Experiment Name:

(i) To determine the specific latent heat of fusion of ice.

(ii) To determine the specific latent heat of vaporization of water.

1.1 Objectives
To find the specific latent heat of fusion of ice and the specific latent heat of vaporization of
water.

1.2 Prelab
Students should read the lab manual and have a clear idea about the objective, time frame, and
outcomes of the lab.

1.3 Outcomes:
After completing this lab work students will be able to answer the following questions:
 How do you calculate the latent heat of fusion and vaporization?
 Why is the specific latent heat of vaporization greater than the specific latent heat of
fusion?
 Why is warm water used?
 Why was the ice dried?
 How was the mass of the ice found?

1.4 Timing and Lab Activities (Total 3 Hours)

• Lab Preparation (10 minutes):
 Students will sit for the lab class with preparations and class attendance will
be taken.
• Lecture on Theory (30 minutes):
 Teacher will clarify the objective and theory of the experiment.
• Demonstration of Procedure (15 minutes):
 Demonstrator will make the students understand the procedure of the
experiment.
• Experimental Work (90 to 100 minutes):
 Design of experiment: 10 minutes
 Data collection: 50 minutes
 Data analysis, drawing graphs, and completing the result part: 30 to 40
minutes
• Post Lab Discussion (15 to 20 minutes):
 Teacher will summarize the total lab work and have a discussion with the
students related to the questions given in the outcomes part.
• Report Preparation & Submission (20 minutes):
  Student will prepare their lab reports as groups in MS word and submit their
group lab report in printed form at the end of the lab.

(i)To determine the specific latent heat of the fusion of ice

1.5 Theory:
Latent heat (L) means the energy
required to change an object’s state.
Overall, latent heat of fusion means
the added energy or heat because of
which an object changes to another
state. Here, it is about
the transformation of solid to liquid,
which is melting, and liquid to a
Figure 1: Latent heat of fusion and vaporization
gaseous state, which is called the boiling process. The specific latent heat of fusion (𝐿𝑓) of a
substance is the quantity of heat required to convert the unit mass of the substance from the solid
to the liquid state without a change in temperature. The total heat lost by the hot body is equal to
the total heat gained by the cold body which is known as the calorimetry principle; i.e heat
loss=heat gain.

Figure 2: Calorimeter with thermometer and stirrer placed in a two-walled chamber.

Let consider,
Mass of Calorimeter plus stirrer = 𝑀𝑐𝑠
Mass of Calorimeter plus stirrer plus water = 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤
The initial mass of water = 𝑀𝑤
Mass of calorimeter plus stirrer plus water plus ice = 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤𝑖
Mass of ice added = 𝑀𝑖
Specific heat of calorimeter plus stirrer = 𝐶𝑐𝑠
Specific heat of water = 𝐶𝑤
The initial temperature of the calorimeter plus stirrer plus water = 𝑇𝑖
The final temperature of the calorimeter plus stirrer plus water =𝑇𝑓
Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 𝐿𝑓
When the ice cube of 00𝐶 is mixed with water of temperature 𝑇𝑖, then the mixture becomes a
common final temperature 𝑇𝑓.
Now using the calorimetry principle, we can write
Energy gained by ice =energy lost by calorimeter + energy lost by the water
𝑀𝑖𝐶𝑤𝑇𝑓 + 𝑀𝑖𝐿𝑓 = 𝑀𝑤𝐶𝑤 (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑓) + 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝐶𝑐𝑠(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑓)
𝑀𝑖𝐿𝑓 = (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑓)(𝑀𝑤𝐶𝑤 + 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝐶𝑐𝑠) − 𝑀𝑖𝐶𝑤𝑇𝑓
(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑓)(𝑀𝑤𝐶𝑤 + 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝐶𝑐𝑠) − 𝑀𝑖𝐶𝑤𝑇𝑓
𝐿𝑓 = … … . . (1)
𝑀𝑖

1.6 Apparatus: Calorimeter with stirrer, Thermometer, Digital balance, Ice cubes of 00𝐶,
Electronic timer, and Paper towels

1.7 Procedure:
1. Place some ice cubes in a beaker of water and keep taking the temperature with the
thermometer until the ice-water mixture reaches 0 °C.
2. Find the mass of the calorimeter plus stirrer, 𝑀𝑐𝑠.
3. Half fill the calorimeter with water warmed to approximately 10 °C above room temperature.
Find the combined mass of the calorimeter and water 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤. The mass of the water 𝑀𝑤 is 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤
−
𝑀𝑐𝑠.
4. Record the initial temperature 𝑇𝑖 of the calorimeter plus stirrer plus water.
5. Surround the ice cubes with kitchen paper or a cloth and crush them between wooden blocks
dry them with the kitchen paper.
6. Add the pieces of dry crushed ice, a little at a time, to the calorimeter. Do this until the
temperature of the water has fallen by about 20 °C.
7. Record the lowest temperature 𝑇𝑓 of the calorimeter plus stirrer plus water plus melted ice.
8. Find the mass of the calorimeter plus stirrer plus water plus melted ice 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤𝑖. The mass of the
melted ice 𝑀𝑖 𝑖𝑠 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤𝑖 − 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤.
1.8 Experimental Data:
Mass of Calorimeter +stirrer, 𝑀𝑐𝑠 = 154.4gm

Mass of Calorimeter + stirrer +water, 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤 = 265.2gm

The initial mass of water, 𝑀𝑤 = 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤 − 𝑀𝑐𝑠 = 110.8gm

Mass of calorimeter + stirrer + water + ice, 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤𝑖 = 277.8gm

Mass of ice added, 𝑀𝑖 = 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤𝑖 − 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤 = 12.6gm

Specific heat of calorimeter + stirrer, 𝐶𝑐𝑠 = 0.2096 cal/gm-0C

Specific heat of water, 𝐶𝑤 = 1 cal/gm-0C

The initial temperature of the calorimeter + stirrer+ water, 𝑇𝑖 = 23.60C

The final temperature of calorimeter + stirrer+ water, 𝑇𝑓 = 14.30C

Table 1: Time- Temperature record for ice cube

Observations Time (s) Temperature (0C)

1 0 23.6
2 10 22.2
3 20 19.9
4 30 18.6
5 40 17
6 60 15.3
7 70 15
8 80 14.3
9 90 14
10 100 13.8
11 110 13.8
12 120 14
13 130 14.3
14 140
15 150
16
17
18
19
20
 1.9 Calculation:
(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑓)(𝑀𝑤𝐶𝑤 + 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝐶𝑐𝑠) − 𝑀𝑖𝐶𝑤𝑇𝑓
𝐿𝑓 =
𝑀𝑖

= (23.6-14)(110.8*1)+(154.4*0.0909)-(12.6*1*14.3)
12.6

= 77.84 cal/gm

1.10 Result:
Latent Heat of Fusion of Ice = 77.84 cal/g

(ii)To determine the specific latent heat of vaporization of water

1.5 Theory:
Specific latent heat of vaporization (𝐿𝑣) is the quantity of heat required to convert the unit mass of
a substance from liquid to the vapor state without a change of temperature. Suppose a unit steam
mass 𝑀𝑠 at 1000C is added to cool water in calorimeter jar whose initial temperature is 𝑇𝑖. The
steam will be condensed, and the mixture will reach equilibrium at some final temperature 𝑇𝑓.

According to the calorimetry principle,

Energy lost by steam= energy gained by calorimeter + energy gained by water

𝑀𝑠𝐿𝑣 + 𝑀𝑠𝐶𝑤(100 − 𝑇𝑓) = 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝐶𝑐𝑠(𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖) + 𝑀𝑤𝐶𝑤(𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖)

𝑀𝑠𝐿𝑣 = (𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖) (𝑀𝑐𝑠𝐶𝑐𝑠 + 𝑀𝑤𝐶𝑤) − 𝑀𝑠𝐶𝑤(100 − 𝑇𝑓)

𝐿𝑣 = ( 𝑇𝑓−𝑇𝑖)

(𝑀𝑐𝑠𝐶𝑐𝑠+𝑀𝑀𝑤𝐶𝑠𝑤)−𝑀𝑠𝐶𝑤(100−𝑇𝑓) …….(2) where,

𝑀𝑐𝑠 =Mass of calorimeter plus stirrer

𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤 = Mass of calorimeter plus stirrer plus water

𝑀𝑤 = Mass of water

𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤𝑠 = Mass of calorimeter plus stirrer plus water plus steam

𝑀𝑠 = Mass of steam

𝐶𝑐𝑠 = Specific heat of calorimeter plus stirrer

𝐶𝑤 = specific heat of water

𝐿𝑣 = Latent heat of vaporization of water

1.6 Apparatus: Calorimeter with stirrer, Thermometer, Digital balance, Steam of 1000𝐶,
Electronic timer.

1.7 Procedure:
1. Heat water until steam issues freely.
2. Find the mass of the calorimeter plus stirrer, 𝑀𝑐𝑠.
3. Half fill the calorimeter with water cooled to approximately 10 °C below room temperature.
4. Find the combined mass of the calorimeter plus stirrer and water 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤. The mass of the cold
water 𝑀𝑤 is 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤 − 𝑀𝑐𝑠.
4. Record the initial temperature 𝑇𝑖 of the calorimeter plus stirrer plus water. 5. Mix dry steam
into the water in the calorimeter until the temperature has risen by about 20 °C and take care not
to remove any water from the calorimeter in the process.
6. Record the final temperature 𝑇𝑓 of the calorimeter plus stirrer plus water plus condensed
steam. The fall in temperature of the steam (100 - 𝑇𝑓).
7. Find the mass of the calorimeter plus stirrer plus water plus condensed steam 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤𝑠. The
mass of the condensed steam 𝑀𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤𝑠 − 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤.

1.8 Experimental Data:

Mass of calorimeter + stirrer, 𝑀𝑐𝑠 = ---------------- gm

Mass of calorimeter + stirrer + water, 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤 = -----------------gm

Initial Mass of water, 𝑀𝑤 = 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤 − 𝑀𝑐𝑠 = -----------------gm

Mass of calorimeter + stirrer + water + steam, 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤𝑠 = -----------------gm

Mass of steam added, 𝑀𝑠 = 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤𝑠 − 𝑀𝑐𝑠𝑤 = -----------------gm

Specific heat of calorimeter + stirrer, 𝐶𝑐𝑠 = 0.2096 cal/gm-0C

Specific heat of water, 𝐶𝑤 = 1 cal/gm-0C

Initial temperature of calorimeter + stirrer + water, 𝑇𝑖 = ----------------- 0C

Final temperature of calorimeter + stirrer + water, 𝑇𝑓 = ----------------- 0C

Table 2:
Obs 𝑀𝑐𝑠 (𝑔𝑚) 𝑀𝑤 (𝑔𝑚) 𝑀𝑠 (𝑔𝑚) 𝐶𝑐𝑠(𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔0𝐶) 𝑇𝑖 (0𝐶) 𝑇𝑓 (0𝐶)

1.9 Calculation:
𝐿𝑣 = ( 𝑇𝑓−𝑇𝑖)
(𝑀𝑐𝑠𝐶𝑐𝑠+𝑀𝑀𝑤𝐶𝑠𝑤)−𝑀𝑠𝐶𝑤(100−𝑇𝑓)

= cal/g
1.10 Result:
Latent heat of vaporization of water = cal/g

1.11 Resources:
For further understanding, students may go through the following resources:
• Fundamentals of Physics: 18.4 Absorption of Heat (Chapter: 18, Page: 524, 525).
• Video links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxtz2POUTJE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8VmkdzRE8sQ