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BACKGROUND-PHILOSOPHY-CONTRIBUTIONS-CASE STUDIES-
BOOKS WRITTEN BY HIM

KEUN LWCH
KEVIN LYNCH

VAISHNAVI THORAT
RAHUL PATIL
ASHITOSH SINGH

5TH YR / SEM - IX / DIV-C.

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 FIVE ELEMENTS OF A CITY
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 Lynch argues that people in urban situations
y,dfi* orient themselves by means of mental maps.
 A clear mental map of the urban environment is
needed to counter the always-looming fear of
disorientation.
 Lynch proposes that these mental maps consist of
five elements:
 CONCEPT OF MENTAL MAP
What is mental map?
A person's perception of the world is known as a mental map. A mental map is an
individual's own map of their known world. Mental maps of individuals can be investigated:

1. by asking for directions to a landmark or other location,

2. by asking someone to draw a sketch map of an area or describe that area,
3. by asking a person to name as many places as possible in a short period of time.

ALEX A
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 LANDMARKS

 Non-buildings, monuments or structures that are the focus of the pedestrian but not able to be
physically entered just visually admired.
 Landmark’s key physical characteristics was singularity some aspect that is unique or memorable in
the context.
 5ome landmarks — towers, spires, hills are distant and are typically seen from many angles and from
distance, over the top of smaller elements.
 Other landmarks — sculptures, signs and trees are primarily local being visible only in restricted
localities and from certain approaches.

Landmar ks.
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ROB KRIER
Rob krier was born in 1938 in Grevenmacher in Luxembourg near the borders of
Germany.
He was a Sculptor, Architect, urban designer and a Theorist.
He did his architecture from Technical University of Munich from 1959 to 1964.
He work with many architects in between he was the assistant in the school of
Architecture at the University of Stuttgart .
Also after that he was guest professor in collages of Switzerland,Vienna and
united states.
And from 1976 to 1994 he had his own Architect office in Vienna. From 1992 to
2004 he ran a joint office with Nicolas Lebunetel in France. From 1993 to 2010
found a joint office with Christoph kohl in berlin.
Krier first came to international attention with his 1975 book STADTRAUM, which
was translated into English under the title Urban Space in 1979.
Krier contributed theoretically and partically to several key projects in Vienna,
Berlin and Potsdam.
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 CONCEPT OF URBAN SPACE.
The concept of urban spaces without imposing aesthetic
criteria, he says are compelled to design all types of space
between buildings in town and other localities as urban
spaces.
He says spaces is geometrically bounded by a variety of
elevations. It is only the clear legibility of its geometrically
characteristics and aesthetic qualities which allow us
consciously to perceive external spaces as urban spaces.
The polarity of internal and external spaces are constantly
seen in this chapter since both obey the very same laws
not only in functions but also in the form.
Internal spaces, shielded from weather and environment
is an effective symbol of privacy . External spaces is seen
as open, unobstructed for movement in open air, with
public semi private and private zones.
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 THE SPACE
He analyzes the typological and morphological
elements of urban space.urban space can be
described as external space in the town . He has
seen it as open unobstructed space for movement
in open air, with public, semipublic and private
zone.
The concept of urban spaces has been elaborated
as space between building in the towns and other
localities.
After taking considerations aesthetic criteria, he
observes that urban space has been organized
according to its social political and cultural attitude.
Urban space has been applied to interior spaces
like corridor and rooms. He has considered square
and street as basic elements of urban spaces.
The only diifernce is the dimensions of the walls
which bound and characterize them. Square has
been illustracted with grouping houses around an
open space.
 THE STREET
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The street is a product of spread of a

settlement once the houses are build on the
available spaces around its central square
become the streets.
Street are planned to scale of the human
beings, automobile etc. it rarely operates as an
autonomous isolated space, as for example in
the cases of villages built along the single
street. Its mainly perceived as a part of network
Towns have made us familiar with the in
ecxhaustible diversity of spatiacl relationship
prodced by such a complex layout.
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THE SQUARE
This spatial model is admirably suited to residential
use. In the private space it corresponds to the
inner courtyard or atrium.
In the public spaces the square has undergone the
same development market place, parade ground,
ceremonial square, square in front of churches etc.
Commerical activites certainly. Such as the market,
but above all activites of a cultural nature. The
establishment of public administrative office.
Community halls, youth centres, libraries, theatres
and concert hall café, bars etc. where possible in
the case of central square these should be
functions which generated activity 24 hours a day.
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 Author has considered three basic geometric shapes-
square, circle & triangle. These three shapes are
affected by modulating factors like angling,
segmentation, addition, merging, overlapping &
distortion. These factors can produce regular &
irregular results of these spatial forms. Another thing
is large no of building sections which influence quality
of space. He has described ‘closed space’ that is
surrounded by buildings & ‘open space’ partially
surrounded. Scale is also considered one of the factor
which plays important role in all spatial forms.
Different scale gives different effects on urban scale.
Morphological elements He has illustrated different
examples for morphology of urban space. Range of
possible form can be find from historic towns. He has
illustrated it with different examples.
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Hanover Square in London from 18th century It has orthogonal regular

ground plan with four central intersections.
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Piazza Novona in Rome It is geometrically complex form. It is combination

of several spatial forms & many streets which enters the square.
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Squares with central building

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BOOKS WRITTEN:

Stadtraum in Theorie und Praxis (1975), Karl Krämer, Stuttgart

Urban Space (1979), Academy Editions, London

Urban Projects 1968-1982 (1982), Rizzoli International

On Architecture (1982), Academy Editions, London

Architectural Composition (1988), Academy Editions

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