11 —19 PROGRESSION endorsed for edexcel 3% Edexcel AS and A level Further Mathematics Further Pure Mathematics 1 we Series Editor: Harry Smith Authors: Greg Attwood, lan Bettison, Jack Barraclough, Tom Begley, Lee Cope, Bronwen Moran, Laurence Pateman, Keith Pledger, Harry Smith, Geoff Staley, Dave Wilkins PB onPublished by Pearson Eduction Limited, 80 Strand, London WC2R ORL, wepearsonschoolsandfecollegescouk Copies of offical specications forall Pearson qualifications may be found on the website: {qualications pearsoncom Text © Pearson Education Limited 2018 Edited by Tech Set Lid, Gateshead Typeset by Tech Set Lid, Gateshead Original illustrations © Pearson Education Limited 2018 Cover ilustration Marcuseja-alsts ‘The rights of Greg Attwood, ln Bettison, Jack Barraclough, Tom Begley, Lee Cope, Bronwen Moran, Laurence Pateman, Keith Pledger, Harry Smith, Goff Staley, Dave Wikins tobe Identified as authors of ths work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1968, First published 2018 21201918 yoas7654321 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data ‘catalogue recor for this Book s avaliable from the Bish Library ISBN 978 1292 183350 Copyright notice ‘lights reserved. 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Ifyou spot an enor please da contact us at Fescurcescorrections@pearsanicom so we can make Sure tis corected iie@ Contents Overarching themes Extra online content 1 Vectors 1 1.1 Vector product 2 1.2. Finding areas 7 1.3 Scalar triple product 1 © 1.4 Straight lines 16 ©1.5 Solving geometrical problems 20 Mixed exercise 1 25 2 Conic sections 1 32 2.1 Parametric equations 3 2.2 Parabolas 35 2.3 Rectangular hyperbolas 42 2.4 Tangents and normals 45 25 Loci 54 Mixed exercise 2 57 ©3° Conic sections 2 62 3.1 Ellipses 63 3.2 Hyperbolas 65 3.3 Eccentricity or ©3.4 Tangents and normals toanellipse 74 ©3.5 Tangents and normals toa hyperbola 79 ©3.6 Loci 83 Mixed exercise 3 87 4 Inequalities 92 4.1 Algebraic methods 93 42 Using graphs to solve inequalities 96 43 Modulus inequalities 99 Mixed exercise 4 102 Review exercise 1 105 5 The r-formulae 116 5.1 The formulae uy 5.2 Applying the formulae to trigonometric ide 120 Contents © =Alevel only 5.3 Solving trigonometric equations ae ©5.4 Modelling with trigonometry 124 Mixed exercise 5 127 ©6 Taylor series 131 ©6.1 Taylor series 132 ©6.2 Finding limits 135 ©6.3 Series solutions of differential equations 139 Mixed exercise 6 43 ©7 Methods in calculus 149 © 7.1. Leibnitz’s theorem and nth derivatives 150 © 7.2 LHospitals rule 152 ©7.3 The Weierstrass substitution 156 Mixed exercise 7 158 8 Numerical methods 161 8.1 Solving first-order differential equations 162 8.2 Solving second-order differential equations 169 ©8.3 Simpson's rule 173 Mixed exercise & 115 ©9 Reducible differential equations 179 ©9.1 First-order differential equations 180 ©9.2 Second-order differential equations 183 ©9.3 Modelling with differential equations 185 Mixed exercise 9 187 Review exercise 2 191 Exam-style practice: AS 198 ‘© Exam-style practice: A level 200 Answers 202 Index 241Overarching themes e@ Overarching themes The following three overarching themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel AS and A level Mathematics series, so they can be applied alongside your learning and practice. 1. Mathematical argument, language and proof * Rigorous and consistent approach throughout + Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols + Dedicated sections on mathematical proof explain key principles and strategies * Opportunities to critique arguments and justify methods 2, Mathematical problem solving The Mathematical Problem-solving cycle * Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated r specify the problem } into the main exercises + Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies interpret results oie ain + Structured and unstructured questions to build confidence + Challenge boxes provide extra stretch L proceso J represent information 3, Mathematical modelling + Dedicated modelling sections in relevant topics provide plenty of practice where you need it + Examples and exercises include qualitative questions that allow you to interpret answers in the context of the model + Dedicated chapter in Statistics & Mechanics Year 1/AS explains the principles of modelling in mechanics Finding your way around the book Access an online digital edition using the code at the front of the book. 3 Conic sections 2 Each chapter starts with a list of objectives The real world applications, of the maths you are about | to lear are highlighted at the start of the chapter with links to relevant questions in the chapter The Prior knowledge check helps make sure you are ready to start the chapter ivOverarching themes Alevel content is = clearly flagged =~, Exercise questions oe are carefully graded so they increase "11 in difficulty and gradually bring you up to exam standard Exercises are packed with exam- style questions to ensure you are ready for the exams Challenge boxes give you a chance to tackle some more difficult questions Problem-solving boxes Each section begins Step-by-step Each chapter provide hints, tips and with explanation worked examples ends with a Exam-style questions SSIES ratecies, and Wotch andkeyleaming focusonthekey —Mxedexercise Problem-solving out boxes highlight points types of questions and a Summary questions are flagged areas where students, you'll need to of key points with ®) often lose marks in tackle their exams Every few chapters a Review exercise helps you consolidate your learning with lots of exam-style questions Exam-style practice Further Ma farther Mathematis Further Pure 1 Review exercise AS and A level practice papers at the back of the book help you prepare for the real thing,Extra online content e@ Extra online content Whenever you see an Online box, it means that there is extra online content available to support you. SolutionBank SolutionBank provides a full worked solution for every question in the book. EMD sutvoresscucrsve SE available in SolutionBank. Download all the solutions as a PDF or quickly find the solution you need online Use of technology cpbetnienreedeaitvivatse SED) rnd ind ponvarneascion CP? problems and consolidate your understanding _gfaphically using technology. using pre-made GeoGebra activities. GeeaGebra anaes GeoGebra-powered interactives a ouELSE Interact with the maths you are learning weames using GeoGebra's easy-to-use tools rune Sree Nn keane cece Te www.pearsonschools.co.uk/fp1maths None Greets eect cua ecu teen) viVectors eens After completing this chapter you should be able to: © Find the vector product a x b of two vectors a and b © Interpret |a x bj as an area > pages 2-6 + pages 7-11 © Find the scalar triple product a.b x ¢ of three vectors a, band ¢, and be able to interpret it as a volume © Write the vector equation of a line in the form (r-a)xb=0 > pages 11-16 > pages 16-20 © Find the direction ratios and direction cosines of aline - pages 17-20 © Use vectors in problems involving points, lines and planes and use the equivalent Cartesian forms for the equations of lines and planes Additive manufacturing is a technique that Uses 3D printers to build an object up bit by bit rather than taking a block of material and cutting bits away. Designers use vectors to create the 3D models which are then put through specialist software to render the object printable. > Exercise 1¢Q11 > pages 20-25 Prior knowledge check 1. Find the scalar product of the vectors 2j-3kand 4 ~ 5) +k. € Core Pure Book 1, Section 9.3 2 Astraight line has vector equation -(4)-43) Write down the Cartesian equation of the line. + Core Pure Book 1, Section 9.1 3 Aline has vector equation r= (2-3) +k) +04 5-2). Aplane has equation r.(34— 2) + 2k) = 2. Find: fa the acute angle between the line and the plane. Give your answer in radians correct to 3 significant figures. b the point of intersection of the line and the plane. € Core Pure Book 1, Sections 9.4, 9.5Chapter 1 @® Vector product You have already encountered the scalar (or dot) product of two vectors. The scalar (or dot) product of two vectors a and b is written as ab, and defined as = [alib|cos 0, Links 2%) a where @ is the angle between a and b. fas (*) and b= (:) 2 2, The scalar product produces a number (or scalar) as an then ab =xyx9 +102 + 2429. answer. It is useful to define a second type of product Core Pure Book 1, Chapter 9 that gives an answer as a vector. Use GeoGebra to CF The vector (or cross} ‘explore the cross product of two is defined as} vectors. fa x b= |aljbisinoa CEEEED fis the unit vector that jwhere(@lisithe|angle|betweenialand By is perpendicular to both a and b. Since 0 = 0 = 180°, al[b| sin is a positive scalar quantity, This means that a x b is a vector quantity with magnitude |al/b| sind that acts in the direction of f Grea You can also use a ‘right-hand rule’ to determine the direction of f, and hence the direction of a x b. Ifa is your first finger, and b is your second finger, then ax b acts in A the direction of your thumb: The direction of fis that in which a right-handed screw would move when turned from a to b. [IF the tum is in the opposite sense] i.e. from b to a, then the movement| lof the screw is in the opposite direction| ito A ie. in the direction of —A. jin fob xa=|bjalsing A “ , a — {al|b|sin aA xb The vector product = bxas-axb is not commutative: the order of multiplication matters, a Q =Vectors, Find the values of: aixi bixk cixk. aixizo sin 0 = 0, as the angle between i and itself is zero. The angle between j and k is 90° and, as jand k are unit vectors, each has magnitude 1 unit b jxk=1x1x sind0% © ixk=-kxis-1x1 x sin904 Use the righthand rule. IFfis your first finger and kis your second ° finger, your thumb will point away i from j,soix k=. xi = jxj=o kxk=0 ixj=kandjxi jxk=iandkx = kxisjandixk Asa x b=|al[b| sin ii, a x b= 0 implies that a=0, b =O or sind =0. = implies that d= 0 or 180°, so a and b must be parallel, = Ifaxb=0theneithera 0 or aand bare parallel. 4, by Given that a =[ a; | and b=| , | find a xb. ‘assume the vector product (ai + a2j + ask) x (bi + boj + bak) is distributive over vector abil x) + aybeli x j) + abel x k) addition. This means that + azh(§ xi) + dsbolj x j) + aabs(§ xk) ax (b+) =(axb)+ (axe + asbi(k x i) + agbolk x J) + daba(k x k) a:bk + asbal-p) + a,b{-R) + dgbs() + abi) + dsb) Simplify the cross product and = (aghs ~ ashi + (ashy ~ ayb5)j + (abs ~ azbyk collect like terms. k i i sin » o u In determinant form, nay axb=|a a pie oe by be 2 You can write each component Bi be as the determinant of a2 x 2 = (ashy agbaht + (ashy ~ abs + (abe ~ azbk matrix, or the whole vector product as a determinant of a 3x3 matrix, (hy = ab + (ayhy = aah Mh + (aby ‘© Core Pure Book 1, Chapter 6 ij k ay az as bs be bs a, ay d,s lene aChapter 1 Given that a = 2i - 3j and b= 4i + jk, find a x b: a directly b bya method involving a determinant, ¢ Verify that a x b is perpendicular to both a and b. a (2-3) x 4i+j-k) 4+ 2k + 254 12k-O4 35 + 4 14k ht 7 1 alla al la 4 (3 - 0) - jL-2 - 0) + ki2 + 12) = Bit 2+ 14k © (31+ Qj + 14k).(25 - 3) Mix) #20 xp) ~ 20 xk) ~ 12) xD - 3G x + BY XW (Bx 2)+@x 3) +014 x0) (Bi + f+ 14k) +k) = (3 x 4) + (2 x1) +014 x CD eee Using the discriminant is usually a quicker way to evaluate the cross product. Find a unit vector perpendicular to both (4i + 3] + 2k) and (8i + 3] + 3k). The vector product will give a perpendicular vector. ijk 432 633 3 2 2 ee 3 aldle 3lt*le 3 = (9 ~ 6) ~ jtt2 - 16) + k«12 - 24) Aja 12k Since |3i + 4j - 12k| = (3? 4 4? + Clay = 13 2 suitable unit vector is jy(3i + 4 - 12k). You can find vector products using your calculator. But you might encounter a vector with an unknown in it, s0 it is important that you know how to find the vector product manually.ee Find the sine of the acute angle between the vectors a = 2i + j + 2k and lO -3 4 = 14 + 6)- jG - 0) + k-6 - 0) eo ce A So sind Ingeneral,to find the angle between two vectors use the scalar product. This gives the cosine of the angle. Immediately we know whether the angle is acute or obtuse. In this example it is ot clear whether the angle 0 is acute or obtuse. This is similar to the ambiguous case when using ora 1 Simplify: a Sixk b 3ixk © kx3i d 3ixi-j+k) € 2x Gi+ji-k) f£ Giti-k) x2 “2)G) GG) 1G) QQ) 2. Find the vector product of the vectors a and b, leaving your answers in terms of 2 in each case, Ai+2j+k b=i-3k 2-j+7k b=i-Aj+3k a b 3 Find a unit vector that is perpendicular to both 2i- j and to 4i + j + 3k. wh hes his Ire 0 tol nat b 4 Find a unit vector that is perpendicular to both 4i + k and j - vk. 5. Find a unit vector that is perpendicular to both i—j and 3i + 4j - 6k. r 5 6 Find a unit vector that is perpendicular to both (: and to () 4 8Chapter 1 4) 7 Find a vector of magnitude 5 which is perpendicular to both (* and ( 1 8 Find the magnitude of (i+ j-k) x (i-j +k). 9 Given that a a ab baxb ¢ the unit vector in the direction a x b. +2j- Sk and b = 5i-2j+k, find: 10. Find the sine of the angle between each of the following pairs of vectors a and b. You may leave your answers as surds, in their simplest form. a a=3i-4j,b=2i+2)+k b a=j+2k,b=Si¢4j-2k © a= Sit 2j+ 2k b=4i+4j+k 11 The line /, has equation r = i - j + 4( + 2j + 3k) and the line /, has equation r=2i+]+k +y(2i—j +k), Find a vector that is perpendicular to both /, and Js. 1 2) @nx wisn hata =(3 ana (i) and that ax b=(~6), where w, v and w are scalar 1 » constants. Find the values of u, v and w. ® 13 Given that p = ai—j + 4k, that q = j- k and that their vector product q x p= aand b are scalar constants, a find the values of a and b b find the value of the cosine of the angle between p and q. — j + bk where @® 14 Ifaxb=0,a=2i+j-kand b= of dandy. Aj +k, where A and y are scalar constants, find the values ©® 15 If three vectors a, b and ¢ satisfy a +b + ¢ = 0, show that axb=bxe=exa Challenge ais a non-zero vector and b and ¢ are non-parallel vectors. Given that a x b= >a, show that a is parallel to b + €.Vectors, @® Finding areas You can use the vector product to solve problems involving areas of triangles and parallelograms. Find the area of triangle OB, where O is the origin, Ais the point with position vector a and B is the point with position vector b. A, Area of triangle OAB = }(OA)(OB)sin0 = ae xbl og = If A and Bhave position vectors a and b respectively, then Area of triangle OAB = 3|a x b| A 5 Find the area of triangle ABC, where the position vectors of A, Band Care a, band ¢ respectively. Area of triangle ABC (AB)(AC) sin Z = tb - alle - alsin? Hib - a) x (e - a)} = 1b x @) - (bx a) ~ (axxo) + (ax al = Hib xe) + (ex a) + (ax b)| = da x b) + (b xe) + (ex al] = If A, Band Chave position vectors a, b and c respectively, then Area of triangle ABC=3| 48 x 4C| = 21(b—a) x (e—a)| =} \(axb) + (bx) + (exa)] ~Chapter 1 Find the area of the parallelogram ABCD, where the DY c position vectors of A, B and D area, b and d respectively. Area of parallelogram ABCD i h rea of triangle ABD + area of triangle BCD 2 x area of triangle ABD (bb - a) x (4 -a)] 4 A = If Aand B have position vectors a and b respectively, then Area of parallelogram OABC= [a x b| oO. ‘B = If A, B, Cand D have position vectors a, b,c and d respectively, then Area of parallelogram ABCD = |AB x AD| EEE tse ceocebrato =|(b—a) x (d—a)] explore this relationship. = |(a x b) + (b x d) + (dx a)| Find the area of triangle O4B, where O is the origin, A is the point with position vector i - jand B is the point with position vector 3i + 4j — 6k. Area of triangle OAB = 5|(i ~ )) x (Bi + 4j ~ Gk)] jk Rotate ge Es 3 4-6 Git Gj+ 7k So area of triangle = Gi + Gj + 7k| = tv vier 5Vectors, Find the area of triangle ABC, where the position vectors of 4, Band Care 4i- 2) +k, -12i + 14] + k and -4i - 2j + k respectively. FB = (12i + 14) +8) - (41 - 2) += IG + Gj AC = (-4t ~ f+) - (4b Qj +k) = -81 ijk ABxAC =H6 16 0 8 0 Oo So area of triangle ABC = 4{I28k| = 64 Find the area of the parallelogram ABCD, where the position vectors of A, B and D are 2+] —k, 61+ 4j— 3k and 14i + 7j - 6k respectively. 128k Acea of parallelogram ABCD = |AB x AD| Tega Sa NS ees AD = (\Ai + 7j ~ Gk) ~ (2h + jk) = 121+ Gj ~ 5k. tae ABTS SS arn ABE N2 6 -5 So area of parallelogram = |-34 ~ 4j - 12k| = 13 1 Find the area of triangle O48, where O is the origin, 4 is the point with position vector a and Bis the point with position vector b in the following cases. a azitj-4k b a=3i+4j-5k cas 2 3 0 2. Find the area of triangle ABC, where the position vectors of A, Band Care a, bande respectively, in the following cases: aasi-j-k b=ditj+k — ¢=4i-3)+k dt) els) 2.Chapter 1 3 Find the area of the triangle with vertices 4(1, 0, 2), B(2, -2, 0) and C(3, -1, 1). 4 Find the area of the triangle with vertices 4(-1, 1, 1), B(1, 0, 2) and C(O, 3, 4). 5 Find the area of the parallelogram ABCD, shown in DY c the diagram, where the position vectors of A, Band D arei+j+k,-3i+4j +k and 2i- j respectively. 6 Find the area of the parallelogram ABCD, shown in the diagram, in which the vertices 4, Band D have coordinates (0, 5, 3), (2, 1,1) and (I, 6, 6) respectively. 7 Find the area of the parallelogram ABCD, shown in the diagram, where the position vectors of A, Band D are j, i+ 4j + k and 2i + 6j + 3k respectively. ©®_ 8 Relative to an origin O, the points P and Q have position vectors p and q respectively, where p=ali+j+2k),q=a(2i+j+3k) anda >0. Find the area of triangle OPQ, giving your answer in terms of a. ® 9 a Prove that the area of the parallelogram ABCD is |(b — a) x (¢ - a)) b Show that (b — a) x (¢ — a) = (ba) x (d — a) implies that (b ~ a) x (e~ d) = 0, and explain the geometrical significance of this vector product. ©) 10 The position vectors of the points 4, B and C relative to an origin O are —k, 61— 2k and 3i + 3] respectively. Find: a AC x BC (3 marks) b the exact area of triangle ABC. (2 marks) © 1 The sail of a yacht is modelled as a triangle with vertices at A(-3, 2, ~4), B(-2, -3, 1) and CQ, 2, -1), where the dimensions are in metres. a Find AB x AC. (B marks) b Hence find the area of fabric needed to construct the sail according to this model. (2 marks) © Suggest, with a reason, whether the actual area of fabric needed to construct the sail will be larger or smaller than this value. (1 mark) ©) 12 A jeweller makes gold pendants in the shape of a parallelogram ABCD where sides AB and DC are equal and parallel. She designs the pendants in 3D space and models the pendants as having vertices A(-1, 2, 0), B(3, -3, -2) and D(-2, 0, 3) where each unit represents Lem. a Find the coordinates of point C. (2 marks) Given that gold costs £595 per cm’, and that the pendants will be 3mm thick, b find, correct to the nearest pound, the cost of making one pendant. (4 marks) 10Vectors, Cn In the diagram below, ABCD and CDEF are parallelograms which lie in the same plane. , BC = qand CF = By considering area, show that |p x (q +#)|=|p x ql + |p xr. ® Scalar triple product You can find the scalar triple product of three vectors, a,b and ¢ and use it to find the volume of a parallelepiped CXTEED) se Geosebra to cP and of a tetrahedron. ‘explore the scalar triple product. CEEED 4 paraticlpiped isa three-dimensional solid with six parallelogram-shaped faces. You know that b x € = (bj¢, — bycsJi+ (bse, — byes + (bxe2 — bac:)k, where b ca qitaj+ok. So ifa=ai+a,j+ayk, then = an(b x €) = ay(bacs ~ bycz) + aa(bsca ~ bres) + as (bac2 — boca) This can also be written as Ce ny by by ee = a(b xe) |, and a.(b x e) is known as the scalar triple product. iGeng _ Given that a = 3i-j+ 4k, b=i+j-k and c= 2i+ 3) + 5k, find a a(bxe) b bie xa) © afaxe) 7i + 7 tke J WATE + 7] 1) The above worked example illustrates two important points. = The scalar triple product is cyclic: a.(b xe) = bile x a) = eax b) Bae) sbiexe) =< faxkl EBD vou can use the First of these to prove the = Ifa vector is repeated then the scalar triple second: product is equal to zero: alaxp)=plaxa)=p.0-0 a.(a x p) = a.(p x a) = 0 for any vector p. Gen Find the volume of the parallelepiped shown in the figure, given that O is the origin and A, B and C have position vectors a, b and e respectively. The angle between band ¢ is @ and the angle between the perpendicular height and a is 6. 12Vectors, The volume of the parallelepiped is given by (erea of base) x h where his the perpendicular distance between the base and the top face. The base, OBDC is a parallelogram and its area is |b x | So the volume of the parallelepiped i |b x elt But h = OAcos¢ So volume is |b x e|OA cos. = |b x ellalcoss alb xe) = If three sides of a parallelepiped are given by vectors a, b and as shown in the diagram, then the volume of the parallelepiped is given by |a.(b x ¢)|. a GED 2 bandecanbe any three non parallel sides of the parallelepiped. Find the volume of the tetrahedron shown in the figure, given that O is the origin and 4, Band C have position vectors a, b and ¢ respectively. The angle between b and ¢ is @ and the angle between the perpendicular height and a is 6. . The volume of the tetrahedron is gi formula S{area of base) x ht where fis the perpendicviar height. The triangular base, OBC has area 3|b x o| And h = OAcos = So volume of tetrahedron is 4 ib xe) lb x ellalcos.s the diagram, then the volume of the tetrahedron is given by Z|a.(b x ¢)|. a GED 2 bande canbe any three non- = coplanar sides of the tetrahedron. = If three sides of a tetrahedron are given by vectors a, b and ¢ as shown in Lf 13Chapter 1 Find the volume of a tetrahedron which has vertices at (1, 1, -1), (2. 4, -1), (3, 0, -2) and (0, 4, 5). If the vertices are labelled A, B, Cand D in the order given above and have position vectors a,b, e and d respectively, then AB =b-a=i+3j AC =e-a=2i-j-k AD = a-a=-1+ 346k Volume of tetrahedron = £|AB.(AC x AD)| Geter 30 AB (AC x AD) is negative, you -36 ‘swapped any pair of vectors in this scalar triple product the answer ABLAC AB AAC x AD) would be 6 instead of -6. For example, AC.(4B x AD) = 6. 1 Given that a= Si+2j-k, b=i+j+kand ¢=3i+ 4k, find: a a(bxe) b b(cxa) © e(axb) @® 2 Given that a=i-j-2k, b= 24+] -kand e = 2 ~ 3] — 5k, find a.(b xe). What can you deduce about the vectors a, band e? 3 Find the volume of the parallelepiped ABCDEFGH where the vertices A, B, D and E have coordinates (0, 0, 0), (3, 0, 1), (1, 2, 0) and (1, 1, 3) respectively. 4 Find the volume of the parallelepiped ABCDEFGH where the vertices A, B, D and E have coordinates (-1, 0, 1), 3, 0, -1), (2, 2, 0) and (2, 1, 2) respectively. A B 5 A tetrahedron has vertices at A(1, 2, 3), B(4, 3, 4), C(1, 3, 1) and D(3, 1, 4). Find the volume of the tetrahedron. 6 A tetrahedron has vertices at A(2, 2, 1), B(3, -1, 2), CU, 1, 3) and D(3, 1, 4). a Find the area of face BCD. b Find a unit vector normal to the face BCD. ¢ Find the volume of the tetrahedron. 7 A tetrahedron has vertices at A(0, 0, 0), B(2, 0, 0), C(1, v3, 0) and oft 2 46) a Show that the tetrahedron is regular. b Find the volume of the tetrahedron. 14©8 Vectors, A tetrahedron OABC has its vertices at the points O(0, 0, 0), A(1, 2, -1), B(-1, 1, 2) and €Q,-1,). a Write down expressions for 4B and AC in terms of i, jand k and find AB x AC. (3 marks) b Dedutce the area of triangle ABC. (2 marks) ¢ Find the volume of the tetrahedron. (3 marks) The points A, B, Cand D have position vectors a, b, ¢ and d respectively, where a=2itj b=3i-j+k e=-2j-k d=2i-j+3k a Find 4B x BC and BD x DC. (4 marks) b Hence find: i the area of triangle ABC (2 marks) fi the volume of the tetrahedron ABCD. (3 marks) The edges OP, OQ and OR of a tetrahedron OPQR are the vectors a, b and ¢ respectively, where a=2itdj b=2i-j+3k ¢=4i- 2) + 5k a Evaluate bx ¢ and deduce that OP is perpendicular to the plane OOR. (4 marks) b Write down the length of OP and the area of triangle OQR and hence the volume of the tetrahedron. (3 marks) ¢ Verify your result by evaluating a.(b x ¢). (2 marks) An architect is designing landscaping sculptures in the shape of tetrahedra. She designs them in 3D software with the origin as her starting point. The position vectors of vertices A, Band C from the origin are 3i + 2j + k, 2i-j - 4k and -2i + 4j- 2k. a Find OB x OC. (3 marks) She prints solid prototype models using a 3D printer and a scale of | unit in her design representing 2cm on the model. The density of the plastic used by the printer is 1.13 g/em?. b Find, to the nearest gram, the mass of one prototype model. (5 marks) A scientist is studying the crystal structure of a mineral, The crystal forms a lattice with parallelepipedal unit cells, He models one cell as having vertices with coordinates (0, 0, 0), (0.6, 0.6, 0), (0.9, -0.9 ,0), (-0.4, -0.4, -1.3), (0.2, 0.2, =1.3), (Ll, -0.7, =1.3), (0.5, =1.3, =1.3) and (1.5, -0.3, 0) Crystallographers measure distances in angstroms, where 10 angstroms is equal to one nanometre (10 metres). Find the volume of the unit cell of the crystal, in cubic angstroms, if one unit on the scientist's scale is one nanometre. Give your answer to two significant figures. (6 marks) 15Chapter 1 13 The diagram shows a parallelepiped ABCEFDHG. H c Mis the midpoint of EF. The point NV lies on AB such that A , —____7 AN: NB=2:1. a Find the ratio of the volume of the parallelepiped to the volume of the tetrahedron NCME. marks) |S i, 4 F b State, with justification, how this ratio varies as N moves along the line segment AB. (2 marks) c GP) 14 The diagram shows a pyramid with base vertices A(-1, 0, 0), BO, 2, 1), (1, 2, 3) and D(0, 0, 2). The vertex of the pyramid is at E(3, 0, 1). Find the exact volume of the pyramid. marks) 7 La iE 4 Grea Split the pyramid into two tetrahedrons. Challenge a Explain why a.(b x.) = (a x b).<. b Use the result from part a to show that d.(a x b +a x ¢)=d.lax (b +¢)). ¢ Hence deduce that ax b+axe=ax (b+0) Straight lines You can use the vector product to write a vector equation ep Avec equationcfa ofa line in a form that doesn’t require a parameter. straight line passing through a ‘Suppose that a is the position vector of a point on a line, point 4 with position vector a, and and that the line is parallel to the vector b. moalleltoiarcainppeoacl Let r be the position vector of a general point on the line. ene aac eunanete — € Core Pure Book 1, Chapter 9 AR =OR-OA =r-a Since AR is parallel to b, AR x b=0. So(r-a)xb=0 = (f=) x b=0is an alternative form of the vector ‘equation of a line passing through the point 4 with position vector a, and parallel to the vector b. This may also be written as rx b= ax b. EDD evsire steven CF equation of a line, written using a cross product, with GeoGebra. 16Find the vector equation of the line through the points (1, 2, -1) and (3, -2, 2) in the form (r-a)xb=0. ‘The line is in the direction Vectors, You can use the direction vector of a straight line to find the angles a, 3 and 7 that the line makes with the positive x-, y-and z-axes respectively. The angles a, and 7 lie in the range 0< a, 8,7 = 180. = Ifa lineis parallel to the vector a= xi+ yj +zk, the direction ratios of the line are xy: z, and the direction cosines of the line are a. x z cosa= cos 3 =~ and cos y= and are written as /, m and n respectively. The sum of the squares of the direction cosines is always 1: ateytte? fal? ki k = Aline with direction ratios x: y:z has direction cosines /, mand n such that /? + m? + n?=1. P+m +n 1 4 A line has vector equation ( - ( 2 )) (2) =0. <1 2. a Find the direction cosines of the line, /, mand n. b Show that the Cartesian equation of the line can be written as For the vectora=x1+y)+2k, the angle made with the positive x-axis is ‘€ Pure Year 2, Section 12.2 7Chapter 1 a l= VPa Care -2 241 ea =e 2 eeu as The direction cosines are in the same ratio as the direction Em: sc 1 Find an equation of the straight line passing through the point with position vector a which is parallel to the vector b, giving your answer in the form r x b = ¢, where ¢ is a vector to be found for the following pairs a and b: a a=2i+j+2k b=3i+j-2k b a=2i-3k baitjtsk ¢ a=4i-2j+k b=-i-2)+3k 2. Find a Cartesian equation for each of the lines given in question 1. 3. Find, in the form ( ~ a) x b= 0, an equation of the straight line passing through the points with coordinates: a (1, 3,5), (6,4, 2) b (3, 4, 12), (4, 3, 5) © (-2,2,6),(3,7, 11) d (4,2, -4), (1.1, 1) 4 Find a Cartesian equation for each of the lines given in question 3. 5. Find, in the form (r ~ a) x b= 0, an equation of the straight line given by the following equations, where 2 is a scalar parameter. arsitj-2k+4Qi-k) b r=i+4j+aGi+j-5k) © r= 3i+4)-4k +AQi-2)- 3k) 6 Find the equation of the straight line with Cartesian equation x-3_ytl 22-3 in the form: arxb=c b r=a+ fb, where risa scalar parameter. 18EP 10 eu Vectors, Given that the point with coordinates (p, q, 1) lies on the line with equation iH] find the values of p and g (4 marks) rx Given that the equation of a straight line is 1) fal ED betas ais c+ akand rx! If=| 2 ‘set up simultaneous equations. - \a find an equation for the line in the form r= a + rb, where risa scalar parameter. (4 marks) A line L passes through the points and B with position vectors ~3i + 2) + 7k and 3i + 4j- 5k respectively. a Find the direction cosines of L. (3 marks) b Hence or otherwise write a Cartesian equation of the line. (2 marks) ‘Write down the direction cosines of: a the x-axis b the y-axis © the z-axis d the line x Zz Lines £, and L3 intersect and have direction vectors i + 2j + 3k and 3i + 2j + k respectively. a. Find the direction cosines fy, m and m of line Ly. (3 marks) b Find the direction cosines /;, m and n of line Ly. (3 marks) © Verify that /, + mm, + n,n; = cos 6 where is the angle between the two lines, (4 marks) Prove that the above result is true for any two intersecting lines, (6 marks) “The direction cosines of two lines L, and L, are /, Apmis pand h= ke, respectively, Find, in radians correct to three significant figures, the acute angle between the two lines. A line L makes angles of a, (? and 7 with the x, y and 2-axes respectively. Show that cos 2a: + cos 29 + cos 2y = -1. Find, in degrees correct to one decimal place, the angles that the line segment OP makes with each of the axes given that P has coordinates (2, 3, 4), A straight line passes through the origin and makes angles of 45° to the x-axis and 60° with the axis, Find wo possible equations of the line. A line L passes through the point (1, 2, -1) and makes equal angles with the axes. a Find the direction cosines of L. (marks) b Hence find the equation of the line in the form (2 marks) 19Chapter 1 17 A telephone wire is modelled as a straight line in 3D space. i and j are the horizontal vectors >) due east and north respectively, and k is the vertical unit vector. The units are metres. An engineer inspects the wire at the point with position vector 6k, and finds that it is horizontal, and directed on a bearing of 015°. a Find a vector equation of the wire, giving your answer in the form (r — a) x = 0. (4marks) b Hence show that the wire will intersect with a second wire with vector equation 5 5-26 - v2) (: - (3) x 2-26 +2) ] =0 3 marks) 1 -5 © Give a possible criticism of this model. (1 mark) Challenge x ‘Spherical polar coordinates are defined by the distance from the origin, r, the ‘azimuthal angle’ (measured anti-clockwise from the x-axis in the xy-plane), ‘and the ‘polar angle’ (measured from the positive 2-axis), Aline L passes through the origin and the point with spherical polar coordinates their simplest form, the direction cosines of L. b Find, in terms of # and i, expressions for the direction cosines of the line which passes through the origin and the point with spherical coordinates (r, 6, y). @® Solving geometrical problems You can use the fact that the vector product a x b is perpendicular to both a and b to solve problems involving planes and lines in three dimensions. a. Find, in the form ran = p, an equation of the plane which contains the line /and the point with position vector a where / has equation r = 3i+ Sj - 2k +A(-i + 2)-k) and a=4i+ 3)+k. b Give the equation of the plane in Cartesian form. 20a The vector ~i + 2j — kis perpendicular ton. 1+ The vector 4i + 3j +k - (31 + 5j— 2k) also lies in the plane and is also perpendicular to ne. 1 — 2) + Skis perpendicular to n. ijk Son 2 -4 1-2 3 = 41+ 2j So the equation of the required plane is ni + 2) = 4i + 35 + Wai + Bp > nl4it 2) = 1646 ‘An equation of the plane is r(4t + 2j) = 22 b In Cartesian form this may be written as Find a Cartesian equation of the plane that passes through the points 4(1, 0,—1), B2, CQ.16, 6). > n(-91- Gj + 15k) = -9 - 15 = -24 So the equation of the plane may be written as . which is a Cartesian «| 1,0) and (36 + 2j - 5k) = 5 2Chapter 1 Find the equation of the line of intersection of the planes /T, and /7; where IZ, has equation 121 - 2} — k) = 2 and 7, has equation r.(i— 3] +k) = 5. Direction vector of line is given by ij ky f-5 2 -2 -|=|-3 1-3 1] \n4 Hy; 2x~ 2y- 222 Mz x= 3y + Set = =O and solve simvitaneously: ess) sxe Ay x-3y=5 So (1, -2, 0) lies on the line, and the equation for the line is ey Cuero 4 - (2) : (3) You could also find two points on the line a : by setting z = 0, and also setting x =0 (for example), then use these to find an equation for the line. Show that the shortest distance between the two skew lines with equations r = a + ab and (a - ¢).(b x a) |b d] r= +d, where 4 and y are scalars, is given by the formula The shortest distance between Pp the lines is XY where XYis perpendicular to both lines. x The common perpendicular to the two skew lines is in the direction b x d and aurit vector ¥ ° bxd ipxd| IF Pis a point on the line with equation r = in that direction is, + Ab and Gis @ point on the line with equation r= € + yd then oP The projection of PQ in the direction of the common perpendicular is e+ dba yd ( ~ et ib dip S 22Vectors, Pea aged entg pages | lamba = ce). + ab xd Ha dl jpx dj But bulb x d) = dilb x d) = O and the shortest distance —— beds perpencicuarto both band must be a positive quantity, so the shortest distance is, c).(b x d) ib x dl given by = The shortest distance between the two skew lines with equations +Aband r=¢+ 1d, where 2 and 1 are scalars, is given by the formula (a-<).(b xd) [bx d] Find the shortest distance between the two skew lines with equations r = i + 2(j +k) and +3) —k + w(2i—j—k), where d and pare scalars. (2i ~ 3) + 8.2) - 2k) So the shortest distance is 1 Find a Cartesian equation of the plane that passes through the points: a (0,4, 2), (1, 1, 2)and (-1, 5,0) b (1, 1,0), 2, 3, -3) and (3, 7, -2) © (3,0, 0), (2, 0, -1) and (4, 1, 3) d (1, -1, 6), (3, 1, -2) and (4, 1, 0) 2. Find, in the form r.n = p, an equation of the plane which contains the line /and the point with position vector a where: a (has equation r =i +) - 2k + A(Q2i-k) and a=4i+3)+k b Thas equation r =i + 2) +2k + Qi +j- 3k) and a=3i+ Sj+k ¢ [has equation r= 2i— j-+k + Ai + 2j + 2k) and a= Ti+ 8) + 6k 3. Find the equation of the line of intersection of the planes JZ, and JZ, where: aT, has equation #.(3i - 2j- k) = S and JZ; has equation r.(4i - j - 2k) 2k) = 16 and I, has equation r.(16i — ij + k) = 10 and JT, has equation r, b 11, has equation ¢ Hy has equation 23Chapter 1 B+ 24 Find the acute angle between the line with equation (r ~ 33) x (-4i - 7j + 4k) = 0 and the plane with equation r = A(4i - j - k) + u(4i— 5) + 3k). Find the shortest distance between the two skew lines with equations r= i+ M-3i— 12) + 11k) and r= 3i—j +k + p(2i + 6] — 5k), where A and pare scalars, The plane JT has equation r.(i + j-k) = 4. a Show that the line with equation r = 2i + 3) +k + 4-i + 2j +k) lies in the plane 7. b Show that the line with equation r = -i + 2j + 4k + 4(-i + 2j + k) is parallel to the plane JT and find the shortest distance from the line to the plane. A tetrahedron has vertices at A(1, 2, 3), B(0, 1, -2), C(3, 6, 1) and D(S, -2, 4). Find: a the Cartesian equation of the plane ABC (3 marks) b the volume of the tetrahedron ABCD. marks) The normal to the plane ABC through point D intersects the plane at point E. © Find the angle CDE, giving your answer in radians correct to three decimal places. (5 marks) The lines Z, and L; have equations volt) wool) If the lines L, and L, intersect, find: a the value of a (4marks) b an equation for the plane containing the lines L, and L>, giving your answer in the form ax + by + cz + d= 0, where a, b, cand dare integer constants. (4marks) For other values of a, the lines L, and L, do not intersect and are skew lines. © Given that a = 1, find the shortest distance between the lines L, and L3. (marks) The plane /7 has equation 1 =1 0 r=(-2)+4[ 2 }+a{ 2 1 —2) \-1 a Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane IZ. marks) The line / passes through the point A(2, 3, 2) and meets JT at (1, -2, 1). The acute angle between the plane /7 and the line lis a. b Find a to the nearest degree. (4 marks) ¢ Find the perpendicular distance from A to the plane IT. (4 marks)Vectors, a Find the perpendicular distance from the point (3, ~3, 2) to the plane I/). (3 marks) The plane JZ has vector equation (aot where 2 and p are scalar parameters a 10 The plane JJ, has Cartesian equation 2x - y + 32-1 b Find the acute angle between IJ, and JI; giving your answer in radians to three significant figures. (S marks) ¢ Find a vector equation of the line of intersection of the two planes, (6 marks) @/®) 11 The plane ZZ, has vector equation (345) where 2 and sare real parameters. TI, is transformed to the plane 7; by the transformation represented by the matrix T, where 10 2 T=(0 1 -3 021 Find an equation of 12, in the form rn =p. (9 marks) Four planes have Cartesian equations Why 2x-y+32=1 9 Hyxty-3e=2 My 3x-2p- Find the volume of the finite space enclosed by all four planes. Ces a Show that the plane.x +.y-+2=0 is invariant under the linear transformation represented @ a :) bythe matrix( 2.2 -1 122 b Show that the only invariant point in this plane is the origin. Mixed exercise @) Mgx+y=0 ©® 1 The points 4, Band Chave position vectors a, band oO respectively, relative to a fixed origin O, as shown in the diagram. a=%+3 b=i-2j+2k = 314 2)-4k al < Calculate: c abxe marks) 4 b albxe) (2 marks) © the area of triangle OBC (2 marks) s d the volume of tetrahedron OABC. (1 mark) 25Chapter 1 @) 2 26 A soft drinks manufacturer is designing a package in the shape of a tetrahedron. He designs it in 3D software with the origin as his starting point. The position vectors of vertices 4, B and C from the origin are 2i + j + 3k, i — 4j - 3k and -i + 3j— k respectively. a Find OB x OC. (3 marks) He prints prototype packages using a 3D printer and a scale of 1 unit in the design representing 4cm on the model. b Given that the thickness of the plastic can be considered negligible, find, in em’, the volume of one prototype package. (4 marks) The diagram shows a parallelepiped ABCEFDHG with c D vertices 4(0, 0, 0), EG, =1, 2), C14, 1, -2), and FQ, -5, 1) Ip —_—_——_1] A tetrahedron is formed by joining vertices 4, Cand E to the point M on side EF such that the ratio EM : MFis 2:1 Show that the volume of the tetrahedron is $ of the volume tok of the parallelepiped. marks) «= Relative to an origin O, the points A and B have position vectors a metres and b metres respectively, where a=Si+2j b=2i-j-3k ‘The point C moves such that the volume of the tetrahedron OABC is always 5m’. Determine Cartesian equations of the locus of possible positions of point C. (6 marks) ‘The lines L, and L, have equations = a, + sb, and r= a, + th, respectively, where +2k by = 5i+4j-2k. a Verify that the point P with position vector 3i—j + 2k lies on both Land L,. (2 marks) b Find b, x bs. (marks) ¢ Find a Cartesian equation of the plane containing Ly and L>. (4 marks) The points with position vectors a, and a, are A, and Az respectively. d_ By expressing 4\P and A,P as multiples of b, and b, respectively, or otherwise, find the area of the triangle PA\As. (marks) The position vectors of the points A, B, Cand D relative to a fixed origin O, are ~j + 2k, 3] + Sk, 24 - 2j + 7k and j + 2k respectively. a Find p= ABx CD. (3 marks) b Calculate AC.p. (2 marks) ¢ Hence determine the shortest distance between the line containing AB and the line containing CD. (marks) Relative to a fixed origin O, the point M/ has position vector ~4i + j - 2k. ‘The straight line / has equation r x OM = 5i- 10k. a Express the equation of the line /in the form r = a + rb, where a and b are constant vectors and 1 is a parameter. (3 marks)Vectors, b Verify that the point N with coordinates (2, -3, 1) lies on / and find the area of triangle OMN. (4 marks) © 8 Aplane passes through the three points 4, B, C, whose position vectors, referred to an origin O, are (i + 3) + 3k), (3i + j + 4k), (2i + 4 + k) respectively. a Find, in the form fi + mj + mk, a unit normal vector to this plane, (4 marks) b Find also a Cartesian equation of the plane, (3 marks) ¢ Find the perpendicular distance from the origin to this plane. (3 marks) ©) 9 a Show that the vector i +k is perpendicular to the plane with vector equation +9j+0i-k), (2 marks) b Find the perpendicular distance from the origin to this plane, (3 marks) ¢ Hence or otherwise obtain a Cartesian equation of the plane. (3 marks) © 10 The points A, B and C have position vectors i + j + k, 5i-2j + k and 3i + 2j + 6k respectively, referred to an origin O. a Find a vector perpendicular to the plane containing the points 4, Band C. (3 marks) b Hence, or otherwise, find an equation for the plane which contains the points 4, B and C, in the form ax + by + ez +d=0. (3 marks) The point D has coordinates (1, 5, 6). ¢ Find the volume of the tetrahedron ABCD. (4 marks) © 11 The plane JT passes through (3, -5, -1), B(-1, 5, 7) and C(2, -3, 0). a Find ACx BC. (3 marks) b Hence, or otherwise, find the equation, in the form ran = p, of the plane IT. (3 marks) © The perpendicular from the point (2, 3, -2) to IT meets the plane at P. Find the coordinates of P. (4 marks) fen that P and Q are the points with position vectors p and q respectively, relative to an origin O, and that p= 3i-j+2k and q=2i+j-k, a find pxq. (marks) b Hence, or otherwise, find an equation of the plane containing O, P and Q in the form ax+ by +ez=d, (3 marks) ‘The line with equation (r — p) x q = 0 meets the plane with equation r.(i + j +k) = 2 at the point 7. ¢ Find the coordinates of the point 7. (4 marks) © 13 The planes JT; and IT, are defined by the equations 2x + 2y - 2 = 9 and x - 2y =7 respectively. a Find the acute angle between IZ, and IZ, giving your answer to the nearest degree. (3 marks) b Find in the form r x u = van equation of the line of intersection of JT and JZ. (4 marks) 27Chapter 1 & €) 28 ‘The plane JT has vector equation yay 3 3)+qf ify 2 Ji where « and v are parameters, The line L has vector equation 2 2 re| i} + { 3 -3) | 4 where ris a parameter. a Show that L is parallel to 17. (4 marks) b Find the shortest distance between L and IT. marks) ‘The plane JT has equation 2x + y + 3z = 21 and the origin is O, The line / passes through the point P(1, 2, 1) and is perpendicular to I7. a Finda vector equation of /. (3 marks) The line / meets the plane J7 at the point M. b Find the coordinates of M. (3 marks) © Find OP x OM. (marks) d_ Hence, or otherwise, find the distance from P to the line OM, giving your answer in surd form. The point Q is the reflection of Pin IT. (3 marks) e Find the coordinates of Q. (3 marks) Ina tetrahedron ABCD the coordinates of the vertices B,C, D are (1, 2, 3), 2,3, 3) and (3, 2, 4) respectively. Find: a the equation of the plane BCD (4 marks) b the sine of the angle between BC and the plane x + 2y + 32=4, (marks) © If ACand AD are perpendicular to BD and BC respectively and if 4B = V6, find the coordinates of the two possible positions of A. (4 marks) Points A and B have position vectors -2i + j + 5k and 4i + 2j — 3k respectively. a Find the direction ratios of AB. (3 marks) b Find the direction cosines /, m and n of AB. (3 marks) ¢ Write down the Cartesian equation of the line through A and B in the form x= IN i (2 marks) A line L makes angles a, 3 and + with the x-, y- and z-axes respectively. Prove that sin? a + sin? + sin? = 2. Two lines L; and Ly have direction cosines equal to /, 1, m and Js, my, nz respectively. Show that if the two lines are parallel, thenVectors, £9 20 A radio mast is modelled as a straight rod in 3D space. It is supported by guide wires W/, and Gis) #2 hich are modelled as straight lines. 1/, passes through the origin and makes angles of 45°, 60° and 60° with the x-, y- and z-axes respectively. ‘The wire attaches to the pylon at point 4 8+ 3y2) 4 3 a Wyhas vector equationr=| 0 | + (*) v2 1 4 Show that J; also passes through A and find the coordinates of A (7 marks) b The base of the pylon, B, lies in the xy-plane and the pylon is perpendicular to the xy-plane. Given that each unit in the model represents 10m, find the distance that Bis from the origin, (4 marks) © Give one criticism of the model (1 mark) @iP) 21 The plane JZ, has vector equation (i) (i) where 2 and are real parameters. The plane IT, is transformed to the plane IZ, by the transformation represented by the matrix T, where 1 T= ( 1-2 -1 0 a Show that the equation of the plane JZ, can be written as “(3 = d where dis a constant to be found. 4 (9 marks) CEs The plane I cuts the x-,y~ and =-axes at the points (p, 0, 0), (0,4, 0) and (0, 0, r) respectively. Given that the shortest distance between the plane and the origin is d, prove that daa 1 Shea 29Chapter 1 Ped 1. The scalar (or dot) product of two vectors a and b is written as a.b, and defined as a.b = [al|b|cos 0 where @ is the angle between a and b. 2 The vector (or cross) product of the vectors a and b is defined as ax b= |allb|sin da where @ is the angle between a and b. 3 bx xb 4 |Fi,jand kare unit vectors along the x-, y- and z-axes respectively, then: + ixi=o rn + jxj=0 skxk= i + ixj=kandjxis-k + ixk=iandkxj= + kxi=jandixk=-j 5 lfaxb=Otheneithera ), b = 0 or a and b are parallel. 6 axb=(a,b;—asb)it (ash, — a,b.) + (aby — ayh)k : — ay a a GQ, az a3 b; by b; b, bey soe 0. o 8 If 4, Band Chave position vectors a, b and ¢ respectively, then Area of triangle 4BC=3|4B x AC| = 3|(b-a) x (e-a)) = 3|(a xb) + (bx 0) + (€xa)| 3010 11 12 B 14 15 16 7 18 Vectors, If A and B have position vectors a and b respectively, then Area of parallelogram OABC = |a x b| If A, B, Cand D have position vectors a, b, ¢ and d °. respectively, then 4 a x ' /n o> 2 : Area of parallelogram ABCD =|4B x AD| b - a) x (d-a)] =|(axb)+(oxd+(dxa) i When a= (aii + aj + a3k), b = (byl + bp) + byk) and € = (c,1 + 2) + osk), aul x €) = ay(bec — bac) + aplbycy — byes) + a3(b C2 — bac) This can also be written as a a ay albxe=|b, bz by 1 & & a.(b x ¢) is known as the scalar triple product. a.(b xc) =b.(¢ x a) =c.(a x b) a.(a x p) =a.(p x a) = 0 for any vector p. If three sides of a parallelepiped are given by vectors a,b and ¢ as shown in the diagram, then the volume of a the parallelepiped is given by ja.(b x ¢)|. If three sides of a tetrahedron are given by vectors a, b and ¢ as shown in the diagram, then the volume of the tetrahedron is given by !a.(b xo). B eS r (ta) x b =0is an alternative form of the vector equation of a line passing through the point A with position vector a, and parallel to the vector b. This may also be written as rx b=ax b, Ifa line is parallel to the vector a = xi + yj + 2k, the direction ratios of the line are x: y:2, and the direction cosines of the line are Bd x lal lal and are written as /, m and n respectively. cosa =, cos = wna Aline with direction ratios x: y:2 has direction cosines /, mand n such that 2 + m? + n? = 1. The shortest distance between the two skew lines with equations. r=atdbandr=¢+pd, where A and pare scalars, is given by the formula 31Conic sections 1 After completing this chapter you should be able to: © Plot and sketch a curve expressed parametrically > pages 33-35 © Work with the Cartesian equation and parametric equations ofa parabola and a rectangular hyperbola -> pages 35-45 © Find the equation of tangents and normals to parabolas and rectangular hyperbolas > pages 45-56 © Understand the focus-directrix property of a parabola ~> pages 56-56 © Solve locus problems involving the parabola and rectangular hyperbola ~> pages 55-56 Find the coordinates of the points of intersection of the line /with equation y= 2x + 16 and the curve C with equation y =-2x? + 6x + 10. ‘€ Pure Year 1, chapter3 fg This solar power station generates electricity by reflecting the sun's rays onto a glass tube Find the equation of the tangent to the containing oil. The cross-section of the mirror curve y = 2x2 + 6x ~ 8 at the point where isa parabola, with the tube at its focus. x=1. Pure Year 1, Chapter 12 > Mixed exercise, ChallengeConic sections 1 @ Parametric equations You can define a curve using parametric equations, where the x- and y- coordinates of each point on the curve are given in terms of an independent variable (such as 1) which is called a parameter. The parametric equations of a curve are written in the form pi, y= qi) Each value of r within the domain of the functions p and q generates a unique point on the curve. ™ To find the Cartesian equation of a curve a given parametrically you eliminate the parameter 1 between the equations. A curve has parametric equations x Cartesian equation of the curve. ‘A Cartesian equation is an equation in terms of wand y only. + Pure Year 2, Chapter 8 2at, R where a is a positive constant. Find the Rearrange one equation into the form ¢ Substitute (1) into (2): ye ala) pee cers simplifies to 4a? _— Substitute oe 4a Hence, the Cartesian equation is ax A curve has parametric equations x = ct, y =$1€ Rt #0, where ¢ a Find the Cartesian equation of the curve. b Hence sketch this curve, This equation now involves x and y and not ¢. Note that ais a constant. a positive constant, a Method 1 To obtain the Cartesian equation, eliminate ¢ from xect the given parametric equations. ”L. Rearrange one equation into the form r=... 33Chapter 2 Substitute (1) into (2) “oO ~° pee § sine Hence, the Cartesian equation Sa 1 Find the Cartesian equations of the curves given by these pairs of parametric equations. b x=4e8 yer 502, y= 1000 y=st hx=6,y=30 2. Find the Cartesian equations of the curves given by these pairs of parametric equations. 7 b x=Thy 40 dxeh page 3 A curve has parametric equations x = 3/, y=3, ER, 10. a Find the Cartesian equation of the curve. b Hence sketch this curve. 34Conic sections 1 v2 Stem £0. 4 A curve has parametric equations x a Find the Cartesian equation of the curve. b_ Hence sketch this curve. @® Parabolas You have previously encountered parabolas in the form of quadratic curves, such as y = x2. The parabola is one member of a family of curves known as the conic sections. These curves can be obtained by slicing a cone. The parabola is obtained by slicing the cone parallel toits slope. EDD The circ is another example ofa conic section, obtained by slicing a cone horizontally. You can learn about other conic sections later in this chapter and in the next chapter. ~ Section 2.5, Chapter 3 You need to be able to recognise and work with the parametric form of the equation for a parabola © The curve opposite is a parabola with Cartesian equation y? = 4ax, where ais a pi + The curve has parametric equations xsat,y=2at,teR + The curve is symmetrical about the x-axis. + Ageneral point P on this curve has coordinates (x,y) oF (at, 2at). You also need to be able to define a parabola in terms of its focus-directrix properties. ™ A parabola is the locus of points that are the same distance from a fixed point S, called the focus, and a fixed straight line called the directrix. In the diagram on the right, SP = PX for all points ? on the parabola. For the parabola with Cartesian equation y? = 4ax, + the focus, S, has coordinates (a, 0) directrix + the directrix has equation x +a=0 + the vertex is at the point (0, 0). (Dera of a parabola using GeoGebra. = kas xea=0 , 35Chapter 2 Gag Find an equation of the parabola with: a focus (7, 0) and directrix x +7 =0 v3 cane v3 b focus (%,0) and directrix x= —Y2 @ Focus (7, 0) and directrix x +7 = 0 Soa=7 a a & Focus (YB, 0) and directrix x = “2 soa= 2 So parabola has equation y ex) Find the coordinates of the focus and an equation for the directrix of a parabola with equation: a y= 24y b y= v32x. a y= 24x So the focus has coordinates (6, 0) and the directrix has equation x + 6 = 0. by? = v82x. So the focus has coordinates (V2, O) and the directrix has equation x + v2 = oes 1 Find an equation of the parabola with: a focus (5, 0) and directrix x + 5=0 b focus (8, 0) and directrix x +8=0 € focus (1, 0) and directrix x = ~1 4 focus (3, 0) and directrix x = -3 € focus tes 0) and directrix x += 0 36Conic sections 1 2. Find the coordinates of the focus, and an equation for the directrix of each of the following parabolas. 20x 10x Sv2x 3. Find the coordinates of the focus, and an equation of the ED The parabote with parabola that passes through the general point: general pein @enIzh| a (6, 120) b (3/22, 6/21) has parametric equations x= 60, y= 120, 1. Find a Cartesian equation of the parabola with: a focus (0, 4) and directrix y b focus (3, 3) and directrix y ¢ focus (8, 0) and directrix Groce Use a matrix transformation to rotate the general point ie pene (ae, ad, for a suitable 50-0 value of a. 2 The parabola Chas focus (2, 2) and directrixx + +4 Cartesian equation for Cis x + The point P(8, -8) lies on the parabola C with equation y” parabola, The line / passes through S and P. a Find the coordinates of S. x. The point Sis the focus of the b Find an equation for /, giving your answer in the form ax + by + ¢ = 0, where a, b and ¢ are integers. The line / meets the parabola C again at the point Q. The point M is the midpoint of PQ. © Find the coordinates of Q. 4 Find the coordinates of M. € Draw a sketch showing the parabola C, the line /and the points P, Q, Sand M. a y= 8x | This is in the form y2 = 4ax with a= 2. The focus, S, has coordinates (2, 0): b mero 9-8 The focus has coordinates (a, 0). 8-276 So m= -$ 2, where (xy $3) = @ 0) and yr O=-3(r-2) , -8). ~4(x - 2) 4r48 Use y = y, = m(x— x). Here m Gawd 4x4 3y-8=0 oo The line [has equation 4x + 3y ~ 8 = O. ‘— Rearrange into the form ax + by +¢=0. 37Chapter 2 ck 4x+3y-8=0 38 0 C: y= Bx 6x4 Gy-16=0 y+ ey-16=0 (y+ ly -2)=0 So y=-6 or y= 2. y = 8 corresponds to point P. When y= 2, s0 Q has coordinates _| a e+. The midpoint is (23-2, =8+2) The point M has coordinates (‘£, -3). —+ The parabola C has equation y= ox The line I has equation Ax+ 3y-8=0 The line I cuts the parabola at the points PB, -8) and Q(5, 2). The points S{2, 0) and M(‘F, -3) also lie on the line 2 y Cy? = 8x (Ole. 2) 5(2,0) 8, -8) itl h4x43y-8=0 ) The line segment PQis a chord of the parabola. A chord which passes through the focus is sometimes called a focal chordConic sections 1 The parabola C has general point (at2, 2a). The line x = k intersects C at the points P and Q. Find, in terms of a and k, the length of the chord PQ. Iho = &, then k = at, |__ The x-coordinate of a point on the curve is. (L. Solve the equation for t. Substitute each value for r separately to obtain the two y-values. San ie nf aamayecnial os This is a vertical line segment, so the distance from P to Q can be found by subtracting the pcoordinates. Gene You could also solve this problem by finding a Cartesian equation of C and substituting x = k to find two corresponding values of y. The coordinates of P and @ are (k, 2vak) and (k, -2vak). The length of the chord PQ is 4Vak. 1 The line y = 2x - 3 meets the parabola y? = 3y at the p Find the coordinates of P and Q. 1s Pand Q. 2 The line y =x + 6 meets the parabola y? = 32x at . 7 Use the dist fe Il the points A and B. Find the exact length of AB, in) = oF P32, fp = O14, s-—_H IG > x b Midpoint of PQ is (18, 9) Gradient of PQ is ~} Gradient of perpendicular bisector is 2 y-9=2Ae- 18) > y=2x-27 4 &6 The rectangular hyperbola with equation xy Chapter 2 [Sora 1A rectangular hyperbola has equation xy = 12. a Sketch the curve. ‘The line with equation y = -3x + 15 intersects the curve at the points P and Q. b Find the coordinates of P and Q. ¢ Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of PQ. Find the x-coordinates of the points where the perpendicular bisector intersects the rectangular hyperbola, 2 The rectangular hyperbola with equation xy = 9 and the straight line with equation y = x intersect at the points P and Q. a Find the coordinates of the points P and Q. The lines 3x — y + 6 = 0 and x ~ 3y ~ 6 = 0 intersect the rectangular hyperbola at P and also at the points $ and T respectively. b Find the length of ST. © Show that the midpoint of S7 lies on the straight line y ©® 3 The straight line 3x + 4y +48 = 6s 8 , £0, at the points P and Q. The straight line 4x ~ 3y — 11 = 0 intersects the nterseets the rectangular hyperbola with parametric equations x rectangular hyperbola with equation xy = 36 at the points Q and R. Find the area of the triangle POR. ©® 4 The points Plerp) and Q(ea.5) both lie on the hyperbola with equation x) Show that the chord PQ has equation x + pqy = o(p + 4). ©® 5 The parabola C has equation y? = 4ax and the rectangular hyperbola H has equation xy = 2, where a > 0 and ¢ > 0. Show that C and HT intersect exactly once, and find the coordinates of the point of intersection, giving your answer in terms of a and c. & 2 © contains point P with x-coordinate $ and 1 Q with x-coordinate 4c. Find, in terms of , the exact length of the chord PQ. (S marks) © 7 A rectangular hyperbola H has parametric equations x = 94, p ¢ £0. The straight line / r with equation 4x ~ 3y + 69 = 0 intersects H at the points P and Q. a Show that / intersects / where 12 + 237-9 =0. (3 marks) b Hence, or otherwise, find the coordinates of P and Q. (4 marks) 4hConic sections 1 © 8 The rectangular hyperbola H has parametric equations x = 12r, p a Write the Cartesian equation of #7 in the form xy 5 and = 6 respectively. o. (1 mark) Pand Q are points on the hyperbola such that, b Find the length of the line segment PQ, giving your answer in the form ay'10. (3 marks) ¢ Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of PQ. (marks) The diagram shows the straight line with equation x-+2y— 10 =0 that intersects the rectangular hyperbola with equation xy = 8 at the points P and Q. a Find the coordinates of P and Q. (2 marks) b Find the exact area of the shaded region, R, bounded by the hyperbola and the line 5 Give your answer in the form a+ b Ine, where a, band care constants to be found. (S marks) end roblem-solving The resulting curve is a rectangular hyperbola with asymptotes y and, x+2p-10=0 Q The rectangular hyperbola with equation xy = c? is rotated through 45° anticlockwise about the origin. Show that the resulting curve can be written in the form y? ~ x= A2, where k > 0, giving kin terms of c. @ Tangents and normals You can use parametric differentiation or implicit differentiation to find the gradient of any point on a parabola. You do not need to be able to use either of these techniques if you are studying for AS level Further Maths only. Parametric differentiation Implicit differentiation Parametric and implicit differentiation are covered in Pure Year 2. y= hax + Pure Year 2, Sections 9.7, 9.8 ay = Peed ‘These two expressions are equivalent, since y a However, it is sometimes useful to de find the gradient in terms of the parameter. ™ For the general parabola y? = 4ax, the gradient VERSIE if you need to use this result is given by 2” 2a) in an AS exam, it will be given with the dx question. In an A level exam you would You can find the gradient at any point on a rectangular —_be expected to derive this result if the hyperbola by rearranging the equation into the form question says ‘prove’ or ‘use calculus. and differentiating 45Chapter 2 Gag The point P, with x-coordinate 2, lies on the rectangular hyperbola H with equation xy = 8. Find: a the equation of the tangent, T, to H at point P b the equation of the normal, N to H at the point P giving your answers in the form ax + by +c = 0, where a, b and c are integers. a Hixy=6 When x= 2, mr Whenx=2,y=824 Ti y-4=-2x- 2) Texty-6=0 Therefore, the equation of the tangent to Hat Pis 2x+y-6=0. b Gradient of tangent at P is mr= So gradient of normal is my = 3 Niy-4 = 3(x- 2) Naresx-2) {itera Nix-2y+6=0] Therefore, the equation of the normal to Hat Pisx-2y+6=0. The point P with coordinates (75, 30) lies on the parabola C with equation 3? = 12x. Find the equation of the tangent to C at P, giving your answer in the form y = mx +c, where m and care constants. 46Conic sections 1 dy [Use implicit differentiation to find 5. Students who are only studying for AS Further g a Maths could use the result S™ = St with a = 3, y-30=2 (x75) aystve5 Therefore, the equation of the tangent to C at Pis yu de +15. The point P(4, 8) lies on the parabola C with equation y?= day. Find: a the value of a b an equation of the normal to Cat P. The normal to Cat P cuts the parabola again at the point Q. Find: © the coordinates of Q d the length PQ, giving your answer as a simplified surd. Substitute (x, 9) =, 8) into y? = 4ax and simplify tofind a. dy _ 2a Use = = or implicit differentiation. dey Use my for the gradient of the tangent and my SC eager chiens a for the gradient of the normal. ya 6 =nlv- 4) — my syst 12 in Therefore, the equation of the normal to C at Pis y= -x + 12. L Use y — y1 = my(x — x1) to find the equation of © When the normal cuts the curve, the tangent. Here my= 1 and (x:, 93) = 4,8) (r+ 12) = 16x x? = 2dy + 144 = 16x | | epee into y2 = 16x. ~AOx + 144 (x - 4)(x - 36) =O ' L_ Multiply out and solve the quadratic. Sox=4orx=36 When x = 36, y= -36 + 12 = 24. __ x =4-corresponds to point P. So Q has coordinates (36, -24) LS d PQ =\(36 - 4)? + (-24 - 8)*. —___ Use the distance formula to find the length of PO =\%% DE = 2045 = 32V2 PQ, and give your answer as a simplified surd. a7Chapter 2 [Sora In this exercise, AS students may use, without proof, the result that, for the general parabola y? = 4ax, dy _2a any 1 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve: a y° = 4x at the point (16, 8) b y= 8yat the point (4, 4v2) © xy = 25 at the point (5, 5) 4 xy =4 at the point where x=} ‘7x at the point (7, ~7) f xy=16al the point where x = 2V2. Give your answers in the form ax + by += 0. 2. Find the equation of the normal to the cur ay? = 20x at the point where y = 10 at the point (-3, -6). Give your answers in the form ax + by + ¢= 0, where a, b and are integers. boxy 3 The point AC a Find an equation of the normal to Hf at A. The normal to Hat A meets H again at the point B. ~16) lies on the rectangular hyperbola # with equation xy = 32. b Find the coordinates of B. ©® 4 The points P(4, 12) and O(-8, -6) lie on the rectangular hyperbola H with equation xy = 48. a Show that an equation of the line PQ is 3x - 2y + 12=0. The point A lies on H. The normal to Hat A is parallel to the chord PQ. b Find the exact coordinates of the wwo possible positions of A. 5 The distinct points 4 and B, where x = 3, lie on the parabola C with equation y? = 27x. a Find the coordinates of A and B. Line /; is the tangent to Cat A and line /s is the tangent to C at B, Given that at A, y > 0, b draw a sketch showing the parabola C. Indicate on your sketch the points and Band the lines /, and fy ind: i an equation for an equation for fy giving your answers in the form ax + by + = 0, where a, b and c are integers. © © 6 The rectangular hyperbola H is defined by the equations x = v3, y The point P lies on with x-coordinate 2 V3. Find: aa Cartesian equation for the curve HT (2 marks) b an equation of the normal to Hat P. (4 marks) The normal to H at P meets H again at the point Q. © Find the exact coordinates of Q. (3 marks) 48Conic sections 1 © 7 The point P(4?, 80) lies on the parabola C with equation on the rectangular hyperbola 7 with equation xy = 4. 6x. The point P also a Find the value of 1, and hence find the coordinates of P. (3 marks) The normal to H at P meets the x-axis at the point N. b Find the coordinates of (4 marks) ‘The tangent to Cat P meets the x-axis at the point 7. © Find the coordinates of 7. (3 marks) Hence, find the area of the triangle NPT. (2 marks) The point P(ar, 2a1), lies on the parabola Cwith equation y2 = 4ax where a is a positive constant. Show that an equation of the normal to Cat Pis y + 0x =2at + at’, ay dy _ 2a 2yGy = 4a so S= t , dy 2a Substitute » = 2ar into == 55 a 2a 4 If y = 2at, then So = 5 = Gradent of tangent at Pls m=! So gradient of normal is my P has coordinates (at®, 2al). Use y — y1 = myx =x) to find the equation of the ee normal, N. Here my=t and (x1) = (at, 2at). My+a=2at+ars | {__ Rearrange into the required form. Therefore, the equation of the normal to C at Pisy+ix=2at+ ae ™ An equation of the normal to the parabola with equation 3? = 4ax at the point Pat, 2at) is y + tx = 2at + a? You can use a similar method to find an equation for a tangent to a parabola. ™ An equation of the tangent to the parabola with equation J? = 4ax at the point P(ar, 2at) is ty = x + ar The derivation of this result is left asan exercise. Exercise 2F 06 Goo Q t positive constant. The point P(ct,£), £0, lies on the rectangular hyperbola H with equation xy =e where c is a a Show that an equation of the tangent to Hat Pis.x + A rectangular hyperbola G has equation xy = 9. The tangent to Gat the point A and the tangent to Gat the point B meet at the point (1, 7) b Find the coordinates of 4 and B. 49Chapter 2 Gradient of tangent at Pis my= — Phas coordinates (et, $) 1 To y-f=-ha- —J TE &y-ct=-- et) TE y-ct=-xtet Texteys2a J Therefore, the equation of the tangent to Hat Pisx+ Py = 2et b Compare xy = 9 with xy As cis positive, ¢ = 3. —_— Tangent to Gis x + #y = Gt +7) =61 7@-6t-1=0 Daal (714 Ie-1)=0 (3,3) 5, the coordinates are (3.-2) 1, the coordinates are 3 (3x13) Therefore, the coordinates of A and B are (+, -21) and (3, 3). 3, 3) Rearrange the equation for Hin the form y = x". Differentiate to determine the gradient of H. Substitute tangent to H. ct, to calculate the gradient of the Use y - y, = my (x — x,) to find the equation of the tangent, 7. Here my=—4 and (x 44) = (ct, Rearrange into the required form, Substitute c = 3 into the equation of the tangent derived in part a Substitute x = ~1 and y= 7 in (1) as the tangent. goes through point (-1, 7). Substitute ¢ into the general coordinates of P. Substitute ¢ Finto P(31,3) Substitute = 1 into P (34,3). ™ An equation of the tangent to the rectangular hyperbola with equation xy = c? at the point Plet, ()isx+ y= 2er You can use a similar method to find an equation for a normal to a rectangular hyperbola. = An equation of the normal to the rectangular hyperbola with equation xy = c? at the point The derivation of this result is left as an exercise. > Mixed exercise Q6Conic sections 1 The parabola Chas equation y? = 20x. The point P(5p*,10p) is a general point on C. The line / is normal to Cat the point P. a Show that an equation for lis px +y = 10p + Sp° The point P lies on C, The normal to Cat P passes through the point (30, 0) as shown on the diagram. The region R is bounded by this line, the curve Cand the x-axis, b Given that P lies in the first quadrant, show that 100 the area of the shaded region R is “2 a y= 20x ay a Use the fact that my x my =~1 to find the 2y gy = 2080 B= gradient of the normal. 2 19p), 2 = 10 1 At PSp*, 10D) ax = dp =P Seen So, the gradient of the tangent at P is Since you know the gradient in terms of the ot parameter p, you can find an equation for the ane normal at P in terms of p. Therefore, the gradient of the normal is Use y= yi = nty(x =) with my =—p and my = =p. + Gy.) = Gp? 10p). y ~ 10p = -p(x - Sp?) yp ~ 10p = -px + Sp® Use the fact that the line passes through (30, 0) px+y=10p + Sp? to find the value of p. b At (30, O), 30p = 10p + Sp? Lge CSL 9 Sp? — 20p =O a ae : The three solutions correspond to the three BOS aur different normals to the curve that pass through P=O.p=-2 orp=2 the point (30, 0). You are interested in the one Discard p = O and p 90 p= 2. that lies in the first quadrant, so choose p 51Chapter 2 y In this exercise, AS students may use, without proof, the result that, for the general parabola y* = dax, dy 2a dey 1 The point P(3/, 61) lies on the parabola C with equation y? = 12x. a Show that an equation of the tangent to Cat P is yr=.x +3? b Show that an equation of the normal to Cat Pis.xt + y= 30 + 61. 2 The point P(6r, 8), 1-4 0, lies on the rectangular hyperbola H with equation xy = 36 a Show that an equation of the tangent to H at Pis x-+ Py = 120 b Show that an equation of the normal to Hat Pis Ax - 17 = (4-1). 3 The point P(52, 107) lies on the parabola C with equation y? = 4ax, where a is a constant and 140. a Find the value of a. b Show that an equation of the tangent to Cat P is yr= x + 5° The tangent to Cat P cuts the x-axis at the point Vand the y-axis at the point ¥. The point 0 is the origin of the coordinate system. ¢ Find, in terms of 1, the area of the triangle OY. 52Conic sections 1 ® 4 The point P(ar, 2a0), lies on the parabola C with equation y? = dax, where a is a positive constant. a Show that an equation of the tangent to Cat Pis ty =x + at. The tangent to Cat the point A and the tangent to Cat the point B meet at the point with coordinates (4a, 3a). b Find, in terms of a, the coordinates of A and B. © 5 Thepoint P(4s, 4), 140. yperbola H with equation xy = 16. a Show that an equation of the tangent to 7 at Pis.x + Py = 80. (4 marks) The tangent to H/ at the point A and the tangent to at the point B meet at the point X with y-coordinate 5. X lies on the directrix of the parabola C with equation y? = 16x. jes on the rectangular h b Write down the coordinates of X. (1 mark) © Find the coordinates of A and B. (3 marks) 4 Deduce the equations of the tangents to / which pass through X. Give your answers in the form ax + by + ¢=0, where a, b and ¢ are integers. (4 marks) 6 The point P(a??, 2at) lies on the parabola C with equation y? = and ¢ 4 0. The tangent to C at P cuts the x-axis at the point A 4ax, where a is a constant a Find, in terms of a and 1, the coordinates of . (4 marks) The normal to Cat P cuts the x-axis at the point B. b Find, in terms of a and ¢, the coordinates of B. (4 marks) ¢ Hence find, in terms of a and f, the area of the triangle APB. (4 marks) 7 The point P(2P, 42) lies on the parabola C with equation y? = 8x. a Show that an equation of the normal to Cat Pis xt + y= 20 + 4t (4 marks) The normals to Cat the points R, Sand T meet at the point (12, 0). b Find the coordinates of R, Sand T. (4 marks) ¢ Deduce the equations of the normals to C which all pass through the point (12, 0). (4 marks) 8 The point (ar, 2as) lies on the parabola C with equation y? = 4ax, where a is a positive constant and 1 #0, The tangent to C at P meets the y-axis at Q. a Find in terms of a and 1, the coordinates of Q. marks) The point S is the focus of the parabola. b State the coordinates of S. (1 mark) € Show that PQ is perpendicular to SQ. (4 marks) © 9 The point P62, 124) lies on the parabola C with equation y? = 24x. a Show that an equation of the tangent to the parabola at Pis 1 =x + 6P. (4 marks) The point X has y-coordinate 9 and lies on the directrix of C. b State the x-coordinate of X. (1 marks) The tangent at the point B on C goes through point X. € Find the possible coordinates of B. (4 marks) 53Chapter 2 10 The points P(4p?, 8p) and O(4g?, 84) lie on the parabola with equation y? = 16x. Prove that the normals to the parabola at points P and Q meet at (8 + 4(p? + pq + q2), —4pq(p + q)). (8 marks) 11 The rectangular hyperbola, H, has Cartesian equation xy = 64. The points P 8p, §) and 8 ofsa.t lie on H. a Show that the equation of the tangent at point P is p*y +x = l6p. (4 marks) The tangents at P and Q meet at the point R. b Given that the line OR is perpendicular to the line PQ, prove that p2q? 12. A parabola is defined by the parametric equations x = af? and a Show that the equation of the tangent to the parabola at the point P(ar?, 2at) is ty =x + at, (4 marks) b Show that the tangent intersects the x-axis at 7(-a®, 0). (4 marks) Pis the point (a, 2at) and Sis the focus of the parabola. © By considering gradients, or otherwise, show that PT can never be perpendicular to PS. (4 marks) The point P(p2, 2p) lies on the parabola C with (9 marks) 2at. equation y? = 4v. The line /is tangent to Cat the point P. a Show that an equation for /is py =x+p?, (4 marks) b Find the area of the shaded region R. (4 marks) @® Loci You can use the focus-directrix property of a parabola to derive its general equation. The curve Cis the locus of points that are equidistant from the line with equation x + 6 = 0 and the point (6, 0). Prove that C has Cartesian equation y* = ax, stating the value of a. y c The (shortest) distance of P to the line x +6 =0 is the distance XP. Px.) "~The line XP is horizontal and has distance XP=x+6. ‘The distance SP is the same as the distance XP. ‘6, 0} ‘The locus of is the curve shown. 54Conic sections 1 From sketch, the locus satisfies SP = XP. Therefore, SP? = XP2 @- 6 +y- OP = + 6P x7 -12x 4.36 + =x? + 12x + 36 12x 2x +4 This simplifies to y? = 24x. So the locus of P has an equation of the form y? = 4ax, where a= 6. You can solve other locus problems involving the parabola and the rectangular hyperbola by considering general points on each curve. The point P lies on a parabola with equation y= 4ax. Show that the locus of the midpoints of OP isa parabola. The general point on the parabola y = 4ax has coordinates (at2, 2a). Midpoint of OP = (Sat®, at) arotirel (eatinat er) Lar, y = at > y? = 2as Bas Y= at Y= Sax ‘Any equation of the form y* = kx is a parabola This is the equation of a parabola with focus (a, 0)| You ean find its focus by setting k= 4a ore ® 1 A point P obeys a rule such that the distance of P to the point (7, 0) is the same as the distance of P to the straight line x + 7 = 0. Prove that the locus of P has a Cartesian equation of the form y? = dax, stating the value of the constant a. ® 2 A point P obeys a rule such that the distance of P to the point (2V5, 0) is the same as the distance of P to the straight line x = -2V5. Prove that the locus of P has an equation of the form y? = 4ax, stating the value of the constant 4. ® 3 Apoint P obeys. rule such that the distance of P to the point (0, 2) is the same as the distance of P to the straight line y = -2. a Prove that the locus of P has an equation of the form y = kx2, stating the value of the constant k. Given that the locus of P is a parabola, b state the coordinates of the focus of P, and an equation of the directrix to P © sketch the locus of P with its focus and its directrix. 4 A point P is equidistant from the point (a, 0) and the straight line x + a = 0. Prove that the locus of P isa parabola with equation y? = dax. (4 marks) 55Chapter 2 5 A point P is equidistant from the point S(3, 0) and the line x + 3 = 0. a Prove that the locus of P has an equation of the form y= kx, where k isa constant to be found, (4 marks) The point Q with y-coordinate 616 lies on the locus. b Show that the equation of the line through Q 216 66 and Sis y= 5 (4 marks) The line also intersects the curve at the point R. ¢ Find the coordinates of the point R (3 marks) d Find the area of the trapezium ORVW. (2 marks) 6 Given that P(x, y) is a general point on a rectangular hyperbola with equation xy show that the locus of points Q(x, $y} is also a rectangular hyperbola, stating its equation in the form xy = A°, where k is given in terms ofc. (marks) GED is the micpoine of ? and its ‘foot’ on the x-axis. 7 The points A and B lie on the x- and y-axes respectively. The point M is the midpoint of AB. A and B vary such that the area of triangle AOB is a constant value, ¢ EDD cvivere CP locus of Mf using GeoGebra. a Prove that the locus of M is a rectangular hyperbola. (4 marks) b Give the equation of the locus from part a in the form xy = ®, where ¢ is given in terms of 4. (1 mark) Cer Gea The parabola Acoor jate grid is drawn on a piece of paper. The point (a, 0) and the line x +.@=0 are marked. pace) The paper is then folded and creased in such eave opelto ‘away that the point meets the line. Prove that the family of, the crease line is a tangent to the parabola with crease lines equation y? = 4ax. constructed in this way. 56