THE CONSONANTAL SYSTEM OF OLD curves] rer Dy E.G, PULLEYBLANK Avoroxat, Beaioceariy: Eamign Crvse Wonks 1h sh 8 9 12 ch, ron in Tagen Bie Fiewcon can OF 5 chy cepa Sapa steam, Poa hegene RM HS ch by Li Shines FW 59, pnd Shang cose BRM ERI 00. by Hh Kal HM, Se ‘Staeszo Oar sh ‘Stuart in BK 65 ae, = HEHE 6S we, mile by Ting Fano TW TE, 961, Kuo-hteh chines ws Yonah hee yo0 2h, by Hens shan hee. 700 RIE chy by Hucmuchl 8, 59, in Smaps engl ‘Yaa ch ion chk 33 Tang yo BE 10 ch, by Wang Pa = EE 40 ch by Li Chie MM, Bye, Rap Aporonat Baicceain—Moom Boor Ax ARGU BALLEY sos: H. W, Baler, “indo-taian Sade BAZIN oud? Loin Bln” Un exe pensar ate "TBS (0959) iN ak ‘ice Cres BAZIN fog "Lois Dui, “Recherche ur le pus Tap’, TP 39 sen TitiSte io: Deavenie, Tent vps ty, adie commen eg "The lenguge ofthe Tope Wel, TAS Pn te nes congo logische Unternachungen”, Anthvopor $2 (1957) oe BROUGH Soa Bent The Canaan Baareade: Meee ree ey mac. aoed oe ye , : i eh re Pm Tea ‘CASTREN 168" Alerander Caren Yon en fie Orch nd ol GEAYANDES 100: Chava, Dane ke chine (Tare) Oxide iGo: Bir Gerad Cina, Task Mog Tages Ase = ws ‘TW comoNAtTat YETI OF OLD CHINES: PARE E307 DONNER 195s Kal Doane, "Kata", Mere del Sot Fn ugriene r8 988) DRAGEROV 039: A, A, Dano, “Onobenet fnolgiksaoy deene= stems yee Zoi sina siege N.S, 7 Co BGAN roa: gums Nero’ fb m3, Vira haat opps ba {EGAM! t93t:Egums Nano, ares Bopp bunk no het ENORI gst, Enon Kero, "lua nnn m0 lagen Wade abut hewké ‘ven Toy rot 315 ENOKT rsa: Sons Karo, “Eta minzka her ith yo" = 7 9 = ERC Re 8 492 2, Sugai rook 6x oe on. ae, ENORL i359 End Kao, “One may ote Epon” AB 18 (190), GAIN tog: Ansara von Gs op, teeth GABKIN ose Arona wn Gti, tarde Gramm erg ion Zk Vet Fern drmege rote in bores ZV. Tomah, 9. we. GRAHAM soto: A'C: Grim The ok of Lure GROOT vont IJ. de Gros, Chnaache Uhandon mer Gh Ais, 1: Die “Har tr eaichen 2 GROOT tab. Me de Grn Cece Crandon sr Gehl in, Di ‘Wes China in dr earrtichn Zin 1 cevit of BAZIN 1948, De fom 2 (150) pies deo BSL 6 6h) op. 183-80 sneNWING' pus 'W 8, Hoorn ue FHURTH so00° Hi Siolotche Barge zt Gnchiche der TeV” Dud i Andi Inge SS Perry, Se 19 gn). MIRTH ott FH “mnenforcngen™ Rat Saou’ Woe . B-t HIRTH ies: F Huhy Tae eno 9 Cia, HOCKETY logs: F Hose mow! poly TAROBSON Spar R skbe "Langos pnb” in Lr logue me saci ite Rp, Gaon J. ab, eatin [=VEMAR ep Jeu laton ind Haong.oa—einecblachesorb- antGiAt tek Ralouy Phin) a ncn Chi, KEARSE ie at, ha Gtr ta ios) oe RLATROH rs” Hemel ive vn Kloot Ai uote RiAPRorit st. Hosch jut es laps bene ripe de Ate EBV sigy S Les od EChneonm, "Liars 400 00g" 9A 18 bo Leviton! 8, Las "a etason Bang de Kouta” J 20882 90-30-78. LLEWY was: ory, Za osama Onaknchen’; Unger Jabs 3 093), engl 939i Fangs “Tike Glo-btrng”, Stade SB, Kavren Lo Tonys a Cktaggiet ane atl apt fecin BLA IW. (The secre ds of iy Fe td fe Oy uy MaESCHENHEL REN toy: 0. Macashen- Halley “Toe Tag ag” FAS 4.99). MAENCHENHELREN toys O. Becnaestllan "Hane and Hang ‘Byrn 17 (48h BP 88Hx 2: rmumtine Sagem ttm“ ane SSUES, gt wate a wena Spey a ema cu oan ieee ome wei RE Sen yg seein WORN ai cman Us crn at te mn ca Te am chindete Provineem dat R ‘ake PELLIGY to P. Po, “Das Wns dea Cen Ide Witcle BEFEO 4 (1904). pp. t}i4iy és te hada vr PELLIOT i0e6 Pio, he of CHAVANNES 190, BECLIOR vars: P Pin PELLIOT teat (a: aliog “(as oe ae a BEEEO 6 (906, 9 TP a6 Coad pp. ty 3, QUE ite! N ee Vomichde Crath dr aocesSpraics PRETSAK ise 0. ra "a ud Sp Sr ee Seas PRURSAR 016 Prat “XU ee Vana tugs Cone Quer e ee ia te & a Pr nal ee an walt Stina a 1 Sit Sere co a RUBKUGUIG! Gaunt Sona FS iia ges deat and i Wd, SCHLEGE oe © Se “miss cram ays hoa eo re oleh oF te SEDLACER tog Kami Seaasd SHAFER hE Saatr SHIRATORE sea: Shoot Kuri, “SiaogicheBeeage eaten IU Utes di Spratie der Hang und ae ajo ee SHIRATORI soto: Shion) Kunach, “Tagiha ines hy th Serch de Tang he Voter 14 para in Shale tan ego ep SHIRATORI ips; So Kuri, “Sor Yorgi de Haga", 74 gry. SHIBATORI t936 Shinwoc Kuri, “The geography ofthe Wester Ragan’ ‘eed on the bn the Tacha sce MR {TR COMSONANTAL SYSTEDL OF OLD CHEE: PART tt 209 SHORTO 496: H. Shoo, “Note an Mon eierenhy",BSOAS 18 (1938), pP-344- SHODAL sore: Shida An Munch 0 7 WM, ened by the Koign one i pe sa STEGLING lnat: Bs Sat end W: Sing Gn Gensincat it W. SO ch) Tecac Sma ssh 8 Ee Sth ng apes ve STE tog Sea Le Lin, Blind Ce Redes Sipe Ps rods py gave wm hr cae np aus mn anon weit tahe Me ons garg can upmar wn Ru oa een RAE Stati ta htt ean erie nema pee ate woh aaa an Ute NS ato, fone EOS Se ace amie oun pee nicl laran ropa lita, oar ae ee ors oT ee or In Miate Chis alibi cold eo i -hy5--m-p ona vows Gluing and cihthong)- Ie has lng Bun ecoghises on the bss of ancient poste rymen sod pone sre inthe near the character tat some a es of he ope shes mere originally coed by teowonantal phonemes. There hae teen aiferene of epnion howeree oh abut th extent wo wich thi ws tru and about the nate ofthese 1 rama Kren aor ied el ad etl op -t and (doubly alo “bina fewer) snd so second vied deal consonant or. He leaves open alan in thre rhyme groupe. - Wang bis (957) more comervane sconticton rests sly oh ete is ving ig nae ed oh ‘count for the shying of words thet fling cone with words in ‘stop consonants, in che Oden Tung T'ung-ho (1948), on the other hand, sho resores the sane combonaatl Gal a Kasgres (but datributes “> ind -d somewhat ferent), gos fare than’ Kaen, in at be "atoren ogo the whol of Rasgrr's and groupe evig oly te {oun of open slate, those ini. Final, Sno (9) and La Chie {i547 eestor dental al hin group ta, Tin aon, whic lesen ‘oom foro open lable alin Od Chine tthe ume ete ert tree and the tet lg. Tf or ia tothe cont with jhe oF ‘as in isn ete and ray erence foc lou cl hei deed no way exept by trary deci, op sa of soo some sort of fal consonant inal words ta later ended ino vowel,see Sale tat see Prdeeceren tee Sonora as dat ayn cogent go {one that aeny at the ime ofthe Odes in ae dlc eh ler ry ta snc te sri gt a , Kaslgren's attempt ‘up two of the etabl ved without atbitvary eanng Such cots are howerer guts toneeoee AE M. cia’ (K. *fidjetia): AF M. sj0%, tiak, dat of cs Mi tiak (Karlgren 1957, no. 45) emieihial Meier (rl) MEM, dow, tage ‘*tsang) (ibid. no. 46). ¥ . ie BE Metow (Ke): ak Rice 957 de ot Phonetic role, nos. 49, 12584). — | vin "EN. plow: EM ek (Ragen 1957 po in pace vos. fon 7h BM, om thay “aha (oly the former eating i ee: ne. 949) —— Ea (Mae) ME. kau (ete a spat 1957, 08. 109, r198}. a ce BM. low 8 olen, oiou gu EM: ion (Kate no. Pe ignores the anomaly}, bihamiehe Mio oa (he tae carer appear win Kase unten 58 Mv wie spe shen ong Tung soy cere “ytroupant tes ee sil aes group with apn spate (re sen Simos gph, He dicount the eden of creme tae sa hace wih sn reguting them a exceptions which eed coe ake ‘Soantin: Tiel to amy honever, Why open of Seas one irc ay rue ten “yy Tie ene Dress same nd wea od by "Tag as Regen ‘groups. “Ths in Bsebiheng seren we Bands vad #5 M. phian, pa (fe M. pa “‘winnow” isthe same word as EM po ith plot Be) SIM eM. non AM Ln, en? BRM, te OC ves BEM. gies a’ ewe: BM, ean TEM eryane 8 tn Karigren’s reconstruction of -ér in such eases (but -€ where there is 20 diet evidence of contact with -1) involves hirm in the same arbitrary ‘oliting up of « thyme category ashi separation of -o and wig or -u and “ig. Te poste chymes we find contacts with min this group even in the Han period, eg in Huannan-tsw AML. Bwa chytning with @ ML. swan, BM. gies chyming with RY M. wan’ and #8 M. hwan®, in the [lit BM. rar chyming with 2 M. dejwen and &M. dziwen, BE ME. pie rhyming with Mf M. Hen, REM dje rhyming with #8 Mt waa (Corand Chow 1988, pp. 252 296). Lo Cheney and Chou Tru-mo ty 0 explain this as a dialecieal phenomenon involving the natalization of fnal-a air this vowel, ut although thio may seem phonetically plausible, it ix equally plausible to explain both the fih-she contacts andthe fhyme contiets by a dental na giving « ponsible thyme with -o, which ts later low leaving an open vowel. Moreover there ix god reason, from Ceanscripcion usage, ab we shall se, suppone that such words sl had 2 fnal consonant in Han times. ‘Wang Li expostulated even about Katlgen’s system, “a ao language in the world ie there such « poverry of open syllables" (1957, p. 64) APA. ‘om recognizing the fos of op Srals where later e-em (ling tne) ‘words chyme with stops, he zed to explain che huchskeng evidence entirely fn the bass of vowel congruence, ie. by supposing that identity of head towel was sufcien o account for the occasional use of the same phonetic in words with and without a fal consonant. This involved fim ia a umber of abitary susumptions: that ~» 26d -e went only with sk, 79 and oe, vey respectively, 08 with “8, om -gP. dm OF wth, Py“ that “i, onthe otber hand went only witht, -m and et en fepec- tively that vowel «occurred before -h =p but ot Before =m p,m dnd thar conversely 9 never ocurred before“, -p —and 30 om Moreover in order to sezoust forthe diverse developments from the various classes tie was forced to setup a system of diphthongs, erphthongs and tetraph thongs, with long and shor semivowels and head vowel, which s much ‘noce difficult eo tcept as phonetically plausible then a system with 00 pen syllables. "There is indeed good comparaive evidence for 3 language, not go seaphicaly very far removed from Chinese, which appears to have had no pen ayllibes, namely Old Mon, H. Shor (1956, pp. 349-0) alludes to the “primary phonologieal ayptem of Old Mon which requires 4 foal consonant, in coonecton withthe tendency 19 add an unetymologe final» to foreign loanwords ending in x vowel. [aa note which he has indly supplied me he adda, “OM (carly XU century) wes an Indian alphaber mith three short vowels, fu, and Sve lng, d, 0, Graph fenie nal short vowel is phonologealy fai! exe, which is confirmed by ‘umerous variant spellings of the type pempa?, pimpi?, a well as byaa © o. ronumrazanx "HE CONSOMANTAL SYBTEMC OF OLD CHINESE: PART Hat orc evidence. Poe exceptions een protiie lings m pa, ph or sandard Tibetan pla “ater” ant ao acura : phos tt Pai Sirens in ebecnandard Tibetan fa “rough ee Themes, eg) Seto psp teu h a comorntal “neta paarage” fal SiS freed fo te developmen of tne Tt we recontac kote han vel op (oer Simon,» va fete pe have «god explanation frac tat nthe sa pero tin words atin cegory which ae most wed for foignopea lable. Tes wring that in pe Buddhist Han easy tarry ace cs of the Chishyon va ct ae extomely uncoemon, This in mired contrat toh asian in whch buch lest BM HM ta, MEM. oa, Fz Mf de ave the mon commen chances ie {Trectptions occuring lteay hundred of ime, Tet ue equcney isealy understood. Open sylals were stapatie tos muck mer eney svations than coed ones and ale vowels ae common in at Itagungen The reson thee alti se uly found in ener reser tot oat be ha ty ell ads fal deta consonant. Ha dynsy roneripions we nd tested alts ia 3 our oo (and low afer ltas and Old Chie bole aed lablaryngaly inthe feel tone cerang witha coeapontigly th equney wk te alae fregn Scrowel, Apart from ermpes whee the foveig oquralen aa be en fa ch 20M BM owl aon’ Altde (era ee Honk {885} HLM hoordon © thwdrden=tfenuna, Riotn Gos pe shove ABE M. towsmgTarita (cep. 14 above, AEB Mo lan=Tala (ce bslow), splable noch wf AC ous eM. doe “ah, 45M. too, $M. now low, MM, mjou < “mth ocur wih sroqwency compare toes in Naa in ne tinen a nos ich ‘atnot yt be enced beck to fveig egal the light of ts we an ett Fou-Cu FRAG M. Nuedou < ‘ida th uly tras of Bud which pets ine Hoe Hon thy and etek (Chavnoes rg) cnfora tothe sonal Han dyty pater suming an oil na the Suhre Buds or Gand bua {Brough ro) snd dos oot nerd to be ttre tos Pal form Budo a {Ci Henin (194) supponed (On he sternatve seling wih Bate tecond char ich war inteduced tt ler ne atthe ae pico meaning "butcher" of th gia enn character ee Pell wolten language foal ¢ and » sil serve to mark losayoria"™ eis esevant to note tht Old Chinese had no syllables wich pening, the laryngl, hy hy being, an we have seen, inegeted ince ‘ersonantal system. This also appear to hive best tre of Chaat ih hw toot en edd cr rough apecing vn ene acne Se syllabic languages”. The point seems to be that in such languages the Sig tur of te bie whale pres efector ‘he ovale ad mak it of fon te neighbour lathe sere ahs "Ay suppove tha the inland el tyegls seed te ee show frequent Asieh-sheng contacts. 1996, p. 373, m2.) A a ne ea lw enna nl in hia resin ci hg ean ee 9, sade Cas ar ce ee from the begining, and alo in many cases for short a though here @ and {are common especially inthe early period. This clearly illuatrates the uuntenability of the thesis advanced by Zurchet (2959, pp. 39-40) thatthe ‘early Buddhist translator & Lo-yang took over the sytem of wanseribing foreign words that had been devited in oftcia circles, Trace ofthe olde‘ystem do appene, but maialy in works emanating fom the sate of (A.D. 222-0) with its capital at Nanking. Thus in an anonymoes S -puktdgama translation (T.te mime RM. bow-tow < in Ta, ot str ante by Gf Ws. One might have edt exp in an ated tee a insted ferme ral if rer appse in ancipions ind te ee seid ror pre so sot th exten geographic exe about Sx su A mag fom Wu or mange WM tre tah, mentioned inthe Nan Chon Iam Cu (Perpiig sn Wing ooo (west f Ko-yng southern Samat) soe oe) Shea BM. keamsteus*Kenevie of te Wil can (ping ian 7150. The fone wort an ween by Wan ative of Wu, but although the latter work also came from Wu, its auth Rong T'was a Sogian sho vic ved Nowtern Choose ag ‘bn thi assign. See Polit as pp astse) I te ee a the tandaonw ofthe Chih Chien done at Neskng show he pe snc ype of eoutmporay and somerhat ees woke 7 om tenor mito Se whe utr eats ae hee ‘3 This ao surprising since Chih Chien wate gendnon owe ee ft om the Yue-chs (Kusan) el who had sealed in Leng the pod 1688 AD. Chi Chea hiswlf tuded Loar seal Peo pup of Loans a ely wen sae (ha ven inthe mile of the Rh entry inthe Lin Sung & ested onthe se rein, we find &lngetiog ceo the OF Chines a for frig a a Sun hu gids. a embny fo se ‘countey $8 MA M. ba-hwag is recorded under the year 449. The Tai-p ing’ ‘En 78.7, ig the Dare of Atv snd Raposo the Yoana Prvod of Sing (Sung Vaan c's recrdn a embany ote Sn ys from the curry of HN. howrhnan, which ea moe thename pie, One must pps tht the coun ary els te near Spf esrion whe ome the sary ed Oy San one tat was mine ap wo dae (Cf BM HEH DE. twlayckrge “hing Bn nun Sumac nen tt gp toe tothe event canary (ang hat yan tn, piped Pe ony tn; elie ioe, pag ee "we ponte a lyogu dors inated of Kage's we xs scsuns oth forthe ue fut pablo epee frp op elie: (Gh bing os ope aes vl od forthe coal oyong "THe CoMSOXANTAL SYSTEM OF OLD CHINESE: PART 315 contacts with vel which eur sl inthe Han period eg. #2 M, nou ‘yming with BUM. mak; $E M. thou < tha shyming with 8 M. smnuk < *minub, M, suk < “sok, M- muk < *mok (Lo end {Chou 1958, pp 156,227) Asie rhyming cotact beeen hand Mk shes the vowel 2 < is found in BE Mc so < tod rhyming wich M tok (id, p. 27). Examples of (=i in evel tone) representing foreign open syllables in other vowels than are ako common. Many ‘usraions way be fund quoted above ‘The lst deta inal in level tone words We have given grounds for thinking that chere was + dental Gaal throughout the Shibching rhyme clan in which Karlgren sometimes re- constructs open -d (or way a, ia, ete) and sometimes dr (or dr) One aight simply extend Karigren’s -r co the whole class Agains this ia che fact that we have not reconructed -r a8 an intial phoneme and, while there is ao prior necessity forall Seal phonemes t be found initially a8 ‘well, the principle of economy is in favour aft. Moreover t maybe objected aesinet Racigcen’s theory that i€ an =r had existed, it would be hard to ‘undercand the fact chit Chinese -m is cepulerly ned for foreign -r in the Han period. Lu Chinomei proposed a weak implosive -, (in contrat 10 2 strong explosive ~ where Karigren had -d), It seems extremely ualiely that there should have been explosive and implosve final soph a4 coo” trative phonemes. It seems quite kely thet final stop in Chinese were slways imaplonve, a they are in modern dalets which preserve them and they appear eo be alao in Tibetan Having reconstructed °6 28 an inital phoneme, 1 prefer to follow ‘Simos's hypothesis and reconstruct it finaly alo, I sball reconstruc it aot coaly ater dh, but abo after and -S- < (including -w8 < "i. (Karigeeneecognizes only anor clas, but i is genealy agreed by Chinese Scholae tha clases corresponding to *-en and 20 among later open sya mab coated. The 8 up ao ides erin yor hich Karigeenrecoraructe as ar, fdr) On analogy with iil *6 we should expect to Sad final 8 corrrponding to Titeto-Burman -L One ‘may note auch case as Ti Kal “burden” (ef. sgal “load”, hel-ba, ‘ba, fu, dpal "to load”): BY M. har < *gats; Ti, bjol-ba “hang dow 1H M. jiwe < *0B8 “hang down” (¢f. also the active verb with inixed EURML diwe < *dl68s “press down, eewsh"); Tb, bgyal “sink, down, faine",hosrayal “fatigue, weariness", Lepcha pyal: HE ML ble < “bled ‘worn out, exhausted” (SbL in this word is proved by the alternative seading M. bac’ < *blgal “stop"—other cognates are no doubt ic M. bails < *blats “be ruined, defeated", M. pais < “plats “to defea:”, {86 ML bjeis < “bla (or *bleats) “worn out"). Benedict 1948 compares ‘Tibew-Burman msi ~ tgyil “ash (Tib. bob, et) with HH, BEa6 © 6. muttevntane Be ee ese ds ead Ina ine hang et Sane ahs ee sacl Se nant 8 wn ung ou caster Son ke gh eH ‘gone first after long &, for we find such chymes as Ait M. lie < ba BBN ewe ay to Gh ete ch Ee ta'u, Han Fei-tau and the Li-shih ch'un-ch'iu (Lo and Chou 193 Kegel 9 meson ee ee 98 Seon th et ern nl Ae ai Tape oe secs ae aa eh ue et nn ace al Timing sin 3k eye eater he BM icles in sk pg Soe ee a find seasonal hyming between M.-a < *a8 and M, -ei < ai Sage Sameer ec aban Sa che owe aun te ope te Beare wre Na ‘necessarily identical, The *-ah and *-oh groups also chyme freely in most tgs Chae oy bese a ene a ‘cect hemi dae) Eee eee nm seca cemae ee JSge has to ae - tab, *-gah, *-gab, etc., chyme with M.a < %a8 ein Mac spas ay ee (hoes acm ine mse spec ne ‘tee a i rd od cite tu een gag yet ee ine ofan Sin crea Rot miei Sn eda ta pt hr te oma aa een om te winagagd oa et et en cre en etm an Phe pring tne ve ei or 8 cig vl oda ncn a8 seve through rhymes std hlshuheg svn proven a adequate explanation of moat level tone words with open sy! iilaiantas Caer (he poabity of weak ail Sal "insane ce willbe wuched oo elo) Ths Tong been noted however thatthe depuing tue shows ¢ hit dine pater Ta the it pac OM Chinese syeig nd hohe the cones berween Mile Chitee words with open sfaben sod ‘evs with al sop ae far mre common te eps tone Tv ‘ont pare in hoe le Chine tyme wien ee nine {THE CONIONANTAL SYSTEM OF OLD CHINESE: FaxT HH 317 geputing tone—aiy, als, iid/yets, jaiS—and which show abundant serrate witht Recognition of thi phenomenon at onetime led Kaclgeen (enuppose chat final stop censonants—h,f, had been lont under the Tatusnce of tone. He ater abandoned this idea in favour of the recon Mroction of voiced -g,~d -b, Bat be left unexplained: (1) why vocaizasioa sr gto should always result in che flog tone, while the parallel vocaliza- Sinatra or -0 could rent in any tone, (3) hy, although final gave three tones contacta with -k te much commoner in cases where it gave tbe falling 08 ‘Wang Li's reconstruction (1958, pp- 85-90) according to which ct op were lot after orginally long vowels, giving the falling tone, does ‘ais account ofthe special claionship of the ling tne ro the final stops trie uonatistactry nother respect, Irishard to reconcile with te theory Sibich he develops later ia the tame work that the departing tone was 2 Uecrutional device which could sfect words in eny tne (ibid, p. 253) "A diferent proposal has been made by Haudsenurt (1954 #66 280 ght) on the analogy of Viemamese. Vietnamese, lke Tai and Miso-Ya0, ths atonal system closely acalogousto that of Chines, with two registers Coucesponding to original viced and unvoiced initials and three contours fe cach register, apat from woeds with ral stops which form a separate ‘Guegory. According to Haudricourt it can be shown thatthe falling tne far devcloped from an easier Gna) repretenting an original . He Sggess that the sme thing may have happened in Chinese, tha is that ‘here may have been a sux 1 which could be added to other words to fowtnderratives and which hs left i mark a the falling tone. This would fsccoune for the numerous pais ike 3 M. haw’ "good", haus “love BEM. -ak “bad, out “hate”. Since then Downer (1959) has sstembled farther evidence chat worden “departing” cone ae often to be regarded a8 derivatives of words in other tones and Forrest rg6o has shown hat in ‘Tibetan final -y plays the same kind of dervatonal role, eg: M'rud-pa "anh, fry © ok mds Swaahing”; of SE MC howaak “eo draw”, Boras’ “spiceure". ‘The convergence of the widely separated comparisons with ‘Vuenamese and Tibetan eats 2 atong presumption that Haudscour’s theory is correc. Tam now able to being aupporting evidence from eariy ‘tanacepelons which show shat Gal sibilant fom original #4 was ail pronouneet ia Chineve at lest until ehe third century A.D. fn his rile “Gandhi” (1946) Bailey gave a umber of examples in which Chinese diphthongs in appeared to representa foreign sibilant oF Teoral fccatve: Qt EAE M, pelemnaisstoaranast for Skt. Vicious; "BEM, asmmcmait=*vamdii for Ske. samadhi: 36 99 M. deichiwois— s(rpois, Skt. Trapuss, Khotanese urdedyse; 1) #1 M. taulii =*¢aubis, Ske dvarinée, Khot. doatrita: BUR M.-egiwais, SLOE M. ien- sgiwiv = Rhotaneve mgurd, TKS. Bankes, Uighuc mpd “asafoetida”sfr M siabineis Sevan, ; "Kavilavas, Ske. Kapitavastu, ieee ™ aki e Alans: Sinedarhiweis windihinds, 3 EM. siowdel gion =e ‘sppoted thatthe ofthe Chinese diptthong colt cet Aiba nthe same way that inal y (Kreps Pe £0. 67-69 above). Thin aves ot of eons homers a ee ihe fling toe that ate involved. Cea ew eee faa ‘cry wo spot that the Chins lates ad alse See tamolr of Chine in rowers aa he ane ig Baddhis eure a well The eae pliog of Toon (eg ich earn the le (hid century.) 0 9B Me ae chief the dieuly of acousing for 2 prone Hunn conjectured tae the tanecripion was rely ct oe ‘ona and wastrel oa wna! wom sane id (959. Jos of Wench I, gpa 09) he ae hes unncnary since ME oak would py os ee Perod and could vry well stad for) cena zvrpoa oe Hen pei wed for eampe of RH M. kiwoiv-siag—Kushan (either final «i or Karlgren's ~4 woe npproprgy ne ht Bel or Rares BEI Maal Newt ep 120 above BALI lowes Tar T opera Hanh of he river inthe sorera troy of Kenge wha he teed sung chien Chih ctabbed hima erund Be Bee ideated ic with Ts and hs st be cones (DeGrnt yeh po Baba 957 9.45 02) sepa geoph! ad since m nel ingen poe ‘ht ape, we ve 9 pe a a chart inthe Han pei the Inge cass iy aeenpene Sele that the geogrpes snd seal secon os eb ei but ele dacnson mut be potponn Tay te ema bs hat the groped etaion of Pain or Pets ae Peta (ep. fot sore) ret wees te cs ining tae Santee bein Gandhr. (Ie shouldbe note that cece is no basis forthe ides that Chinese -n could represen foreiga + oaly before another consonant snd rot finally) ‘The character fj M. kjei® also appears alone a9 the name of the sresternmost ofthe Bve kingdoms mentioned inthe Han-thu g6A as subject, (o Kiang-ch6, Here st probably stands for Kith, the ancient eapaal of ‘Kiwaresmia, Aguin the presentation of the geographical argument will be deferced. ‘Bl M, bouriwis < *babelws(ts. This is the ancient name of Lake Barks and also of x nomadic Kingdom of the Han peciod (Hox-shu (6A), Pelli has quoted a T'ang dynasty source giving the name ofthe lake In the form 3 MEM. basiickiwat (Yaercho chuncsienchih 40.200, Pelloergap p. 35%) This must stand for something Uke *ba{7s-Rt showing the sibilant which has now been lost but missing out the -r~ The Han dynasty form would imply something Uke tharus. Ifthe same is really related to Turkish bar “tiger” as has been supposed, i would prove the presence of Turkish speaking peoples in that region in the fist century LC. bute may only be a popular etymaogy of proper name in acother Tall the examples ao far ciscimed the transcription value «0 be resumed has ben's poe abate (or perhaps in some ofthe Ler Badin ones a somewhat palatlzed tnd vee oe) and there is no tree of the mpponed sop consonant in x. Two example from the tate period remain tobe dacueed which righ imply (o]ether than {i Catertonnly they ce both rather problematic BE Ms sowhaoin < tealghgatn. Ts ore Sint i Shichi sapastbea asthe nme ofa country which sent an embasty Chin lng wh Art (Pacha) ia catia RC. The name recurs in Hasty $68 Soon as one of the ve pty Kingdoms subjec to ange and sl ter, Chivshu 97.9372 ele the capital of Kangen Hin Pang oh 218 it minted vith Kesh. Sach idensetons are very well ia General but there are rather good grounds for accepting a coret inthis flax Marquary who dace! (C09 5751901 9.308) pate out at Steording vo ceria traicone Kesh at once been now ax Soyo 8 {lpual of Soa He le open the question wheter here could be phoned nection between eur SE. sosbnots and Soyd. Thece seat be fod chince th there a. iti tree tor Chinese Luu repreera FRrcipn rath prod but i acre Ue tha ners ofthe ye "5. Ss had trendy Soe simplified so that 1 would have been let to do duty for both pf andr and ven poly foc g3 oF 7B. The vowel tarot the Gree sflable ray have already shows. a cerain degee of founding and 0 toc have been inappropriate to represent th fori The fu "Qe maine to be secumted fr, Mom of the Chinese‘sranscription of this name are based on adjectival form : samen on activ fom in ep, ‘To account for a suffix which could yield Chinese *-s or *- 7 city, Pooler Sir Harold Baty mgptam Gn etioee Tne a form of the Iranian collective plural suffix -tai found ; ins. Oe aod surviving in Ovsetic -14 (see Bailey 1945), (2) au cng mame ad been sepored though 2 Fouharan apes oe at sich rs te iti th pen ucston a ge sn in sa fund in Tocharan A In che amencs of seed ee support these must remain conjectures, 7 erg any cate the sme six probaly 10 be reoprzed in Meme “abet hich hs ag ho ee xen oft ne and in Gat "on i 56 P- 99 above), The alternative transcription Bi # M. bap-so ‘sah no doubt star ve eh cat tore Vom non sept su To Cae an show 09 -r- but coud be tcncled withthe Cm ame nn posulated an original something like *dersa-; the Chinese could ‘a ae repented sch a cla woe The bal fond ine cen seems 10 bt implied in theo: ofthe Geek ap well eg Abtoae, a form found in Pliny VI, 38 which is not necessarily be mended to Arzoae, a ‘This people later changed thi name to Alen (Chav 2. 558 1. §) and shoud therefore be toe ances ofthe Ine Rena ‘modern Onstes 1 may even be possible to derive the came le from “denn” 2 found in Chine Vents, Grek “Aopen. hon now ea ceed dao riya (Bailey 145, . 3) ba tn mig becomes ak se ater frm containing asia Def Geaherch pes ontee nee thie ear eihbous, the Sarmate, wrestle: cll Serene ‘ruggcating « similar loss of « labial element before 4 preconsonened a omiblesuvivng trace abil in some later form cent sss ay ao be founda in Georgian Ov anda the spe i Frou lie ‘some manuecsipts of the mediaeval German traveller, ines Schiltberget; but they involve comy culties and it ‘seems best to defer further discussion. —— “ More ivenignon will be needed before a pein date can be for he os of Ena *() (no doubt pried lange i sone pe ek ‘country than in othr). Buds and eter trmneipton pk stunting forms in -tfor 48 M. ajwais, the cighth earthly branch, sso give evidence offs fly late survival but do aot Yield presse date (oce Egerod 1957, Hasdecourt 1954) "The Middle Chinese rhymes which are to be refered to Old Chinese closely pacillel the ehymes in thus: ‘etait wat wait ie A etre. ie vit BN "There a 0 tepurate rhyme in iS coreeaponding to rhyme which is however probably not phonemically distinct feom jit (sce p» 80 abor). ‘There a few other small points of diference between the -t rhymes and the is rhymes, for example, although we Bnd M. ijt < "kat, lke Mt Ikian < thd, the expeced °M, Klals does aot occur and is replaced by IM. kjeis (ore above); but by che time of Hoilin the shymes -ian, 4a, jas had al fallen togetber with fom et, jets and, if che dition in the CHichyam ia a tue pictre, se may suppose thatthe umlaut cok effect tarlier in rhyme® fais than elawhere, Further discussion of euch points of ‘etal ray be le aide here The fling tone from % < a “Trough finals postulated a8 the source of the falling tone, survived inthis way aftr original "tuo late date, it seems to have already been loot in other coments before the Han period "The most probable value for orginal ka in the Han peri seem to bbe a volar fricative Cm. One may compare thi with Balti which hat efor Gawsical Tibetan -gs (Forvett 1960, p. 237). The following examples may be sited HM. nies < *aSlax (< Ste, of. AF M. dia, dick, yok). This is given asthe “name” of the general ofthe YUeh-ehih who was sent agsnst Pan Chiao in AD. 90, 8. Lévi (1915, p. 330) proposed to ideniy it with Persian Fahi“king”. This seems vecy plausible. We know thatthe Kushin rile used the Iranian title Zaorano Jao "Ling of kings” and the ctle BLE frwang “deputy king” i mentioned by the Chinese both in coanee- tion withthe Yaehchih and with the neighbouring K'ang-chu. (The exact phonetic value of 8) > M. a at ths period is obscure but one may Compare M. aj < St for Leann fin SE BM. “ancjok—Ariak (of. 77 above). Note aso the fret aylable of IRL OM. setdunya <‘tnacdob(a)bedh—Suiiodane i the acount of Bodiam ia the Welch (Charanes ign, Pelice 1935p 9) AFM howbiou < shmanwdhtingnu “yang, shee Turkish gyan ete ep 9 ore tnd Are BBM. Sourteauy < hwerssow (Be hod), Ths i the pe shee the thid of the Gre aly of che Tuehent vee es accrding ty Hanshe gb std Hos fanaa 11. The Soe sag see tare formed anal the non side of Tatheesan os te sane Waan inthe ent io Tous Tarmin Temes ace prs oe at Balk in the went *hwarcaau probably wander Wana, er nt River Was ebty ofthe Orun ening fom the nth soa ut of Terman. The group “fs wll be peed 6) Ca a ‘here being ote pana thin prod in Chines (ur pp. to apa Ta view ofthe other evidence it i ontely tha the Se jae reas ended nh, Another cumple ithe auch dane #38 M.keg-ow < ep. ‘Alar (< -ks, phonetic 4 M. kak; the fest character: ‘may have once had loner nal ep 19) but hs a probably simpiedsenay ot Hap ines), Tit was the tame of che Roangene eds sete ‘oshiped in much he sae way tata erodto ten uthe Spins secre toa sword an th god of war Byun (eget fee doubt ph is ening it th the shor, double Sadod aki Persians and Sethian, examples of which have hete usd al ce Steppe: Mink (960, p23) compared the mame with Toeat Toolen ainbag“doateblded ite” and the seman and phoneae coarse cet indeed seikng. The mater omplined howsverty coos sho pe Tanya ee at ec che tating ope ante ek Th’ a hve Conees ge es colada cat nee ee ge aba ‘= confirmed by pottic rhymes both in the Sitkck hing an bt the Kuang-yin also gives a reading M. da implying *date, aun ‘thats ought to have ail had the nal sibilant in the Hon pored but Sibert “SSD res poorly withthe pred origin (yok ihitan (se p. go) and JE MM. dal) ‘iwan—Taxeat (p90), while an aspirate of some kind would BE 7% alto occurs for the syllable dha in the arupacona alphabet "TUE GONGONANTAL EYATEBE OF OLD CHINESE: PART E285 ‘ranseribed by Motqala (T.281, A.D. 261). Since the next allable i 4, it might be argued that final *- (poubly somewhat plataliaed to 4 since it eventually yields») would represent an assimilation ofthe end ofthis syllable tothe beginning af the syllable folowing, Bus Kumérajva, «litle over a hundred years Later, used kM. da in the coreiponding place (Teaa3, A.D. 403-4 and T2509, AD. 402-5) and i in natural to suppose that Mfogala intended the homophonous seading of 2K. Dharmarakan about the same cme as Molzala wed FE M. darba, in the level ton (For « comparative table of tansriptions of the arapacana alphabet see Li Jung 1952) N.B. Certain modern dialectal readings of 3 go back to M. dav (Karigren 1924 9. 74). Its possible that Pekingese tat (contrat & Fa!) slso goes back to M. da rather than ML dais. By strict soued laws M. das ‘ought to give fot but this may be & cate of irregular development ina very ‘common word, tending to preserve a closer resemblance to the earlier shape of the word, a inthe cae of colloquial Wa, read 0! in the Classical meaning of “other” (ef Demiévlle 1950). Karkgren attributes Peking tat to the loss ofthe final clement of the “long diphthoog” =i, but a8 we have seen above (p. 79) the difference berween M. als and ai (Karlgre's i and 45) is qualitative rather than quantitative. The parallels which he cites are ‘ot valid since they consist of cates where M. ae has merged with ML. a rather than with M. af and aai (see pp. 83-4 above). The Rising Tone -Accocding to Haudsicourt’s theory of the development of the tones in Vietnamese, the rising tone is the ceflex of an caler final glotal stop. Since there ie such x high degre of paalleliam between the Vietnamese and Chinese tonal systems, and since the hypothesis of foal + 28 the source of the fling tone hes proved so succesful iis natural t consider the possibilty that afnal glottal step may have been the source ofthe rising (one in Chinese also. The fact that che rising tone occur in words with ‘anal finals is no obstacle since glonalizedaazalsor other igus ae quite possible and are indeed rather widely found in South-east Asan languages. ‘Though i the ery period the rising tone is aot at all commen in transeip- tions, there ae a few eases which canbe cited which lend much plausibility to the theory. ‘Where the rising tone corresponds toa level tne in *-B we shall not ofcourse suppose that there was acompler laryagal "i but simply assume ‘thatthe fina glotal stop could alternate in Aih-shong series with *-b and ‘conditioned the same development of the preceding vowel. On the other hand the fact that we get pairs like $F M. aw’ “ood”, haus “love 7% M. kow’ “old”, 8 M. Kou “former, odginal, ete, coms to indicate ‘that we must reconstruct *s a8 well at ba and ks.= © G. PULLEYBLANK — ses par wner . 4 foreign ick vie or ura stop, eather than area nee ee sm gal np cet es ke eg oe "int hit loos comes be ued for Son Lae Sie eel a the nae of Suing ena Oe ce ene tig (Caaranes 1996p 55 Hh igen p89 to sent o a (oe. Bo) this must surely be for *girsag, ie. Turkish gure ate ene tts who could find nothing to stand forthe fe th sane Grice ed dene wh se ha ee weigh (eee p. 228 below), __ ee se wi < mtg ne EBB M cloudioue (esp, tn the reamed pete ee {he ees where ssp fel fn en a assimilation to the initial the tines”) a “he pnb the a Sutton ny de gta a brn mene bo *e8t cprostt fowgn sop onan? Fa gata op woud i fe fe Hang pe Marte, i conquered fre peoples to she north incteing he Banas a P. 123) and Ting-ling tater T'iet wm aiandeg The nan ine aes BE cM ese ee Fun 9 tou ih ne renyou © sate ge tren by Chis Taf rod ae very ch een ta oe 9 a (io HE Mec) wie ncuron he herrea wh carly ‘usione ofthe Chou tat inthe later Mal oh lena (Shiv ae Chara oksoatt eg a seed 34) An endeion ee ag pate ‘ety hazardous but iit could be exablahed we choad en ee Atal op in oe form entenending ose co Ne 8 ren any sue mo To afl he Bane Sa in ‘HE COWOMANTAL FYETIBE OF OLD CHEE: raRT nT a47 segeing the tiie as ancestors ofthe Hsiung-n (Shil-cki 10) jut Igeeause they were an earlier people who caused trouble fom the aorth—it fs very doulsful whether Seu-aa Ch'in thought the name were the ste ‘Nor can we follow a recone scholar who has thought thatthe ethnic name ‘Hu wast be found in *hin-BGk, *quan-80, “kwanb-S6- rather than in Hsung-nu (Prieak 1959). Final "The fact thatthe rising tone occurs in Middle Chinese rhymes which jn the level tone eome from 8 requires ut to reeonstrct a coresponding alized *-5. A posible example in Han dynasty transcription isthe lemene EM. mje” < *ma¥ found roglarly ab the Gal character inthe ‘designations of Wusun euler. There is good ceaton to think that the ‘W-sun spoke a Tocharian type of language. This makes it poaible that see have here 2 word related co Tocharian A. wal, B. walb “king” Te trould of course be best for this comparison if we could reconstruct *= father than “ane in thi word but this is doubt because the word is in tesning a negative particle and is theefore likely to be related to the other regaive particles in "m-, where the original naa ie guaranteed by Tibetan sna and many other cognate forms. On the other hand if Chinese ®mn- and ‘ecwere tending to fl together, ae might have boon used instead of wen no susable syllable in *v- waa avaiable. 13 AE M, man-kbiorot, the name ofthe king of Parthia who sent an embassy to Chine in A.D. ro (loa Han-she 118.0904), 8 realy for Bakurs=Pacoras, which seems ver probable on historical grounds in spite of the phonetie dificuten (Gna foc foreign -r is rare a this period and the final -m ofthe frst syllable is tnexpained), it may bea case of Chinese *m-fora foreign bilabial fricative [Bl which could be adduced in suppor of the equation of *mdB: with the Tocharian words for "king. (CF. Chavannes 1907, p. x78, Pll 1954 - 406) The T'ang dynasty ute of Mme == [b-] for foreign bi of ‘course irelevant to this discussion. So also probably isthe occasional appearance of Chinese “ene for Indian © as in #8EFE tk $0 M. giemdo~ ‘parnjwat—Candharvavati (T-a24, p. 470C), which is probably to be ‘explained in term ofthe production ofa nasal feeatve in the underlying Prakit. (Brough 196s, p. 85, regards this ax confined t contents fn which there isa maal consonant in an adjoining syllable but this doesnot seem to besrctly true, seep. 232 regarding *c¢are for cvara) Te appeats from the study of Han chymes by Lo Ch'ang-p'ei and ‘Chou Tsu-mo thatthe ehyming of OL -a, ia from original cental and laryogal shyme groupe in Later Han was moly in level tone words and ‘hat words in M. on, sa’ < ‘ler, Mga, og8 sill dd not chyme freely with the corresponding words in Old Chinese 6. This would seem 12 indicate that the glotalized *-5 lasted longer than 8 when ot 20a8 © 0. ruuuemuane proce and might Be he eto fo sig a word ‘it was desired to use Chinese *8 to reg met rage Lee "958923: Mang gb, pac nay ne” (CE Land Te Nat Fat i At fh gto ose obo om, he robe concring te nal Sl ha to wth he eo Se ey pri ed oc nly ara tnt iy Many evan hr oe eee Sk attention to the fact that this in alao a feature ofthe early Japenne use of Chinese charscters, Thus we find 3 M. hj aed re Fir rem BU us en BRM. any ined fr sora, 8 welt for ona, tne, HEME ape {payne ht EMC fe Wen moe Were ge pp an nee irda wether neater Ss the ae a ny et eres fs oon ema ine as The aed vem the Han period and the immediaely following cesturey which ‘mote like an than simple dental easal would have been. We may {the situation in tome modern dialects, expecially of the Yanga ‘where intial 1 and are confounded in a single phoneme, ‘The Pronunciation is described ata sore of nasalized later which is liable ‘mexprted ato by people fom other regions. og geitars i wil be remembered, tas Rive dental Sas -d,-m (Bf these clearly corresponds to Chinese -,-1 to %, the source of ring tone 40d probably, to. This leaves only -a in Chine respond to both Tibetan and -r. We may suppose tha the ‘Tibetan phoneme -r, corresponding phonemicaly, ike Sino-Tibetes i Ganaine fel together wih SiaoTibetan bu that a eat in alec thie was not Gist simply a change of -r (=) wm, but «me ‘of che two phonemes into asngle one with some ofthe characersticso corer Sots not seem posible, citer in heh-shenp series or paete ora gl din epaately “4 (—Sinoibtn 7 and in transcriptions we find the same characters used for both, FEM seoesoAstoninun, but SBM. anesjok = Artak UBM. ssonsbey—Sogcin dra"n, Greck Opie, Ths metas ‘4 phonemes must have coalesced at an early peiod. “THE CONSONANTAL SYSTIM OF OLD CHINESE! PaRT E339 Uf Chine oan the Han pt park fhe earteiin fa0 ke mht eps deeds olin Cine unripe et cots bt ots cn cadena Chee aale scan Chins ot tamer Cees sce fewer an th ee oy nud Tha se weet few sn isevcig esas of Chine cm y-ray be wage In erste fpanas ple sents rhe Chino “ah ewe we fe prt do wh ome te pose of Chee caso arene apne ors our FB (. ieowrme’)y centred Surana cou aly be inrared ws Chis sod oded mode ets Snoop compound Comma Koen hl oh sre fats ued amateur Chives tere fron fo [Sisrae™sn hl, choeght te an ey arn fr ‘of the first of these, chin 8B M. giuam’. As De. W. E. Skillend, who has |Shdp sec ne sce burn tora gpeso eed eset eee Sputng might rn from a fatto repset th il dent We Chine ong The somal fpune lan reading fr 8B. Kr ‘ec holo sul dered ow hit Kova word nd eee woul OMe tee Mt gloss Reni ar Chea might be preted by «rig + mera snc inerptton ote ston ue Oy wich he Chee Sen tnown a the ery Goo py Lan Sere. mow wey Tepe TE, Sicha oy tcapath (ns ptt ned dere rom Chine M9 wk ewe tao se Siig he ct tht ts known Grok top what Lah tra rech gee Phones te tution rite tows! ret ss ootack (eat) ms cea deta al Toe wee tiedttec gees omepundenc sete Hn peed {Duly concord ts a fg Mover mpm ak vag 22 ‘esha! ocatan tom Zoe ter hn te oes a ound eld ‘street ue of tected fo a oe ‘Soyer tn or wh oune vagal cou «ck aos Traut ita un wel monte thatthe te aie mane Ching a ise ya Ss Cl ar or Cin oat oe ont sane of te Chn yay ED. dain eda, i te eh Tin tthe ere pe ew sed fom de sme ae, ed ov ponunson of tr Gal wich av heard bya foray iment, The that we have truss nal wet Chinn Ba Weddin an much prlem fo Sh Snan fx Spe ay put anemonhrug's Tecan lngaage ofr pee A, fons pak cadre ine Grek agus of Darts en oer dec on swan ening a”330 © 6. oun mane (endt en tes es eas a one Sas Saar Sa cae wey Shara e mires aa elated 7 a ‘tc., but can hardly be derived from it. "Ano connected with the same word are Persian sdrah “breadth ie wesc Aa apa, ces te Go nt hei we nase ta nat at es Sour Sie wie nal Serta gyn an hpi otha en stat Be ge see ty aasinre 1a ine isto Paavo ee tan ep pret Treen sucess SShchenar men eer arc 9p wine Gat meaner a sls to eas a set at we ee ee a8 2 foreign word. “e cama oertita era am or ee momen sera nae’ A more uousual use of -9 appears in the name Ting-ling $% tep-ley < steg-tep. In spite of Sinor's objections (946-47) this tainly an earlier transcription of the name $k MEM. delet, $f Seven din oath Cn teeny AB ey “ih em nb rh (ee ace Halen op) Se th eu fom wich te Ugur ewege tye ni The wading ate 0 ae SSretig Te “Tyce Conn yt bt bad on te, Chine yd wuld then be ae tnd The aopon othe nc pions we 8 a oe ‘WE CONSONANTAL SYSTIN OF OLD CHINE: paRE In a3t the fat that Salk was tending a doth China to weaken ta fective [ep This reeced in the Tang period by the wr of Chinese ok to fepresene Sanskrit etary (Miawpeo 1920, 79. 41). ‘The ltt for DM thetlak may indiat alow of -y- before “= in the foreigs word orf could pomibly even be bated on x ceading of the Chinese syiable a *M. Chek mead of M het (ce Plleylank 196, p. 64, and pt6 above. Naa fain oe tes “The etitenc ofthe ring and falling tones in word wth tl ila require nt ecosrve"o a,m sd “9, nam As faa he fang tne concerned there 20 tae of uviig sins ia the ein uamcrptine and we may therfore woe thes ta ben nt srendy by the Han ped. On eer grounds one would lke co posite spire formn gh *unb, sub. One tnscrition stich spears gi sling upp er hn EM. bina “blemh “Spain Asin th she Ret that rea spent have lott seprsion, svg remna orbrama, inte Cand Prac which she infor vey many ofthe eat tancipion (Bae tg6, Brough 196 9) tn ater ete the fling toe 00 eat fal tort tbe ed Irbere the foreign orginal ad tna pl top (lie the ring to,se below), e.g. FT ME MM. *-a-la-han‘—arkant (the Gandhiri Dharmapada: tas raha fonahanom, et, Brough iterpes thin nd a [nde et ‘pp 98); {8M as ahaSindho, nthe Mindoptha Pte Tore 49) In Khanh we find the special gagh¥ coneponding Sti nthe wich Brough interprets a -nk. Cie doc ox prepre ts forthe voles pirate th inthe Chine transcription, o indeed 2 sop ata, but there are her enue where Indian voiced spate se presented by 4 combintn of Chine voised coronant + vrs aspiration, eg. DEM M. da-hawdha (in the arapacana alphabet as ‘eimeribed by Dharmaraa in Tazz; forthe atrative ithe ame SIphabetof ing Chinese avoir top + vied aypate se p87 abo) (& © B Fi M. ou-dzams-ba-tjis—=Utumbariks (T. 1 (8), I, 478). “The tendency for madi -tto become & fete Bin celered toby Bough 196, p86 Here we might have an itemadine aris oa, wdiovT am unable at preset #0 quote parle. Acaring to Broa (p. 99) -mb- should give Gindhari [-mm-]. THB M, thay (or haa’ pdei-fgdns, G. Dharmapada hod, fart We have the sme ambiguity o beeen fling and cing tone (BL FEN. ourditecns(r-sen’) Me dabeens (0 sen’) >Aleandrie (Gee Hirth 1885.1) Hare agua the ue of word with blque one ould see to be connected with the presence of wate + voiced op. {io BAe M. clia-Aiwat~ceara the medial group *advbr isa © 6, rourvatane Chins roby stand fr sane in he ae See Brew iy . 427, 193rfs0, Brough’s rejection (1963, p. 88) of Burrows idecete ‘ot Khaconhl cima wih Satskrit cara seems not to be funised hen tear eiginally meant “cag, it later became used for monk be ‘9f sumptuous kind. See Preyluski 1918-20. (0 am indebted wo Pa Sir Hatold Bailey for this information.) Thi suggeats thar toe sonetine wed to expres a foci melizaton, a opposed ily ‘Te cing tone ours in fw cates where i appeac o stand for fowign vied op or ev!) witout «preceding taal Than BOAR M. polii-saon-=Brahme’] ptrigadya, i 36 BEM, semtshais < -Gm-tshots, withthe alternative tan? srintion M. hep-sou < thapash=Aoroi, Abzoae, et (sce sbave) ] On the other hand i i diffcuk eo give any special value te the renamed glazed naa in HM. hari (r-dsin’} whan ‘Scanty and uacersn a the evidence is about the tansersption ean ing of final mand a in the oblique tones in the early period, dows ne sulcient to indicate that thece was something distinctive abou the ree ‘onciation ofthe nal closure and it doesnot seem to be incanitent fea the reconstruction demanded on theoretical grounds, Examples of -9 in oblique tones sre dieu to find in warsrptons the reconstruction of -g-and *-ph < *ogecan be contently adopted by analogy, i Ts should be noted thae there is a restriction onthe distribution of -9 {nthe ting toe, To the Kuang-yin thre are no words ia jue oe 09/4 ferms of Old Chinese chis means thatthe combination of Baal 9 + pot ‘op did aot occu ater the case back vowel. Tn adn, there art very, fev words in hymen 09 and jan’ < “lg. The only faily common boc it sion’ is M. ejay’, Iman’ there was & M, tog’, which wus also read fal, and HM, khog’ which gives forms in several aden dialect whieh! imply *M4 kon, eg. Peking Wen®. Thi some to suggest that potas tion was harder to maintain aftr the velar sas when preceded by clone vowel than it was otherwise. Whatever the phonetie explanation, the pattern is consistent and cons chat the vowels M.a/ie fst and‘o/fe! ‘< ‘i had » common feature, pontulated as cloves 7 Alrstion ten a hr Arne reading forthe sume wocd lke 8M. to’, ei, cetera to stave a ot iol, We simily fad ME nag abs wes eco Mal snd'rayming in “ih inthe Shei; compar the werd af ee 5 Double in yaad io or ae common with the vowel *4. Thus: onc TF coNNATAE HEIN OF O89 CRESE: FT 33 EM, mien < tnd “oes, nt have" HF , mjou < ema “oot i “aM. sen “mural, seo aetna ipl jo aow": EM plo or be St in” Bias asiogs vy cat 1. uo “beg eM wisp Mibu tr AN in was awe BEM. weg’ ogo" FM Rou < oa to go", BEM. owan cpa fF 98 Mov © wah po” fh M. gon “PEM. goa nig “young woman” (post Classic: fe M. aio? < tala a “crutnie”, “assist”: M9 “ots mee ie 6 ao: LM. a “pan: LM. os “elephae ‘The mose proba exlamon fr tha pena seine 0 Bef eon of dae srr but wile oe avengnion be ch sry cn be eubanae aid fat ating St been id of aout th Aeron in Ase sri ber lS sve en ge ny te me Seis caro fn tn yh ‘Eup tng qt nonce cn soae ee Tifa tyes tk oe a ymin sab en tee! Se men dogmehe Tha Ej bots “hwy pce ok 3 < ‘shisp <*hwl3p “to stand”. This is a regular case of a noun derived from a tetracoordinate ‘Seem nln see equal pd isc fe an do ot te pla, ae Sa {Biden Srp he EMLAWS Serge Me hei < inte < ape: Nip < ee 0 tw. FB iilamas conan Spe ants A np coon sit HN pct ay “one” mp ea nad Becta ss abo Be Rae SE ap < sap ne au jel < “eps, HB M. ceils < eps: BEM, kaap < *klep.a6 1 eran PM eros < emp “nin tap < up "to reply” ne oan ae Bere ha te “enn “om pen “response” WM aip vbap of. HM. gle < pop “a, Antes eed word SEM. Mik “ite That bee ie < “alta & proper same and ics poate tae ‘pple ote word "ana whe t had aeay bse see tuted ste et group ie “gb eae ve Bat eo dei) < Hae "abope 0) i < 8504 (< re ne AEM. op Hop < vahop 12" “pcr wit and Const th vas octoon eae the devatves EM, kaos, HEM. faa though che rotor ‘owl id the olin thn words i otrare os belonySen theory 48 should ave spied to 8 eek s a ae ‘eprone in sinew ive cad tft el fee re) A connection ofthe words meng and a “pi we ei aca BM. ev ca < pe “hold” “preset”: RM. ip « "ie", “hold”. Tung Tung i948 jes Karger ont eae tise to wae on te grout nn sent ee eg phonsi i 8 Mayet sets ne chia comay bat form of the graph and erent eins ofthe Stuocmr Sore tn ono wae tat ps pone n ape and Tom Tacos acces ht pnd tt Swe chars ee at K's dates tat “tpt ponetes Maron he sonar tymoloily vata, on Moteoree ch : ‘The minions > eth i mun have osu quite ely in coin mjd for thre no trace of pa ak hinges, here we Sd wordt nthe mu sre ey hes + word in tas hus Been ued as plonee Seve the words M nap inthe sane seen nn BM “Thecus were web petuine pee fips ph > “do not by mea. the sheng contacts tween oper Boas se Ebdon sample that cs be food ar the folowing: . 8 A nas Mom 1 a ed): dp so. WM. Sie’: BEM ep, ep (The ernie fom Jy may hae Mp phosets) | PB ani! [2 N. Ahj’,tbjos: tM, hap. ‘TWP CONOMANTAL SYSTEM OF OLD CHINESE: PART M235 (8M ehaus (= 18), ohom’, #8 M.slu, som: 3 M. shem, ee. EM. yu, yim ‘BUM. esieu (= 98): M. dzop, JM. dzitp. FRM. yaoi, gil =A giim (of. HM. tghiuk

pasta) nal fer 1 labial naa in sie citcunstances. Tnow spec ht sch ete ae ‘much more numerous than I supposed when T ated above that the labia incl apart from the freuen) wee generlycetioed unchanged to Middle Chinese sem tkly that aban were someines replated by dena (or in some cases velar) not merely wen ther wana bil fina but even when they were in contact wth 4 rounded owe. In this cae EM. thiur, reconataced shove at “abla. beomne ofthe serie #8 8 fins HEM, oj, et, may scully come from *fir~*pBla a plied ty the Tal forme (esp. 121). M. iu’ < "pqju’ would thes be from Stmalie and M. liu from em ‘This might alo explain EM. Aju < aah: FM. ju; but M. si “soft” seem cen tobe related to word lite 3E M. den “sof, 13M. jou “week, mt" which mat have orginal a, Other exes which may imply ash of abil itals to deta are the fotoing 30M, bi wile": a chur < m9 < tps /pgi- (2) "broom." In te wae serena, aus < Yt (2) “oweep”. Compare ‘Tien piyegma "broom" MEM. miows < *miduba : UM. tieu < *tduh < tpl) “norm. ing”. Cf. te no doubt cogsace 3 M. ius “aye” which sppeasf fave 4 M. wit < Ge (or vi) 38 phone 4G M. pan < *plan < tplon, M. pan < “pion (?): St M.jfom < 43h < *bah (7). The same phonetic witout the hand underneath appeas RM, bo, UM jou, "BM. piews < spldw:b M. dow, thou < “be, anomolos reading M. bya’ is also given inthe Chi-yin. The Shur-orya8 5G ruuurraani ives a diferent form of the character ML. plew’ with Phones On the other hod i segands phones ea ane “male. The "ph cluser ia the derivative here suggest that ms pethaperesnstrct *vSow,*fSau asthe primitive endings of thao simply suppose dissnilatin *v., fin the presence of there thong. Verification must however depend on the disseny ee forms. & paral for Old Chinewe *auh > a8 ia prorded by 9 fou < toah "child, dependant member of» family" whichis phone MLM, nau < talauh and is undoubtedly eogtate to Tien "younger brother”, Lathe na, Kachin nau “younger sibling” fare 190 PS ‘umber of further amples of the same kind could be added, of therm having eatesive implications, butt seems anproBtable too ‘he mace ntl the sound change involved have been futher soca and more confirmation ean be found feom companive evidence, Additonal Remar on Part “The full wetradon of inland fal labia seme co me fethape the biggn ak remaining before a (uly mics see 1d Chinese ea be presented. alo pwible thar hee may ace ashes typeof cle iitnla bender those which I hive face abe ‘sublsh, In parila it seeme key tha here nee ronaioed Inia (Pore rgb, po) chu BM. yin < "ar (): WM eel < Sake (orp. 12) HEM us M djew, {thou be ned hain the second pat of this tile Fave she speing o-oo, 88 a0, tose -gur pu, {sow think that thy were sot se diphihong but eeeceneae fe oni t Sin-Tibeea x. The br example wich {ey adduct pres ALM. peat < Spiga a" Teen bryad < "rye, of EM bk < that red Tih, bral Lepohn plop ep Forte nu “fst sand pheomenon in iba te Ls Faget tsp p59 To rst asplng for Chinese wostd ik confain with fy of Chinese co which in only pry and indeey late, to oe a wl probaly be ncesry to sting leet wo tuo tage hat have fare ald Olé Chinen) the Chine ote Han perio. 2) the caries form af Chine ts which wocan ste aeayuis of the charactors—perhape referable tothe ead ofthe millennium B.C For the later tw probly be bee o replace # {anda by and #6 by i onder to ges are saonenes ba SinoTibetn compton ‘Tun CONIOMANTAL SYSPEBE OF OLD CHINESE: Pax 239 LF Chinese g was cognate to Tibeto-Burman y we should expect to fad ix before vowel other than *S, °4, "du. There seems in fact to be some vidence For it before *8, HEM. chiou < *khgoh () Bi M. -w, khjou, khyiu. 1 cannot at present find evidence for ita having occurred distinctively before the fone vowels, #2, wheres may perhaps be eegatded a having been neutralized. ‘We should also expect to find *oge = *y before * and *8 with dental finale, This might provide a way of ascounting for hrinkshg eatonshipe like the folowing: I M. chiwit, chiwis < "ket *khedes (2) IM, khjust, giust < “Khe, "git. In this series we also fod words Uke TAY MC, tuat with dene! atop intial. They could be accounted for if we supposed tat, instead of causing an umlautof the vowel as in M. kew < ‘gu, M. keen < “gen, ex, inthis case the shore vowel tu > wa ¥5 untfected when the semivowel war loot but the inital °K was fronted to Similarly BA M. ghiwit would go back to *khleds, with hl- 28 ania tecmediate stage of the inital. We could similarly sccount for: 7B M. toon < ‘khgun (2°38 M kjusn < shin: fj M. twat < egus (2): BEM, Kiwai < *Li8; $M. thjou < *khlgbh (ce above forthe sere); $M. thom < ‘eheum (): 4 M. kiim < "kim: @ M.tom < gum (3) #8 M. fim < *klgde, $M. khom < thom, BM. iim < *khgim; 2M. top < ‘keup, : & M. hep < “gop; and peshape others aswell. But other solutions ate possible APPENDIX ‘Tue Hue-nu Lanouace [An improved understanding ofthe phosology of Chinese in the Han peti offers an opportunity to re-examine the question ofthe afities of the Hsiung-nu, the mort important neighbour and rival of the Chinene at tht peti, ‘There are many mote Chisesetranseripsions fom Hsiung. ‘han from any other foreign language before the coming of Buddhim. Moat of the words are proper nance or tien whows exact ignifcancy is unknown but there are sso a sumnber for which the meaning is indicate. ‘There have eaturay been attempts to identify these with known words in ‘other languages but the degree of generally acknowledged suceete han boon meagre. "The most prevalent view nowadays, at lest in the wet, is probably that the Havung-au were ancestors ofthe Taka. Apart fom the fat that the Chinese historians expressly say tha they were, which vafortunaely ‘hs ltde evidential valve i tuelf since genuine Hoiung-au known by that ‘name had long ance disappeared when the T's-chleh come onthe scene in ‘the middle of the sbuh century A.D, the main support for this theory hes* fo masons ee te ene conection betwen the Hinge word “heared Tush tang Plo 9 ht howe ee ‘aration a ist of the mod in urkah whee & nee “re the rey ig tre daving ind rds may be workhoie ‘ta in bs aver owe Hung pheniog ye “ie ny of Hog esrpion Tater te Fung wor forte Forme Han prod foe he Suda she $7 or frm te How Hate er fom he Chae ao erp ame tie A few a word fr wich a fe dhe allen stay fev ans pot that reson nthe re marr of sty Thee are aver ts Forme Han meta oe ae fet en of hl ning one white pablo oe eH mara the resin Cin cal ee ote ere ta thee ten rds in Olé Chote #6 ok i fave een wad for frig fim the Farmer an pore ia ee logan ods ih nicl renal anand Sores caring tainly of onomatopes and Sous aed, Pes tort une aly prove thatthe ngs egun Deyaing vith end since Chinese intransrng ohn ne asin vowel send Orson eamplesa ts fein ie ta ‘bund. Batre onl tcomrasthe poston wit vhat ne Sedona ‘pons ofthe Pepa We ped, fom wach ini is cece ‘eet sin iso) seth equenay of hmat ee dake ‘South poy of eonseing Hung whey Ase eee “The esond pn thar sequal opened othe phonon oa’ lagu nthe erence fort cononaal canes Thee ae ‘Suna ie and perhaps mor stony tn Farmer Han rasp “THE consoNAeTAL SYSTIMC OF OLD CHINESE: PART IH 24t ss *vldoteh or *rlbm-teh, being ao doubt connected withthe same ofthe Hsiuag-nu. Te may be further aoted that according tothe Shikechi 110.0245, the siungeou ruler held court every year in the ith month (je at mid summer) at Lung # City, whece be sctficed to his ancestor, heaven and ‘arth and the spits (ore pirt of heaven and earth) (Haxshu 948.0696. fas HY). The Hou Han-shu 119.0907. sys, "Tei the custom af the Hiiung-nu to have three long tctfces per yeat. On the day wu fof the fret, fifth and ninth months they always sicrfce to the god of heaven” ‘The word Lung also vocare in the inscription composed by Pan Ku in honour ofthe general Tou Hsien, whom he praises for having “burned the Lung court of Lao-ahang (che succesor of Mao-tua)” 56 6 fe 2H BE (Hou Han-sou 5307481), Some ofthe Chinese commentators ry to explain Lung a1 meaning “dragon, saying thatthe Hsiung-mu's chief god was 2 dragon. Takigswa was however no doubt right concluding that lag was ‘foreign word of unknown mesning and had nothing to do with "éragoa" (ace Shiki haicha hiss 11, p. 23). For this reason it was sometimes written sth the addition ofthe grass radical or the bamboo radical. Now we have Independent reason for Teconstrucing #n initial clster in this Chinese ‘word-—M. Hog < *¥48q (sep. £37 above). Inthe foreign orginal we once {sain probably have to do with + word eelated tothe name Hoiung-nu. "We mst therefore reckon alent with clusters ofthe type fre (OF pethape bilabial, fr.) in Hsiung-au and ic is furhermore likely that Elsters also occured where Chinese has “ke, “gl, *-, *d, possibly also where Chinese has “Ble "Phis includes the word for “heaven. The correct reading of the fst, character Hf in ot quite certain. The only pronunciation indicated in the Kuang-yin ia ML thag bot the glees of Yen Skibo, the commentator of the Harsha implies M. gap. Furthermore the Chi-yin indicat an “atereative fag. (Ie may be noted that if che onual reading ofthe character inte is the correct one, this is a rare case ofan aypratedsurd stop in a Helungenu transcription inthe Shichi or Han-shu.) Whichever reading sweadop, we are left with a Middle Chinese supradeneal stop which implies Tb, dic or 6- closer in che Han period. This a turn would probably point to *ir- or *dr= in Hsivng-nu. The face that no -~ appeaey in the Enid of Turkish tpi, ex, does not prove that it did ot exist in the FHisiung-au word since uch a curter, beng contrary to the phonology of tove languages, would have had to be eliminated either by simplifying t0 ‘simple dental sop or inrodvicing an extra sllabic vowel. "The other general features of Heiung-eu phonology which can be deduced fom the Chinee transcriptions do not give such definite evidence fagsinst Altaie connections but do not agre closely with either Turkish oF ‘Mongoloe ©. PouLeretane A table feature ofthe Hanya tascipton the ableace sired rds, We fd vied and unvoiced topo 9p wt te nally and manly bu ery carey, ths The oly teens fk ‘oud inthe Former Han trrsrons eth the doublons word for “heaven” and 3 J M. Khjup-ljo “yurt”, for which ‘pling with M. ke org ar ao fund. We ao nd the shone Here wt probabiy have to rckon with the fat thatthe Che cate ay have bon ud fra fae plaa see The Of Hsing phonology would argue sony agate having foam f Mongol, since the srr of Common Mongo! te cone ‘ee been erongly aspttd. Thi does ne sem ie hve Se ‘Tuas however an, tot extens Hsivagenu phonalogy would be tw Tusis tan Mongo Tn transitions ofthe Liter Han period we begin t fad ‘ac nd wei ths tua othe Cons he shape reflec incemsng penetration an amature with ae Eases g& is i Helen at ostan ‘#8 (or &) M. owhwan < wranArar, who probably spoke + Mongalian ype of npn: tee te Hin who became dominant on the eppe afer te cnet une enpirein he and sary A " athe Hang trasrptions it aeeworhy eat we Gnd nly inl err tp Mealy the taaflon freed we Balsa ares Thin ike both Old Turk aad Mongol thoagh var is apposed to have exited inthe ler san ery age Pope 196) ‘Theexisencet nil min Haungwt dngushen tro OU hoa (ough nos perhaps tom re (Kuang-yin) (the later quoted from the Ta), 09’, ton (added bythe Chi-yun), we have «varity of pombe forthe Iypothetcal Han dynary promancnon that x implied: ‘This in ioelf ‘ridence thatthe word was non-Chines in origin. Apar fromthe vation eeween voiced and uovoiced iat we have the form in M. which, in 3 tative Chinee word ough o imply an eae de Ie probably dows aot do to here however, In the Shock chcchioh we finds fa-c'ch opelingast 5 6, rounyatase tang. ny with uel nt Tl wel be ey Meech a Sage, Te wl te ona Tinted: ce rl ny emi fle, DSM pee tate aaa ae TEER foals ae: elena Ss 2 SUS CI See et a cede ee tee ee ge Wl ret Sac Gnaeus ene ela Mince Cee gc et Cina 0 rae wey tran uae Nenenet nave red rae cee mine tem uri tan War Reka so ee, MH pro pean eg Sn ae ee, Tne ia ie (oe aes en Ke rd da toes tse eee me ae et ata aa a beta Eases em wet ot Se shat ah denen at ey Seer aa kasama rgd ech ne Reh Tee ate ante es Coane Gn Foe rriomn Foes a ln prem lati rowel (The fact tht So many ef te rads eh te te ott nae earache Ohare cme te et th ge cing acme cance eas et ses het pee nani cate ae eri ee Teena ace i ie eat a Oe ae mee mcr ata ae as ee a a ne eel hong ance a am Ow mal er Siar aeetaa anthem areata aa et ae a te ee cee Reo Mn a ene bemcaneaae Scene catia ecrans Soi raeap seperate erro “Galletnametngeetieea so ele ee sa a ee mae retin ey eee Pepe a i as ar Be es STOPES ieee oan Ben er cae reset nh ce if cel Saat eaecen ee hones ate oon neo ee ee SST rae she oer oe Saat ‘en COMOMANTAL SWSTEDE OF OLD CHINESE: PART 53, 12 Sour ih, card, mis” ‘While the word tang “aulk” bas not survived in current usage in “Modern Chines, the other word asocated with it in Chung-being Yich's “vice to the Shan, la, hat done so. Te dictionary definitions suggest 2 father vague aplication to various milk producsauch "cream", “cheese” rumian and extended to milky substances such a2 & OB "slnond tea”. Its proper meaning is however "soured or fermented mi, the curdled imu of cows or ewes or the fermented but curdles nik of mares, eamely Komiss. (Dried curd is also called denlor, see below.) Li Shihvchen in the Pen-t'ao Aangomu says “Lao ean be made from ‘the milk of water buffalo, chi ate (Le. ordinary domestic cattle, yaks, ‘ewes, mares and camels, Fa use in medicine ane considers cow's lan to be Beat Te is only because cow's mil is also most plentiful” He goes on 10 give recipe for its preparation quoting trom the Yin-shan chengyoo. Fst the milk ip boiled, then cooled and the cream skimmed of. After that a small quantity of old leo is added and the milk is sealed over ‘with paper and allowed eo ferment, This evidently refers to the making of yorker. “The ordinary word for 4 drink made from soured cow's milk in “Turkish i iran, a word found in all dialects. In Mongol the word is airay ‘No doubt the two words ae ultimately conneceed, in what way must be left to Alaists to decide, The Classical Mongol frm of aay i ayrey fom ‘ch we oud veo prota Mongal toy. Ths phoney (ite clove to Chines lao < MG lak < blake Te abould be noted further that eirey means not only soured, curd, con's milk but can also be wed, [ike lao, for soured mac's milk or kami. (As far a8 one ean judge from the dictionaries thin in not erue of Tuekish airan) ‘Since we have ruled out the possibility that Halungeau was a form of “Mongol, we must sippoue that aivay was borrowed from the same source a8 Chinese lao and was not itself the word on which the Chinese loan was ‘sed. For the hypothetieal Haiung-n form we should prefer to recon struct a monosylabe, something like *yrak or *Grak, Mongol would have teen unable to hadle the initial choter and would have had to change i into something like *ayiray. In looking for » modern form in Yeniseei we fave to reckon with the fact that inital *r has disappeared and initial Clusters have been simplified. Tis possible therefore co compare with the fupposed "Grek, *yrak the Kotnh uk "Didchauppe”, Kettsh uh, wok (imbusk) “Suppe, Alssger Bret”. Donner defines thi word a8 “Meh Supe” but the surviving Kou are a hurting and fishing people, not Ipeedamen, #0 that « word properly applicable to milk products would be Tikely to be transferred in meaning iff survived, to some similar product ter a x nubuttute (0c ala the next section on “buttes"). Phoneticaly the tquation must be considered posite. The rounding ofthe vowel from24 6. rotirrarane tow (or which Joki writes o) or w could be tegacded asthe effect of the low voiced back velar or uvalae which we have 0 a wa hich we have to suppose in the Halung-as (9) Bebe” "The word is dened by Mathew's Chines Eoginh Distonary ag “ers, Sky, exp, akon”. Tt iv however ee tat i crn oat propery mean "buter". The nomadic method of proasing hen cant ido conn of cerning cea spared fom wool mi. Leste sole milk as fst outed and then then o besten ins lates bags ‘derided by Jucchun (ce shore) ad, inate ine by Bubrk and Puke In te Poros hone, the soit cer piaraacposs, Li Ske chen sys, "Suis wha frm fonting onthe euro of eo. Mn dey oy fin cafe i with white ahep fat but the two must be dangisaed? Sometimes lata of alone we ft yu "re a": The bute lacy wed in Budi temple ace ald u og “The character Bf sppean in the Shiver where itis deed simply slo We ocoay Sa lor nent nan gue (ot perhaps meaning the whole soured ik wil comeing tater ft). 7 “te Testa of the special character BE we quite ote find the hom. pens Hither ming er forenmpe vain (Le) ave ina common character in tagcrptions af he Han peo ad there canbe no doubt that we ave co do with loanword in Chinen -The Middle Chines proouncasoa was vou trom ta earins "ahs None of the- words for “bute” in neighbouring languages tears clone resemblance ‘hin Mongot he conn), Turis ay Tibetan mar, Torhaian A, rab 3 aie, aioe, donot ind a ord for “butet” recoded for Keto? Korish kaa, Aaja wa a loutword frm Sogt or Yanue,There it howere 4 Kesinh word so (Donber 193s, p63) dened at "aus Fchdienes’ socks Fe". The same word sce i the expresion bilge gb’ (Donaers sazow tatcrptin) “Mulbeerenft (MulBeeren ait Foch fe vermisct)'”"The madera Keates Huaong aod fing people, oe heey ad prem tbe eof ay precast ppt tht mean ended, bee ft (a oppeed to yt (Doe serJot) fy, jt pet (Caen) "at" pecan ao had Speci word onpe fr led fit", a well Ma’). Te see ny cha tis Kets word ithe descendant ofthe word hich in fu met "er andre inn Chin fee ‘we should soppose tat the Yess word was orginally more ke siete Chinas "a sent oneview Ex ie was teed forthe Huuog-eu wordy Compere fa ae sige (ps me above). ia “nur cONGONANTAL SYSTEM OF OLD CHIUSR: PART E355 (athe deer mi, aie baer" re hae noted that Mongol ay moran both aur cows mk and oor mac's mil orkut nd ha the sume tue of Chinese la. Thre ‘Phowerer spec trd for kumi s Mongol ies). With hs propose ° Chinese Wt 4, 1% BA M. dei-how < *deh-gah, or HE Mtaiboe: "The fist form oocars in the Shuo-een where i is defined as BF Z $A “of lao, the pure or fie [kind]. The phonetic coreypondence tothe ‘Mongol word is good. Proto-Mongol i tar ®t became ein Common ‘Mongol (Poppe (960), 20 we ae juatiied in reconstructing a form *gn) for tigen) a the ancestor of cje(a). On the other hand the Mongol * Srould probably have been wrongly spiated, wheres the Chinese form ‘hows no tth but the same vacation Between ®t and that we found in the word for “milk”, The assumption of 2 common borrowing fom Hisiungsng seems to be the best way to account for thi “There is « furer complication with regard to the meaning of the ‘word in Chinese. By far the commonest use ofthe word rsh inn Buddhist tests where fe meats clrifed butter ot an even more refined cil obtained frome “butter”. The semanti link seems t be inthe idea of something that is clear, Mates lk, which contains lle butter fa, forms a clear liquid ‘then its fermented, unlike cow's or sheep's milk, which becomes eurdy nd thick: Boiled butter is clear ax compared to fresh butter. In the Pave i hang-ma 4 definition for erhu in quoted from an eartierwock, which in (hifeent from those found eleewhere"T'-hu isthe quid (AE roth) of re. whey. This would be quite incompatible wth the definition of he an either kumiss or clcfed butter except forthe fat that itt aguin ‘tranalocene liquid whichis refered 10 "Po complete the argument ie would be desirable to find a Yenissian cagnate, preferably one having the idea of “clear” or “pure”, but {am ‘Umble to quote one (5) miso “tried curd" "The ual aame ia Chinese forthe died curd oc hard cheese, thats, the grit referred toby Rubrack which the Tarcars put away for winter food ‘used ss provisioes on a journey, is ken-lao "dried lao. We find however Soother word which appears to moun the same thing inthe Ch'angyon fu (Of the fee century B.C. poet Yang Hsiung (Elen-he). Speaking of the Witories of the Chinese over the Haiung. ayn “"We destroyed their wagons (Wf @ M. bjwroeuoa) and ruined ‘heir parts (3) AEM. khjuarlfo), drove amy their cimels and burned theis BM M. meketwa (or -je)” The word M. mekeiwa (or lie) rhc is aot found lewhere, is explained by the commentator Chang Yea 1 meaning “dried lao", He adda, "They use it for the mother (ferment)a6 © 6. rourratase of tn, By buening it one detroyed thet means of livelihood.” It was 0 outs correct os that the nomads ued died oot ar the fermentation, but we may surmise thatthe thret to thei iveiboed was mare deer ‘The more of did curd wer the nad’ winter fod ippy ands demroy ‘hem was equivalent o baring the gain upp of anager poor ‘A diferent interpretation ofthe word i gen by atother ommentoy (Cuang Chi, who saya thas twas the came ofa mountain. Perhapa thoy ‘sacha mountain butts obviously nonsenacto take the wordin aceeneshne ‘There iano ward for curd or chese in acghbouring lanngugee whic, shows any resemblance to M. mektwa that { can discover, The mcg throughout Turkish alsin qerat (whence Rubruck’s gra) and Mongol appear to we the same word sort. can find co wor for “then ‘corded for Yeniselan, Though the search for an etymology teaches ¢ negative conclusion, it is ineresting to find that the isiungen resembled the later nomads in their baie economy. Some Hsing-na Tits—1) Shan yd Te would sot be surprising to find thatthe tite of the supreme ruler of the Hsiung-nu reappeared in later nomad empires, Indeed it would be more surprising if i did not. Sir ecard Clauson has recenly suggested ‘tha it isto be recognized in yabu which we fod among the T's-crtck ‘the Teng period, This i impossible to accept on several grounds, Skaw-y < M.jiensiow < i phonetialy quite unsatiafctory aa tn ‘equivalent for yobge even if we reconstruct as an ealy Tarkish wood wth 38 intial 8. Chinese would have used -m or =p to represent the labia contonant, never a. Moreover a good Han dynasty transcription of eb sist i f-tow, found among the Wa-nua, YUeh-chih and Kang-eha, Bor not the Hsiung-au, and probably af Tochartn origin (seep. 96) Later the tide occurs among the descendants of the Yaeh-chih in Bacein sad wis probably borrowed by the Turks from there. A fuller diacuaton mst be eft for another occasion, Nevertheless shan didnot vanish and we can, I thik, seein i the {ocestral form of another tte that reappears among the Turks and Mongo snd was aso known farther wes, namely torgan, tarzan, ete, This sone of ‘he ties which have “Mongol” plurals [n= (terat) end whic, according to Peli (gts), must have been borrowed by the T'u-chich fom thet Juanjuan predecessors. He pointed out alao thatthe speling with =a ia Kashgact was a characteratic of word of foreign origin (944, p.176, 0.3) ‘Whether or aot Pllc was right about the immediate eoure ofthe word it ‘Turkish, the ukimate source was no doubt the Haiengrnu, Phonetialy the correspondence i good. The use of Chinese -m for foreign -r i regula in the Han period. The Chines initial *4- would oot yet have been pltal- aed in the second century B.C. when the transcription frst appears The "THE CONGONANTAL SYSTEM OF OLD CHIR: PART 257 use of Chinese n= for a foreign buck velar or uvlar y o¢ Chas bee Aiscumed above. The Heinng-nu word lacks the finale which we Bad in the Turkish but we shall fad other erampee of ths In gayan, gtr and O torcorewe fd the ie tren witout ts a onthe ei of the Hephthlite ruler of Afghanistan i the seventh century, Nevak Taran In Greck script we find either TAPKA or TAPAKA, Its genealy sup. posed that Nézak go his title from the Tuska but is quite probable that the ttle was already know among the Hina in Afghanistan before the rival ofthe Turks, just asthe ttle lpn was known anvong the Hephtha- lite in Gandhare (ate below). (For western references and bibliogaphy see Moravesk 1958, TT, p. 299) Tn Chinese transcription in the T'ang period the Turkish title tarpon sppears in a variety of forms: 38 FM. datban, 38 '% M. datkwan, ‘The last ofthese means “advanced oficial” or “official with disect acco" {ia Chinese and it kas been suggested that this was the etymology ofthe ‘Turkish word, Peliot, while aot rejecting the suggestion out of hand, remarked, “Toute la question eat de exvoir sf gous avons afte 3 une ‘delle identi étymologique au une wanscription d’éudits base sur une simple analogie phonétique et sémantque” (2944, p- 176, 0. 2) The latter must certainly be correct. Ts-kuan is not ech » common tem in Chinese thet one would expect it to be borrowed a a tile by foreigners, eis ofcourse not at all aurprsig chat what had been the supreme tile under the Heiung-ni should have derlined in status end become merely 3 high-ranking officer among the Turis. Mongolian daraya (a fora which agrees oven better withthe Haiung-na original) than does the Turkish and may have been borrowed direct) has desliaed even further coming to ‘mean no more than the holder of cerain privileges. We may compere the fate of khan in the modern Middle East where it has become'no more than (2) Teck ae ‘The tile given to the Crown Prince of the Hiung-nv was Left ‘True Prince. Nex below im came the Right Tu-chi Prince, According to Hans 948, fveNé meant hin “wise” or “worthy” and the tiles ste sometimes translated and weiten Lee and Right Hsien Price. The seme ‘word t'uelé occurs a8 the appsation of a shan-yd and of » Haiung-au quten (Henashu 94) In meaning it may be compared wich Turkish ied “wise” which also appears in royal tle. The word iself onthe other hand ‘ur be the ancestral form of Turkish tego, fpin “prince”, having been borrowed as a title without ies original semantic content. The phonetic values ofthe charactrs are M, dowgit < *dalingh(6) (on th taseription value ofthe second character ee p. 124 bore). The addiion of -m and the238 ©. PULLEYaLANK blr ie both peak in feoue of» booing ito Terish tragll Mongolian typeof language (Pelt r9¢5). nthe Tang period the correc rancripton ofthe Turk tte was 9181 M. dokegion, but through graphic corruption the hacer normally appears in texts at MY MU lak. This same compe sppents in an eisizr form of the tle EM. doktor iced wich we fod in the Po-hih in a pasage on Gandara based 00 ‘Yan's scoount of his vist there early in che sath century. Tn the Mich-lon chi we find correctly $4 HE M. distegion (some text ha instead #9 over the heart radia! but this mist agin ben ase of gap crip ch cant ond dite yo aed law chi chie-eh, p. 388). According to Sung Yun, the Hep appointed & Chikchin to cule in Gandhas afer they conquered it and ah S. Las pointed out, the existence ofthe tte tit in Candhara ia Semed by the Rjatrangnt, which speaks of a ule there called (Chavaanes 1903, p. 225, 33 of. ano Marquart igor, pp. aria), Ghinan (1948, pp 19 Sing the appearsee oft Tua el mong the (to his) Iranian Hephthalte embarrassing, wis a pei wi explain away Sung Yun's teximony. Reading Chile instead of Chie! chin, he propoted to seein ita transcription of Tlavs, Zabul, But BE? ick-tok can hardly bave anything to do with Zabul which we find i Chinese ranseinion ab iM. dea. Chirshman’ idea was cealy inducned by the bel tha Chive, which, iti te, oe ofthe eit spellings of Tbe (ae p.a30 above), could be a waneeription of Taig Talis being thought to have some rexemblance (srely very remote of ‘Tiavla; but Tobe and ita eater forms have nthing to do with Taig ‘hough the view, consecrated by Charannes, share ulleylank 1956), ‘The only reasonable interpreation of Sung Yan's testimony, comes ‘borated by the Réjataraigin, i thatthe il ein was used by the Hepat? lites long before the appesrance of the Tucks, 4 ‘This in not the place fora full sale dncusio ofthe ans ofthe ‘Hephthaites but «few remarks can be made. am not at al convinced by the arguments which have been made ia recent times to thow that they vere Kranan (Ghiehman, op. eit.; Enoki 195%, 1953 nd (955). That ere! ‘shouldbe Iranian elements i thei empire only to be experted since the subject populason must have been predominantly Iranian. Much more signcant are the evidences of Altaic conaetions tn the ruling Hephthae ites themselves, Beside the ttle tpn, one may point in the Art place t, their proper ethnic name, Hephthalte being x Aynaic appear. Inthe “Liangoha they ae refered asthe country of HM. Borat. As bas 10g been recognize, this ame must be the sume athe 2 M. wat of Haden ‘sang, whic, as Yale and Marquart have sown, ino be identified wit sixy Known to the Arsbic geographers ax War-wat, Walwalig, WANs, {THE CONSOMANCTAL SYETIS OP OLB GHEE: FART HE 25g a1-Whlif, ie, she ater Kundit. tn the Hain Mang-ia this city is eferred fe a8 PER M. ewan’ City ithe Chiu T'ang-a has 2a ML cae wan). These forma ieaply an ethoic War or Awat which can seareely be separated from the Odd val Xow! of Theophylactus Simocsta, the ‘Ofop ovina of Menander Protector and the Avara of Europe. Stil eater the sume name occurs a+ 8 AL (41) M. “owhwan < *abshwan, one of the two divisions of the Eastern Hun che Han period (the other being the ‘Hsica-pi). The phonetic identity is perfec and there are very good support= Ing arguments in favour of & connection between the peoples. ‘The second part of the name War-walis was supponed by Marquart 1w be composed by the reduplcation of Wat with addition of the Trarian suf i. wish t suggest that it wan rather the Alsi word for "city" ‘Turkish bali, Mongo! baigesun < *hilaka-on (Poppe 1960, 9.222). Th iujority ofthe Arabic spellings quoted by Marquart have -f which would bea normal Arabic way of writing a foreign -g. (The spelling in fis more «iit to explain in thio way.) On this interpretation War-wili ia "City ofthe Avr" like Chinese Avhuan cheng. In some of the Arie forms i ‘would appear thatthe ethaic is omitted and we have simply WALif or al-Walifa “the city”. Ie is surely acta coincidence thatthe later rasan feame Kundus means in fact "Citadel". ‘The word bal, *bélaha-sum isnot specifically Turkish or Mongolian snd the Arbic spellings are hardly sufcienly explicit to indicate deftly ‘one or the other, but there are other eeasons for favouring an identification ‘ofthe Hephthaite-Awar ax probably Mongokan rather than Turkish. The ‘abfiman were a division of the Eastern Hu cloely akin tthe Heien-p. According tothe very detailed account of the two peoples inthe Went (quoted inthe commentary of the San-tao-chkti-hih 30.1004; tia also ‘the basis fr the account in Hou Han-shur30) hey apoke the sume language, Now Pellct has shown very convincingly chat pars ofthe Hsen-pe spoke ‘Mongolian language and che Wa-huan—Avars should therefore ave done so aso. Schlegel 1892 noted long ago that according tothe Chine account, the Hephthalite married women wore the characteristic conial headdzees ‘of the Mongols which was adopted se lady's fashion both in medieval Europe, where it was known as the hennin, and in China, where it wae known as the $48 husk (with other spellings), from Mongol Aah Sail ease, what must be his same headdress is described inthe aecoant of the Woshuan in the Wesha, where itis given this very aame 4) 3 1M, ewkwet (the fst character hat a number of other readings: kus, ious, gious; the Old Chinese vowel was *0/8). The identification ofthis ‘word with Adil has already been proposed by Eyam 195s. Earlier Shrstori icumed the deteription ofthe Woman's headdress but did not recognize ‘he Mongolian name.360 % 6, Puctevmtane, a as fared etd sd is wer ls a egret ed ei a jan, and between both and the Mongols. Historically there's nothing iq hangman ne Nagle ee sie dee een pn The wat oa See aig ie eres a TCAD Aletta ant aie Hac soe at Sse Tne ren be Ooh Fe sees, ent een pon ed ld sora Sune ma oy rt eo ean oe etree hey ta a ee Pe Hes atu ono onan wom Soh ty um shh ne one Pe JS Tea ete Mop des slr Diese ren eee ra cee Se racemes Teting «GS cima Aa am, hom te phew we scam Aen my win ey ee seperate, rs iene te er at meen wih ote eo spaces args see eet a smaores te cert he me rb de east cn ae ee ce cc ee seas an ee So tein re ae eae vata rms a Ans mee SCE B cance aes see a ttn angat ag Nin a Tee TTR Sec el ie nd, Tek me omc, Teh ene ang te omy sername he ea tear aera zaman even a re Tush (een i 5 he eg fe cing oa Ta (3) Huey ‘The tle gayan,xayan was transeribed in the T'ang period, when € asthe supreme tte ofthe Turks, os T FF M. tha/-bar. Esler it had ‘THE CONGONANTAL SYETRM OF OLO CHINESE: PART abt been used among the T'u-y-hun and she Juan juts It catietoocurence isin the ary of tow the two brothers T'ueydchun and Jolochu agreed to tepurate. Aa the Sangh 6653.1 uit, Lou [the esvoy ofthe younger roher to T'u-yochon) was gad. He bowed and wid, "8a Ke HEH". The barbarian words c's Moston mean i the lnguage af ‘Sung Be itso, sic (WY He)". The word Uhavecransated 3p "ste tan expression ed to eft tothe Chinese emperor. Ie would appear how ver that among the Tuska the tle gayan was crignally not conned (othe ‘upteme cule but was used, rather like English “Tord ana general tide of respec. seni TOS SSM. ble’ ae St nerped by Pl tem oe ‘adem ime sho sob on st ‘Fine sen. igair ha) Totus noone we Glnof se of ee nevus eaiedCiotn ad the ChirseNaworan explana ce eanng at E50 ge wasn wo ae In a passage which appear inthe T'ungtien and not eaewbere the social orgaization ofthe Turchie is desenbed. The orginal date of ‘Composition isnot known but one may surmise tha itis comparatively ‘aly, pethaps from the sith century when the Tucks frst became known to the Chinese. After isting various ofces which existed among them, the text reads, (in Lia Matets'a's German traoaltion) *Manchmal wurde der Posen Fosin (altrkach:.bis{a)) Khagan Af 8 5 FF eich: Fuslin bedeutet Wl, Der Titel soll: auf die Mordsachtauspilen, Es sab auch Khagane defn Rasgeaiedrige standen als der Ye-hu (Yabgo). Es kam auch vor, das groue zubausbleibead, alo aiche amierende Ferien sich gegesectig 1 Khagar SW FF oanoten, Die Turkie sagen fr den Rau (oder das Haus HB) I(M. yi] (atrkish-ab~a), Der Titel Bedeutete ali Retm- (oder Haus) Kbagan.” (Lis Maus, 19st, pp 48-96) 9 Ee Hauap-ae word Huy < M Bow Sou < shmaxSwi wich 1 with to seat the origin of gaya alae seems t have td the same kind of soeaning. This tie occurs only in Hanh o4B.ofoat. Because several CCrowa Princes had ced during che time of Wu-chucla Shan y8 (8 B.C— AD. 15) twas chough that te tile Left Wie Prince was unlucky snd the tie acyl wan given eo a ceri prince instead. The Han-ahu sys, “The dignity of hcp was the mowt honourable. He was wo become shan in sucresion.” Thereaer we hear no more of thistle. T have given phonetic arguments above for the belie chat haya, representing a frega original something like "ey" oc *GaGd, could be the original behind ‘Turkish geyan/sayon (which in the vacation between {and xf willbe noted, shows the same evidence a large tarzan of being ‘oanword in Tari) Tee temptng &> ty to compare also Ket. 4