of fortune
in the Walloon cavalry of the Spanish service. In 1622, at the
taking of Jülich, he won promotion to the rank of lieutenant. He
served as a colonel of cavalry in the Bavarian army in 1630. He
obtained the command of a regiment, both titular and effective,
in 1632, and in 1633 and 1634 laid the foundations of his
reputation as a swift and terrible leader of cavalry forays. His
services were even more conspicuous in the great pitched Battle
of Nördlingen (1634), after which the emperor made him a
Freiherr of the Empire, and the elector of Bavaria gave him the
rank of lieutenant field-marshal. About this time he armed his
regiment with the musket as well as the sword.
1635 and 1636 his forays extended into Lorraine and
Luxembourg, after which he projected an expedition into the
heart of France. Starting in July 1636, from the country of the
lower Meuse, he raided far and wide, and even urged the
cardinal infante, who commanded in chief, to "plant the double
eagle on the Louvre." Though this was not attempted. Worth's
horsemen appeared at Saint-Denis before the uprising of the
French national spirit in the shape of an army of fifty thousand
men at Compiègne forced the invaders to retire whence they had
come. The memory of this raid lasted long, and the name of
"Jean de Wert" figures in folk-songs and serves as a bogey to
quiet unruly children.
In 1637 Werth was once more in the Rhine valley, destroying
convoys, relieving besieged towns and surprising the enemy's
camps. In February 1638 he defeated the Weimar troops in an
engagement at Rheinfelden, but shortly afterwards was made
prisoner by Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar. His hopes of being
exchanged for the Swedish field marshal Gustaf Horn were
disappointed for Bernhard had to deliver up his captive to the
French. The terrible Jean de Wert was brought to Paris, amidst
great rejoicings from the country people. He was lionized by the
society of the capital, visited in prison by high ladies, who
48
marvelled at his powers of drinking and his devotion to tobacco.
So light was his captivity that he said that nothing bound him but
his "word of honour". However, he looked forward with anxiety
for his release, which was delayed until March 1642 because the
imperial government feared to see Horn at the head of the
Swedish army and would not allow an exchange.
When at last he reappeared in the field it was as general of
cavalry in the imperial and Bavarian and Cologne services. His
first campaign against the French marshal Guebriant was
uneventful, but his second (1643) in which Baron Franz von
Mercy was his commander-in-chief, ended with the victory of
Tuttlingen, a surprise on a large scale, in which Werth naturally
played the leading part. In 1644 he was in the lower Rhine
country, but he returned to Mercy's headquarters in time to take a
brilliant share in the battle of Freiburg. In the following year his
resolution and bravery, and also his uncontrolled rashness,
played the most conspicuous part in deciding the day at the
second battle of Nördlingen. Mercy was killed in this action, and
Werth succeeded to the command of the defeated army, but he
was soon superseded by Field-marshal Geleen. Johann von
Werth was disappointed, but remained thoroughly loyal to his
soldierly code of honour, and found an outlet for his anger in
renewed military activity.
In 1647 differences arose between the elector and the emperor as
to the allegiance due from the Bavarian troops, in which, after
long hesitation, Werth, fearing that the cause of the Empire and
of the Catholic religion would be ruined if the elector resumed
control of the troops, attempted to take his men over the Austrian
border. But they refused to follow and, escaping with great
difficulty from the elector's vengeance, Werth found a refuge in
Austria. The emperor was grateful for his conduct in this affair,
ordered the elector to rescind his ban, and made Werth a count.
The last campaign of the war (1648) was uneventful, and shortly
after its close he retired to live on the estates which he had
bought in the course of his career, and on one of these, Benátky
nad Jizerou 40 kilometres (25 mi) NE of Prague in Bohemia, a
gift from the emperor, he died on September 12, 1652 and was
buried in the church of Nativity of the Virgin Mary in Benátky.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_von_Werth
V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

HUNGARIAN ANTI-HABSBURG REBELS PIKEMEN

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R
CAVALRY: Up to 25%
INFANTRY: At least 25% Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have heavy armour (+3).
MERCENARIES: Up to 50% Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance
SIP: not pooled
OUTRAGED PEASANTS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CHARACTERS Levy 2 2 3 5 3 R

CA SA KA Mo L S Pts Equipment: Hand weapon

Army General Special Rules: Undisciplined, Unmotivated
- - - 9 3 +2 170
Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90
Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90 MERCENARIES

Equipment and Armour Value: as unit 0-4 FIELD GUNS

Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3).

Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each.

Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points.

CAVALRY

CUIRASSIERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armor, pistols

Only until 1632AD: May have Heavy Cavalry instead of
Caracole (free)
Only after 1632AD: Downgrade to Mo7 (-2)
Special Rules: Caracole

CARACOLING REITERS OR HARQUEBUSIERS

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols or arquebus

Special Rules: Caracole

HUNGARIAN HUSSARS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 15 S

Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine or bow

Special Rules: Feign Flight

INFANTRY

DRAGOONS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike

Special Rules: Dragoons

MUSKETEERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.

Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

49

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

HUNGARY & TRANSYLVANIA MERCENARIES

CHARACTERS: Up to 25% 0-4 FIELD GUNS

CAVALRY: Up to 25%
INFANTRY: At least 50%
MERCENARIES: Up to 10% CUIRASSIERS
ALLIES: Up to 25% CA SA KA Mo Pts F
SIP: not pooled Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R

CAVALRY Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols

Only until 1632AD: May have Heavy Cavalry instead of
HUNGARIAN HUSSARS Caracole (free)
CA SA KA Mo Pts F Only after 1632AD: Downgrade to Mo7 (-2)
Horseman 3 3 3 7 15 S Special Rules: Caracole

Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine or bow CARACOLING REITERS OR HARQUEBUSIERS

Special Rules: Feign Flight CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 L
NOBLE CAVALRY
CA SA KA Mo Pts F Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols or arquebus
Horseman 3 3 3 7 22 L Special Rules: Caracole

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, lance, pistol

MERCENARY MUSKETEERS
LOWER NOBILITY CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CA SA KA Mo Pts F Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 R
Horseman 3 3 3 7 18 L
Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.
Equipment: Hand weapon, light armour, pistol Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance
May have bow or carbine instead of pistol (free)
MERCENARY PIKEMEN
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
INFANTRY Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R

DRAGOONS Equipment: Hand weapon, pike.

CA SA KA Mo Pts F Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance
Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L
ALLIES
Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike
Special Rules: Dragoons
Spanish Allies
HAIDUKS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Haiduk 3 3 3 7 7 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, arquebus. May have halberd (+1)

MILITIA
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Militia 2 2 3 5 3 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, bow

May have flail (count as halberd) or arquebus instead of bow
(free)

PEASANTS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Levy 2 2 3 5 3 R

Equipment: Hand weapon

Special Rules: Undisciplined, Unmotivated

50

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648
BETHLEN GÁBOR
Gabriel Bethlen (de Iktár) (Hungarian: Bethlen Gábor,
Romanian: Gabriel Bethlen, German: Gabriel Bethlen von Iktár;
1580 – November 15, 1629) was a king of Hungary as Gabriel I
(1620-1621), prince of Transylvania (1613–1629), duke of
Opole (1622–1625) and leader of an anti-Habsburg insurrection
in the Habsburg Royal Hungary. His last armed intervention in
1626 was part of the Thirty Years' War. He led an active
Protestant-oriented foreign policy.
Gabriel Bethlen, the most famous representative of the Iktári
branch of the ancient Hungarian Bethlen family, was born at
Marosillye (today Ilia in Romania) and educated at Szárhegy
(today Lăzarea in Romania) at the castle of his uncle András
Lázár. Thence he was sent to the court of the Transylvanian
Prince Sigismund Báthory, whom he accompanied on his famous
Wallachian campaign. Subsequently he assisted István Bocskay
to become Prince of Transylvania in 1605 and remained his chief
counsellor. Bethlen also supported Bocskay's successor Gabriel
Báthory (1608–1613), but the prince became jealous of Bethlen's
superior abilities and Bethlen was obliged to take refuge with the
Turks of the Ottoman Empire.
Prince of Transylvania
In 1613, Bethlen led a large army against Prince Báthory, but in
the same year Báthory was murdered by two of his officers.
Bethlen was placed on the throne by the Ottomans in opposition
to the wishes of the Austrian Habsburg emperor, who preferred a
prince who would incline more toward Vienna than toward
Ottoman Constantinople. On 13 October 1613, the
Transylvanian Diet at Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca), confirmed the
choice of the Turkish sultan. In 1615, Bethlen was also officially
recognized by the Emperor Matthias as the Prince of
Transylvania; Bethlen promised in secret that he would help the
Habsburgs against the Ottomans.
While avoiding the cruelties and excesses of many of his
predecessors, Bethlen established a singular variant of
patriarchal but sufficiently enlightened absolutism. He developed
mines and industry and nationalised many branches of
Transylvania's foreign trade. His agents bought up many
products at fixed prices and sold them abroad at a profit, almost
doubling his revenues. He built himself a grand new palace in
his capital, Gyulafehérvár (today Alba Iulia), kept a sumptuous
51
court, composed hymns, and patronised the arts and learning,
especially in connection with his own Calvinist faith. He
founded an academy to which he invited any pastor and teacher
from Royal Hungary; sent students abroad to the Protestant
universities of England, the Low Countries, and the Protestant
principalities of Germany;, conferred hereditary nobility on all
Protestant pastors; and forbade landlords to prevent their serfs
from having their children schooled.
Other parts of his revenue he devoted toward keeping an
efficient standing army of mercenaries, with whose help he
conducted an ambitious foreign policy. Keeping peace with the
Ottoman Porte, he struck out to the north and west.
There were several reasons for his anti-Habsburg interventions
in neighbouring Royal Hungary (1619–1626) which took place
during Central Europe's Thirty Years' War:
He was partly motivated by personal ambition.
Habsburg absolutism in Royal Hungary.
The Habsburgs had started a successful Counter-Reformation in
Royal Hungary which confiscated properties of local Protestants.
Bethlen seems also to have been genuinely anxious to protect
Protestant liberties.
The Habsburgs had violated the Peace of Vienna of 1606 that put
an end to the anti-Habsburg uprising of Bethlen's "predecessor"
István Bocskay.
The Habsburgs had violated the secret agreement with Bethlen
of 1615 and prolonged the peace with Ottoman Empire in July
1615, and even entered into an alliance with George Druget, the
captain of Upper Hungary (i.e. present-day Slovakia and
adjacent territories) against Bethlen.
Gabriel Bethlen's seal.
While Emperor Ferdinand was occupied with the Bohemian
rebellion of 1618, Bethlen led his armies into Royal Hungary in
August 1619 and occupied the town of Kassa(Košice) in
September, where his Protestant supporters declared him "head"
of Hungary and protector of the Protestants. He soon won over
the entirety of Upper Hungary (present-day Slovakia), even
securing the capital of Royal Hungary, Pozsony (Bratislava), in
October, where the palatine even handed over the Crown of St
Stephen to Bethlen. Bethlen's troops joined with the troops of the
Czech and Moravian estates (led by Count Jindrich Matyas
Thurn), but they failed to conquer Vienna in November –
Bethlen was forced to leave Austria after being attacked by
George Druget and Polish mercenaries (lisowczycy) in Upper
Hungary. Although he had conquered most of Royal Hungary,
Bethlen was not averse to a peace, nor to a preliminary
suspension of hostilities, and negotiations were opened at the
conquered towns of Pressburg, Kassa and Besztercebánya
(Banská Bystrica). Initially, they led to nothing because Bethlen
insisted on including the Czechs in the peace, but finally a truce
was concluded in January 1620 under which Bethlen received 13
counties in the east of Royal Hungary. On 20 August 1620 the
estates elected him King of Hungary at the Diet in
Besztercebánya with the consent of the Ottomans and he wanted
to reconcile with the Habsburgs and reunite Hungary. However,
the war with the Habsburgs resumed in Royal Hungary and
Lower Austria in September.
V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

election of his wife Catherine as princess. His first wife,

Zsuzsanna Károlyi, died in 1622.

Gabriel Bethlen was one of the most striking and original

personages of his century. A zealous Calvinist who boasted he
had read the Bible twenty-five times, he was not a bigot and had
helped the Jesuit György Káldy to translate and print his version
of the Scriptures. He was in communication all his life with the
leading contemporary statesmen, so that his correspondence is
one of the most interesting and important of historical
documents. He also composed hymns and employed the
composer Johannes Thesselius as kapellmeister

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bethlen

Print of Gabriel Bethlen on horseback

The defeat of the Czech rebels by Ferdinand II’s troops at the

Battle of White Mountain on 8 November 1620 (to which
Bethlen had sent 3,000 troops which arrived too late) gave a new
turn to Bethlen’s insurrection against the Habsburgs. Ferdinand
II took a fearful revenge upon the Protestant nobility in Bohemia
and reconquered Royal Hungary (Pozsony reconquered in May
1621, central part of the country with the mining towns in June
1621). Because the Protestant nobles had not received the
confiscated property of the Catholics on Bethlen's territory and
thus rescinded their support for Bethlen, and because Bethlen
was not directly supported by the Ottomans, Bethlen started
peace negotiations. As a result, the Treaty of Nikolsburg was
concluded on 31 December 1621, under which Bethlen
renounced the royal title on condition that Ferdinand confirmed
the 1606 Peace of Vienna (which had granted full liberty of
worship to the Hungarian Protestants) and engaged to summon a
general diet within six months). The treaty granted full liberty of
worship to the Protestants of Hungarian Transylvania and agreed
on the summoning of a general diet within six months. In
addition, Bethlen secured the (purely formal) title of “Imperial
Prince“ (of Hungarian Transylvania), seven counties around the
Upper Tisza River and the fortresses of Tokaj, Munkács, and
Ecsed, and a duchy in Silesia.

Subsequently Bethlen twice (1623–1624 and 1626) launched

further campaigns against Ferdinand to the territory of Upper
Hungary (present-day Slovakia), this time as a direct ally of the
anti-Habsburg Protestant powers. The first war was concluded
by the 1624 Peace of Vienna, the second by the 1626 Peace of
Pressburg-both confirmed the 1621 Peace of Nikolsburg. After
the second of these campaigns, Bethlen attempted a
rapprochement with the court of Vienna on the basis of an
alliance against the Turks and his own marriage with an
archduchess of Austria, but Ferdinand rejected his overtures.
Bethlen was obliged to renounce his anti-Turkish projects, which
had always remained a goal of his. Accordingly, on his return
from Vienna he wedded Catherine of Brandenburg, the daughter
of the elector of Brandenburg, and still more closely allied
himself with the Protestant powers, including his brother-in-law
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, who, he hoped, would aid him in
obtaining the Polish crown. Bethlen died on 15 November 1629
before he could accomplish any of his great designs to unite
Transylvania and Hungary, having previously secured the

52

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

OTTOMAN EMPIRE AZABS

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Skirmisher 2 3 3 6 6 S
CAVALRY: Up to 50%
INFANTRY: At least 25% Equipment: Hand weapon, javelins & shield
ALLIES: Up to 25% May have sling instead of javelins & shield (free).
SIP: not pooled May have bow , arquebus or halberd (+1)
With missile weapon they may upgrade to Light Infantry (+1)
Special Rules: Skirmishers
CHARACTERS
LEVENDAT OR EUROPEAN LEVY INFANTRY
CA SA KA Mo L S Pts CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Levy 2 2 3 5 3 R
Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170
Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 Equipment: Hand weapon.
Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90 May have shield, arquebus, musket or halberd (+1)
Special Rules: Undisciplined, Unmotivated
Equipment and Armour Value: as unit ARNAUTS, SLAV OR ANATOLIAN SHARPSHOOTERS
Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3). CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Arquebusier 3 3 3 7 7 L
Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each.
Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points.
Equipment: Hand weapon, arquebus.
May be Dragoons (+2). May have musket (+1)
CAVALRY 0-1 WAGON LAAGER
CA SA KA S L Mo Pts
0-1 QAPUKULU CAVALRY Wagon&crew 3 3 3 6 6 8 60
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 4 4 3 8 24 R Equipment: Six men crew armed with hand weapon, bow or
musket.
Equipment: Hand weapon, thrusting spear, light armour, bow A wagon has a 40x80mm base. Durability 8
May have pistol (+2), heavy armour (+2) and cloth (+4) or metal Up to 4 wagons per laager. Must be deployed first (within up to
(+6) barding.Without barding may be Nomad Cavalry (+2) 2” between the wagons) and cannot move, count as cover. Crew
Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry cannot shoot twice.

FEUDAL SIPAHIS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F 0-2 CAMEL GUNS
Horseman 3 4 3 7 18 R Only against Persia.

Equipment: Hand weapon,

May have thrusting spear (+2),shield (+2), light armour (+2), 0-4 FIELD GUNS
bow (+2) and pistols (+2) May have SA4, Mo8 for 25pts each.
Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry

LIGHT SIPAHIS ALLIES

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 4 3 7 18 L Crimean Tartar Allies
Only until 1629AD: Transylvanian Allies
Equipment: Hand weapon,
May have thrusting spear (+2), shield (+2), bow (+2) and pistoös
(+2)
Special Rules: May Skirmish

DELIS, KURDS OR BEDOUIN ARABS

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 14 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, thrusting spear

May have thrusting spear (+2), shield (+2), light armour (+2) and
pistol (+2). Delis are Fanatical.
Special Rules: May Skirmish

INFANTRY

JANISSARY
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Janissar 3 4 3 8 12 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, bow

May have arquebus (+1) or musket (+2) instead of bow.
May have, light armour (+1) and halberd (+1).
May have Stakes (+20)

53

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

POLISH-LITHUANIAN (1618-1631) WYBRANIECKA PEASANT INFANTRY

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Levy 2 3 3 6 5 R
CAVALRY: At least 25%
INFANTRY: Up to 50% Equipment: Hand weapon, halberd or arquebus
MERCENARIES: Up to 25% (Artillery up to 10%) Special Rules: Undisciplined, Unmotivated
ALLIES: Up to 25%
SIP: not pooled 0-1 WAGON LAAGER
CA SA KA S L Mo Pts
CHARACTERS Wagon&crew 3 3 3 6 6 8 60

CA SA KA Mo L S Pts Equipment: Six men crew armed with hand weapon, bow or
musket.
Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170 A wagon has a 40x80mm base. Durability 8
Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 Up to 4 wagons per laager. Must be deployed first (within up to
Army Standard 2” between the wagons) and cannot move, count as cover. Crew
- - - 8 2 +1 90
cannot shoot twice.

Equipment and Armour Value: as unit 0-4 WAR WAGONS

Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3). Special Rules: Instead of Wagon Laager

Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each.

Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points. DRAGOONS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CAVALRY Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L

POLISH WINGED HUSSARS Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike

CA SA KA Mo Pts F Special Rules: Dragoons, Only after 1618AD
Horseman 4 4 3 8 28 R
MERCENARIES
Equipment: Hand weapon, lance, light armour, pistols
May have heavy armour (+2) . 0-4 FIELD GUNS
Special Rules: Shock Charge +2

POLISH PANCERI CAVALRY GERMAN REITERS

CA SA KA Mo Pts F CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 6 17 L Horseman 2 4 3 7 20 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine or bow. May have light Equipment: Horse, hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols
armour (+2), thrusting spear (+2), pistols (+2) and shield (+2)
Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry GERMAN OR LIVONIAN CUIRASSIERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
POLISH COSSACKS Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 18 L Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols
Livonion may have heavy armour and Heavy Cavalry instead of
Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine or bow Caracole (+4)
May have light armour (+2), thrusting spear (+2) Special Rules: Caracole
Special Rules: Feign Flight, May Skirmish
0-1 MERCENARY SHOT
LITHUANIAN TARTARS CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CA SA KA Mo Pts F Arquebusier 3 4 3 7 14 R
Horseman 3 3 3 6 20 S
Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.
Equipment: Hand weapon, bow. May have shield (+2) Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance
May have pistols instead of bow (free) and thrustingspear (+2).
Special Rules: Nomad Cavalry, Feign Flight 0-1 MERCENARY PIKEMEN
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
NOBLE LEVY Pikeman 3 3 3 7 9 R
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 2 3 3 6 16 L Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have heavy armour (+3).
Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance
Equipment: Hand weapon, thrusting spear, bow
May have light armour (+2) and pistol or carbine instead of bow REGISTERED COSSACKS
(free) CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Dragoon 3 4 3 7 12 L
INFANTRY
Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or halberd
HAIDUKS Special Rules: Dragoons
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Haiduk 3 3 3 7 7 R ALLIES

Equipment: Hand weapon, arquebus. May have halberd (+1) or Unregistered Ukrainian Cossack Allies
musket (+1) Only in 1629AD: Holy Roman Empire
54

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

LATER POLISH (1632-1648) GERMAN-STYLE FOOT

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Trooper 3 3 3 7 8 R
CAVALRY: At least 25%
INFANTRY: Up to 25% Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. Up to half may have musket
MERCENARIES: Up to 25% (Artillery up to 10%) (free)
ALLIES: Up to 25% Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance
SIP: not pooled
HAIDUKS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CHARACTERS Haiduk 3 3 3 7 7 R

CA SA KA Mo L S Pts Equipment: Hand weapon, arquebus. May have halberd (+1)

Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170
Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 0-3 BATTALION GUNS
Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90

0-1 WAGON LAAGER

Equipment and Armour Value: as unit CA SA KA S L Mo Pts
Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3). Wagon&crew 3 3 3 6 6 8 60
Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. Equipment: Six men crew armed with hand weapon, bow or
Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points. musket. A wagon has a 40x80mm base. Durability 8
Up to 4 wagons per laager. Must be deployed first (within up to
2” between the wagons) and cannot move, count as cover. Crew
CAVALRY cannot shoot twice.

POLISH WINGED HUSSARS PEASANTS

CA SA KA Mo Pts F CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 4 4 3 8 28 R Levy 2 2 3 5 3 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, lance, light armour, pistols Equipment: Hand weapon. May have shield (+1)
Special Rules: Shock Charge +2 Special Rules: Undisciplined, Unmotivated

POLISH PANCERI CAVALRY

CA SA KA Mo Pts F MERCENARIES
Horseman 3 3 3 6 17 L
0-2 FIELD GUNS
Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine or bow. May have light
armour (+2), thrusting spear (+2), pistols (+2) and shield (+2)
Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry REITERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
POLISH COSSACKS Horseman 2 4 3 7 18 L
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 18 L Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols

Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine or bow LITHUANIAN TARTARS

May have light armour (+2), thrusting spear (+2) CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Special Rules: Feign Flight, May Skirmish Horseman 3 3 3 7 20 S

NOBLE LEVY Equipment: Hand weapon, bow.

CA SA KA Mo Pts F May have pistols instead of bow (free) or shield (+2).
Horseman 2 3 3 6 16 L Special Rules: Nomad Cavalry, Feign Flight

Equipment: Hand weapon, thrusting spear, bow WALLACHIAN OR TARTAR LIGHT HORSE
May have light armour (+2) and pistol or carbine instead of bow CA SA KA Mo Pts F
(free) Horseman 2 3 3 6 15 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistol.

INFANTRY Special Rules: Feign Flight

DRAGOONS 0-1 RONDARTSCHIER

CA SA KA Mo Pts F CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L Swordsman 4 3 3 8 18 R
Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, shield
Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike KA4 against infantry.
Special Rules: Dragoons Special Rules: Drilled

ALLIES

Ukrainian Cossack Allies

55

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

PROTESTANT MERCENARY (1618-1626AD) PIKEMEN

CA SA KA Mo Pts
CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Pikeman 3 3 3 7 11
CAVALRY: Up to 25%
INFANTRY: At least 50% Equipment: Hand weapon, pike.
ARTILLERY: Up to 10% May have heavy armour (+3) and CA4 (+2)
SIP: not pooled May be Drilled (+2)
Special Rules: Swiss or Dutch Ordonnance (not both)

CHARACTERS
ARTILLERY
CA SA KA Mo L S Pts
Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170 0-4 FIELD GUNS
Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90
Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90

Equipment and Armour Value: as unit

Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3).

Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each.

Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points.

CAVALRY

CUIRASSIERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols

May have Heavy Cavalry instead of Caracole(free)
Special Rules: Caracole

CARACOLING REITERS OR HARQUEBUSIERS

CA SA KA Mo Pts
Horseman 2 3 3 7 16

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols or arquebus

Special Rules: Caracole

DUTCH CAVALRY
CA SA KA Mo Pts
Horseman 4 4 3 7 20

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols

Up to half may have CA/SA3 placed in the rear ranks (-4)
Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry

HUNGARIAN HUSSARS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 15 S

Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine or bow

Special Rules: Feign Flight

INFANTRY

DRAGOONS
CA SA KA Mo Pts
Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike

Special Rules: Dragoons

MUSKETEERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts
Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.

Special Rules: Swiss or Dutch Ordonnance (not both)

56

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

ERNST VON MANSFELD About 1624 he paid three visits to London, where he was hailed
as a hero by the populace, and at least one to Paris. James I,
being the father-in-law of Frederick V, Elector Palatine, was
anxious to furnish him with men and money for the recovery of
the Palatinate, but it was not until January 1625 that Mansfeld
and his army of "raw and poor rascals" sailed from Dover to the
Netherlands. Later in the year, the Thirty Years' War having
been renewed under the leadership of Christian IV of Denmark,
he re-entered Germany to take part therein. But on 25 April 1626
Wallenstein inflicted a severe defeat upon him at the bridge of
Dessau. Mansfeld, however, quickly raised another army, with
which he intended to attack the hereditary lands of the house of
Austria, and pursued by Wallenstein he pressed forward towards
Hungary, where he hoped to accomplish his purpose by the aid
of Bethlem Gabor, prince of Transylvania. But when Gabor
changed his policy and made peace with the emperor, Mansfeld
was compelled to disband his troops. He set out for Venice, but
when he reached Rakowitza near Sarajevo, in Bosnia, he was
taken ill, and here he died on 29 November 1626. He was buried
at Split.

Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ernst,_Graf_von_Mansfeld

Mansfeld was an illegitimate son of Graf Peter Ernst von

Mansfeld, and passed his early years in his father's palace at
Luxembourg.

He gained his earliest military experiences in Hungary, where

his half-brother Charles (1543–1595), also a soldier of renown,
held a high command in the imperial army. Later he served
under the Archduke Leopold, until that prince's ingratitude, real
or fancied, drove him into the arms of the enemies of the house
of Habsburg. Although remaining a Roman Catholic he allied
himself with the Protestant princes, and during the earlier part of
the Thirty Years' War he was one of their foremost champions.

He was despatched by Charles Emmanuel, duke of Savoy, at the

head of about 2000 men to aid the revolting Bohemians when
war broke out in 1618. He took Pilsen, but in the summer of
1619 he was defeated at the Battle of Sablat; after this he offered
his services to the emperor Ferdinand II and remained inactive
while the titular king of Bohemia, Frederick V, elector palatine
of the Rhine, was driven in headlong rout from Prague.
Mansfeld, however, was soon appointed by Frederick to
command his army in Bohemia, and in 1621 he took up his
position in the Upper Palatinate, successfully resisting the efforts
made by Tilly to dislodge him.

From the Upper he passed into the Rhenish Palatinate. Here he

relieved Frankenthal and took Hagenau; then, joined by his
master, the elector Frederick, he defeated Tilly at Wiesloch (25
April 1622) and plundered Alsace and Hesse. But Mansfeld's
ravages were not confined to the lands of his enemies; they were
ruinous to the districts he was commissioned to defend.

At length Frederick was obliged to dismiss Mansfeld's troops

from his service. Then joining Christian of Brunswick the count
led his army through Lorraine, devastating the country as he
went, and in August 1622 was defeated by the Spaniards at
Fleurus. He next entered the service of the United Provinces and
took up his quarters in East Frisia, capturing fortresses and
inflicting great hardships upon the inhabitants. A mercenary and
a leader of mercenaries, Mansfeld often interrupted his
campaigns by journeys made for the purpose of raising money,
or in other words of selling his services to the highest bidder, and
in these diplomatic matters he showed considerable skill.

57

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

SAXONY PIKEMEN
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R
CAVALRY: Up to 25%
INFANTRY: At least 50% Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have light armour (+3).
MERCENARIES: Up to 25% Only in 1631AD: Downgrade to Mo6 (-1)
SIP: not pooled Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

OUTRAGED PEASANTS
CHARACTERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Levy 2 2 3 5 3 R
CA SA KA Mo L S Pts
Army General Equipment: Hand weapon
- - - 9 3 +2 170
Special Rules: Undisciplined, Unmotivated
Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90
Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90 0-1 WAGON LAAGER
CA SA KA S L Mo Pts
Wagon&crew 3 3 3 6 6 8 60
Equipment and Armour Value: as unit
Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3). Equipment: Six men crew armed with hand weapon, bow or
musket, throwing spears.
Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. A wagon has a 40x80mm base. Durability 8
Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points. Up to 4 wagons per laager. Must be deployed first (within up to
2” between the wagons) and cannot move, count as cover. Crew
cannot shoot twice.
CAVALRY

CUIRASSIERS MERCENARIES
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R 0-4 FIELD GUNS

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols

Only until 1632AD: May have Heavy Cavalry instead of 0-1 CARACOLING REITERS
Caracole (free) CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Only after 1632AD: Downgrade to Mo7 (-2) Horseman 2 3 3 7 19 L
Special Rules: Caracole Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols
Special Rules: Caracole
CARACOLING REITERS OR HARQUEBUSIERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols or arquebus

Special Rules: Caracole

FEUDAL HORSE
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, light armour, pistols

Special Rules: Only in 1631AD

INFANTRY

DRAGOONS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike

Special Rules: Dragoons

MUSKETEERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.

Only in 1631AD: Downgrade to Mo6 (-1)
Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

58

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

invasion into Bavaria, which was defended by the imperialist

BERNARD OF SAXE-WEIMAR general count Aldringer. In this year he was granted the former
Bishoprics of Würzburg and Bamberg, being granted the title of
Duke of Franconia. He installed one of his many brothers as
Statthalter, and returned to the wars. A stern Protestant, he
exacted heavy contributions from the Catholic cities which he
took, and his repeated victories caused him to be regarded by
German Protestants as the saviour of their religion. But in 1634
Bernard was severely defeated at Nördlingen, losing many of the
best Swedish army units.

In 1635 Bernard entered the service of France, which had by

then intervened in the war. He was at the same time general-in-
chief of the forces maintained by the Heilbronn League of
Protestant princes, and a general officer in the pay of France.
This dual position was difficult; in the following campaigns,
ably and resolutely conducted as they were, Bernard sometimes
pursued a purely French policy, whilst at other times he used
French mercenaries to forward the cause of the princes. From a
military point of view his most notable achievements were on
the common ground of the upper Rhine, in the Breisgau.

In his great campaign of 1638, Bernard won the battles of

Rheinfelden, Wittenweiher, and Thann, and captured
successively Rheinfelden, Freiburg, and Breisach, the last
reputed one of the strongest fortresses in Europe. Bernard had in
the first instance received definite assurances from France that
he should be given Alsace and Haguenau, Würzburg having
been lost in the debacle of 1634; he now hoped to make Breisach
the capital of his new duchy.

Bernard's health, however, was deteriorating. He died at

Neuenburg am Rhein at the beginning of the campaign. The
governor of Breisach was bribed to transfer the fortress to
France. The duke was buried at Breisach, his remains being
subsequently removed to Weimar.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_of_Saxe-Weimar

Bernard of Saxe-Weimar (German: Bernhard von Sachsen-

Weimar) (16 August 1604 – 18 July 1639) was a German prince
and general in the Thirty Years' War.

Born in Weimar within the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar, Bernard was

the eleventh son of Johann, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, and Dorothea
Maria of Anhalt.

Bernard received an unusually good education and studied at the

University of Jena, but soon went to the court of the Saxon
elector to engage in knightly exercises. At the outbreak of the
Thirty Years' War he took the field on the Protestant side, and
served under Mansfeld at Wiesloch (1622), under the Margrave
of Baden at Wimpfen (1622), and with his brother William at
Stadtlohn (1623). Undismayed by these defeats, he took part in
the campaigns of King Christian IV of Denmark; when Christian
withdrew from the struggle Bernhard went to the Dutch Republic
and was present at the famous siege of 's-Hertogenbosch in
1629.

When King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden landed in Germany

Bernard quickly joined him, and for a short time he was colonel
of the Swedish life horse guard. After the Battle of Breitenfeld
(1631), he accompanied Gustavus in his march to the Rhine and,
between this event and the Battle of the Alte Veste, Bernard
commanded numerous expeditions in almost every district from
the Moselle to Tyrol. At the Alte Veste he displayed great
courage, and at the Battle of Lützen (1632), when Gustavus was
killed, Bernard assumed the command, killed a colonel who
refused to lead his men to the charge, and finally by his furious
energy won the victory at sundown.

Bernard of Saxe-Weimar.At first as a subordinate to his brother

William, who as a Swedish lieutenant-general succeeded to the
command, but later as an independent commander, Bernard
continued to push his forays over southern Germany; and with
the Swedish General Gustav Horn he made in 1633 a successful

59

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

SCOTLAND

CHARACTERS: Up to 25%
CAVALRY: Up to 25%
INFANTRY: At least 50%
MERCENARIES: Up to 10%
SIP: not pooled

CHARACTERS

CA SA KA Mo L S Pts
Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170
Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90
Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90

Equipment and Armour Value: as unit

Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3).

Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each.

Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points.

CAVALRY

HARQUEBUSIERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 14 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, arquebus

INFANTRY

PIKEMEN
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike.

May have heavy armour (+3).
Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

MUSKETEERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.

Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

HIGHLANDERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Highlander 3 3 3 7 6 L

Equipment: Hand weapon

May have shield (+1) and double-handed weapon (+2)
May have arquebus (+1)
Special Rules: Warband

MERCENARIES

0-1 FIELD GUN

60

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

SPAIN INFANTRY

CHARACTERS: Up to 25% PIKEMEN

CAVALRY: Up to 25% CA SA KA Mo Pts F
INFANTRY: At least 25% Horseman 3 3 3 7 10 R
MERCENARIES: Up to 25% (Artillery up to 10%)
SIP: not pooled Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have heavy armour (+3).
Special Rules: Drilled, Spanish Ordonnance

CHARACTERS MUSKETEERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CA SA KA Mo L S Pts Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 R
Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170
Brigade Com. Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.
- - - 8 1 +1 90
Special Rules: Spanish Ordonnance
Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90
DRAGOONS
Equipment and Armour Value: as unit CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3). Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L
Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike
Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. Special Rules: Dragoons, Only after 1630AD
Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points.

MERCENARIES
CAVALRY
0-2 FIELD GUNS
0-1 GENTE D’ARMAS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 4 3 3 8 23 R GERMAN REITERS
Dismounted 4 3 3 8 15 R CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 2 4 3 7 17 L
Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, lance.
Dismounted - may take halberd (+1) or double-handed weapon Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols
(+2), no lance. Must be the smallest cavalry unit. Special Rules: Caracole
Only after 1630AD: Have pistols instead of CA4, shield, lance
and warhorse (-3) 0- 1 RONDARTSCHIER
Special Rules: Shock Charge +2 if mounted, Drilled if CA SA KA Mo Pts F
dismounted Swordsman 4 3 3 8 18 R
Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, shield
CABALLOS CORRAZAS KA4 against infantry. Must be the smallest infantry unit.
CA SA KA Mo Pts F Special Rules: Drilled
Horseman 3 3 3 7 20 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols

Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry

CABALLOS LIGEROS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, light armour, pistol

Special Rules: Caracole

HERGULETIERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 S

Equipment: Hand weapon, arquebus

Special Rules: Feign Flight, Only until 1630AD

HERRERUELOS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 14 S

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols

61

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

SWEDEN (1618-1629AD) MERCENARIES

CHARACTERS: Up to 25% 0-3 FIELD GUNS

CAVALRY: Up to 25%
INFANTRY: At least 50%
MERCENARIES: Up to 50% (Artillery up to 10%) FINNISH “HACKAPELLS”
SIP: not pooled CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 2 3 3 7 14 L

CHARACTERS Equipment: Horse hand weapon, pistols

Only after 1600AD: Upgrade to CA3 (+2).
CA SA KA Mo L S Pts
Army General GERMAN OR LIVONIAN CUIRASSIERS
- - - 9 3 +2 170
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R
Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90
Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols
Equipment and Armour Value: as unit Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry, Only after 1621AD
Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3).
GERMAN MERCENARY REITERS
Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points. Horseman 2 4 3 7 15 L

Equipment: Horse, hand weapon, pistols

CAVALRY Special Rules: Caracole

0-1 SWEDISH ADELSFANA CUIRASSIERS GERMAN MERCENARY HARQUEBUSIERS

CA SA KA Mo Pts F CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R Horseman 3 3 3 7 14 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Equipment: Horse, hand weapon, arquebus.
Special Rules: Caracole Special Rules: Caracole, Only from 1626AD

LANDSRYTTARE FINNISH SKIRMISHERS

CA SA KA Mo Pts F CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 4 3 3 7 20 R Skirmisher 2 3 3 6 7 S

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols. May have light armour (+2) Equipment: Hand weapon, bow
Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry May have crossbow or arquebus instead of bow (+3)
Special Rules: Skirmishers

GERMAN AND SCOTS MERCENARY FOOT

INFANTRY CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Trooper 3 3 3 7 13 R
DRAGOONS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have heavy armour (+3).
Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L Up to half may have arquebus (free) or musket (+1) but no
armour
Equipment: Hand weapon, musket Only after 1626AD: Upgrade to CA4 (+2) and Drilled (+2)
Special Rules: Dragoons Special Rules: Spanish Ordonnance

0-1 MOUNTED JÄGER

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Dragoon 3 4 3 7 12 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.

Special Rules: Dragoons

SWEDISH AND FINNISH MUSKETEERS AND

CALIVERMEN
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Musketeer 3 4 3 7 14 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.

Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

SWEDISH AND FINNISH SUPPORTING PIKEMEN

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Pikeman 3 3 3 7 11 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have heavy armour (+3).

Only after 1626AD: Upgrade to CA4 (+2) and may be Drilled
(+2)
Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance
62

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

SWEDEN (1630-1648AD) MERCENARIES

CHARACTERS: Up to 25% 0-3 FIELD GUNS

CAVALRY: Up to 25% Each can be upgraded to Hidden Artillery (+10)
INFANTRY: At least 50%
MERCENARIES: Up to 50% (Artillery up to 10%)
ALLIES: Up to 25% RAW REGIMENTS OF MIXED SCOTS AND IRISH
SIP: automatically pooled CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Trooper 3 3 3 7 6 R

CHARACTERS Equipment: Hand weapon, shield

Special Rules: Warband, Only until 1634AD
CA SA KA Mo L S Pts
Army General GERMAN VETERAN CAVALRY
- - - 9 3 +2 170
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 Horseman 3 4 3 7 19 L
Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90
Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols
Equipment and Armour Value: as unit Only from 1635AD: Upgrade to SA4 (+2)
Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3).
NEW GERMAN HARQUEBUSIERS AND REITERS
Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points. Horseman 2 3 3 7 15 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols. May have light armour (+2)

CAVALRY May have arquebus instead of pistols (free)
Only from 1635AD: Upgrade to SA4 (+2)
Special Rules: Caracole
SWEDISH LÄTTA RYTTARE
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
LIVONIAN AND GERMAN CUIRASSIERS
Horseman 4 3 3 8 20 R CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R
Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols. May have light armour (+2)
Only from 1635AD: Downgradeto CA3 (-2)
Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols
Only from 1635AD: Downgrade to Mo7 (-2)
Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry
INFANTRY FINNISH “HACKAPELLS”
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
MUSKETEERS Horseman 4 4 3 7 20 L
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 L Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols
Special Rules: May Skirmish
Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.
May have a Battalion gun (+50)
Special Rules: Swedish Ordonnance ALLIES
PIKEMEN
Hesse-Kassel Allies
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Only until 1634AD: Saxon or Brandenburg Allies
Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R Only from 1635AD: French Allies
Equipment: Hand weapon, pike.
Only until 1634AD: May upgrade to CA4 (+2)
0-1 per two units of Musketeers
Special Rules: Swedish Ordonnance

DRAGOONS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike

Special Rules: Dragoons

0-1 MOUNTED JÄGER

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Jäger 3 4 3 7 12 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.

Special Rules: Dragoons

63

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

Life
GUSTAVUS II ADOLPHUS Gustavus Adolphus was born in Stockholm as the oldest son of
Duke Charles of the Vasa dynasty and his second wife, Christina
of Holstein-Gottorp. At the time, the King of Sweden was
Gustavus Adolphus' cousin Sigismund. The staunch Protestant
Duke Charles forced the Catholic King to let go of the throne of
Sweden in 1599, a part of the preliminary religious strife before
the Thirty Years' War, and reigned as regent before taking the
throne as Charles IX of Sweden in 1604. Crown Prince Gustav
Adolph had Gagnef-Floda in Dalecarlia as a duchy from 1610.
Upon his father's death in October 1611, a sixteen-year-old
Gustavus inherited the throne (declared of age and able to reign
himself at seventeen as of 16 December), as well as an ongoing
succession of occasionally belligerent dynastic disputes with his
Polish cousin. Sigismund III wanted to regain the throne of
Sweden and tried to force Gustavus Adolphus to renounce the
title.

In a round of this dynastic dispute, Gustavus invaded Livonia

when he was 31, beginning the Polish-Swedish War (1625–
1629). He intervened on behalf of the Lutherans in Germany,
who opened the gates to their cities to him. His reign became
famous from his actions a few years later when on June 1630 he
landed in Germany, continuing Sweden's involvement in the
ongoing Thirty Years' War. Gustavus intervened on the anti-
Imperial side, which at the time was losing to the Holy Roman
Empire and its Catholic allies; the Swedish forces would quickly
reverse that situation.

Gustavus was married to Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg, the

daughter of John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, and chose
the Prussian city of Elbing as the base for his operations in
Germany. He died in the Battle of Lützen in 1632. His early
death was a great loss to the Lutheran side. This resulted in large
parts of Germany and other countries, which had been conquered
for Lutheranism, to be reconquered for Catholicism (via
Gustav II Adolf (9 December 1594 – 6 November 1632, O.S.)
Counter-Reformation). His involvement in the Thirty Years' War
has been widely known in English by his Latinized name
gave rise to the saying that he was the incarnation of "the Lion of
Gustavus Adolphus Magnus and variously in historical writings
the North", or as it is called in German "Der Löwe von
also as Gustavus, or Gustavus the Great, or Gustav Adolph the
Mitternacht" (Literally: "The Lion of Midnight").
Great (Swedish: Gustav Adolf den store, a formal distinction
passed by the Swedish Parliament in 1634). He was King of
Sweden (1611–1632) and founder of the Swedish Empire (or
Stormaktstiden – "the era of great power") at the beginning of
the Golden Age of Sweden. He led his nation to military
supremacy during the Thirty Years War, helping to determine
the political as well as the religious balance of power in Europe.
He is thereby regarded as one of the greatest military
commanders of all time. His most notable military victory was
the battle of Breitenfeld. With a superb military machine with
good weapons, excellent training, and effective field artillery,
backed by an efficient government which could provide
necessary funds, Gustavus Adolphus was poised to make himself
a major European leader, but he was killed at the battle of Lützen
in 1632. He was assisted by Axel Oxenstierna (1583–1654),
leader of the nobles who also acted as regent after his death.

In an era characterized by almost endless warfare, he led his

armies as king from 1611 (at age 17) until his death in battle in
1632 while leading a charge — as Sweden rose from the status
of a mere regional power and run-of-the-mill kingdom to one of
the great powers of Europe and a model of early modern era
government. Within only a few years of his accession Sweden
had become the largest nation in Europe after Russia and Spain.
Some have called him the "father of modern warfare",[1] or the
first great modern general. Under his tutelage, Sweden and the
Protestant cause developed a number of excellent commanders,
such as Lennart Torstensson, who would go on to defeat
Sweden's enemies and expand the boundaries and the power of
the empire long after Gustav Adolph's death in battle.

He was known by the epithets "The Golden King" and "The Lion
of the North" by neighboring sovereigns. Gustavus Adolphus is
commemorated today with city squares in Stockholm,
Gothenburg and Helsingborg. Gustavus Adolphus College, a
Lutheran college in St. Peter, Minnesota is also named for the
Swedish king.
Legacy as a general
Gustavus Adolphus was an extremely able military commander.
His innovative tactical integration of infantry, cavalry, logistics
and particularly his use of artillery, earned him the title of the
"Father of Modern Warfare". Future commanders who studied
and admired Gustav II Adolf include Napoleon I of France and

64

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648
Carl von Clausewitz. His advancements in military science made
Sweden the dominant Baltic power for the next one hundred
years (see Swedish Empire). He is also the only Swedish
monarch to be styled "the Great". This decision was made by the
Swedish Estates of the Realm, when they convened in 1633.
Thus, by their decision he is officially, to this day, to be called
Gustaf Adolf the Great (Gustavus Adolphus Magnus).
Gustavus Adolphus was the main figure responsible for the
success of Swedish arms during the Thirty Years' War and led
his nation to great prestige. As a general, Gustavus Adolphus is
famous for employing mobile artillery on the battlefield, as well
as very aggressive tactics, where attack was stressed over
defense, and mobility and cavalry initiative were emphasized.
Among other innovations, he installed an early form of
combined arms in his formations, where the cavalry could attack
from the safety of an infantry line reinforced by cannon, and
retire again within to regroup after their foray. He adopted much
shallower infantry formations than were common in the pike and
shot armies of the era, with formations typically fighting in 5 or
6 ranks, occasionally supported at some distance by another such
formation—the gaps being the provinces of the artillery and
cavalry as noted above. His artillery were themselves different—
he would not let himself be hindered by cumbersome heavy
cannon, but instead over a course of experimentation settled on
smaller, more maneuverable weapons, in effect fielding the first
light field artillery in history in significant numbers.
These were grouped in batteries supporting his more linearly
deployed formations, replacing the cumbersome and
65
unmaneuverable traditional deep squares (such as the Spanish
Tercios that were up to 50 ranks deep) used in other pike and
shot armies of the day. In consequence, his forces could redeploy
and reconfigure very rapidly, confounding his enemies.
His armies were very well trained for the day, so that his
musketeers were widely known for their firing accuracy and
reload speed: three times faster than any contemporary rivals.
Carl von Clausewitz and Napoleon Bonaparte considered him
one of the greatest generals of all time; a sentiment agreed with
by George S. Patton and others. He was also renowned for the
consistency of purpose and the amity of his troops—no one part
of his armies was considered better or received preferred
treatment, as was common in other armies where the cavalry
were the elite, followed by the artillery, and both disdained the
lowly infantry. In Gustavus' army the units were extensively
cross trained. Both cavalry and infantry could service the
artillery, as his heavy cavalry did when turning captured artillery
on the opposing Catholic Tercios at First Breitenfeld. Pikemen
could shoot—if not as accurately as those designated
musketeers—so a valuable firearm could be kept in the firing
line. His infantrymen and gunners were taught to ride, if needed.
Napoleon thought highly of the achievement, and copied the
tactics.
Reengineering
Gustavus Adolphus was a very forward thinking military
engineer. He reengineered the way in which his army worked,
with simple innovations that proved devastating to his
adversaries.
One example of this was the Swedish cavalry system. Cavalry
had been pushed to the fringes of military worth and had been
largely neutralized by the Spanish tercios. They were being
ineffectively used to charge the enemy front or flank, fire
broadsides with pistols and muskets and then retreat to reload
and reform. However, Gustavus Adolphus used light cannons
(reengineered to have 3 standard calibers, one of which was
eventually called "The Regimental Cannon,") along with
muskets to eliminate enemy pikemen, then the cavalry would
swoop in and cut through enemy lines with sabers.[5]
Military commander
Gustavus Adolphus' landing in Pomerania, near Wolgast, 1630
Gustavus Adolphus' body in Wolgast, on transfer to Sweden,
1633
Gustav Adolph's sarcophagus at Riddarholm ChurchGustavus
Adolphus inherited three wars from his father when he ascended
the throne: Against Denmark, which had attacked Sweden earlier
in 1611, against Russia, due to Sweden having tried to take
advantage of the Russian Time of Troubles, and against Poland,
due to King Charles' having deposed King Sigismund III, his
nephew, as King of Sweden.
The war against Denmark (Kalmar War) was concluded in 1613
with a peace that did not cost Sweden any territory, but it was
forced to pay a heavy indemnity to Denmark (Treaty of Knäred).
During this war, Gustavus Adolphus let his soldiers plunder
towns and villages and as he met little resistance from Danish
forces in Scania, they pillaged and devastated 24 Scanian
V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

parishes. His memory in Scania has been negative because of

that.

The war against Russia (Ingrian War) ended in 1617 with the
Treaty of Stolbovo, which excluded Russia from the Baltic Sea.
The final inherited war, the war against Poland, ended in 1629
with the Truce of Altmark which transferred the large province
Livonia to Sweden and freed the Swedish forces for the
subsequent intervention in the Thirty Years' War in Germany,
where Swedish forces had already established a bridgehead in
1628.

Especially the weak electorate of Brandenburg was torn apart by

a quarrel between the Protestant and Catholic parties. The
Brandenburg minister and diplomat Baron Samuel von
Winterfeld influenced Gustavus Adolphus to support and protect
the Protestant side in Germany. When Gustavus Adolphus began
his push into northern Germany in June–July 1630, he had just
4,000 troops. But he was soon able to consolidate the Protestant The crown of Sweden was inherited in the Vasa family, and
position in the north, using reinforcements from Sweden and from Charles IX's time excluded those Vasa princes who had
money supplied by France (Treaty of Bärwalde). After Swedish been traitors or descended from deposed monarchs. Gustavus
plundering in Brandenburg (1631) endangered the system of Adolphus' younger brother had died ten years before, and
retrieving war contributions from occupied territories, therefore there were only the King's daughter left as a female
"marauding and plundering" by Swedish soldiers was prohibited. heir. Maria Eleonora and the king's ministers took over the
Meanwhile, a Catholic army under Johann Tserclaes, Count of government on behalf of Gustavus Adolphus' underage daughter
Tilly was laying waste to Saxony. Gustavus Adolphus met Christina upon her father's death. He left one other known child,
Tilly's army and crushed it at the First Battle of Breitenfeld in his illegitimate son Gustav, Count of Vasaborg.
September 1631. He then marched clear across Germany,
establishing his winter quarters near the Rhine, making plans for Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_II_Adolphus
the invasion of the rest of the Holy Roman Empire.

In March 1632, Gustavus Adolphus invaded Bavaria, a staunch

ally of the Emperor. He forced the withdrawal of his Catholic
opponents at the Battle of Rain. This would mark the high point
of the campaign. In the summer of that year, he sought a political
solution that would preserve the existing structure of states in
Germany, while guaranteeing the security of its Protestants. But
achieving these objectives depended on his continued success on
the battlefield.

Gustavus is reported to have entered battle without wearing any

armour, proclaiming, "The Lord God, is my armour!" It is more
likely that he simply wore a leather cuirass rather than going into
battle wearing no battle protection whatsoever. In 1627, near
Dirschau in Prussia, a Polish soldier shot him in the muscles
above his shoulders. He survived, but the doctors could not
remove the bullet, so from that point on, he could not wear iron
armour. Also, two fingers of his right hand were paralyzed.

Gustavus Adolphus was killed at the Battle of Lützen, when, at a

crucial point in the battle, he became separated from his troops
while leading a cavalry charge into a dense smog of mist and
gunpowder smoke. After his death, his wife initially kept his
body, and later his heart, in the castle of Nyköping for over a
year. His remains (including his heart) now rest in
Riddarholmskyrkan in Stockholm.

In February 1633, following the death of the king, the Swedish

Riksdag of the Estates decided that his name would be styled
Gustav Adolf the Great (or Gustaf Adolf den Store in Swedish).
No such honor has been bestowed on any other Swedish
monarch before or since.

66

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648
LENNART TORSTENSON
Lennart Torstenson, Count of Ortala, Baron of Virestad (17
August 1603 – 7 April 1651), was a Swedish Field Marshal and
military engineer.
Early career
He was born at Forstena in Västergötland - he always wrote his
name Linnardt Torstenson. His parents were Märta Nilsdotter
Posse and Torsten Lennartson, Lord of Forstena, who was
supporter of king Sigismund and, for awhile, the commandant of
Älvsborg Fortress. Young Lennart's parents fled to exile in the
year of his birth because his father had confessed to being loyal
to the deposed Sigismund. Lennart was taken care of by relatives
- his father returned to Sweden only when Lennart was around
twenty. His paternal uncle Anders Lennartsson was Lord High
Constable of Sweden and trusted by Duke Charles, but he fell at
the Battle of Kirkholm in 1605.
At the age of fifteen he became one of the pages of the young
King Gustavus Adolphus and was allowed to observe the
Livonian war, such as the conquest of Riga in 1621. At the age
of twenty, he made his grand tour, getting to know foreign
countries. In January 1626, he was at the battle of Wallhof as an
ensign. He also served during the Prussian campaigns of 1628
and 1629. It is told that at one battle Gustavus Adolphus sent
Torstenson with an order to one of the officers. On his way
Torstenson noticed that the enemy had changed position and
altered the King's orders. Gustavus noticed the new
development. When Torstenson returned he told Gustavus what
he had done. The King first raised his hand as if to strike
Torstenson but changed his mind and said, "Lennart, this could
have cost you your life, but maybe you are better suited to be a
general than a page at the royal court." Shortly thereafter, in
1629 Torstenson was put in charge of the Swedish artillery,
67
which under his guidance contributed greatly to the victories of
Breitenfeld and Lech. The same year he was taken prisoner at
Alte Veste and imprisoned for nearly a year at Ingolstadt. Under
Johan Banér he served with distinction at the Battle of Wittstock
and during the defence of Pomerania in 1637 and 1638, as well
as at the Battle of Chemnitz and the raid into Bohemia in 1639.
Illness, contracted during his imprisonment, compelled him to
return to Sweden in 1641, where he was made a member of the
Privy Council.
Generalissimo
The sudden death of Banér in May 1641 recalled Torstenson to
Germany as generalissimo[citation needed] of the Swedish
forces and Governor General of Pomerania. He was at the same
time promoted to the rank of Field Marshal. In 1642 he marched
through Brandenburg and Silesia into Moravia, taking all the
principal fortresses on his way. On returning through Saxony he
crushed the imperial army at the second Battle of Breitenfeld on
October 23, 1642. In 1643 he invaded Moravia for the second
time, but was suddenly recalled to invade Denmark, when his
rapid and unexpected intervention paralysed the Danish defence
on the land side, though Torstenson's own position in Jutland
was for a time precarious owing to the skilful handling of the
Danish fleet by Christian IV of Denmark. In 1644 he led his
army for the third time into the heart of Germany and routed the
imperials at the battle of Jüterbog on November 23. At the
beginning of November 1645 he broke into Bohemia, and the
victory of Jankau on February 24, 1645 laid open before him the
road to Vienna. Yet, though one end of the Danube bridge
actually fell into his hands, his exhausted army was unable to
penetrate any further and, in December the same year,
Torstenson, crippled by gout, was forced to resign his command
and returned to Sweden in the early summer of 1646. In 1647 he
was created a count. From 1648 to 1651 he ruled all the western
provinces of Sweden, as Governor-General. On his death at
Stockholm on April 7, 1651 he was buried solemnly in the
Riddarholm Church, the Pantheon of Sweden. Torstenson was
remarkable for the extraordinary and incalculable rapidity of his
movements, though very frequently he had to lead the army in a
litter, as his bodily infirmities would not permit him to mount his
horse. He was also the most scientific artillery officer and the
best and most successful engineer in the Swedish army.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennart_Torstenson
V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

Under Charles X Gustav

CARL GUSTAV WRANGEL Already before Christina's abdication, Wrangel became a close
friend and trusted advisor of her successor, Charles X Gustav of
Sweden. Wrangel and Charles X Gustav had first met two weeks
before the Battle of Leipzig (1642), and when Wrangel's oldest
daughter was born during the siege, Charles X Gustav became
her godparent.[6] Charles X Gustav created Wrangel freiherr of
Ludenhof, and Lord High Admiral on 11 December 1657 - a
special favour for Charles X Gustav left most of Sweden's
highest offices vacant.

Wrangel on horseback (1652, left) and Wrangel's wife, Anna

Margareta née von Haugwitz (right).When the Second Northern
War broke out in 1655, Wrangel commanded a fleet, but in 1656
he was serving on land again and commanding, along with the
"Great Elector" Frederick William I of Brandenburg, in the three
days Battle of Warsaw (1656). In 1657 he invaded Jutland and in
1658 passed over the ice into the islands and took Kronborg.

When Charles X Gustav died at the end of the war, Wrangel

participated in organizing the obsequies and composed the
melody to a lament.[8] Also in 1660, Wrangel became
chancellor of the University of Greifswald, after he had been
made supreme judge in the Uppland province two years earlier.

Carl Gustaf Wrangel (also Carl Gustav Wrangel; 23 December
1613 – 5 July 1676) was a high-ranking Swedish noble,
statesman and military commander in the Thirty Years',
Torstenson, Bremen, Second Northern and Scanian Wars.
Under Charles XI
In 1664 he was appointed Lord High Constable of the realm, and
as such he was a member of the Privy Council during the
minority of Charles XI of Sweden. During the Wars for Bremen,
he tried to win the city of Bremen for the Swedish crown, but
was not successful: On November, 15th, 1666 he was forced to
make peace, and concluded the "Peace of Habenhausen". During
the Scanian War, Wrangel was commanding ineffectively owing
to his broken health, and was recalled after his stepbrother Baron
Waldemar Wrangel (1647–1676) had been defeated at
Fehrbellin.

He held the ranks of a field marshal, commander-in-chief of the

Swedish forces in Germany (1646–1648), and Lord High
Admiral of Sweden (since 1657). Wrangel was gouvernor-
general of Swedish Pomerania (1648–1652 and 1656–1676) and
since 1664, Lord High Constable of Sweden and a member of
the Privy Council. He held the title of a Count of Salmis until
1665, thereafter he was Count of Sölvesborg; by 1673,
Wrangel's title was "Count of Sölvesborg, freiherr of Lindeberg
and Ludenhof, lord of Skokloster, Bremervörde, Wrangelsburg,
Spyker, Rappin, Ekebyhov, Gripenberg and Rostorp".

From 1658, Wrangel was supreme judge in Uppland, and from

1660, chancellor of the University of Greifswald. He held
several estates, primarily in the Swedish dominions, where he
constructed representative mansions - Wrangelsburg in
Pomerania bears his name until today. Wrangel was a close
friend of Charles X Gustav of Sweden.

Under Christina
At the age of twenty, Carl Gustaf Wrangel distinguished himself
as a cavalry captain in the Thirty Years' War. Three years later
he was colonel, and in 1638 major-general, still serving in
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Wrangel
Germany. In 1644, during the Torstenson War, he commanded a
fleet at sea, which defeated the Danes at Fehmarn on 23 October.

In 1646 he returned to Germany as a Field Marshal and

succeeded Lennart Torstenson as commander-in-chief of the
Swedish army in Germany. Under Wrangel and Turenne the
allied Swedish and French armies marched and fought in Bavaria
and Württemberg. After the Thirty Years' War had come to an
end in 1648, he was made governor-general of Swedish
Pomerania. Queen Christina of Sweden created him count of
Salmis in Kexholms län (Salmi and Suistamo pogosta, Käkisalmi
province) in northern Karelia, Finland; and afterwards
augmented his lands with barony of Lindeberg in Halland.

68

V2
V1
WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

69

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

UNITED PROVINCES

CHARACTERS: Up to 25%
CAVALRY: Up to 25%
INFANTRY: At least 25%
MERCENARIES: Up to 50% (Artillery up to 10%)
SIP: not pooled

CHARACTERS

CA SA KA Mo L S Pts
Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170
Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90
Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90

Equipment and Armour Value: as unit

Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3).

Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each.

Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points.

CAVALRY

CARABINS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, carbines

Special Rules: Feign Flight

CUIRASSIERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols

Special Rules: Caracole

INFANTRY

BURGHER GUARD
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Burgher 3 3 3 7 8 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have heavy armour (+2)

Half must have arquebus (free) or musket (+1), no armour.
Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

DRAGOONS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike

Special Rules: Dragoons, Only 1606-1621AD

MERCENARIES

0-2 FIELD GUNS

GERMAN REITERS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 2 4 3 7 119 L

Equipment: Horse, hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols

Special Rules: Caracole

70

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

ZAPOROZHIAN COSSACKS SNIPERS

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Arquebusier 2 3 3 7 10 S
CAVALRY: Up to 50%
INFANTRY: At least 25% Equipment: Hand weapon, arquebus.
MERCENARIES: Up to 10%
ALLIES: Up to 25% PEASANTS WITH IMPROVISED WEAPONS
SIP: not pooled CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Levy 2 2 3 5 3 R

CHARACTERS Equipment: Hand weapon

Special Rules: Undisciplined, Unmotivated
CA SA KA Mo L S Pts
Army General 0-1 WAGON LAAGER
- - - 9 3 +2 170
CA SA KA S L Mo Pts
Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 Wagon&crew 3 3 3 6 6 8 60
Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90
Equipment: Six men crew armed with hand weapon, bow or
musket.
Equipment and Armour Value: as unit A wagon has a 40x80mm base. Durability 8
Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3). Up to 4 wagons per laager. Must be deployed first (within up to
2” between the wagons) and cannot move, count as cover. Crew
Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. cannot shoot twice.
Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points.
STRELTSI
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
CAVALRY Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 R

LIGHT HORSEMEN Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 6 18 L DRAGOONS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Equipment: Hand weapon, thrusting spear, pistol Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L
0-1 may be upgraded to Armoured Cavalry with Mo7 and light
armour (+4) and then may have Shock Charge +1 instead of Equipment: Hand weapon, musket
Feign Flight, must be the smallest cavalry unit. Special Rules: Dragoons
Special Rules: Feign Flight

REGULAR COSSACKS MERCENARIES

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 18 L 0-3 FIELD GUNS
Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine or bow
May have light armour (+2), thrusting spear (+2)
ALLIES
Special Rules: Feign Flight, May Skirmish

IRREGULAR COSSACKS Transylvanian Allies

CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 2 3 2 6 12 S

Equipment: Hand weapon. May have carbine (+2), bow (+2),

thrusting spear (+2), pistols (+2), shield (+2)

TARTARS
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 S

Equipment: Hand weapon, bow

May have thrusting spear (+2).
Special Rules: Feign Flight

INFANTRY

MOLOITSY
CA SA KA Mo Pts F
Trooper 3 4 3 7 13 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, thrusting spear or halberd.

Up to half may have arquebus (free) or musket (+1).

71

V2
V1
WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

72

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648
Battle of White Mountain
The Battle of White Mountain, 8 November 1620 (Bílá hora is
the name of White Mountain in Czech) was an early battle in the
Thirty Years' War in which an army of 30,000 Bohemians and
mercenaries under Christian of Anhalt were routed by 27,000
men of the combined armies of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman
Emperor under Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of
Bucquoy and of the German Catholic League under Johann
Tserclaes, Count of Tilly at Bílá Hora, near Prague (now part of
the city). The battle marked the end of the Bohemian period of
the Thirty Years' War.
Prelude
Emperor Matthias wanted his dynastic heir Ferdinand II
appointed to the royal throne of Bohemia and Hungary.
Ferdinand was duly elected by the Bohemian estates to become
the Crown Prince in 1617, and automatically upon the death of
Matthias, the next King of Bohemia. This did not sit well
throughout the Protestant population in Bohemia because they
thought that they would lose the rights given to them because of
the new Catholic King. Ferdinand II viewed Protestantism as the
main problem in his realms. King Ferdinand was also the Holy
Roman Emperor and since he held this title he took seriously the
duties which came with it. For him, the preservation of The
Roman Catholic Church was most important as Holy Roman
Emperor. He viewed the Protestant political stature in his realm
as an issue involving 'protests' or rebellion against imperial
authority. He hoped to bring about the conversion of subjects of
the Catholic Lords from Protestantism back to the Catholic
Church. The dissension within his estates was an ever daunting
domestic issue. Most of his realms in Bohemia were primarily
Protestant. These areas under King Ferdinand’s rule were under
separate individual constitutions thus giving them separate
regional traditions.3 With the majority of his subjects being of
the Protestant faith, they had apprehended their lands from the
Roman Catholic Church in their initial confiscations of monastic
properties at the beginning of the Reformation; they were
resistant to their newly elected Catholic King and his tendency to
favor the centralization of their region. Catholicism was no
longer proscribed but was being actively promoted and both
church and local properties seized by King Ferdinand’s royal
throne. None were as rebellious as the Protestant Hungarian
subjects in Transylvania. However it was Bohemia which
became the first to act on these religious and domestic interests
in fomenting a rebellion. The conflict known as the Second
Defenestration of Prague was a dispute between Bohemian
Nobles and the crown in 1618 over a royal guarantee made by
one of King Ferdinand’s predecessors Rudolf II ensuring
religious freedom throughout Bohemia.4 This conflict resulted in
Bohemian nobles throwing King Ferdinand’s appointees and his
secretary out of a window in the royal castle in Prague. They
survived only because they fell into a heap of manure thus
saving their lives. This incident sparked a national struggle
known as the Bohemian Revolt.
Battle
The Bohemian estates organized an army of 30,000 men in
determination to fight for their liberties, as they saw them.
Ferdinand II set to make an example of this Bohemian Revolt
73
and countered the Bohemian Army by sending 25,000 men,
many of them seasoned soldiers, to crush the revolt. They
included the future philosopher Renee Descartes. These trained
soldiers were under the leadership of Catholic Spanish-Flemish
nobleman, Field Marshal Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly. The
army made straight for Prague, the capital of Bohemia, which
was in the hands of the rebels. The Bohemian army attempted to
block the Imperial army by setting up a defensive position on a
hill. The Imperial army simply ignored the Bohemian army
however, and bypassed the hill. Christian of Anhalt then force-
marched the Bohemian army and managed to get ahead of the
Imperial army just before Prague. The Bohemian army again
tried to set up a defensive position, but had little time, and
morale was low. As the Imperial army approached, Tilly divided
his men into two distinct squads: The Imperials and the Catholic
League (German) troops. The Catholics, Ferdinand’s army,
pushed forth without great bombardment of artillery. Anhalt
opened the battle by sending forward infantry and cavalry, led by
Anhalt's son. The cavalry charged into the Imperial infantry,
causing significant casualties. Tilly however, quickly brought up
his own Cavalry, forcing the Bohemian cavalry to retire. The
Bohemian infantry, who was only now approaching the Imperial
army, saw the Cavalry retreating, at which they fired one volley
at extreme range before retreating themselves. The Catholic
Imperial Cavalry, amounted to 400 or so, circled the Protestant
forces pushing them closer into the middle of the battle. With the
Bohemian army already at a low morale, company after
company started retreating, most without having even entered
the battle. With the Protestant forces steadily diminishing Tilly
and his 400 Imperial cavalrymen moved with the 2000 hussars
which the Bavarians had brought to the battle. Tilly’s men
steadily pushed the rebel forces back to the Star Palace where the
rebels tried to establish a final defence but failed. The Battle of
White Mountain was more of a skirmish than a fully-fledged
battle. The Bohemian army was no match for King Ferdinand II
trained soldiers, and the actual battle only lasted an hour and left
the Bohemian army devastated. The Protestant army was non-
existent by the end of the battle. Some 4,000 Protestants were
killed or captured. The Catholic losses amounted to roughly 800.
Aftermath
The 27 tributary crosses.
Survivors of the battle soon reached Prague, causing a general
panic. Some rebel commanders tried to set up a defense, but they
received little support. Frederick V of Bohemia and his
entourage, leaving the crown jewels behind, slipped out of
Prague quietly, disappearing into the stream of refugees who
were fleeing the imminent Imperial takeover of Prague. When
the Imperial army arrived, it was able to enter Prague without
resistance.
As the victor of the battle, King Ferdinand immediately turned to
his council on questions arising from extravagant success of the
recent battle on the international situation and on internal
(Bohemian and Palatinate) politics. Ferdinand’s council believed
in the centralization of power in all regions of his lands. It was
sought to use the defeat at the Battle of White Mountain as a
defense of his ultimate goal of centralized power in the Estates
of the realm. The defeat left the estates lacking in self-
confidence and left them without any defensive stand.
Ferdinand’s council wanted to declare the throne hereditary thus
removing the election liberties of the estates and to expel several
V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

Protestant Lords from the estates thus leaving the religious and
domestic and political rebellion inactive. Battle of Breitenfeld
With the Bohemian army destroyed, Tilly entered Prague and the
revolt broke down. King Frederick with his wife Elizabeth fled
the country (hence his nickname the Winter King), and many
citizens welcomed the restoration of Catholicism. Forty-seven
noble leaders of the insurrection were tried, and twenty-seven
were executed on what is called "the Day of Blood" by
Protestants at Prague's Old Town Square. Amongst those
executed were Kryštof Harant and Jan Jesenius. Today, 27
crosses have been inlaid in the cobblestone as a tribute to those
victims. An estimated five-sixths of the Bohemian nobility went
into exile soon after the Battle of White Mountain, and their
properties were confiscated.8 Before the war about 151,000
farmsteads existed in the Lands of Bohemian Crown, while only
The Battle of Breitenfeld (German: Schlacht bei Breitenfeld;
50,000 remained after the year 1648. The number of inhabitants
Swedish: Slaget vid Breitenfeld) or First Battle of Breitenfeld
decreased from 3 million to 800,000.9 The Thirty Years War had
(sometimes First Breitenfeld and in older texts Battle of
still another 28 years to run, and Bohemia was often the scene of
Leipzig) , was fought at the crossroads villages of Breitenfeld,
much bloodshed.
Podelwitz, and Seehausen, approximately five miles northwest
But there was still a strong Protestant army in Silesia under the
of the walled city of Leipzig on September 17 (new style, or
command of Johann Georg of Hohenzollern, Duke of
Gregorian dating), or September 7 (by the older Julian calendar,
Brandenburg-Jägerndorf which continued fighting the Imperial
in wide use at the time), 1631. Breitenfeld represented the
army in Moravia and in what today is Slovakia until 1623.
Protestants’ first major victory of the Thirty Years War.
In 1621, the Emperor ordered all Calvinists and other non-
The Protestant victory ensured that the German states would not
Lutherans to leave the realm in 3 days or to convert to
be forcibly reconverted to Roman Catholicism. The victory
Catholicism. Next year, he also ordered all Lutherans (who
further confirmed Sweden’s Gustavus Adolphus of the House of
primarily had not been involved in the revolt) to convert or leave
Vasa as a great tactical leader and induced many Protestant
the country. By 1627, Archbishop Harrach of Prague and
German states to ally themselves with Sweden against the
Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice set out to peacefully convert the
German Catholic League, led by Maximilian I, Elector of
heretics as they were termed; most Bohemians converted, but a
Bavaria, and the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II of Austria.
significant Protestant minority remained. Spanish troops, seeking
to encircle their rebellious Dutch provinces, seized the Palatinate o
electoral lands. With the prospect of Protestantism being overrun Prelude to the Swedish phase of the Thirty Years War
in Germany, Denmark entered the struggle. Sweden was to join If the first phase of the Thirty Years War, or Wars, as some
the Protestant forces in 1630. historians call it, hinged on the Palatine inheritance, this phase
hinged on the liberties of various bishoprics in Lorraine, and the
autonomy of several Lutheran princes, including imperial
Electors of Electoral Saxony and Electoral Brandenburg. The
issue was not only about religion, although the issue manifested
itself in the princely religious autonomy. At issue was the larger
problem of imperial rule versus princely autonomy: at its most
basic, the argument was over the nature of power and authority
in the Holy Roman Empire.

Swedish phase of the Thirty Years War

The Swedish phase of the 30 Years War began with the Swedish
landing at Peenemünde. The Swedish campaign in central
Europe gained control of great deal of territory.There were 3
major battles: Breitenfeld, the Battle of Lech, and the Battle of
Lützen. France was Sweden’s ally and paid most of the Swedish
campaign expenses. This marked a major shift away from a
religious-based conflict, as the French were also Catholic.

The execution of the leaders of the Bohemian rebellion in Gustav's plan

Prague. When he had planned this invasion in 1629, after peace with
Poland, with money in his pocket, and promises of French
subsidy, Gustav ruled an orderly and loyal country; he possessed
Source : reserves of war material; and he had at his command an
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_White_Mountain effective, well disciplined fighting force made up of recruits
from Sweden and Finland and thus theoretically loyal to him.
Gustav's efforts in Poland and Lithuania did not secure his Baltic
possessions, nor did they solve his kingdom’s security issues;
Polish, Lithuanian and English ships continued to prey upon
Swedish trade, and Gustav considered his engagement in the
Protestant causes in the German states to be part and parcel to
securing his own interests in the Baltic. Initially, Sweden’s
entrance into the war was considered a minor annoyance to the
Catholic League and its allies; his only battles to this point had
been inconclusive ones, or fought against generals of modest
military ability, such as at Honigfeld, a minor affair in eastern
Prussia against Imperial troops under Hans Georg von Arnim-
Boitzenburg to aid Sigismund III of Poland-Lithuania, which
ended in Fall 1629 with the Truce of Altmark.
Consequently, when Gustav Adolph and his force of
13,000 landed at Peenemünde in 1630, the Imperial Commander
of the German Catholic League, Tilly, did not immediately
74

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648
respond, being engaged in what seemed to be more pressing
matters in northern Italy. Gustav's sole ally was the city of
Stralsund, and over the ensuing months, the situation did not
improve. While he could claim the support from German
princes, these were the “dispossessed” like Mecklenburg and
Saxe-Weimar, the expectant like the claimants to Brunswick-
Lüneburg, the occupied, like Magdeburg, and the threatened,
like Hesse-Kassel. In terms of real support of money, men,
supplies and arms, these alliances meant little. External alliances
were little better: Russia offered duty free grain to be sold in
Amsterdam, a scheme that raised only 78,000 thalers, and
France hedged its bets. The difficulty in developing concrete
alliances with German states was understandable. Unthreatened
Lutheran princes saw the advantage in using the Swedish
"menace" to wrest terms from Vienna, rather than commit what
amounted to acts of treason.10 French reticence at entering an
alliance was less understandable for, like Sweden, France had
been engaged in several decades of fighting, so peace and
demobilization offered significant advantages; like Sweden,
though, there were significant and concrete gains to be achieved
in territory, influence, and prestige, if they were to be on the
winning side of the renewal of fighting in northern Europe. In
early 1631, imperial forces captured Mantua, effectively ending
the Mantuan war, and the ensuing peace treaty at Cherasco
(February 1631) insured that the large imperial army tied up in
northern Italy was now free to expend its energy in the German
states.
Creating alliances
At the same time, the Protestant princes showed little interest in
attaching themselves to the Swedish cause; Gustavus opted for
“rough wooing.” In the ensuing months, his troops moved south
into Brandenburg, taking and sacking the towns of Küstin and
Frankfurt an der Oder. It was too late and too far to save one of
Gustav’s “occupied” allies, Magdeburg, from a horrific sack by
imperial troops, which began on May 20, and in which a major
portion of the population was murdered and the city burned. The
sack of Magdeburg, though, could be turned to good use: the
broadsides and pamphlets distributed throughout Europe assured
that prince and pauper alike understood how the Emperor, or at
least his troops, treated the Protestant subjects. Over the next few
months, Gustav consolidated his bridgehead and expanded
across northern Germany, attracting support from German
princes but mostly building his army from mercenary forces
along the way. By the time he reached the Saxon border, his
force had expanded over 23,000.
"Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle at Breitenfeld", painting in the
Musée historique de Strasbourg.
Strategic importance of Electoral Saxony
In order for Swedes to attack the imperial troops in the south,
they needed to pass through Saxony. In order for Tilly’s forces,
now freed from northern Italy, to attack Gustav's army, they too
needed to pass through Saxony. Electoral Saxony had not been
touched by the war, at least not directly, and it hung like a ripe
plum between the two combatants, full of hogs, cattle, horses,
grain, fruit, all the stuff that the hungry Imperial and League
troops craved. In midsummer, General Tilly asked John George I
for permission to pass through the territory; the elector declined
permission, noting that Saxon sweetmeats had not yet been
75
touched. Tilly invaded Electoral Saxony because, first, it was the
shortest distance between himself and Gustav’s flank; second,
because he hoped to force its ruler to abandon any planned
alliance with Gustav; and third, because the Saxon territories
offered plenty of food and sustenance for his exhausted army. 814
His plan was to avoid contact with the Swedes, and ultimately
the Saxons, until his troops could unite with the units near Jena
(about 5000 seasoned professionals), and the larger force of
Count Otto von Fugger, en route from Hesse. Gustav and John
George united their forces, planning to meet Tilly somewhere
near Leipzig.
17th Century forces
This period of warfare had 3 basic branches in military land
forces: infantry, cavalry, and artillery. They had a relative
balance, with the cavalry having much greater strength
offensively than defensively and the infantry the opposite.
Mostly, artillery was a supporting branch, delivering a slow rate
of fire at very long range, and highly immobile.
Infantry
Infantry had 2 basic types, light and heavy, from the ancient
classical period until the late 17th century. Light troops used
primarily ranged weapons while heavy infantry specialized in
melee combat. Generally, light troops had less armour than
heavy troops, but the types are not classified by armour. Some
units of mixed type employed ranged or close weapons
depending on the tactical situation, but they were a minority.
There were dozens of specific types in use in every period. Most
nations or regions commonly specialized in fielding specific
variations, differing in specific weapons, armour, and tactics
used. The forces employed at Breitenfeld on both sides used
mostly one type of light infantry, musketeers armed with
matchlock muskets. Matchlock muskets of the period were still a
heavy weapon, not the lighter flintlock variety that would
eventually evolve, typically with barrels about four feet long and
propelling a ball weighing about 2 ounces(˜55 grams), the gun
itself weighing between 15 and 17 lbs. The rate of fire was
comparatively slow, typically around 1 round per minute, and
musketeers were typically deployed in six or more ranks to allow
for a continuous stream of fire. Musketeers typically lacked any
form of protection, although some might have worn light
helmets and buff coats; they carried cheap swords as sidearms,
although the butt stock of a reversed musket was often more
effective in close combat situations. The Swedes and the
imperials also used mostly the same type of heavy infantry,
pikemen. Pikemen of the period employed ˜16-18 foot pikes and
wore heavy half armour, ideally consisting of a breast and
backplate with thigh-protecting tassets and a light helmet, and
also a short sword for close combat. Combined together these
mixed infantry units were very strong defensively against any
form of cavalry attacks. The musketeers had a greater range and
rate of fire then a mounted man with a wheellock pistol, while
pikes too have greater reach compared to cavalry swords and
lances, without even taking into account the fact that horses
would not naturally crash into dense formations of men.
Historically most infantry were organized with units of a single
type, but in this case, both sides fielded units with a mixture of
light and heavy troops. The imperials deployed their infantry in
modified Spanish tercios. These units were rectangular, about
1500 men, with a dense center of pikemen and four "sleeves" of
musketeers deployed on each sides or corners. Such a formation
had very powerful all around defenses against cavalry, but was
very slow moving and lacked firepower since at best only half of
the available muskets could be brought to bear. The Swedes
deployed in a linear formation developed by Maurice of Nassau.
Swedish infantry were deployed with 6 ranks of musketeers to
the front and 5 ranks of pikemen behind. The Swedish
musketeers had also perfected the salvo firing technique, in
which three ranks of musketeers would fire simultaneously, with
the front rank kneeling, the second rank crouching and the third
rank standing. The massive disruption caused by such a wall of
lead slamming into the enemy was capable of stopping cavalry
charges without the aid of pikes on many occasions, and allowed
the Swedish pikemen or cavalry to immediately gain advantage
over their opponent in the subsequent close combat. The tactical
preferences of the two armies resulted from different operational
V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

philosophies: the imperial infantry were typically more static and
defensive in battle, while the Swedish were more capable of
offense but more vulnerable to flanking attacks. Most of the
Saxon units were various heavy types deployed in unmixed
squares; with only a few companies of musketeers.
Cavalry
There were many different types of cavalry in the period.
Similarly to the infantry, they differed in the weapons, armour
and tactics employed. With cavalry, especially, unit names such
as "heavy cavalry" are often misleading. The cavalry of both
sides at Breitenfield were mostly units of cuirassiers. This was a
heavy type of cavalry armed with wheel-lock pistols and
broadswords and ideally clad in heavy three-quarter armour with
a bulletproof cuirass. The second type of cavalry commonly used
in Western Europe at the time was the harquebusier; a light,
firearm-equipped cavalryman named after the long firearm they
used. Theoretically, in battle the harquebusiers would provide
supporting fire for the cuirassiers' charge, and their role was
otherwise confined to skirmishing, scouting and other irregular
operations. The cuirassiers themselves typically employed
caracole tactics, advancing to the charge at a trot, often in a
dense formation six or ten ranks deep. At about ten paces from
the opposing formation the troopers would discharge their pistols
and wheel around to reload, allowing the next rank to also fire.
Only after an enemy had been substantially weakened or
disordered would they draw their swords and charge.
Practical realities faced by the Swedish, however, resulted in
their cavalry being uniquely different. Sweden's lack of
manufacturing capability at the time resulted in her cavalry
lacking in armour and wheellock pistols; the Swedish cuirassiers
were only armoured up to the standard of the typical imperial
harquebusier, except for a few units raised in Livonia and
recruited among the German mercenaries, while their Finnish
light horse were often completely unarmoured. Initially they
were also largely outnumbered by their imperial counterparts,
and thus often were forced to form up only two or three ranks
deep to avoid being outflanked. The Swedes also had plenty of
experience fighting against the vaunted Polish cavalry, which
taught them the value of a full gallop charge using cold steel
only. Also, to compensate for the lesser quality and quantity of
his cavalry against the Poles, Gustavus also started using
detached companies of musketeers to provide fire support for his
horsemen. These tactical developments would prove extremely
effective, and while not Swedish by invention were brought into
renown by them and would shape Western military doctrine until
the early 19th century.
the training and structure of infantry troops, and the Swedish
different philosophy in using their cavalry.
Forces Deployed
The strengths of forces deployed were about relatively equal.
The Protestant coalition, including the Swedes and Germans,
fielding about 42,000 troops (18,000 from German Allies) and
the imperial forces at about 35,000. The Protestants had a
considerable edge in cavalry numbers, about 13,000 (5,000 from
Allies) to 9,000. The numbers for the siege artillery were
relatively equivalent with the Swedes having a slight edge in
quality and the imperials having a marginal advantage in
quantity. The Swedes had additional small artillery pieces (3 and
6 pounders) integrated into their infantry brigades and regiments.
This gave the Swedes an overall advantage in the number of
tubes. The Catholics had a considerable advantage in the number
of trained infantry deployed; about 25,000 to the Swedes 15,000.
The Saxons (Swedish allies) fielded about 9,000 additional
untrained infantry, which mostly consisted of conscripts or
militia. The Swedish Allies fielded very few muskets. The
Swedish Linear Formation had a higher ratios of matchlock and
much fewer pikemen than the imperial forces tercio. Overall the
Unionist fielded about the same number matchlocks as the
imperial troops.
Force Assessment
The overall balance was relatively even. The disparity in overall
numbers resulted from large levies of untrained soldiers. The
number of heavy cannon was relatively close with the Swedish
having newer models and light cannon compensating for the
disparity in heavy field pieces. The Unionist had a considerable
advantage in cavalry while the imperials had a considerable
advantage in trained infantry. With the forces deployed, the key
difference was the light/heavy infantry ratio of Swedes. The
Swedes fielded considerably more muskets by ratio, had more
advanced equipment, and better drills to increase their rate of
fire. More important, the Linear Formation that allowed most
musketeers to engage, while less than half in a tercio could
engage.
Disposition of forces

Artillery
The artillery of the period used no explosive projectiles. Cannon
generally fired directly at low angle with solid metal or stone
shot. Artillery was mostly used for siege operations as it was
very slow to maneuver. Used against opposing troops, a common
tactic was the "grazing shot", aimed to skip off the ground in
front of the enemy and bounce upward through the massed
troops, causing many more casualties than level fire could. The
Swedes had developed more modern models for their siege
artillery that were easier to maneuver and load, using only three
different weight of ordnance: 24, 6 and 3 pounders. Additionally
the Swedes had some of their lighter pieces integrated into their
infantry formations at brigade and regimental level. These
3pound pieces (3 assigned to a brigade) were much smaller,
lighter and less powerful than the siege guns. The 3 pound pieces
could maneuver with the infantry to a limited degree. 3 pounders
could also be reloaded much more quickly than siege pieces and
had greater range and firing rate than the infantry's muskets,
greatly increasing the Swedish infantry's firepower.

Tactical Overview
The Battle of Breitenfeld I (1631) was overall a meeting
engagement with both combatants agreeing to battle on the field.
The forces all had different structural organization. Mostly the
technology was about the same level, with a slight advantage to
the Swedish troops in newer and lighter cannon and matchlocks. Pappenheim
Both Armies were well supplied and the terrain was relatively
equivalent between the dispositions. Key differences between The Swedes deployed their 15,000 infantry in 2 lines. The
the Swedish and imperial forces (and the Swedish allies) were in imperial army deployed 25,500 infantry in a single line of 17

76

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648
tercios (1,500 infantrymen in each). The German allies extended
the Protestant front to be overall slightly longer than the catholic.
The imperial line had its cavalry evenly distributed on its flanks.
The Swedes had their cavalry weighted to their right. The
German allies fielded their infantry in wedge formation with
units in squares, and cavalry on their flanks. With their Saxon
allies extending the Swede’s line, the Unionists had cavalry at
the center and their flanks.
Battle of Breitenfeld - Initial dispositions, 17 September
1631.Swedish-Saxon forces in Blue, Catholic army in Red
Battle Summary
The battle started in the middle of the day and lasted over 6
hours. The first 2 hours consisted of an exchange of artillery fire.
This was followed by an imperial attack with cavalry from both
wings to both ends of the Unionist line. The cavalry attack
routed the Saxon troops on the Unionist left flank. The imperial
army then conducted a general attack to exploit the exposed left
flank. The Swedes repositioned their second line to cover the left
flank and counter attacked with their cavalry to both imperial
flanks. The attack on the imperial left was led personally by the
Swedish King. It captured the imperial artillery and enveloped
the imperial left flank. The Swedish now had much greater
weight of fire from their artillery, infantry, and the captured
imperial artillery. The imperial line was disorganized under the
heavy fire and enveloped. The imperial line collapsed and over
80% of the imperial forces were killed or captured.
120 standards of the Imperial and Bavarian armies were taken
(and are still on display in the Riddarholm church in
Stockholm);15 and Gustav's innovations in military operations
and tactics were confirmed.
Opening gambits
Battle of Breitenfeld - Opening moves, 17 September 1631
Swedish-Saxon forces in Blue, Catholic army in Red
The combined Swedish-Saxon forces were oriented to the north
of Leipzig centered around hamlet of Podelwitz, facing
southwest toward Breitenfeld and Leipzig. The battle began
77
around mid-day, with a two hour exchange of artillery fire,
during which the Swedes demonstrated fire power in a rate of
fire of three-to-five volleys to one Imperial volley.16 Gustavus
had lightened his artillery park, and each colonel had four highly
mobile, rapid firing, copper-cast three pounders, the cream of
Sweden’s metallurgical industry. When the artillery fire ceased,
Pappenheim's Black Cuirassiers charged the Swedish line seven
times, and were consistently beaten back by harquebus and
pikemen. Gustavus had trained his men to aim for the cavalry
mounts, and the falling animals made holes in the Catholic
formations. The same tactics would work an hour or so later
when the imperial cavalry charged the Swedish left flank.
Following the rebuff of the seventh assault, General Banér
sallied forth with both his light (Finnish and West Gotlanders)
and heavy cavalry (Smalanders and East Gotlanders). Banér’s
cavalry had been taught to deliver its impact with the saber, not
to caracole with the hard-to-aim pistols or carbines, forcing
Pappenheim and his cavalry quit the field in disarray, retreating
15 miles northwest to Halle.
During the charges of the Cuirassiers, Tilly's infantry had
remained stationary, but then the cavalry on his right charged the
Saxon cavalry and routed it towards Eilenburg. There may have
been confusion in the imperial command at seeing Pappenheim’s
charge; in their assessment of the battle, military historians have
wondered if Pappenheim precipitated an attempted double
envelopment, or if he followed Tilly’s preconceived plan. At any
rate, recognizing an opportunity, Tilly sent the majority of his
infantry against the remaining Saxon forces in an oblique march
diagonally across his front.
Thwarting the Imperial attack
Battle of Breitenfeld - Stopping the attack, 17 September 1631,
Swedish forces in Blue, Catholic army in Red
As Tilly was ordering his infantry to march ahead diagonally to
the right, looking to roll up the Swedish line on its abandoned
left flank, Gustavus reordered his second line, under the capable
and steady General Gustav Horn, into an array at a right angle to
the front, in a maneuver known as refusing the line. With this
maneuver, the Swedish line developed a strong angle, anchored
in the new center under General Lennart Torstenson, whose men
were able to deliver an artillery barrage with an overwhelmingly
high rate of fire for the era. Tilly's right flank cavalry preceded
his infantry across the field. Except for his musketeers, the
infantry had yet to engage. Tilly's seventeen Tercios could only
angle across the field. Tercios cannot turn easily, owing to the
length of pikes extending through the faces of the essentially
square formations. As they advanced obliquely, it left the
Swedish right uncovered and free.
V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648
Annihilation of the Imperial force
Battle of Breitenfeld - Annihilation, 17 September 1631
Swedish forces in Blue, Catholic army in Red
While this was taking place, the Swedish cavalry re-formed, and,
preceded by the Finnish light cavalry (Hakkapeliittas), which
Gustavus led personally, attacked across the former front to
capture the Imperial artillery, followed in short succession by
Banér's heavy cavalry and three regiments of infantry. This not
only freed the Swedish field guns from an ongoing artillery duel,
but allowed Gustavus's cross-trained cavalry to turn the captured
Imperial guns upon Tilly's seventeen own Tercios, now
outflanked and badly out of position. Gustavus’ soldiers
redeployed the captured artillery into a new line and angled so it
could fire on the Catholic forces. Its position lay slightly to the
rear of the Catholics on what had become the extreme right flank
of a developing infantry battle. The unwieldy Catholic infantry
was trapped in a crossfire of grazing artillery balls which were
aimed to bounce and careen into the rank and files between knee
and shoulder height—killing and wounding dozens with each
ball. With these guns cutting into one end of Tilly's line, and the
Swedish center showing no signs of breaking, the exchange of
gunfire soon wore down the Imperial troops, and their lines
ground to a halt against Horn's infantry.
After several hours of punishment, nearing sunset, the Catholic
line finally broke. Tilly himself was injured twice by a so-called
"piece of battle"—artillery propelled debris, such as a careening
pikehead. Although the first time he remounted his horse, the
second wound was more severe; unconscious, he was carted off
to safety under the cover of night during the ensuing retreat,
which quickly became a rout as the Catholic forces reached the
nearby woods. The totally disorganized and demoralized
Imperial and Catholic League force effectively lost all cohesion
with the fall of night, and the desertion rate was consequently
higher than the battle losses themselves. In effect, Gustav had
entirely destroyed the only army the Catholics had in the field,
placing the Imperial side on the defensive.
After the battle, Gustav moved on Halle, following the same
track that Tilly had taken coming east to enforce the Edict of
Restitution on the Electorate of Saxony. Two days later Gustav's
forces captured another 3,000 men after a brief skirmish at
Merseburg, and took Halle two days after that.
Aftermath
The outcome of the battle had a significant impact, in the short,
intermediate, and long term. In the short term, the Catholic and
imperial forces were significantly hampered by the loss of most
of the force. The totality of the victory confirmed Gustav's
military innovations, and guaranteed that the Swedes would
remain engaged in the war for the foreseeable future. In the long
term, the significant loss of force, the shift in command, the
realignment of alliances creating a strong Protestant, or anti-
imperial force, required the Emperor and the Protestant and
Catholic princes, to rethink on the operational conduct of the
warfare, and the diplomatic avenues they would pursue prior to
using armed force.
78
Short term impact: command decisions and rebuilding the
imperial army
After the battle, the Catholic League or Imperial army under
Tilly could field an army of only 7,000 men. The army had to be
rebuilt. Gustavus Adolphus, on the other hand, had a larger army
after the battle than before. The battle's outcome had the political
effect of convincing Protestant states to join his cause and
convinced France to throw its whole-hearted support to the
militarily strong but economically weak Sweden. Finally, with
the seventy-two year old Tilly's recovery far from certain (and he
did indeed die within six months while crossing the Lech river),
and with no alternative commander at hand, Emperor Ferdinand
II had no choice but to rehire Wallenstein.
Intermediate impact: Gustav's military innovations
His success against the well-trained Imperial and League forces
at Breitenfeld endorsed Gustav's linear tactics. In traditional
battle tactics, the cavalry lined up on either side of the primary
infantry force, theoretically protecting its flanks, but in actuality,
cavalry would attempt to drive off the opposing force, leaving
the infantry’s flank exposed. Gustav mixed infantry heavily
weighted with musketeers among the cavalry in their "starting
positions" on the flanks. As opposing cavalry attacked, the
musketeers could pick them off, long before the cavalryman’s
pistols could be useful. The thinner pike wall sufficiently
prevented breakage of the line, but it could also be easily shifted,
to allow Gustav’s cavalry to pass through. Normally detached
infantry would be easily run down, but by being placed in the
midst of the cavalry, if the opposing force did charge, they
would do so right into the Swedish cavalry's own pistols. It was
Gustavus' policy to have each arm support the other, so
demonstrating an early appreciation of the benefits of combined
arms tactics, though long before the term was coined.
Gustavus's victory at Breitenfeld
In the traditional square, muskets at the rear or sides of the
formation could not fire effectively due to the ranks in front. The
Dutch had thinned out their formations to place more men at the
front, a concept Gustav adapted by converting his formations
into rectangles only six ranks deep (as opposed to ten or more).
This became known as a linear formation, and in historical
terms, by one modification or another, it persisted in warfare to
World War II.Additionally, whereas the typical pike-and-shot
formation placed the shot on the flanks of a full pike square, to
overcome the friendly fire issue, Gustav placed most of the shot
at the front, with the pike at the sides strictly in support, with a
smattering of pike to keep charging cavalry at bay. In the
common tercio of the day, the ratio of pikes to shot was
generally about 2:1; Gustavus' armies were recast to ratios
between 3:2 and sometimes approached 1:1—giving his forces a
much greater amount of long range fire power.
Along the same line of rate of fire thinking, he also placed small
cannons, or so called infantry guns among the units. These were
mobile, lightweight three-pound brass cannon, by some called
the first field artillery. Loaded with canister or grapeshot, they
were devastating, like huge shotguns capable of gutting an
opponent's formations. At long ranges, they fired solid shot
aimed to bounce through the enemy's ranks doing nearly as
much damage. The integration of small cannons among infantry
V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

gave his battalions cannon support even if they became separated

from the main force, or if they were away from the massed
artillery at the center of the field.

Map of Europe in 1648

These changes also made Gustav's formations easier to

maneuver on the battlefield; the line formations he fielded could
easily turn to face a new direction, compared to the squares Tilly
and the Saxon Elector had been using— where the line of march
was typically fixed (or else the unit would spear each other in
turning the unwieldy pikes), once a unit took up positions in the
field—his forces were able to change facings and march a
different direction. Gustav's main formations could be re-
aligned, even under fire, and even those where his mixed units
used his concept of combined arms, although at the cost of some
confusion while the pikemen reformed on the shot's flanks, the
cavalry paraded back around and came up again.

Long term consequences: realignment of alliances and

extension of Swedish influence into Germany

Gustav's success encouraged several other princes to join the

cause of the Swedish king and his few allies. By the month's end,
Hannover, the Hessian dukes, Brandenburg and Saxony were
officially aligned against the empire, and France had agreed to
provide substantially greater funding for Gustav's armies.
Although Gustav was killed a year later at the Battle of Lützen,
the military strength of the alliance had been secured through the
addition of new armies. Even when Swedish leadership faltered,
it did not fail, and the influx of French gold insured that the
hostilities could continue. The reconstituted imperial and
Catholic league forces and the opposition forces were so evenly
matched that neither side could force a concession from the
other. Wallenstein's efforts to negotiate a conclusion to the
conflict ended in his own conviction of treason, and his
assassination. This realization, confirmed at Westphalia
fundamentally changed the balance of power within the Holy
Roman Empire.

Source :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1631)

79

V2
V1
WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

80

V2
V1
WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

81

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648
HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
Army of the Holy Roman Empire 1625
Commander: Emperor Ferdinandus der ander
Commanding Officer: Albrecht Venceslaus Eusebius Count
Waldstein
Foot Regiments
Regiment Cos Founded ality Colonel Station
Brewner 13 1618 High GerH. F. von Brewner Hungary
Sächsisch 10 1618 High Ger J. H. zu Sachsen-Lawenpurg
Hungary
Collalto 10 1618 High Ger R. von Collalto Netherlands
Teuffenpach 4 1619 High Ger R. von Teuffenpach Reich
Nassaw 10 1619 Low Ger J. von Nassaw-Katzenelbogen before
Breda
Schawenpurg 10 1619 High Ger H. von Schawenpurg Milan
Kratz 10 1619 Bohem H.F. Kratz von Scharffenstain Silesia
Waldstain 10 1621 Moravia A. von Friedlandt Moravia
Lichtenstein 10 1621 Moravia M. Lichtenstain Moravia
Schlik 10 1621 Moravia H. Schlickh Moravia
Colloredo 10 1625 Bohem R. von Colloredo Bohemia
Wratislaw 10 1625 Bohem W. Wratislaw Southern
Reich
Altring 10 1625 German J. von Altringer Reich
Cerbonia 10 1625 Reich T. Cerboni Reich
Nogarol 10 1624 German F. von Nogarol Prague
City Guard 4 1546 German H. K. Stadion Vienna
Standards
Kolowrat 2 1618 ? Z. von Kolowratt und Liebstain Budweis
Strassn 11 1618 ? G. van der Strassen Löwentz
Karling 1 1618 ? H. von Karling Füllegg
Felling 1 1622 ? M. Fellinger Raab
Pechler 1 1623 ? D. Pechler Neuhäusel
Regiments & Companies of Horse
Maradas 6 1616 Sp Cuir B. de Maradas y Viquez Moravia
& Silesia
Wittenhorstisch 6 1619 Wal Cuir W.W. von Wittenhorst Reich
Strozzisch 5 1619 Wal Cuir J. Strozzi before Bredaa
Areyzaga 5 1621 Sp Arq Areyzaga d'Avandango Reich
Abbreviations:
Bohem - Bohemian
Boh Arq - Bohemian Arquebusiers
High Ger - High German
Low Ger - Low German
Sp Arq - Spanish Arquebusiers
Sp Cuir - Spanish Cuirassiers
Wal Cuir - Walloon Cuirassiers 2
Regiment Cos Founded ality Colonel Station
Coronini 5 1624 Ger Arq J.P.Coronini von Kronenperg
Netherlands
Holstein 6 1624 Ger Cuir A zu Holstein-Gottorp 4 in
Netherlands
2 with
Army
Awersperg 3 1624 Ger Arq W. von Awersperg Moravia
Pechmann 10 1625 Ger Cuir Pechmann von der Schönaw
Bohemia
1st Hebron 4 1625 Ger Arq D. Hebron Bohemia
2nd Hebron 10 1625 Ger Dra D. Hebron Bohemia
Altsächsisch 10 1625 Ger Arq J.H. zu Sachsen-Lawenpurg
Reich
Neusächsisch 10 1625 Ger Cuir F.A. Hzg. zu Sachsen-
Lawenpurg Reich
Lamoatte 5 1625 Boh Arq P. de Lamotte Reich
1st Merode 15 1625 Wal Arq J. Merode-Waroux Netherlands
2nd Merode 3 1625 Sp Arq J. Merode-Waroux Netherlands
Scherffenperg 10 1625 Boh Arq H.E. von Scherffenperg Reich
Defur 10 1625 Ger Arq N.D. zu Montville Reich
Defur 10 1625 Dragoon N.D. zu Montville Bohemia
82
Sächsisch 10 1625 Ger Drag Hzg. M.R. zu Sachsen-Lawenpurg
Reich
Isolan 6 1625 Ch Reut J.L.H. von Isolan Bohemia
Scherffenperg 1 1621 Arque G. von Scherffenberg Hungary
Hoffer 1 1622 Arque H. Hoffer B ohemia
Strassoldo 1 1622 Arque G. di Strassoldo Bohemia
Verrière 1 1622 Cuiras J. La Verrière Bohemia
Gonzaga 1 1623 Arque L. von Gonzaga Bohemia
Montecuculi 1 1623 Arque E.M. von Montecerio Moravia
Löbl 1 1623 Arque H.C.von Löbl auf Grainspurg Upper
Austria
Awersperg 1 1623 Arque W. von Awersperg Hungary
Lichtenstein 1 1623 Arque Gr. von Lichtenstein Bohemia
Palfy 1 1624 Arque P. Palfy Hungary
Medici 1 1624 Arque L.Medici unknown
Conti 2 1625 Arque T. Conti Moravia
Capua 2 1625 Arque Don F. de Capua Moravia
Ducal 2 1625 Arque A. von Haugwitz Bohemia
Friedland Leibguard
Abbreviations:
Ger Cuir - German Cuirassiers
Ger Dra - German Dragoons
High Ger - High German
Low Ger - Low German
Sp Arq - Spanish Arquebusiers
Sp Cuir - Spanish Cuirassiers
Wal Cuir - Walloon Cuirassiers
SWEDEN
Swedish Army 7 March l63l
Infantry: (8,957 men)
Konungens Livgard (l co)
Ake Ulfsparre's Bn/Norrland Infantry Regiment (l co)
Salomon Adam's Bn/Kagg's Infantry Regt Smaland (4 cos)
Damitz's "Vita" (White) Infantry Regiment (2 bns = 8 cos)
Damitz's Infantry Regiment (l bn = 4 cos, in Stettin)
Det/Jakob Duwall's Infantry Regiment (250)
Hepburn's "Grona" (Green) Infantry Regiment (l2 cos)
Spens' Scots Infantry Regiment (9 cos)
Teuffel's "Gula" (Yellow) Household Infantry Regt (l2 cos)
Thurn's (Black) Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Winckel's "Blau" (Blue) Infantry Regiment (l2 cos)
Effern-Hall Infantry Regiment (8 cos, in Stettin)
Cavalry: (5,668 men)
Erik Soops' Cuirassier Regt (Vasgergotland)(8 cos)
Per Brahe's Cuirassier Regt (Smaland)(8 cos)
Stalhandske's Cuirassier Sqn (Finnish)(4 cos)
Wunsch's Cuirassier Sqn (Finnish)(3 cos)
Aderkas' Cuirassier Sqn (Lithuanian)(5 cos)
Baudissin's Cuirassier Regt (l2 cos)
Caldenbach's Cuirassier Squadron (4 cos)
Courville's Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)
Donhoff's Cuirassier Sqn (Courland)(4 cos)
Efferen-Hall's Cuirassier Regiment (6 cos)
Horn's Liv Company (l co)
Taupadel's Dragoon Squadron (4 cos)
Baner's Group in Finland: 2,028 foot & 2,376 horse
Axel Lillie's Bn/Narke-Varmland Inf. Regt. (4 cos)
Monroe's Bn/Mackay's Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Johann Baner's Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Vitzthum's Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Ortenburg's Cuirassier Regiment (l0 cos)
Rhengreven's Cuirassier Regiment (l2 cos)
Tott's Cuirassier Regiment (6 cos)
Mecklenburg Cavalry (50 men)
In Neumark: 5l0 foot & 900 horse
Det/Termow Infntry Regiment (ll0 men)
Det/Jakob Duwall Infantry Regiment (200 men)
Miscellaneous infantry detachments (200)
Damitz's Cuirassier Regiment (4 cos)
V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648
PROTESTANT
Protestant Army Donauworth March 1632
Infantry General
l2 Infantry Brigades witha total of 22,643 men
Erik Hand Brigade
Guardie Brigade
Blue Brigade
Mitzlaff Brigade
Hertig Wilhelm Brigade
Schneidewind Brigade
Thurn Brigade
Hebron Brigade
Baner Brigade
Schlammersdorf Brigade
Nurnberger Brigade
Liebenstein Brigade
Infantry Regiments
Konungens Liv Garde Company (attached to "Yellow"
Regiment)
Erik Hand (Ostergotland) Infantry Regiment (l2 cos)
Ake Oxenstierna (Dalarna) Infantry Regiment (l2 cos)
Axel Lillie (Uppland) Infantry Regiment (l2 cos)
Hertig Bernhard von Weimar Infantry Regiment (l3 cos)
Nils Brahe "Yellow" Infantry Regiment (l2 cos)
Hepburn "Green" Infantry Regiment (l2 cos)
Winckel "Blue" Infantry Regiment (l2 cos)
Schneidewind Infantry Regiment (ll cos)
Karl Hand (Vastergotland) Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Johan Baner Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Burt Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Gustav Horn Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Kagge's varvarde Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Kanofsky von Langendorf Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Mackay (Monro) Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Mitschefall Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Mitzlaff Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Robert Monroe of Fowles Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Schaffalitzky Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Thomas Schlammersdorf Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Spens (Lunsdaine) Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Thurn Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Truchsess Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Liebenstein Infantry Regiment (7 cos)
Wildenstein Infantry Regiment (7 cos)
Forbes Infantry Regiment (6 cos)
Det/Hastfer Infantry Regiment (4 cos)
Chemnitz Infantry Battalion (3 cos)
Riese (Sache-Weimar) Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Baltasar (Nürnberg) Infantry Regiment (l2 cos)
Schlammersdorf (Nürnberg) Infantry Regiment (l2 cos)
Cavalry: (l4,862 men)
Baudissin Cuirassier Regiment (l2 cos)
Tott Cuirassier Regiment (l2 cos)
Taupadel Dragoon Regiment (l2 cos)
Hertig Bernhard von Weimar Cuirassier Regiment (l0 cos)
Heinrich Wilhelm von Solms Cuirassier Regiment (9 cos)
Georg Uslar Cuirassier Regiment (9 cos)
Knut Soop (Vastergotland) Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)
Stenbock (Smaland) Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)
Hertig Ernst von Weimar Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)
Sperreuter Varvade Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)
Ohm Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)
Markgraf Kristofer von Baden Cuirassier Regiment (6 cos)
Berghofer Cuirassier Regiment (5 cos)
Courville Cuirassier Regiment (5 cos)
Gustav Horn (Witzleben) Cuirassier Regiment (5 cos)
Kochtitzky Cuirassier Regiment (5 cos)
Truchess Cuirassier Regiment (5 cos)
Wedel Cuirassier Regiment (5 cos)
Robert Monro of Fowles Cuirassier Regiment (4 cos)
De Menys Dragoon Regiment (4 cos)
83
"Silver Spears" (Isaak Axelsson's Uppland) Cuirassier
Squadron (4 cos)
Otto Sack (Sondermanland) Cuirassier Squadron (4 cos)
Sperreuter (Ostergotland) Cuirassier Squadron (4 cos)
Noding's (Stalhandske) Cuirassier Squadron (4 cos)
Donhoff (Courland) Cuirassier Squadron (4 cos)
Schauenburg Cuirassier Squadron (4 cos)
Streif Cuirassier Squadron (4 cos)
Tiesenhausen (Lithuania) Cuirassier Squadron (4 cos)
Gustav Horn's Liv Cuirassier Company
Hauditz Cuirassier Company
Herzog Wilhelm Leib (Sachsen Weimar) Cuirassier
Regiment (l3 cos)
CATHOLIC
Tilly's Army on the Danube March 1632
Imperial Infantry
Beck Infantry Regiment (l2 cos)
Contreras Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Farensbach Infantry Regiment (6 cos)
Merode-Varoux Infantry Regiment (4 cos)
Ritterberg Infantry Regiment (l0 cos)
Savelli Infantry Regiment (l0 cos)
Baldiron Infantry Regiment (? cos)
Witzleben Infantry Regiment (? cos)
League Infantry (all Bavarian)
Comargo Infantry Regiment (? cos)
Alt-Tilly Infantry Regiment (? cos)
Jung-Fürstenberg Infantry Regiment (l co)
Pappenheim Infantry Regiment (7 cos)
Reinach Infantry Regiment (? cos)
Wahl Infantry Regiment (ll cos)
Imperial Horse
Merode-Varoux Arquebusier Regiment (5 cos)
Bucquoy Cuirassier Regiment (3 cos)
Croatian Irregular Light Horse (5 cos)
General Quartermaster's Cuirassier Company
League Horse
(All Bavarian, except Blankhart which was Cologne)
Billehe Cuirassier Regiment (9 cos)
Blankhardt Cuirassier Regiment (5 cos)
Cratz Cuirassier Regiment (2 cos)
Cronberg Cuirassier Regiment (l3 cos)
d'Espagnogne Cuirassier Regiment (6 cos)
Jakob Fugger Cuirassier Regiment (5 cos)
Otto H. Fugger Croatian Irregular Light Cavalry Regiment
(4 cos)
Hasslang Cuirassier Regiment (2 cos)
Merode-Gehoy Cuirassier Regiment (5 cos)
Kalkenthal's Independent Cavalry Company
Independent Dragoon Companies (3 cos)
Total: l6,706 foot and 5,3l2 horse.
Notes
This order of battle should be good for the Battle of the Lech,
April l632, but there may have been some detachments.
The League Cavarly Regiments Hasslang & Merode-Gehoy
were not located on the unit lists. The Baldiron, Witzleben,
Comargo, and Alt-Tilly Infantry Regiments, Buquoy Cuirassiers
and three of the croatian horse compaies saw sodetached service
and may not have servied at the Battle of the Lech, April l6
V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

Dornburg (10 cos)

HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE Beygott (10 cos)

Main Army Holy Roman Empire 1632

Commanding Officer: Albrecht Wentzel Eusebius,
Grand Duke of Friedland
SWEDEN AND ALLIES
Infantry
Heinreich Holke Edeler Herr von Rawenholdt Swedish & Allied Forces Battle of Lützen 16 November l632
Graf Rudolf von Colloredo
Alt Brewner (13 cos) Infantry
Alt Sachsen (10 cos) 232 companies, 13,882 men
Chiesa (10 cos) Brahe's Yellow Brigade:
Teuffenpach (10 cos) Livgarde Company (1 co)(45/38/12/95)
Colloredo (6 cos) Nils Brahe Infantry Regiment (16 cos)(610/324/192)
Dohna (15 cos) Winckel's Blue Brigade:
Mannsveldt (5 cos) Winckel Infantry Regiment (16 cos)(486/432/192/1,110)
Beckh (10 cos) Kyle's Swedish Brigade:
Baden (6 cos) Gabriel Kyle Infantry Regiment
Paar (10 cos) Ake Oxenstierna Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Suys (10 cos) (366/168/96/630)
Pollard-Moriami (10 cos) Axel Lillie Infantry Regiment (8 cos)(465/267/96/848)
Grana (4 cos) Karl Hard Infantry Regiment (8 cos)(447/0/96/543)
Fernemondt (6 cos) Hastfer Infantry Regiment (4 cos)(156/0/48/204)
Wangler (10 cos) Duke Bernhard's Green Brigade:
Mohr von Waldt (10 cos) Duke Bernhard Infantry Regiment
Contreras (5 cos) Louis Leslie Infantry Regiment (16 cos)
Savelly (10 cos) Wildenstein Infantry Regiment (12 cos)
Bertholdt Waldstein (10 cos) Bose's Brigade:
Maximillianus Waldstein (14 cos) Bose (Saxon) Infantry Regiment (8 cos)(540/156/95/792)
Philipp Frederich Brewner (10 cos) Pforte (Saxon) Infantry Regiment (8 cos)(306/84/48/438)
Jung-Brewner (10 cos) Wilhelm von Weimar (Sax-Weimar) Infantry Regiment
Trawn (10 cos) (12 cos)(216/144/142/502)
Knyphausen's Brigade:
Artillery Knyphausen Infantry Regiment (12 cos)
Freiherr Hanns Filipp von Brewner (708/270/142/1,120)
6 Half Kartaunen Thurn Brigade:
9 Quarterschlangen Thurn Infantry Regiment (8 cos)(240/144/96/480)
2 300pdr Mörschner (mortars?) Isenburg Infantry Regiment (8 cos)(120/54/96/270)
2 150pdr Mörschner (mortars?) Wihelm vom Hessen (Green) Infantry Regiment (12 cos)
2 100pdr Mörschner (mortars?) (276/78/142/496)
3 30pdr Mörschner (mortars?) Mitzlaff's Brigade:
2 light guns per regiment Gersdorff Infantry Regiment (8 cos)(330/96/96/522)
Mitzlaff Infantry Regiment (12 cos)(342/198/142/682)
Cavalry Frederick von Rosen Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Freiherr Hanns Ulrich von Schaffgotsch auf Kynast (366/168/96/630))
Haracour (10 cos) Non brigaded:
Strotzy (10 cos) Henderson Infantry Regiment (reserve to lst line)
Ludwig Gontzaga (5 cos) (4 cos) (180/0/48/228)
Heinrich Gontzaga (6 cos) Lowenstein Infantry Regiment (broken up providing &
Desfour (5 cos) support for the cavalry) (7 cos)(600/0/84/684)
Alt-Tertzka (4 cos) Present, but assignment unknown
Neu-Tertzka (10 cos) Dam Vitzthum (Saxon) Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Braedow (9 cos) (396/210/142/748)
Gotschütz (10 cos) Brandenstein (Sax-Weimar) Infantry Regiment (4 cos)
Lamboy (10 cos) (198/0/48/246)
Löhe (10 cos) 2 Erbach Infantry Regiment (8 cos)(144/18/96/258) 2
Hasenburg (10 cos) Thilo A. von Uslar (Hessian) Infantry Regiment (12 cos)
Toscana (10 cos) (144/36/142/496)
Aldobrandin (10 cos)
Jung-Colloredo (10 cos) Cavalry
Piccolomini (7 cos) Swedish Cavalry:
Sparre (10 cos) Duke Bernhard von Weimar Cuirassier Regiment (12 cos)
Benningshausen (6 cos) (750)
Loyers (16 cos) Knut Soop (Vastergothland) Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)
Haagen (10 cos) (600)
Drost (5 cos) Stenbock (Smaland) Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)(600)
Merode Dragoons (5 cos) Tiesenhausen (Lithuanian) Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)
(450)
Croats Courville Cuirassier Regiment (4 cos)(450)
Freiherr Ludwig Johan Hector von Isolanus Otto Sack (Sondermanland) Cuirassier Squadron (4 cos)
Losy (10 cos) (250)
Orss vel Horatius (10 cos) Sperreuter (Ostergotland) Cuirassier Squadron (4 cos)
Isolanus (20 cos) (200)
Corpus (10 cos) Stechenitz Cuirassier Squadron (4 cos)(120)
Forgatsch (10 cos) Steinbach Cuirassier Regiment (4 cos)(300)

84

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

Brandenstein Cuirassier Regiment (4 cos)(450)

Ohm Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)(450)
Lowenstein Cuirassier Regiment (6 cos)(300)
Beckermann Cuirassier Regiment (4 cos)(225)
Bulach Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)(180)
Georg Uslar Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)(240)
Goldstein Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)(225)
Donhoff (Courland) Cuirassier Squadron (4 cos)(345)
Stalhand Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)(800)
Karberg Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)(800)a
Issak Axelsson "Silver Spears" Cuirassier Regiment
(4 cos)(300)
Allied Cavalry
Franz Dalwigk (Hessian) Cuirassier Regiment (5 cos)
(75)
Kurt Dalwigk (Hessian) Cuirassier Regiment (5 cos)
(150)
Thilo Uslar (Hessian) Cuirassier Regiment (5 cos)
(75)
Prinz Ernst von Anhalt (Saxon) Cuirassier Regiment
(8 cos)(450)
Hofkirchen (Saxon) Cuirassier Regiment (12 cos)(525)
Herzog Wilhelm Leib (Sax-Weimar) Cuirassier Regiment
(12 cos)(180)
Landgraf Wilhelm Leib (Hessian) Cuirassier Regiment
(5 cos)(270)
Artillery
20 heavy guns
40 light
PROTESTANT
Franconian (Protestant) Army under Herzog Bernhard
in Germany l634
Cavalry
Herzog Bernhard Cuirassier Regiment (l2 cos)
Herzog Ernst Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)
Landgraf von Hessen Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)
Brandenstein Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)
Courville Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)
Ohm Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)
Bullach Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)
Yssler Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)
Beckerman Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)
Berckhofer Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)
Courland Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)
Carberg Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)
Sattler Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)
Rossen Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)
Tupade Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)
Garrison of Würzburg City
Konigshofen Infantry Regiment (4 cos)
Lindasy Infantry Regiment (unknown strength)
Total: 25,760
HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
Imperial Forces Rhine Campaign l638
Troops in Winter Quarters on the Upper Rhine l637-l638
Croatians on Picket Duty
R. Isolani Croatian Cavalry Regiment (l0 cos)
Corpus Croatian Cavalry Regiment (l0 cos)*
Beygott Croatian Cavalry Regiment (l0 cos)*
Unknown Croatian Cavalry Regiment
Mirkovic Croatian Cavalry Regiment (being dissolved)
Ragowic Croatian Cavalry Regiment (l0 cos)
Draghi Croatian Cavalry Regiment (l0 cos)*
de la Mollie Dragoon Regiment (l0 cos)
* sent to Burgundy in the spring
Main Army
Savelli Infantry Regiment (l0 cos)
Enckhevoert Infantry Regiment (l0 cos)
Göltz Infantry Regiment (l0 cos)
Reinach Infantry Regiment (l0 cos)
Metternich (Bavarian) Infantry Regiment (l0 cos)
Edelstatten (Bavarian) Infantry Regiment (l0 cos)
Bamberg Infantry Regiment (l0 cos)
Florence Infantry Regiment (l0 cos)
Brück Infantry Regiment (l0 cos)
Bissingen Cuirassier Regiment (l0 cos)
Lamboy Cuirassier Regiment (l0 cos)
Sperreuter Cuirassier Regiment (l0 cos)
Neu-Piccolomini Cuirassier Regiment (l0 cos)
Solis Arquebusier Regiment (l0 cos)
Billeck (Bavarian) Cuirassier Regiment (l0 cos)
Gayling (Bavarian) Cuirassier Regiment (l0 cos)
Neunegg (Allied) Cuirassier Regiment (l0 cos)
Valois (Bavarian) Arquebusier Regiment (l0 cos)
Jan de Werth (Bavarian) Arquebusier Regiment (l0 cos)
Horst (Bavarian) Arquebusier Regiment (l0 cos)
Wolff Dragoon Regiment (l0 cos)
Jan de Werth Dragoon Regiment (l0 cos)
de la Mollie Dragoon Regiment (l0 cos)
Neu-Piccolomini Light Cavalry Regiment

Dragoons
Tupadel Dragoon Regiment (l2 cos)

Infantry
Yellow Infantry Regiment (l2 cos)
Herzog Bernhard Infantry Regiment (l2 cos)
Blue Infantry Regiment (l2 cos)
Thurn Infantry Regiment (l2 cos)
Mitzlaff Infantry Regiment (l2 cos)
Rossen Infantry Regiment (l2 cos)
Limpach Infantry Regiment (l2 cos)
Monroe Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Red Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Brandenstein (Sax-Weimar) Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Tiesenhusen Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
King Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Muffel (Bayreuth) Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Lessle Infantry Regiment (8 cos)
Brincken Infantry Regiment (8 cos)

85

V2
V1
WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

86

V2
V1
WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

87

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

COMMUNITY SPECIAL THANKS

http://scarabminiatures.com/forum (english)
http://wabforum.co.uk (english)
http://wab-portal.forumperso.com/ (french)
http://www.wac-forum.de (german)
Many thanks to the community members, especially Maik
Hünninghaus, and Rob Broom for their great support.
Many thanks to Siegfried Bajohr and the Kurpfalz Feldherren for
the pictures of painted figures. You can see them and much more
here: http://www.kurpfalz-feldherren.de/

MANUFACTURERS Also thanks to the members of the Grimsby Wargames club for
the pictures of painted figures. Homepage with a nice gallery
http://www.bearsdenminiatures.com/ this : http://grimsbywargamessociety.webs.com/
http://www.crusaderminiatures.com
http://www.essexminiatures.co.uk/
http://www.frontrank.com/
http://www.hinchliffe.co.uk/ BOOKS
http://www.molniyafigs.com/index.html
http://www.oldgloryminiatures.com
http://www.perry-miniatures.com/
http://www.progloria.de/
http://www.redoubtenterprises.com/
http://sgmm.biz/
http://www.theassaultgroup.com/
http://www.wargamesfoundry.com/
http://www.warlordgames.com/

ORDERS OF BATTLE
The famous Nafziger Collection can be found here
http://www.alternatewars.com/CARL/Nafgizer_CARL.htm

88

V2
V1
WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

89

V2
V1
 WAR & CONQUEST
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

scarabminiatures.com/forum (english)
wabforum.co.uk (english) 90
wab-portal.forumperso.com/ (french)
wac-forum.de (german)
V2
V1