International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 167 (2021) 120832

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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/hmt

Impingement heat transfer on flat and concave surfaces by

piston-driven synthetic jet from planar lobed orifice
Yuan-wei Lyu, Jing-zhou Zhang∗, Jun-wen Tan, Yong Shan
College of Energy and Power Engineering, Key Laboratory of Thermal Management and Energy Utilization of Aircraft, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and
Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The heat transfer characteristics of a single synthetic jet (SJ) issuing from planar lobed orifice are in-
Received 8 September 2020 vestigated experimentally in current study. Two specific planar-lobed orifices (petal-shaped orifice and
Revised 28 October 2020
arch-shaped orifice) and two typical targets (flat target and semi-cylindrical concave target) are taken
Accepted 12 December 2020
into consideration. For each lobed orifice, three configurations are included. In the petal-shaped orifices,
Available online 28 December 2020
the lobe numbers are chosen as N=4, 6 and 8 in turns. While in the arch-shaped orifices, the lobe num-
Keywords: ber is fixed as N=6 but the lobe aspect ratios are altered as AR=1, 2 and 3 respectively. All lobed orifices
Synthetic jet have the same exit area with the baseline round orifice. The experimental tests are performed under a
Heat transfer series of operational frequencies (ranging from 10Hz to 25Hz) and dimensionless jet-to-target distances
Planar lobed orifice (ranging from 2 to 14 for flat target, and from 6 to 14 for concave target). Under the present conditions, SJ
Flat and concave targets impingement heat transfer enhancement is mostly achieved by the planar lobed orifices when compared
Piston-driven actuator
to the baseline round orifice, which depends tightly on the lobe shape and target shape. Among current
petal-shaped orifices, the N=6 petal-shaped orifice is demonstrated to be a most promising orifice con-
figuration. With regard to current arch-shaped orifices, a moderate lobe aspect ratio is demonstrated to
be the superior. When compared to the flat target, SJ impingement heat transfer on the concave target
is seriously reduced, regardless of orifice shapes. Interestingly, the relationship of SJ impingement heat
transfer on the concave target, between the N=6 petal-shaped orifice and AR=2 arch-shaped orifice, is
found contrary to that on the flat target. On the concave target, the N=6 petal-shaped orifice does not
show its advantages on SJ heat transfer enhancement as appeared on the flat target. However, the AR=2
arch-shaped orifice still shows its positive role on SJ heat transfer enhancement obviously in comparison
to the baseline round orifice.
© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Recently, the synthetic jet (SJ) has received growing attention
in the applications of active flow control and highly-efficient ther-
mal management because of its unique zero-net-mass-flux prop-
erty (ZNMF) [1]. Also, due to its inherent coherence of ‘synthe-
sized’ formation from the surrounding fluid directly, SJ generally
exhibits more sophisticated flow dynamics when compared to the
traditional continuous jet [2–4].
Referring previous investigations on the detailed flow fields
(such as Krishnan and Mohseni [5], McGuinn et al. [6], Greco
et al. [7,8]), different flow morphology regimes could take place in
an impinging synthetic jet, dependent on the impinging distance,
stroke length and Strouhal number of a jet tightly. In accordance
∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: zhangjz@nuaa.edu.cn (J.-z. Zhang).
with the flow morphology regimes, several heat transfer schemes
were also identified in the synthetic jet impingent (Valiorgue et al.
[9], Persoons et al. [10]). When the stroke length of SJ is large, both
the primary vortex rings that form from periodic ejecting at the
orifice and the secondary vortex rings that form from shearing and
paring in the shear layer were contributive attributive for the heat
transfer together. However, when the stroke length of SJ is small,
the heat transfer on the target was mainly attributed to the sep-
arate propagating of a train of primary vortex rings. Recently, Xu
and Wang [11] performed a PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) mea-
surement to reveal the combined effects of the stroke length and
the Reynolds number on synthetic jet vortex rings impinging onto
a solid wall. It was identified that the effect of stroke length on an
impinging synthetic jet is mainly reflected in the vortex ring co-
herence before impacting the wall. The effect of Reynolds number
was more behaved for a small-stroke-length impinging synthetic
jet. During the last decade, vast efforts had been devoted to illus-
trating the multi-parameter influence on SJ heat transfer in a great

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120832
0017-9310/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Y.-w. Lyu, J.-z. Zhang, J.-w. Tan et al. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 167 (2021) 120832

[31,32]). From detailed measurement or numerical simulation of

Nomenclature the three-dimensional flow fields, it had been well illustrated that
the chevrons or lobes could induce an array of streamwise vortices
A area (m2 ) in the near-filed of the jet, thus changing the azimuthal coher-
a diameter of semi-circular lobe (m) ence of round jet and promoting the turbulence level of approach-
AR aspect ratio of lobe ing jet toward the target surface. Subsequently, the heat transfer
d equivalent diameter of orifice (m) enhancement of jet impingement was generally obtained by the
d1 inner diameter corresponding to lobe valleys (m) use of these advanced nozzles. In the synthetic jet impingement,
d2 outer diameter corresponding to lobe peaks (m) the orifice shapes were also concerned by many researchers re-
D piston diameter (m) cently. Bhapkar et al. [33] studied the influences of orifice shape
Dc concave target diameter (m) on the thermal and acoustic performances of SJ impingement ex-
f operational frequency (Hz) perimentally, by taking several orifices (e.g. circular, square, rect-
h convective heat transfer coefficient (W/(m2 K)) angular and elliptical) into consideration. At small impinging dis-
H jet-to-surface distance (m) tances, the elliptical orifice was found superior to the other ori-
k thermal conductivity (W/(mK)) fices generally. However, at large impinging distances, both the cir-
ks thermal conductivity of heater sheet (W/(mK)) cular and square orifices were demonstrated better than the other
L piston stroke length (m) orifices. Mangate and Chaudhari [34] experimentally investigated
L0 synthetic jet stroke length (m) two non-circular orifices (diamond and oval). When compared to
Lc longitudinal length of concave target (m) the baseline circular orifice, the diamond orifice and the oval ori-
lc clearance between piston top dead and orifice plate fice could increase the maximum average Nu about 17% and 7%
(m) respectively at 200Hz. Further, they considered the multiple-orifice
N lobe number synthetic jet impingement wherein the orifices were arranged in
Nu Nusselt number a central-satellite mode [35]. It was found that the maximum
Q heat power (W) spatially-averaged heat transfer coefficient could be increased 12%
q heat flux (W/m2 ) by the use of multiple-orifice with respect to the single orifice. The
R radius from jet stagnation point (m) central orifice played a dominate role on heat transfer enhance-
Re characteristic Reynolds number of synthetic jet ment. Liu et al. [36] performed an experimental study to illus-
r radial direction trate the role of round-orifice diffusion on SJ impingement. With
s thickness of orifice plate (m), curvilinear direction respect to the non-diffusion orifice, the orifice diffusion with an
Sr Strouhal number appropriate diffused-angle was found to provide a 30% increase at
T temperature (K) best under small impinging distances. Iwana et al [37] proposed a
U0 characteristic synthetic jet velocity (m/s) combined active-passive device on the jet impingement enhance-
x,y,z directions ment, wherein triangular tabs and synthetic jets were integrated
together. The use of chevron nozzles on SJ heat transfer enhance-
Greek letters
ment was explored by Crispo et al. [38–40] and Lyu et al. [41] more
δ thickness of heater sheet (m)
recently. For the SJ with a large dimensionless stroke length, the
ρ density (kg/m3 )
chevron nozzle was identified to yield a 20% heat transfer increase
Subscripts at small jet-to-surface distances with respect to the round noz-
a relative to ambient zle. Its role on enhancing impingement heat transfer was more
aw relative to adiabatic wall demonstrated for the SJ with a small dimensionless stroke length,
b relative to back surface of insulator in a wider scope of impinging distance. Giachetti et al. [42,43] per-
cond relative to conduction formed experimental investigations on the heat transfer enhance-
eff relative to effective heat transfer ment by the use of multi-perforation synthetic jets under laminar
joule relative to joule heating and turbulence cross-flow situations. From their study, the sensi-
jet relative to synthetic jet tive parameters (such as jet frequency, piston amplitude displace-
l-av circumferentially line-averaged ment and cross-flow velocity) were evaluated. It was concluded
loss relative to heat loss that the heat transfer from the synthetic jet device can be ampli-
ref reference fied by 23%~175% among the concerned situations.
s-av spatially-averaged As the SJ was generated from its self-synthesized process, the
w relative to wall effects of orifice geometry on its impinging heat transfer were
demonstrated more intricate than the traditional continuous jet.
In particular, because of its inherent ‘synthesized’ feature, an ap-
variety (such as driving mode of actuator, operational frequency, parent temperature rise could take place in the SJ during impinge-
impinging distance, multiple-jet interaction, presence of cross-flow, ment process under small jet-to-target distances, wherein the im-
etc. [12–19]). The detailed of advance about SJ impingement was pinged warmer fluid could be partly suctioned into the actuator
comprehensively also reviewed by Krishan et al. [20] and Arshad cavity (Gillespie et al. [44]). To alleviate the temperature rise in
et al. [21] more recently. SJ impingement heat transfer, Bhapkar et al. [45] proposed a tech-
In common sense, the orifice or nozzle shape is a very impor- nologic way by modifying the orifice-cavity shapes. It was iden-
tant factor affecting the flow dynamics and heat transfer charac- tified that a properly-contoured orifice-cavity shape can improve
teristics of jet impingement. It was regarded as a major passive the SJ heat transfer characteristics significantly under small jet-to-
strategy for heat transfer enhancement in the continuous jet situ- target distances. Rylatt and O’Donovan [46,47] proposed another
ations (Carlomagno and Ianiro [22]). Two typical fluidic-excitation technologic way by equipping an additional ducting close to the
nozzles that gained much attention recently were the tabbed or SJ orifice. From experimental tests the role of additional ducting
chevron nozzle (Violato and Scarano [23], Violato et al. [24], Yu was identified in the SJ impingement, with a maximum heat trans-
et al. [25,26], Vinze et al. [27]) and the lobed nozzle (Martin fer increase of 27% in the vicinity of jet stagnation. Bhapkar et al.
and Buchlin [28], Sodjavi et al. [29], Trinh et al. [30], He and Liu [48] performed a PIV measurement on the radial wall jet formed

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Y.-w. Lyu, J.-z. Zhang, J.-w. Tan et al.
by a normal synthetic jet impingement. Under a small jet-to-target
distance, a large recirculation zone was clearly observed near the
stagnation region and in the wall jet region, indicating a strong
confinement effect. Apparently, the temperature-rise phenomenon
in SJ impingement onto a concave target would behave more pro-
nouncedly when compared to the flat target, because the ‘confined’
effect of impinged fluid between the heated target and actuator
orifice became more serious. Besides, the evolution of an imping-
ing SJ would be also affected by the re-circulated flow inside con-
cave cavity.
In order to bring out the effects of orifice shape and target
surface shape on SJ impingement heat transfer performance more
deeply, a series of experimental tests are conducted in the present
work, by taking two specific planar-lobed orifices (namely, petal-
shaped orifice and arch-shaped orifice) and two typical targets
(flat target and semi-cylindrical concave target) into considerations,
with the use of a piston-driven actuator. The experimental tests are
performed under a series of operational frequencies and dimen-
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of experimental setup.
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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 167 (2021) 120832
sionless jet-to-target distances. From current study, several inter-
esting findings relating to the effects of orifice shape and target
surface shape on SJ heat transfer are brought forward.
2. Experimental procedures
2.1. Test setup
Fig. 1 displays the schematic diagram of the test setup. A
piston-driven actuator was utilized in the current study. Its main
geometric parameters were summarized in Table 1, including the
internal diameter (D), piston stroke (L), orifice plate thickness (s),
and the cavity clearance (lc ) wherein the piston at its reciprocat-
ing top-dead. On this orifice plate, a central hole was made, with a
diameter (d) of 10 mm for the baseline round orifice. The recipro-
cating movement of the piston was driven by a variable-frequency
electric motor, through a crankshaft-rod mechanism. In the present
tests, the operational frequency (f) varied from 10Hz to 25Hz. Re-
Y.-w. Lyu, J.-z. Zhang, J.-w. Tan et al. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 167 (2021) 120832

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of lobed orifices.

Table 1 Two specific planar lobed orifices were considered in this study,
Main geometric parameters of piston-driven SJA.
as shown in Fig. 2. One was referred as petal-shaped lobe orifice,
Parameter Value similar to that adopted by Martin and Buchlin [28] as well as He
Internal diameter (D) 52 mm and Liu [31,32] in continuous jet impingement. Another was re-
Piston stroke (L) 64 mm ferred as arch-shaped lobe orifice, similar to that adopted by Sod-
Orifice plate thickness (s) 1 mm javi et al. [29] and Trinh et al. [30] in continuous jet impingement.
Orifice diameter (d) 10 mm For the petal-shaped orifices, three configurations were taken into
Cavity clearance (lc ) 10 mm
consideration by altering the lobe numbers (N), as seen in Fig. 2(a).
Each petal took on a semi-circular shape with a diameter of a. Cor-
responding to the 4-lobe, 6-lobe and 8-lobe petal-shaped orifices,
Table 2
Characteristic velocities, Reynolds numbers and Strouhal numbers under different the diameters of petals were 5.5mm, 4mm and 3.1mm in turns.
excitation frequencies. For the arch-shaped orifices, the lobe number was fixed as 6, but
the aspect ratio of the lobe was changed. As seen in Fig. 2(b), the
Frequency (Hz) 10 15 20 25
arch took on a semi-circular shape with a diameter of a=2mm. By
U0 (m/s) 12.44 18.66 24.88 31.1
changing the inner diameter (d1 ) corresponding to the lobe valleys
Re 7820 11740 15650 19550
Sr 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008
and the outer diameter (d2 ) corresponding to the lobe peaks, three
different aspect ratios of the lobe (defined as AR = 0.5(d2 − d1 )/a)
were obtained. They were 1, 2 and 3, respectively. All of the shaped
orifices had the same exit area as the baseline round orifice. In the
ferring our previous study [41], this piston-driven SJ had a large other ward, they had the same equivalent orifice diameter (d) as
stroke length (L0 ) of 1.24m, regardless of variation of the oper- the baseline round orifice. When compared to the baseline round
ational frequency. The characteristic velocity (U0 ) was varied lin- orifice, the lobed orifice enlarged the interaction length of the ori-
early along the operational frequency. Table 2 presents the charac- fice with the working fluid while remained the orifice exiting area.
teristic velocity (U0 ), Reynolds number (Re) and Strouhal number Two target surfaces were taken into consideration. The flat tar-
(Sr) of piston-driven synthetic jet in current tests. The variation of get had a square size with a side-length of 200 mm. For the semi-
operational frequency had rare influence on the Strouhal number cylindrical concave surface, as displayed in Fig. 3, the diameter (Dc )
for the piston-driven SJ. and the longitudinal length (Lc ) were designed as 100 mm and 200

4
Y.-w. Lyu, J.-z. Zhang, J.-w. Tan et al.
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of concave target test model.
mm, respectively. The target plate was a composite assembly by
mounting a thin Inconel-625 sheet (0.025mm-thick) onto a 5mm-
thick perforated transparent plastic plate wherein a square-shaped
opening (100 mm × 100 mm) was fabricated. It was fastened on a
traverse platform to make the jet-to-target distance (H) adjustable
continuously. The Inconel-625 sheet was heated by inputting the
joule heating power (Qjoule ) through two copper bars that clamped
on its bi-lateral edges. To reduce the heat losses from the rear sur-
face of target (opposite to the SJ impingement) to the environment
as far as possible, an insulator box was set up. On the top of insu-
lator box a rectangular opening (60 mm in y-direction and 100 mm
in x-direction) was made for installing a same-size infrared glass.
This infrared window was perfectly transmissive to the IR camera
operating at 8-14μm band of the infrared spectrum. Beside, on the
insulator outer-surface ten K-type thermocouples were fixed to de-
termine the average temperature on it, for the purpose of estima-
tion of heat losses.
During the tests, the target surfaces that exposed to IR camera
were carefully treated in advance, by spraying a uniform thin-coat
with a perfect emissivity of 0.96. On each target surface, four K-
type thermocouples were also used to monitor the heat transfer
process of SJ impingement. The temperature measurement errors,
for IR camera and K-type thermocouple, were pre-calibrated form
respective tests that had been well described in our previous study
[41].
2.2. Measurement and data reduction
The heat transfer measurement was conducted under a quasi-
steady state of SJ impingement process, wherein the temperature
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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 167 (2021) 120832
variations at the specified monitoring points on the target surface
were all identified to approach their respectively saturate mean-
levels. Then, the sampling of the IR camera was triggered by using
a synchronizer device linking to the signal of synthetic jet actu-
ator. The sampling time was assigned as 20 seconds for the pur-
pose of eliminating the effect of temperature fluctuation in the un-
steady jet impingement. Thus 600 frames of thermal images were
obtained to determine the time-averaged temperature. From the
above measurement procedure, the time-averaged heat transfer co-
efficient and Nusselt number were determined as
(Q joule − Qloss )/A − qcond q joule − qloss − qcond
h(x, y ) = = (1)
Tw − Tre f Tw − Tre f
h(x, y )d
Nu(x, y ) = (2)
k
where Qjoule is the joule heating power, Qloss is the heat loss from
the target rear-surface to the surroundings. A is the heater-sheet
area. qjoule and qloss are the joule-heating heat flux and heat-loss
heat flux respectively. qcond is the tangential heat-conduction heat
flux in the heater sheet. Tw is the target surface temperature and
Tref is referred as the reference temperature. k is the working-fluid
thermal conductivity at the reference temperature.
In Eq. (1), Qjoule was directly determined from the records of
electric current (I) and voltage (V) imposing on the heater sheet.
Qloss was estimated with the use of an empirical relation relating
to the effective heat transfer coefficient (heff,b ) according to Li et al.
[49], as illustrated in Eq. (3). The tangential heat conduction was
treated according to Greco et al. [50], as illustrated in Eq. (4).
Qloss = he f f,b Ab (Tb − Ta ) he f f,b = 0.11(Tb − Ta ) + 12.5 (3)
where Ab is the surface area of insulator exposed to the environ-
ment. Tb is the average surface temperature on the insulator. Ta is
the ambient temperature. In the current tests, the heat loss was
found to be within 6% of the joule heating power.
 
∂ 2 Tw ∂ 2 Tw
qcond = ks δ + (4)
∂ x2 ∂ y2
where δ is the heater-sheet thickness. ks is the heater-sheet ther-
mal conductivity.
The selection of Tref in the determination of SJ impingement
heat transfer coefficient was a notable issue. More recently, Lyu
et al. [51] performed a series of experimental tests to study the
temperature-rise phenomenon in a piston-driven SJ. By using three
selections of the reference temperature, namely, the ‘real’ synthetic
jet temperature (Tjet ), the adiabatic wall temperature (Taw ) and the
ambient temperature (Ta ), they illustrated that Tjet -based and Taw -
based Nusselt numbers could be twice times of Ta -based Nusselt
number. Generally, the Tjet or Taw might be more properly used as
reference temperature in the definition of convective heat transfer
coefficient [39,44,45], because the temperature-variation effect of
SJ on the convective heat transfer coefficient definition was entirely
or partly dispelled. However, as the temperature-variation effect of
SJ was extremely complicated, unfortunately, the accurate determi-
nation of Tjet or Taw was indeed a difficult problem in the applica-
tions. For this cause, the driving temperature difference T=(Tw -
Ta ) was still a common selection in the SJ impingement situations.
As the temperature-variation effect of SJ was included in the Ta -
based convective heat transfer coefficient, this specific definition
reflected the comprehensive performance of ‘heat removal’ by the
synthetic jet impingement, in accordance with the inherent ‘syn-
thesized’ feature of SJ. Furthermore, it was noted that the current
study mainly focused on illustrating the influences of orifice shape
and target surface shape on SJ impingement heat transfer perfor-
mance, the conclusions relating the influencing roles were not af-
fected by the definition scheme of Nusselt number. Therefore, in
current study the reference temperature (Tref ) was selected as Ta .
Y.-w. Lyu, J.-z. Zhang, J.-w. Tan et al. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 167 (2021) 120832

Fig. 4. Local time-averaged Nu contours on flat target at f=15Hz for round orifice.

Table 3
Measured or used parameters and corresponding uncertainties.

Parameter Error source Maximum uncertainty

q joule
qjoule Electric voltage measurement (V), ±2%Electric current measurement (I), ±1%Effective area of heating foil, ±1% q joule −qloss
= ±2.6%
q s
qloss Temperature measurement (Tb ), ±0.5°CTemperature measurement (Ta ), ±0.5°CEmpirical relation (hnb ), ±10% q joule −qloss
= ±1.0%
Tw
Tw Temperature measurement, ±1.0°C Tw −Tre f
= ±5.6%
Tre f
Tref Temperature measurement, ±0.5°C Tw −Tre f
= ±2.8%
k
k Temperature effect, ±2% k
= ±2.0%
d
d Manufacture error, ±1.5% d
= ±1.5%

Table 4
Test arrangements and corresponding descriptions.

No Orifice - Target Description

1 round orifice - flat target f=10-25Hz, H/d=2-14

2 petal-shaped orifice - flat target f=10-25Hz, H/d=2-14, N=4, 6 and 8
3 arch-shaped orifice - flat target f=10-25Hz, H/d=2-14, AR=1, 2 and 3
4 round orifice - concave target f=10-25Hz, H/d=6-14
5 petal-shaped orifice - concave target f=10-25Hz, H/d=6-14, N=6
6 arch-shaped orifice - concave target f=10-25Hz, H/d=2-14, AR=2

6
Y.-w. Lyu, J.-z. Zhang, J.-w. Tan et al. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 167 (2021) 120832

Fig. 5. Effects of impinging distance on line-averaged Nu for round orifice on flat

target.

In current study, two types of averaged Nusselt numbers were

applied, referring as line-averaged Nusselt number (Nul-av ) and
spatially-averaged Nusselt number (Nus-av ). The former was de-
termined in a circumferential line around the jet stagnation and
the latter was determined in a specified region with a radius of
R=4d. For the concave surface, local Nusselt number distribution
was firstly transferred on a two-dimensional flat plane and then
the averaged Nusselt numbers were calculated.
Regarding Eqs. (1)–(4), the main affecting parameters, as well
as their respective uncertainties involved in the uncertainty anal-
ysis of Nu measurement, were summarized in Table 3. They were
qjoule , qloss , Tw , Tref , k and d. For the joule heating power per unit
area (qjoule ), its uncertainty was determined from instrument ac-
curacy (such as electric current I, electric voltage U) and direct
measurement (such as heater-sheet area A). Considering that the Fig. 6. Effects of operational frequency on line-averaged Nu for round orifice on flat
heat loss was within 6% of the joule heating power, the maximum target.
uncertainty of qjoule was estimated to be ±2.6%. As the heat loss
(qloss ) was estimated approximately by using the empirical rela-
tion, on account that the empirical relation on determining effec- the target surface and the surrounding ambient was mostly be-
tive heat transfer coefficient had an accuracy of 90%, the maximum yond 20°C. The maximum uncertainties induced by independent
uncertainty induced by qloss was then estimated to be ±1.0%. In Tw and Tref were estimated to be ±5.8% and ±2.8%, respectively.
the current tests, the measured temperature difference between The uncertainty in the thermal conductivity of working fluid due

7
Y.-w. Lyu, J.-z. Zhang, J.-w. Tan et al. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 167 (2021) 120832

Fig. 7. Local time-averaged Nu contours on flat target at f=15Hz and H/d=2 for petal-shaped orifices.

to temperature effect was determined to be ±2.0% according to ranged, as displayed in Table 4. They could be really classified into
the ambient temperature fluctuation during tests. The uncertainty two groups, according to the target shapes. In the present tests,
in the nozzle diameter due to manufacture error was determined the dimensionless jet-to-target distance (H/d) was adjusted from 2
to be ±1.5% from the direct measurement. Therefore, by using the to 14 for the flat-target situations. While for the concave-target sit-
error-transfer methodology [52], the maximum uncertainty of Nus- uations, the dimensionless jet-to-target distance was only adjusted
selt number was estimated from Eq. (5) to be ±7.3% approximately, from 6 to 14, due to the geometric interference of SJA with the
which occurred at a small jet-to-surface distance of H/d=2 and op- concave cavity at small impinging distances.
eration frequency of f=25Hz.
 2  2  2  2  2  2
Nu q joule qloss Tw Tre f d k
=± + + + + + (5)
Nu q joule − qloss q joule − qloss Tw − Tre f Tw − Tre f d k

3. SJ Impingement on flat target

2.3. Test arrangements 3.1. Baseline round orifice

In the current study, both the orifice shape and the target shape Fig. 4 presents local Nu contours on the flat surface at dif-
were concerned. Totally, six orifice-target combinations were ar- ferent dimensionless impinging distances under f=15Hz (corre-

8
Y.-w. Lyu, J.-z. Zhang, J.-w. Tan et al.
Fig. 8. Local time-averaged Nu contours on flat target at f=15Hz and H/d=8 for petal-shaped orifices.
sponding Re=11740). Fig. 5 displays the influence of H/d on line-
averaged Nu distributions for the baseline round orifice. It is seen
from Fig. 4(a) that a ‘double peaks’ pattern in the local Nu con-
tours appears at H/d=2, same as that demonstrated by previous
researches [19,39,41]. Seen from Fig. 5, the optimal dimensionless
jet-to-target distance is identified to be H/d=8 at f=15Hz and re-
placed by H/d=12 at f=25Hz (corresponding Re=19550). Generally,
SJ impingement heat transfer at H/d=2 is the worst among the cur-
rent range of jet-to-target distances.
Fig. 6 shows the effect of frequency on line-averaged Nu dis-
tributions for the baseline round orifice. Under a small imping-
ing distance (i.e. H/d=2), f=15Hz is confirmed to be an op-
timal working frequency, and f=10Hz (corresponding Re=7820)
is the next. Under a moderate impinging distance (i.e. H/d=8),
f=15Hz may also be regarded as an appropriate value, how-
ever, higher operational frequencies are demonstrated to be su-
perior to f=10Hz. When r/d exceeds 2, the line-averaged Nu
achieved at f=20Hz is even larger than that at f=15Hz. Un-
der H/d=14, the appropriate operational frequency is identi-
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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 167 (2021) 120832
fied to be f=25Hz. Generally, as the jet-to-target distance in-
creases, the suitable operational frequency of SJA is increased
accordingly.
The above heat transfer characteristics are interpreted here, in
the viewings of flow morphology regimes and temperature varia-
tion effects together. Referring to Valiorgue et al. [9] and Persoons
et al. [10], the impingement heat transfer of a large-stroke-length
SJ (a threshold value of L0 /H is suggested to be 2.5 by Valiorgue
et al. [9] and Persoons et al. [10]) is dominated by the primary
vortex rings and the secondary vortex rings simultaneously. With
regard to the present piston-driven SJ, its stroke length is 1.24m,
far larger than the threshold value of L0 /H, therefore, it is cer-
tain that the current SJ is a large-stroke-length SJ. As its charac-
teristic velocity is varied along f in a nearly linear mode, the in-
crease of f promotes synthetic Reynolds number and subsequently
would enhance the coherence intensity of vortical structures as
well as the development capacity of the approaching jet toward
the target. It exhibits a positive aspect for SJ impingement heat
transfer. However, the increase of f would aggravate the degrada-
Y.-w. Lyu, J.-z. Zhang, J.-w. Tan et al.
Fig. 9. Comparison of line-averaged Nu between petal-shaped orifices and round orifice on flat target.
tion of SJ quality due to the temperature-rise effect, presenting
a negative aspect for SJ impingement heat transfer on the other-
wise [44,45,51]. Therefore, SJ impingement heat transfer is appar-
ently associated with the competition of the above two aspects,
namely SJ capacity and SJ quality. Under a small H/d, the temper-
ature variation effect will become more pronounced. The SJ qual-
ity would be severely affected when the operational frequency is
too large. On the other hand, the SJ capacity would be severely
weakened when the operational frequency is too small wherein
the corresponding synthetic Reynolds number is abated. In such
a situation, moderate operational frequencies (also moderate syn-
thetic Reynolds numbers) would be appropriate because both SJ
capacity and SJ quality could be well matched. Under a large H/d,
as the heated target is far away from the orifice, the warm-air
suction is effectively alleviated. In such a situation, the SJ qual-
ity is rarely affected by the operational frequency so that the SJ
impingement heat transfer is completely dominated by its native
coherence of vortical structures. Subsequently, as the operational
frequency increases, the SJ impingement heat transfer is increased
monotonously.
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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 167 (2021) 120832
3.2. Petal-shaped orifices
Fig. 7 displays local Nu contours on the flat target under H/d=2
and f=15Hz, for the petal-shaped orifices. As shown in Fig. 7(a),
a clear ‘satellite-similar’ pattern of the local Nu distribution is
demonstrated in the 4-lobe petal-shaped orifice SJ impingement.
Four separated islands that occupy high heat transfer coefficient
are distributed around the jet stagnation, in accordance with the
respective lobe valley of 4-lobe petal-shaped orifice. Another cen-
tral island that occupies a high heat transfer coefficient is appeared
in the jet stagnation. Looking at the petal-shaped orifice configura-
tion (as seen in Fig. 2(a)), the lobe valley between adjacent petals
seems similar to a tilted tab with respect to the baseline orifice.
Referring Reeder and Samimy [53], the tab acts as a vortex gen-
erator to perturb vortical motions in the evolution of a jet. Due
to the tab-excited streamwise vortices shedding from the lobe val-
ley, the local heat transfer is enhanced, agrees well with the pre-
vious findings in a continuous jet impingement study performed
by Gao et al. [54]. For the 6-lobe petal-shaped orifice, as displayed
in Fig. 7(b), the local Nu in the vicinity of jet stagnation is obvi-
Y.-w. Lyu, J.-z. Zhang, J.-w. Tan et al.
Fig. 10. Local time-averaged Nu contours on flat target at f=15Hz and H/d=2 for arch-shaped orifices.
ously improved in comparison with the 4-lobe petal-shaped ori-
fice. Besides, the adjacent satellite-type islands that occupy high
heat transfer coefficient are connected together gradually. Around
the jet stagnation, six satellite-type islands that occupy small heat
transfer coefficient are still observed in accordance with the re-
spective lobe peak of 6-lobe petal-shaped orifice. With regard to
the 8-lobe petal-shaped orifice, it is found that the local Nu in the
vicinity of jet stagnation is significantly reduced when compared to
the other petal configurations. In addition, as seen in Fig. 7(c), the
Nu distribution remains ring pattern with a ‘double peaks’ feature,
similar to that of the round orifice. Looking at the petal-shaped
orifice configuration, with the increase of lobe number, the tilted
length of lobe valley is relevantly reduced. As a consequence, the
vortex pair is conjectured to be increased but the vortex scale re-
duced. When compared to the baseline round orifice, the ‘double
peaks’ feature in 8-lobe petal-shaped orifice is more distinct.
Fig. 8 displays local Nu contours on the flat target under H/d=8
and f=15Hz, for the petal-shaped orifices. Under a larger jet-to-
target distance, the characteristic pattern in local Nu contours takes
on an axisymmetric ring shape, because the lobed jet issuing from
a petal-shaped orifice develops to an axisymmetric jet in the far
11
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 167 (2021) 120832
downstream region. Also, seen from Fig. 8, it is identified that
the 6-lobe petal-shaped orifice produces the highest heat transfer
among the current petal configurations.
Fig. 9 shows a direct comparison of the line-averaged Nu dis-
tributions on flat target between the petal-shaped orifices and the
baseline round orifice, under some cases. It is confirmed that the
petal-shaped orifice is able to play a positive role in the synthetic
jet heat transfer, tightly dependent on petal-shaped orifice design.
In general, the 6-lobe petal-shaped orifice is a most promising ori-
fice configuration.
3.3. Arch-shaped orifices
Figs. 10 and 11 display local Nu contours on the flat target at
f=15Hz for the arch-shaped orifices, under H/d=2 and H/d=8, re-
spectively. Under a small jet-to-target distance, the ‘lobe-shaped’
pattern of Nu contours is vigorously displayed for all arch-shaped
orifices, resembling the orifice configuration. The lobed pattern of
Nu distribution is staggered with the lobed geometry of orifice. Be-
tween two adjacent arch-shaped lobes, the shearing vortices are
coupled together in the synthetic jet development so that a higher
Y.-w. Lyu, J.-z. Zhang, J.-w. Tan et al.
Fig. 11. Local time-averaged Nu contours on flat target at f=15Hz and H/d=8 for arch-shaped orifices.
convective heat transfer is resulted. Under H/d=8, the character-
istic ‘lobe-shaped’ pattern of Nu contours disappears, owing to
the same cause mentioned in the petal-shaped orifices. Seen from
Figs. 10 and 11, it is confirmed that a moderate lobe aspect ra-
tio (AR=2) provides the best synthetic jet impingement heat trans-
fer among the current arch-shaped orifices. Referring Fig. 2(b), as
the arched-lobe has the same width, thus the increase of lobe as-
pect ratio leads to a relative reduction in the inner diameter (d1 )
that corresponds to the lobe valleys but a relative increase in the
outer diameter (d2 ) that corresponds to the lobe peaks. With re-
spect to AR=2, the smaller lobe aspect ratio (such as AR=1) re-
sults in a reduction of the interaction length of the orifice with
the working fluid, making the fluidic excitation weaker. However,
if the lobe aspect ratio is too big (such as AR=3), the circum-
ferential interval between adjacent lobe peaks is enlarged to af-
fect the vortices integration. In some sense, the lobed-orifice with
a big lobe aspect ratio seems more close to a central-satellite
multi-orifice in the geometric configuration, wherein the lobes act
as the satellite orifices. Looking at Fig. 10(c), it is identified that
the central part of lobed-orifice plays a dominate role on SJ im-
pingement, agreeing well with the previous finding of Mangate
12
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 167 (2021) 120832
and Chaudhari [35]. Besides, as the inner diameter corresponding
to the lobe valleys is reduced, the lobe valley is narrowed down
to affect the vortices-synthesize from this region. Therefore, in
the lobed orifice design, the lobe-aspect-ratio should be carefully
concerned.
Fig. 12 shows a direct comparison of the line-averaged Nu
distributions on flat target between the arch-shaped orifices and
the baseline round orifice, under some cases. Similar to that in
the petal-shaped orifices, the properly-designed arch-shaped ori-
fice exhibits an obviously positive action on the SJ heat transfer
enhancement with respect to the baseline round orifice, in partic-
ular the 6-lobe arch-shaped orifice with a moderate lobe aspect
ratio.
3.4. Comparison between N=6 petal-shaped orifice and AR=2
arch-shaped orifice
Form the above mentions, it is confirmed that N=6 petal-
shaped orifice and AR=2 arch-shaped orifice remove the most heat
in their respective categories. Therefore, they are chosen here for
the purpose of direct comparison.
Y.-w. Lyu, J.-z. Zhang, J.-w. Tan et al.
Fig. 12. Comparison of line-averaged Nu between arch-shaped orifices and round orifice on flat target.
Fig. 13 presents direct comparisons of line-averaged Nu dis-
tributions on the flat target between N=6 petal-shaped orifice
and AR=2 arch-shaped orifice at two operational frequencies.
Fig. 14 presents direct comparisons of line-averaged Nu distribu-
tions between N=6 petal-shaped orifice and AR=2 arch-shaped
orifice under three dimensionless impinging distances. Although
the influencing trends of operational frequency and jet-to-target
distance on the lobed-orifice SJ heat transfer are found gener-
ally in agreement with corresponding ones observed in the base-
line round orifice, some differences are also demonstrated between
them. Taking N=6 petal-shaped orifice as an example, it is seen
from Fig. 13 that the relationship of SJ impingement heat trans-
fer between H/d=4 and H/d=12 at f=15Hz, and the relationship
between H/d=10 and H/d=14 at f=25Hz are opposite to the cor-
responding ones in the baseline round SJ impingement (seen in
Fig. 5). Also, in the baseline round orifice situation, the stagnation-
nearby line-averaged Nu at f=10Hz is slightly higher than that at
f=15Hz, under H/d=2 (seen in Fig. 6(a)). But in the lobed-orifice
situation, as seen in Fig. 14(a), the line-averaged Nu numbers at
f=15Hz are distinctly greater than that at f=10Hz over the entire
target. The relationship of SJ impingement heat transfer between
13
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 167 (2021) 120832
f=20Hz and f=25Hz for the lobed orifice is also identified oppo-
site to the round orifice, either under H/d=2 or H/d=8, by compar-
ing Figs. 14 and 6. These differences are conjectured to be caused
by dual effects of the shaped orifice on the synthetic jet impinge-
ment, also referring as SJ capacity and SJ quality. For the lobed ori-
fice, as the streamwise vortical structures are excited in the jet,
the turbulence mixing would be enhanced (Nastase and Meslem
[55], Lyu et al. [56]). On the other hand, the orifice shape also
affects the temperature variation in the impinging synthetic jet.
From this comprehensive standpoint, the above-mentioned differ-
ences could be explained. For an instance, under a smaller jet-to-
target distance, although the fluidic-excitation effect of lobed ori-
fice is stronger than that in a far-field flow, the negative influence
of temperature-variation effect on the SJ quality would also be am-
plified. Referring Figs. 13(a) and 5(a), the SJ heat transfer near the
jet stagnation is greater under H/d=12 than that under H/d=4 at
f=15Hz for the N=6 petal-shaped orifice, but the situation is op-
posite for the baseline round orifice. This change is attributed to
the cause that the ‘net’ positive output of the shaped orifice on SJ
impingement behaves more pronouncedly under H/d=12 than that
under H/d=4. Similarly, referring Figs. 14 and 6, the lobed-orifice
Y.-w. Lyu, J.-z. Zhang, J.-w. Tan et al. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 167 (2021) 120832

Fig. 13. Effects of impinging distance on line-averaged Nu for two 6-lobe shaped
orifices on flat target.

SJ produces a higher heat transfer at f=25Hz than that at f=20Hz

under H/d=2 and H/d=8, opposite to the baseline round orifice.
With the increase of operational frequency, the vortical excitation
produced by the lobed orifice becomes stronger, which could pro-
vide a more pronounced ‘net’ positive role on the synthetic jet heat
transfer.
Evaluated from the spatially-averaged Nu in the specified region
with a radius of R=4d, on the flat target, the relative increases pro-
duced by N=6 petal-shaped orifice with respect to baseline round
orifice are generally a little larger than the AR=2 arch-shaped ori-
fice, as demonstrated in Fig. 15. At the most, the spatially-averaged
Nu is increased by 26% for the N=6 petal-shaped orifice and 21%
for the AR=2 arch-shaped orifice, at f=15Hz and H/d=10. It is also
noted that the active role of the shaped orifice on heat trans-
fer enhancement behaves more pronouncedly under the situations Fig. 14. Effects of operational frequency on line-averaged Nu for two 6-lobe shaped
wherein the dimensionless jet-to-target distance is departure from orifices on flat target.
the ‘optimal jet-to-target distance’ of the round-orifice synthetic optimal jet-to-target distance for the baseline round-orifice syn-
jet impingement in accordance with its respect operational fre- thetic jet impingement is increased with the operational frequency
quency. For the current piston-driven SJ, the stroke length and the (or Reynolds number). Beside, different from the continuous jet
Strouhal number are fixed. With the increase of the operational impingement, the effect of Reynolds number on SJ impingement
frequency, the characteristic velocity and Reynolds number are in- behaves more complicatedly, associated with the SJ capacity and
creased in a nearly linear mode. As discussed in Section 3.1, the SJ quality. At small and moderate jet-to-target distances, the ‘heat

14
Y.-w. Lyu, J.-z. Zhang, J.-w. Tan et al. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 167 (2021) 120832

Fig. 15. Relative increases of spatially-averaged Nu by lobed orifices with respect to round orifice on flat target.

Fig. 16. Local time-averaged Nu contours on concave target at f=15Hz for round orifice.

15
Y.-w. Lyu, J.-z. Zhang, J.-w. Tan et al. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 167 (2021) 120832

Fig. 17. Effects of operational frequency on line-averaged Nu for round orifice on Fig. 18. Comparison of line-averaged Nu between concave target and flat target for
concave target. round orifice.

16
Y.-w. Lyu, J.-z. Zhang, J.-w. Tan et al. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 167 (2021) 120832

removal’ outcome is not monotonously increased with the increase

of SJ Reynolds number. For these causes, the relative-increase of
spatially-averaged Nu produced by the use of shaped orifices is
tightly dependent on the jet-to-target distance and the operational
frequency (or Reynolds number). Generally, the dimensionless jet-
to-target distance that corresponds to the weakest relative-increase
of spatially-averaged Nu is increased. It appears under H/d=4 or 6
at f=10Hz (Re=7820), H/d=6 or 8 at f=15Hz (Re=11730), H/d=8 at
f=20Hz (Re=15640), and H/d=12 at f=25Hz (Re=19550).

4. SJ Impingement on concave surface

4.1. Baseline round orifice

Fig. 16 presents local Nu contours on the concave target at dif-

ferent dimensionless impinging distances under f=15Hz. It is seen
that the local Nu distribution takes on oval contours, with the
major axis located at the curvilinear axis of the concave target.
With respect to the SJ impingement on a flat target, it is also
found that the variation of SJ impingement heat transfer along
with the jet-to-target distance becomes weaker on the concave tar-
get. Fig. 17 presents the line-averaged Nu distributions at different
frequencies and jet-to-target distances, for the baseline round ori-
fice. As the operational frequency increases, the line-averaged Nu is
monotonously increased when the dimensionless jet-to-target dis-
tance is beyond 8.
Fig. 18 compares the line-averaged Nu distributions on con-
cave target and flat target, produced by the baseline round ori-
fice. When compared to the flat target, the SJ impingement heat
transfer is seriously reduced on the concave target. Referring pre-
vious investigations relating to the continuous jet impingement on
concave targets [57–60], the large scale circulation of fluid is iden-
tified to be an important flow feature inside the concave cavity,
affecting the flow stability and subsequently the heat transfer per-
formance. Due to the curvature effect, the concave target provides
a ‘nature’ confinement to the impinging jet, which is a very un-
favorable factor to the SJ impingement because the confinement
will make the exhaust or impinged fluid more difficult to escape
from the entrainment of SJ actuator during the suction stage, even
under a large impinging distance. Furthermore, the shearing and
pairing of vortical structures during synthetic jet development are
also conjectured to be weakened in the concave-surface situations
because of the presence of circulating flow inside the concave cav-
ity. Fig. 19 presents the relative reductions of spatially-averaged Nu
on concave target with respect to the flat target, for the round-
orifice SJ impingement. It is seen that the severe situations gener-

Fig. 20. Comparison of line-averaged Nu between concave target and flat target for
N=6 petal-shaped orifice.

ally occur at smaller jet-to-target distances and larger operational

Fig. 19. Relative reductions of spatially-averaged Nu on concave target with respect frequencies. At the most, the spatially-averaged Nu is reduced by
to flat target for round orifice. 25% on the concave target with respect to flat target. Only when

17
Y.-w. Lyu, J.-z. Zhang, J.-w. Tan et al.
Fig. 21. Comparison of line-averaged Nu between concave target and flat target for
AR=2 arch-shaped orifice.
the operational frequency is small (such as f=10Hz and 15 Hz) and
the jet-to-target distance is large (H/d=14) at the same time, the
spatially-averaged Nu on concave target is close to that on flat tar-
get.
18
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 167 (2021) 120832
Fig. 22. Relative reductions of spatially-averaged Nu on concave target with respect
to flat target for lobed orifice.
4.2. Lobed orifices
Two lobed orifices are involved in SJ impingement on the con-
cave target, referring as N=6 petal-shaped orifice and AR=2 arch-
shaped orifice, on account of their best heat removal roles in re-
spective categories.
Figs. 20 and 21 provide direct comparisons of line-averaged Nu
distributions between concave target and flat target for the N=6
petal-shaped orifice and AR=2 arch-shaped orifice, respectively. It
is also identified that the concave target weakens the SJ heat trans-
fer compared with the flat target. By comparing two shaped ori-
fices, it is found that the N=6 petal-shaped orifice produces a more
serious reduction of spatially-averaged Nu than the AR=2 arch-
shaped orifice, as displayed in Fig. 22. For the N=6 petal-shaped
orifice, in most situations the spatially-averaged Nusselt numbers
are reduced up to 25% on the concave target in comparison with
flat target. While for the AR=2 arch-shaped orifice, such a big re-
duction takes place rarely.
Fig. 23 presents direct comparisons of line-averaged Nu distri-
butions on the concave target between N=6 petal-shaped orifice
and AR=2 arch-shaped orifice at two operational frequencies. Inter-
estingly, on the concave target, the relationship of SJ impingement
Y.-w. Lyu, J.-z. Zhang, J.-w. Tan et al. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 167 (2021) 120832

Fig. 23. Comparison of line-averaged Nu between petal-shaped orifice and arch-shaped orifice on concave target.

Fig. 24. Schematic illustration of synthetic jet impingement on concave target.

heat transfer between two types of lobe-shaped orifices is altered
with respect to that on the flat target (seen in Fig. 13). On the
flat target, the N=6 petal-shaped orifice generally produces higher
SJ impingement heat transfer than the AR=2 arch-shaped orifice.
However, on the concave target, the contrary relationship takes on.
A possible reason for such a change is suggested qualitatively as
the following. As schematically illustrated in Fig. 24, the interface
of the arch-shaped orifice with the working fluid at lobe valley is
more tilted inwards the orifice center when compared to the petal-
shaped orifice, wherein the shearing and pairing of vortices be-
have most strongly. Apparently, the central part of impinging jet
issuing from the arch-shaped orifice is a little farther away from
the heated target. For this reason, two beneficial factors are con-
jectured to be involved in the arch-shaped-orifice SJ impingement
on a concave target. When compared to the petal-shaped orifice,
the formation of SJ at the central part of arch-shaped orifice is a
little more weakly affected by the warm-fluid suction. Simultane-
ously, the evolution of SJ at the central part of arch-shaped orifice

19
Y.-w. Lyu, J.-z. Zhang, J.-w. Tan et al.
Fig. 25. Relative increases of spatially-averaged Nu by arch-shaped orifice with re-
spect to round orifice on concave target.
is also a little more weakly affected by the circulating flow inside
the concave cavity. Overall, the arch-shaped orifice is a promising
shape that is helpful for mitigating the negative effect of concave
confinement to the SJ impingement.
In comparison with the round-orifice synthetic jet impinge-
ment on concave target, the N=6 petal-shaped orifice generates the
nearly same spatially-averaged Nu, within a maximum difference
less than 7%. On the concave target, the AR=2 arch-shaped ori-
fice still shows its positive role on enhancing SJ impingement heat
transfer enhancement obviously, as displayed in Fig. 25. In most
situations, the spatially-averaged Nusselt numbers are increased
up to 10% with the use of arch-shaped orifice with respect to the
baseline round orifice.
5. Conclusions
A series of experimental tests are conducted on SJ impinge-
ment, by taking two specific planar-lobed orifices (namely, petal-
shaped orifice and arch-shaped orifice) and two typical targets
(flat target and semi-cylindrical concave target) into considerations.
For the petal-shaped orifices, three configurations with different
lobe numbers (N=4, 6 and 8 in turns) are involved. For the arch-
shaped orifices, three configurations with different lobe aspect ra-
tios (AR=1, 2 and 3 in turns) are involved. All lobed orifices have
the same exit area with the baseline round orifice. The experimen-
tal tests are performed under a series of operational frequencies
(ranging from 10Hz to 25Hz) and dimensionless jet-to-target dis-
tances (ranging from 2 to 14 for flat target, and from 6 to 14 for
concave target). In the present study, the Ta -based Nu definition is
adopted. From current study, the following conclusions are brought
forward.
(1) Under the present conditions, SJ impingement heat transfer
enhancement is mostly achieved by the planar lobed ori-
fices when compared to the baseline round orifice, which
depends tightly on the lobe shape and target shape. Among
current petal-shaped orifices, the N=6 petal-shaped orifice is
demonstrated to be a most promising orifice configuration.
With regard to current arch-shaped orifices, a moderate lobe
aspect ratio is demonstrated to be the superior.
(2) On the flat target, the N=6 petal-shaped orifice is found to
be a little more superior to the AR=2 arch-shaped orifice in
general. With respect to the baseline round orifice, a maxi-
mum relative increase of 26% in the spatially-averaged Nu is
achieved by the use of N=6 petal-shaped orifice, at f=15Hz
and H/d=10. The active role of planar-lobed orifices on SJ
heat transfer enhancement behaves more pronouncedly un-
20
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 167 (2021) 120832
der the situations wherein the dimensionless jet-to-target
distance is departure from the ‘optimal jet-to-target dis-
tance’ in accordance with the round-orifice synthetic jet im-
pingement.
(3) When compared to the flat target, SJ impingement heat
transfer is seriously reduced on the concave target regard-
less of orifice shapes, which is conjectured to be caused by
the confinement effect of concave target to SJ. For the base-
line round orifice, at the most the spatially-averaged Nu is
reduced up to 25% on the concave target with respect to
the flat target. Only when the operational frequency is small
(such as f=10Hz and 15 Hz) and the jet-to-target distance
is large (H/d=14), the spatially-averaged Nu on the concave
target is close to that on the flat target.
(4) On the concave target, the relationship of SJ impingement
heat transfer between the N=6 petal-shaped orifice and
AR=2 arch-shaped orifice is found contrary to that on the
flat target. The N=6 petal-shaped orifice does not show its
advantages on SJ heat transfer enhancement as appeared on
the flat target. However, the AR=2 arch-shaped orifice still
shows its positive role on SJ heat transfer enhancement ob-
viously when compared to the baseline round orifice. The
relative increases are mostly greater than 10%. It is suggested
that a proper lobed-orifice shape could mitigate the confine-
ment effect of concave target on SJ impingement.
Authors’ statement
We would like to submit the enclosed manuscript entitled “Im-
pingement Heat Transfer on Flat and Concave Surfaces by Piston-
Driven Synthetic Jet from Planar Lobed Orifice”, which we wish to
be considered for publication in International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer. Publication has been approved by all authors, none
of the material presented in the paper is submitted or published
elsewhere, and the paper does not contain any information with
restricted access or proprietary content.
We confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associ-
ated with this publication and there has been no significant finan-
cial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome.
We confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by
all named authors and that there are no other persons who satis-
fied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. We further con-
firm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been
approved by all of us.
Declaration of Competing Interest
No conflict of interest is associated with this publication.
Acknowledgment
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial supports for
this project from the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(grant No: 51776097) and Postgraduate research and practice inno-
vation project of Jiangsu Province (KYCX17 0280).
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