Q) Differentiate b/w steady state and equilibrium process.

Steady State:
The point at which the process variables are constant and derivative gives zero.
Equilibrium State:
It is concerned with the rate of forward and backward reaction only. Process variables like temperature
pressure etc may change
Q) Explain why is it important to assume spatial uniformity unless spatial variations are too large to be
ignored?
Spatial variations introduce partial differentials in our calculations and set of partial differential equations are
very difficult to solve. Hence, we always prefer a homogeneous system until and unless they are too large to
be ignored.
Q) What is Information flow diagram? Elaborate its merits.
IFD is a simple overview of the system that can be understood by a lay man. It is the simplest representation
and provides process breakdown of the system. It can also be altered to control how much information. should
be provided.
Q) Does the process of model development follow Kaizen principle? If yes, explain how? If no, explain
why?
Kaizen principle demands step by step improvement in our model over time. We follow Kaizen principle in
our modelling by removing assumptions one after the other until our model gives us realistic model.
Q) What is a constitutive relation? How may we decide whether a constitutive relation is relevant for
the system under consideration?
A constitutive relation approximates the observed physical behaviour of a material under specific conditions
of interest. Its revelancy can be considered goof if its response to a simulation is accurate, and it simplifies the
model.
Q) How can we know whether the simple model developed for relevant systems is accurate enough to
be useful?
We can ensure the accuracy of a model by testing it in simulation. If we receive accurate results then our
model is satisfactory considered accurate.
Q) What factors are important to consider in order to take assumptions for the model?
Shape of system, spatial variations, chemical variations, physical variations, behavior(homogeneous,
hetrogeneus, etc)
Q) What are the benefits of conducting dynamic simulations?
• Test the validity of our model in real life scenarios.
• They have the advantage of being able to provide controller tuning constants, logic checkout, and tank
sizing because or their ability to calculate the
Q) What is the key difference between the independent variable and the dependent variable?
The main difference between Independent Variables and Dependent Variables is in the definition. Independent
variables in research can be manipulated or altered to see their impact on other variables. The dependent
variable is dependent on other variables. It is the variable that is measured or tested by a researcher
Q) What is the difference between the state variable and the output variable of a process?
State variables : The measurable properties required to describe the state of the system are called state variables
Output Variable: property of the system whose value depends on only upon the state of the system and is
independent of the path or manner by which the state is reached
Q) What do you mean by a differential–algebraic equation (DAE) system?
In mathematics, a differential-algebraic system of equations (DAEs) is a system of equations that either
contains differential equations and algebraic equations, or is equivalent to such a system.
Q) What is the main difference between the lumped parameter model and the distributed parameter
model?
A lumped parameter model will consider the content of one equipment to be homogeneous; it will not consider
radial or axial gradients in the fluid properties. A fully distributed model will consider the variation of fluid
properties and interaction with its neighboring elements in all three dimensions and over time.