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MODULE 1
Lesson 1 : What is Art?
 The word art comes from the Ancient Latin
“Ars” which means “craft or specialized form
or skill, like carpentry, or smithying or surgery”
(Collingwood,1938)
 In the Ancient World, art only meant using
bare hands to produce something that will be
useful to one’s day-to-day life. The ancient
world did not have any conceived notion of art
in the same way tha we do now.
 In Medieval Latin, “Ars” means something
different. It meant “Any special form of book-
learning such as grammar, or logic, magic or
astrology” (Collingwood, 1938).
 During 17th Century when the problem and
idea of aesthetics, the study of beauty, began
to unfold distinctly from the notion of technical
workmanship, which was the original
conception of the word “Art”
 it was 18th Century when the word has
evolved to distinguish between fine arts and
the useful arts.
 Art is also studied because “it is among the
highest expressions of culture, embodying its
ideals and aspirations, challenging its
assumptions and beliefs, and creating new
visions and possibilities for it to pursue” (Sayre,
XVI).
 When we discuss contemporary art, we are
typically referring to the practice of fine art,
but prior to the Renaissance, art was defined
within the realm of functional crafts,
such as goldsmithing. The idea of
autonomous art or art for art’s sake developed
later, over many eras.
Assumptions of Arts
1. ART is UNIVERSAL
Among the most popular ones being taught in
schools are the two Greek epics, the Iliad and
Odyssey. The Sanskrit pieces Mahabharata and
Ramayana are also staples in this field. These
works, purportedly written before the beginning pf
recorded history, are believed to be man’s attempt
at recording stories and tales that have been
passed on, known and sung throughout the years.
 Misconception: Those which have been made
long time ago is considered as artistic. Age is
not a factor a factor of art in determining art.
An art is not good because it is old, but
because it is good” (Dudley et al.,1960).
 In John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism (1879),
enjoyment in the arts belongs to a higher good,
one that lies at the opposite end base of
pleasures. Art will be present because human
beings will always express themselves and
delight in these expressions. Men will continue
to use art while are persist and never gets
depleted
2. ART is not NATURE
 One important characteristic of art is that it is
not nature. Art is man’s expression of his
reception of nature. Art is man’s way of
interpreting nature. Art is made by man and
nature is given around us. What we find in
nature should not be expected to be present in
art too.
 Art is based on an individual’s subjective
experiences of nature. Artists are not expected
to duplicate nature just as eve scientist with
their elaborate laboratories
 In whatever work of art, one should always
ask why the artist made it.
3. Art involves Experience
 Art is just experience. By experience, mean the
“Actual doing of something” (Dudley et al.,
1960). When one claims that he has
experiences falling in love, getting hurt and
bouncing back, he in effect claims that he
knows the (sometimes) endless cycle of loving.
 An important aspect of experiencing art is it’s
being highly personal, individual, and
subjective.
 In philosophical terms, perception of art is
always a value of judgement. It depends on
his perception, tastes, biases (Degustibus non
disputandum est.)
 one should also underscore that every
experience with art is accompanied by some
emotion. One either likes or dislikes, agree or
disagree that a work of art is beautiful. A stage
play or motion picture is particularly one of
those art forms that evoke strong emotions
from its audience. With experience come
 emotions and feelings, after all. Feelings and
emotions are concrete proofs that the artwork
has been experiences
SUMMARY:
Humanities and the art have always been part of
man’s growth and civilization. Since the dawn of
time, man has always tried to express his
innermost thoughts and feelings about reality
through creating art. Three assumptions on art
are its universality, its not being nature, and
its need for experience. Art is present in every
part of the globe and in every period of time. Art
not being nature, not even attempting to simply
mirror nature. Art is always a creation of the artist.
Finally, without experience, there is no art. The
artist has to be foremost, a perceiver who is
directly in touch with art.
LESSON 2: ART APPRECIATION: CREATIVITY,
IMAGINATION, AND EXPRESSION
 It takes an artist to make an art. One may
perceive beauty on daily basis. However, not
every beautiful thing can be seen or
experienced may truly be called a work of art.
 Art is a product of man’s creativity, imagination,
and expression. No matter how perfectly
blended the colors of a sunset are and no
matter how extraordinary formed mountains
are, nature is not considered art simply
because it is not made by man.
 Not even photographs or sketches of nature,
though captures or drawn by man, are works
of art, but mere recordings of the beauty in
nature (Collins & Riller, 1931).
ART Appreciation as a way of Life
 Jean Paul- Sartre, a famous French
philosopher of the twentieth century,
described the role of art as a creative work
that depicts the works in a completely
different light and perspective, and the
source due to human freedom ( Greene,
1995).
 In cultivating an appreciation of art,
one should also exercise and develop his
taste for things that are fine and beautiful.
This allows individuals to make intelligent
choices and decisions in acquiring
necessities and luxuries, knowing what
gives better value for time or money while
taking into consideration the aesthetic and
practical value ( Collins & Riley, 1931).
The Role of Creativity in Art Making
 In art, creativity is what sets apart one
artwork form another.
 A creative artist does not simply copy or
imitate another artist work. He does not
imitate the lines, flaws, colors, and
patterns in creating nature. He embraces
originality, puts his own flavor into his
work and calls it his own creative piece.
 Creativity- requires thinking outside the
box. ( It is often used to solve problems
that have never occurred before, conflate
function and style and simply make life a
more unique and enjoyable experience. In
art, creativity is what sets apart one
artwork form another.)
Art as a Product of Imagination,
Imagination as a Product of Art!
 “Imagination is more important than
knowledge. For knowledge is limited
to all we now know and understand,
while imagination embraces the
entire world, and all there ever will
be to know and understand”.- German
physicist Albert Einstein
 In an artist’s mind sits a vast gallery of
artworks. An artwork does not need to be
a real thing, but can be something that is
imaginary (Collingwood, 1938)
 Cave walls are surrounded by drawings
and paintings of animals they hunted: wild
boars, reindeers, and bison.
 Clays were molded and stones werecarved
into forms that resemble men and women;
burial jars were created with intricate designs
on them.
 These creative pieces were made not only
because they were functional to men, but also
because beauty gave them joy (Collins & Riley,
1931).
ART as an Expression of Emotional
Content
 Robin George Collingwood- an English
Philosopher who is best known for his work
in aesthetics, explicated in his publication
The Principles of Art (1938) that what an
artist does to an emotion is not to induce it,
but express it.
 There is no need in relating or referring to
a specific emotion, such as anger, in
expressing one’s emotion. Description
actually destroys the idea of expression, as
it classifies the emotion, making it ordinary
and predictable.Expression on the other
hand individualizes. An artist has the
freedom to express himself the way he
wants to. Hence, there is no specific
technique in expression.
 This makes people’s art not a reflection of
what is outside or external to them, but a
reflection of their innerselves. There are
countless ways of expressing oneself
through art.
 Expression in art became important
during Romantic Movement with
Artwork expressing a define feeling, as in
the sublime or dramatic. Audience
response was important, for the artwork
was intended to evoke an emotional
response. This definition holds true today,
as artist look to connect and evoke
responses from their viewers.
LESSON 3: HISTORY OF ARTS
 The unearthing of archaeological
artifacts and remains provide modern a
society a glimpse of beliefs, practices, and
activities of early civilizations.
 The early people produced such materials
that reflects their attitudes and belief
systems on spiritual, social, political, and
economic matters.
 It can be noted that works of art and
architecture were created from a wide
array of materials from limestone to
precious gems to metals to name a few.
 As the early human started to transition
from being nomads to permanent settlers,
their everyday activities had some changes,
which is evident to the materials and even
works of art they have created.
PRE- HISTORIC ART
 Archaeological explorations reveal that
there has been a gradual shift from a
nomadic lifestyle of early humans to that
of permanent settlements, paving the way
for the rise of early civilizations.
 early humans in stone age turned to
the creation of paintings and sculptures
that depicts humans, animals and their
natural habitats. It would seem that there
were attempts to record the kind of lives
they led within the period of time.
 Palaeolithic art is a product of climate
change. As the climate get colder, part of
the early humans’ instinct is to look for
shelters that would provide them warmth.
 It is also important to take note that the
paintings evoke naturalism, which is
evidently seen through the contours of the
animals’ body and their dark colors.
 Neolithic art was developed especially
when life for the early humans has become
more stable. They have learned to
cultivate the land and domesticate animals.
 By 4000 BCE, there were several
monumental and architectural structures
erected.
 As the Neolithic Period drew to a close,
it was evident that different elements of
civilization flourished in various parts of the
world. It is also notable that the earliest
civilizations emerged and flourished in river
valleys: the Nile in Egypt, Indus in India,
Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia, and
Huang Ho River in China.
Egyptian Art
 The Fertile Ribbon starts from the banks
of the Nile River, which flows North to
Africa and ventures into Mediterranean. It
is in this very ribbon where early Egyptians
recognized the integral role of the Nile
River to their daily lives. It is this
indispensability and utility that eventually
 led to the belief that the Nile is to be
worshiped as a God. AFTER NEW KINGDOM
 Most sculptures during this period had
The Periods of Egyptian Civilization curving lines and full-bodied forms. There
1. Old Kingdom -religion was bound to is emphasis to life-like features of the face
afterlife. The tombs were not only for like an elongate jaw and thick-lidded eyes.
important people like Pharaohs, but also serve
as a shelter for the next journey.  Most artists created artworks that are
- One of the most important cosmetic natural and seemingly real, highlighting
palettes found in egypt was Nasmer’s the features of their subjects.
Palette.
- It was a palette that utilized dark colors  Amarna Revolution led by king akhenation
around King Narmer’s eyes. and queen nefertiti. He moved the capital
-Symbol that commemorates the unification to El- Amarna. Amenhotep changed his
between upper and lower egypt. name to Akhenaton- he wanted to
revolutionize arts.
The Great Pyramid of Giza-  The use of Naturalism in artworkss was
 Served as tombs since their main purpose rather short-lived. Probably on of the
greatest discoveries from egyptian
was to provide a resting place for Pharaohs.
civilization was the tomb of tutankhamen,
 Was constructed roughly more than two
 He became the King at a very young age
million limestone blocks.
and died at the age of eighteen, Howard
 Highlighting the ingenuity and advancement
Carter discovered his tomb in 1922. They
of Egyptians.
were astonished to find gold artworks and
that the coffin was made out of solid gold.
MIDDLE KINGDOM
The body of the young king was covered in
 One of the key Features of Middle kingdom
linen and a gold mask covered his face.
is a shift in the Political Hierarchy (emergence
of Landlords that threatened the authority of
SUMMARY
Pharaohs)
During the prehistoric period, the early
 Art has taken a backseat during Middle
humans had transitioned from a nomadic
kingdom ( King Mentuhotep Stabilized Egypt)
lifestyle to that of a more permanent one,
 Egypt was not immune to foreign invaders-
which led to early civilizations. Some of the
they fell into the hands of Hykos (introduced
works discovered from this period would give
Bronze age weapons and horses)
modern society a glimpse of what was life
during that period. One of the early
NEW KINGDOM
civilizations where art flourished was the
 The art in New Kingdom had references
Egyptians civilizations. Throughout the three
from both preceding kingdoms
kingdoms all the way to the Amarna Revolution,
 In the new kingdoms, however, they
art has been directly used particularly in
started mortuary temples.
religious and spiritual activities. Through these
 The newly found strength and power
unearthed and discovered artworks, the
comes from an inflated ego.
modern world could have a better
understanding of the past and how it can
It is also important to note that it is in this era
affect the present.
that monuments and sculptures were still
linked with death and reverence for the
B. ART OF EMERGING EUROPE
deceased. During this period, Egypt has
established itself as a more advanced and
ANCIENT GREECE - The humanist ideals of
powerful civilization. Their high regard for their
the Greek were reflected in their democratic
people can be seen through their sculptures
form of government. This certain level of
built on massive and monumental
freedom was also reflected in their artworks,
scales
architecture, literature and philosophy. The
Greeks were notably passionate about
natural phenomenon and believed that nature
should be in perfect order. These principles,
belief systems, and ideologies are at the core
of Greek art and architecture.
The development of Greek art can be
divided into four periods:
1. Geometric
2. Archaic
3. Classical
4. Hellenistic
It was when Greece was starting to get back
from the onslaught of what seemed to be their
Dark Ages. It was a period when geometric
shapes and patterns have taken the spotlight
in most of the artworks.
GREEK ARCHAIC PERIOD
This was primarily a result of the Greece’s
trading activities with other civilizations.
Moreover, the origins of theater and drama
can be traced back during the Greek
civilizations.
 The peak of Greek sculpture and
architecture was classical period. It was
during this period when the Greeks found
themselves rebuilding their templates and
focusing on creating artworks.
 Hellenistic sculptures started to
emphasize balance while showcasing
dynamic evoked by the subjects.
One of the famous sculptures is the

“Lacoon and his Sons”. The sculpture
depicts Lacoon, a Trojan priest and his
sons being strangled by serpents.
 The origins of theater and drama can be
traced back during the Greek civilization.
The followers of Dionysus – the god of

fertility – started the Greek theater.
People who were devoted to Dionysus
would dance during ceremonies while
giving their offerings to their god.
ANCIENT ROME
 The Roman republic was established
around 500 BCE.
 This civilization eventually transformed
into one of the Western Europe’s mightiest
empires. It can be said that Roman
civilization came of age during the
Hellenistic period. They invoked the
principles of realism, highlighting the
features of human beings.
 The fusion of Greek and Roman cultures
can be seen in most Roman artworks.
 It is also important to note that Romans
were known to be master builders. One of
their architectural achievements would
have to be the Collosseum. And one of its
mains uses was for entertainment
purposes like public events and gladiator
games.
THE MIDDLE AGES
 It is the period between the decline of
the Roman Empire and the
Renaissance.
 And the Church was the central figure and
authority of the period. Since Church was
the most important figure, the most
important products of the Middle Ages
would have to be copied of the Christians
scriptures.
RENAISSANCE ART
 During the Renaissance period, artist
valued the “individual” as a subject of
arts.
 Influenced by humanism and naturalism
having a great emphasis on the
proportionality of the human body.
 Most artists added perspectives of depth
wherein spaces were explored providing a
three-dimensional perspective of most
Renaissance paintings.
 They gave importance to non-religious
themes however most artworks remained
religious in its focus and theme.
 There was a revival of Roman theatrical
plays that showcased grand and lavish
entertainment. These were performed
during special occasions at the courts of
Italian princes. Aside from song and dance
numbers, they invested in elaborate stages
and costumes for the actors.
MANNERISM
 Mannerism was a period in art history,
which was a product of the
Renaissance Period. During the
Renaissance, artist would observe nature
 and try their best to emulate it based
on their observations.
 As the Renaissance ended, artist started
directly copying subjects from existing
works of art. Most artwork during this
period displayed distorted figures, two-
dimensional space, discordant hues and
colors, and lack of defined focal point.
BAROQE AND THE ROCOCO
 The term “baroque” is derived from the
Portuguese term barocco which is
translated as “irregularly shaped pearl” and
is believed by the historians as a response
to Protestantism.
 Politics and art was strengthened aside
from religion.
 Motion and space were taken into
consideration by artists like the use of
dramatic lighting and the concept of time.
 Music also flourished as a tool to
communicate messages to evoke feelings .
ROMANTICISM
 Romanticism used the central themes
of Neoclassical artworks as a
springboard.
 During the Age of Revolutions, there has
been a tremendous focus on patriotic and
nationalistic movements like the French
Revolution. This period includes the
emphasis on the goodness of mankind. It
promoted justice, equality, social order,
and emotions and feelings of man.
REALISM
 Realism focuses on the accuracy of
details that depicts and mirrors
reality. There is little room for imagination
since emphasis is placed in observable
traits that can concretize through artworks.
 It is influenced by Hellenistic Greek culture
that placed emphasis on human body.
Idealistic concepts and images were
replaced by real manifestation of society.
IMPRESSIONISM
 This style of work started in France which
led to a break from the tradition in
European painting emerged in the mid to
late 1800s.
 Incorporated scientific principles to
achieve a more distinct representation of
color. It allows the artist to emphasize the
immediate impression he has of a
particular event or scene through
brushstrokes, distinction of colors,
and the lights and shadow used by the
artist.
POST IMPRESSIONISM
 It is an art movement emerged in
France which is a result of both the
influence and rejection of
Impressionism which led to the
development of individual style that gave
emphasis to defining from the use of
broken colors and short brush stroke.
 Some of the famous post-impressionism
artists include Paul Cazanne, Georges
Seurat, Paul Gaugin, Vincent van Gogh,
among others.
NEO- IMPRESSIONISM
 Considered as a response to empirical
realism of impressionism. Most of the
painters rely on a systematic and
scientific techniques that have
predetermined visual effects not only on
the art work itself but also how the
audience perceive the art.
 Georges Seurat recorded optical
sensations. His color theories paved the
way for the technique called Pointillism –
utilizes discrete dots and dashes of pure
color.
 Other neo-impressionism artists include
Henri-Edmond Cross, Maximilien Luce, and
Camille Pissarro, among others.
ART NOUVEAU
 Betweenn1890 and 1910, countries from
Europe and the United States witnessed
the emerging and flourishing of a new art
style.
 This ornamental style of art uses long
and organic lines that are concretely
manifested in architecture, jewelry,
and glass design, among others.

 The defining characteristics is the
assymetrical line that usually is in the form
of insect wings or flower stalks.
FAUVISM
 This style of art emerged in France around
the turn of the 20th century.
 Fauvists revolutionary used pure and
vibrant colors by applying straight from
the paint tubes directly to the canvas.
 Also, artists introduced and promoted a
picture space that is defined by the
movement of color.
CUBISM
 Between 1907 and 1914, French artist
Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque
introduced a new visual arts style called
cubism.
 Cubists highlighted the two-
dimensional surface of the picture
plane. This style focusing on a flat surface
was rejected and the existing and
prevailing notion that art should imitate
nature.
 Cubists emphasized that they are not in a
way obliged to copy texture, form, color,
and space.
FUTURISM
 Started in Italy which highlighted the
speed, energy, dynamism, and power of
machines. Common themes are
restlessness and the fast-paced of modern
life.
 This style of art branched out not only in
Europe but also in Russia. Evident in
poetry and visual arts.
 Italian poet and editor Filippon
Tommaso Marinetti coined the term
“futurism” to reflect his purpose of
disregarding the traditional methods of the
art in the past.
 He believes that art should embrace and
embody change, innovation, creativity, and
originality
SUMMARY
Throughout history, Europe has seen
tremendous changes in its political landscape
and social makeup, and witnessed transitions
of different art movements on different time
frames. The use of art as a medium of
communication of different cultural elements
originated from the Greek and Roman
civilizations. These two civilizations have
greatly influenced the succeeding period in art
history. There were movements like Realism
that highlights the primacy of individuality.
Man being the focal point of most work is not
new since the Greek and even during the
Renaissance period highlighted the centrality
of man in any society. The evolution of art in
Europe helped them shaped their culture,which
was reflected in their societies. To sum things
up, Art continually develops. From pre-historic
up to the present, Art serves different
purposes and functions. Every Art has its
distinct style, and no art is the same.
Remember that there is no specific style to
make an artwork beautiful; it depends on
creativity and imagination.
LESSON 4: FUNCTIONS AND
PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON ART
 Greek philosopher Aristotle claimed
that every particular substance in the
world has an end, or telos in Greek, which
translates into “purpose”.
 Every substance has defines as a formed
matter, moves according to a fixed path
toward its aim.
 This telos according to Aristotle, is
intricately linked with function. For a thing
to reach its purpose, it also has to fulfill its
function.
 Man, in Aristotle’s view of reality, is bound
to achieve a life of fulfillment and
happiness, or in Greek, eudaimonia.
 All men more toward this final end.
However, happiness, the supposed end of
man, is linked with his function which is
being rational.
 One can only be happy when he is
rational.This means that Aristotle, plants
can never be happy because they are not
rational, as well as tables and chairs.
 Man;s natural end, telos is connected with
function, which is his rationality.
When one speaks of function, one is practically
talking about the use of the object whose
function is in question. An inquiry on the
function is an art is an inquiry on what art is
for. Alternatively, the answer to the question
“what us is for” is the function of whatever “it”
in the questions refer to
FUNCTIONS OF ART
1. Personal Function of Art
 The personal function of art are varied
and highly subjective. This means that
its function depend on the person- the
artist who created the art. An artist may
create an art out of self- expression or
therapeutic purpose.
2. Social Functions of Art
 Art is considered to have a social function
if and when it addresses a particular
collective interest as opposed to a
personal interest.
 Political art is a very common example of
an art with social function. It convey a
message of protest, contestation or
whatever message the artist intends hos
work to carry.
3. Physical Function of Art
 The physical function of art are the easiest
to spot and understand. The physical
functions of art can be found in
artworks that are crafted in order to
serve some physical purpose.
4. Other Functions of Art
 Music was principally used for dance
and religion. The ancient world saw
music as an instrument to facilitate
worship and invocation to God. Today
music has expanded its functions and
coverage.
 It is no longer for religion purposes but for
expressing feeling through serenade.
 Sculpture, on the other hand, is another
functional art form that long existed for
various purposes. People erect status for
the divine. In the Roman Catholic world,
the employment for religious purposes has
remained vital, relevant and symbolic. It is
also made to commemorate important
figures in history.
 Another art form that readily lends itself to
multiple functions is architecture. In fact,
architecture might be the mos prominent
functional art form.
Does Art Always Have To Be Functional?
 While its has been shown that most arts
are functional, still there are some which
are not.
 The value of artwork of art does not
depend on function but on the work itself.
 The plays of Aeschylus and the poetry of
Robert Frost and Edgar Allan Poe are
still counted as examples of great works of
art despite not having a known function.
Philosophical Perspective on Art
Art as an Imitation
 Plato (2000) in his masterpiece, The
Republic, particularly paints a picture of
artist as imitators and art as mere imitation.
 In his description of the ideal republic,
Plato advises against the inclusion of art as
s subject in the curriculum and the
banning of artists in the Republic.
Plato was deeply suspicious of art and
artist for two reasons:
1. They appeal to the emotion rather to the
rational faculty of men.
2. They imitate rather than lead one reality.
 In Plato’s metaphysics or view of
reality, the things in this world are only
copies of the original, the eternal and the
true entities that can only be found in the
World of Forms.
 He was convinced that artists merely
reinforce the belief in copies and
discourage men to reach for the real
entities in the World of Forms.
Scenario 1. Poetry rouses emotions and
feelings and thus clouds rationality of
people.
Scenario 2. A painting is just an imitation of
nature, which is also just an imitation of reality
in the World of Forms.
For Plato, art is dangerous because it
provides a petty replacement for the real
entities that can only be attained through
reason.
Art as a Representation
 Aristotle, agreed with Plato that art is a
forms of imitation. However, in contrast to
the disgust that his matter holds for art,
Aristotle considered art as an aid to
philosophy in revealing truth.
 The kind of imitation that art does not
antithetical to the reaching of fundamental
truths in the world.
 For Aristotle, all kinds of art including
poetry, music, dance, painting and
sculpture, do not aim to represent
reality as it is. What art endeavors to do
is to provide a vision of what might be of
the myriad possibilities in reality.
 Unlike Plato who taught that art is an
imitation of another imitation, Aristotle
conceived of art as representing possible
versions of reality.
In the Aristotelian worldview, art serves two
particular purposes:
1. Art allows for the experience of pleasure.
Ex. A horrible experience can be made an
object of humor in a comedy.
2. Art also has an ability to be instructive and
teach its and teach its audience things
about life, thus, it is cognitive as well.
Art as a Disinterested Judgment
 Immanuel Kant, in his Critique of
Judgment, considered the judgment of
beauty, the cornerstone of art, as
something that can be universal despite its
subjectivity.
 He recognized that judgment of
beauty is subjective. However, even
subjective judgments are based on some
universal criterion for the said judgment.
How are these two statements
different?
1. “I like this painting”
2. “This painting is beautiful”
Art as Communication of Emotion
 According to Leo Tolstoy, arts plays a
huge role in communication to its
audience’s emotions that the artist
previously experienced.
 In the same that language communicates
information to their people, art
communicates emotions.
 As a purveyor of man’s innermost feelings
and thoughts, art is given a unique
opportunity to serve as a mechanism for
social unity.
 Art is central to man’s existence
because it makes accessible feelings and
emotions of people from the past and
present.
SUMMARY
Art has remained relevant in our daily lives
because most of it has played some form of
function for man. Since the dawn of the
civilization, art has been at the forefront of
giving color to man’s existence. The different
functions of art may be classified as either
personal, social, or physical. An art’s function
is personal if it depends on the artist himself or
sometimes till, the audience of the art. There
is a social function in art if and when it has a
particular social function, when it addresses a
collective need of a group of people. Finally,
physical function has something to do with
direct, tangible uses of art. Not all product of
art have function. This should not disqualify
them as art though. It is important to note that
some important thinkers in history, art may
serve either imitation, representation, a
disinterested judgment, or simply a
communication of emotion.