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    Dahl Climate and Architecture 1 Compressed

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    CLIMATE AND ARCHITECTURE Torben Dahl oe a é rN fit ae co aio Cover images: © Schultz Henry Piere ‘Architects have always tried to mediate the natural environment and create comfortable spaces. Climate andl Architecture examines the role of climate in shaping the architecture of the word. DEM Men up Meret ul ence n Rc M s ue rn I) Pe DEC emotion eae hen muh ieee teenie) the ‘climate screen’, the interactive facade between inside and out which adjusts to suit different weather, seasons and personal tastes. Beautifully ilustrated and deeply insightful, this critical overview presents new perspectives on the power of climate to shape human habitation. Setting out the environmental basis for sustainable design, this is an essential guide for students and practitioners of architecture and urban design Cea eat By een aCe em ee eee eel aM MnO ne Wca) ee mec SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE Climate and Architecture The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts School of Architecture, Institute of Architectural Technology Editor: Torben Dahl R Routledge ZUM C43 Climate and architecture ta aon sit “is pbleacn nae toon foisted tough stot ood Ware Fie Matar som Tre Danish Mii of Care ators ‘oso 29 Er Dann Fond Net tor agaenden Tortan ber YILLUM KANN RASMUSSEN FONDEN Fe Td Kestenson ‘orn og Pau Karnsepezans Fons over Msaben oud Hoard Fore Win Fs Mater “he Roja Daren Acs of Fre At, Geog ots Sean Hehtscse Peter Steno ins aon ls Ween Irttts cf Aritocara Tenoagy “Thepeeet was nara has the as Polar Bo Lege rts: Rebozes Arty and Coma Clas Compson ‘Ariat th Fh Fearptans in Dal bye Tey! Danish sory Fe Sohcolat ehtoche Phen 2508 (© Th RojlDaih Aas oF Ate ‘Sat Achractre nett ct Pract Techno. 208 Fs ples 2010 by Roodge 2 Pac Square Mon Pa Anson, Oxon, OXIA ARN Smutansousty puted nthe USA a Can bp Routedae 70 Vrs Avenue, New Yr, NY 16018 ute fan monn ote To 8 Fre rt an ‘ora bins (©2010 Yxban Ge The ys ath Acdeny f Fee dts Schoo a eho Pests Typeset n User by Ae Laon Pra Singer hy Maron Prt Mexia Plo Lid Aight reser Ne art of hs bok iy apd a ome or usosin ay fm by areata, mechuneal or ctw means now kor hotaior inves, ating photog an rearing erm sy intermticn serage rete star withers hy ‘wing rom 8 panes is Lay Caosing in Puen Daa ‘Acattus oss ferns bak site om heh Coy Liar of Congress Costes Puteri Do ‘exo ocd has ron rence oth Hock I3BNIS s7B@aieseaoe€ nek) IsBNIs-sTea4ts.500008 th) Contents Tevban Dah ‘THE ARCHITECTURAL POTENTIAL OF CLIMATE Texan Dah! (CLIMATE ANND COMFORT Place and Clinate Por Sarensen and inna rte Melor Huran Comfort Teben Dahl and Petar Serancon ADAPTATION AND CONTROL Tracitional Climere-sdapted Architecure Gearg Rotne and Nanna Alera Large Cienate Sermons Goorg Reine CLIMATE THEMES. Hotand Cola Torben Dat and Eva Ta Kistensen Humitty and Precipitation Peter Sarensen Wind ard Venison tor Sorensen Lat and Shedowe ‘Nanet Mathisan and Nina Voki PHYSIOLOGICAL ARCHITECTURE 0% Weosbrunn stations Biography Index 18 31 a a * 8 16 az 154 157 Preface Meny architecture books boast innumerable exzeples of new construe- tion projucts which in thot lifrenr viays ears the neue ot enorey ‘saving ar hus the Nghly topical issue of olmata change, The subject of loveeneray bulking, passive solar houses, sob ener uti ond super-isuation is well documented in srohetural journals ane books, Hovvover, vary few art baad on an analysis of lea fimatic conditions of seek to explain the silent knowladge eecumubted ovee genetatione ‘the way diferent architectural edt one acipted tclimats, ‘The neglect of climate 32 one of the key divers in ging form ta chitecture hos resutedin buildings tocay beingcharacttsod by cont betwoon globalisation’ universl tehtecrural expression and the cor textual imperatives based on ool eutural and elmatie cancion. The ‘option ofthe nguage ofthe ubiquitous stealer onerete famed glass box das at vary trach whether the praoct ss hotel or aioe bulding In London 0 Kuala Lumpur. Whether located in topical cimatas what chad ond cooling re costed, in arti climats where heating anc light ao roquled, to solutone ar generally dominated ty the use. high ‘energy consuming climate conto systems, These grovda rh i, appro vite levels of temperature and hui, ther ensuring comfort, but ft explitansternaive tation based unen mere responsive clematis sign strategies. Chita and Architect akdaxcon tha schitectual challenge af signing bulangs, and espscaly their fagaces or climate screen ctder to maximise the potential of local eimatc cantons anther asso- {ated constuedon traditions, n odor to save eneray and gWva users the ‘means to contal their own incor eavitonmant. Such an approach pro: Vides the means to elevate climate to its aienay position as one of the rrajor influences on architectural expression whit aio eavching the ‘experience of necupying buldngs, This book explores the rola ciate plays in shaping the architecture tthe were. Through an examinston of exemple kom herent climatic regions and diferent histories! periods, the authors presente series of ituetated and expertly argued chomes. Vitis themes are expored Hor sha physiology ard peychology a gh, heat, variation and comfort. The ‘ermpharis fe uoon the ‘lima soiwen”~ tua interactive tagade between | Fo.01 inside and aut -veich adjusts to suitlilferent weathers and seesons ond Personal tastes “The book craws upon mony contemporary and historic exces 19 present new perspectives on the power of climate to shape human hsbitation. The aim isto provide an everviws of climate a8 one ofthe primary generatorsin giving form toateniteeture aits most fundamental level Tha book is wttan to appa to stents of architactine, practioner and the genoral public. deais with principles and thet associated apps ‘aon in historic and eontomporay architecture. Thea to avoid pro senting too much technical dete [this is avaiable elsoehors| so thatthe enduring interaction between ckmate andthe design of bung uly explored Ackrowladgements Te project group wishes to express its gratitude to al the authors and ‘allthe membors of stat who have participated inte ciferent stages of the project. A spacial word of thanks goes 1 our spansors, Asse og Ener Daniolsons Ford, Bergisfondon, VILLUM KANN RASMUSSEN FONDEN, ud Hejgaerds Fond, Martha og Pau Kerrnslaspesans Fon the Danish Ministry of Culture and The Royal Danish Acadamy of Fine Ants, Schoo! of eniectue, Tor thet suppert ofthe prot. ‘Thani are due te Winnie Fis Mallor and Comelue Coting fr de cated editoral assistance, ante Jens V. Nise for making his lyout for ‘he Danish ation avaabis forthe Enalsh ealtion. “Thanks ae alsa us to Brian Eawards for his hal in refning the tet ater tansletion end for adtng valuable views, facts and information, and 1 Alex Holingswarth at Routledge wi fat-acked the project to compton. ‘Torben Dat The Foyal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School ot Architecture, Institute ct Architectural Technology The Architectural Potential of Climate Torben Dahl ~ comfort camfert Q See ‘cisetenb comronr “Templar sconces tho wart neste, whore you sre urpetacted ane ‘posed o clas charge ainsi hare Youre peracid and is nfuerce a ht ‘he rcretances thal rove rman camer. Human physiology enables us to determine the impact and asses the auoty of ur efmatic surroundings. Out sanses pert us —in an active iteration within individual pararetors ro beth experience and interpret impressions af cota and instentancously contrel th stata of ow hoes in response to undesired in lences. SuiKknas do no, however workin iis fashion. The highty developed human adapta mecrensry, which ints eight om has ensured man’s survival, geod health, comfort and pleseur, ie not paid any pariutar attention by the equltions design and construction practices that eon sutute ma tamawork of moctrn architecture. Asa result, the indoor elmates they create exclude the outside world rather than respond and apt o external cond tions in @dyoamie wey Contemporary construction legislation governs number af aspects, based on certain extreme conditions. This applies 10 the loac-baaring structure, wit is imonsioned according ta maxim cad, also applies othe there insulation sand dimensioning the heating system, whichis designed according to haat less ‘on the coest night ofthe year, andi palies to engineering subjects such as hot ‘water and ventilation. However, cimarsion ng a the indoor clare’ doa stare is based an mean proportonals, veraga value and the absence of discomfort. AS 2 result, our sersory apparatus is deprived of the stimulation that keops it aia and sctve and enables itto register al eact to extreme carditis s positive “The sophisticated imate contel systems in modern buldings redesigned 19 ‘ato ane maintain an ideal love af comfort one whereas fw indvculs possible feo iscomfart because of ranges of temparatur, humic, caught, ght and sound, Research ito indoor climate has led a standardsing tho ontinum level of nd elmata comfort ane makirg it okjacsvely measurable, An incooreimeto, hich = readies ofthe nature of tho eutdoor climate ngeds to eorespond 19 22°C, having @60% rolatve humility and wo changes per how, Thi stander ised indoor climate template implies that the appearance of buikings — interior wall 2s exterior ~ may sso be standardise, thereby losing the poraatial for echi- toturloxpression found nth bulking’ nteroctionth the local imate context. ‘The standardisation of regulations and comfort lave! Aas. until recon, lad 0 a tenviency to stardardis architecture from tha topes to the are Research has begun to emerge that documents the benefits thet indica Intuonco on tho indoor eka parametees, suchas being abe totum the hosting up and down, cenol the incon suiight and open a window to et in Tesh have on aur sonse of weltboing. This suggests that responsiveness and porsonal contrelis mere important than any objectively measure lavas of confor Iria thoroforo important to design the bung envalope so as to erable this Inceracon vt the user to occur This dynamic bowen use, contol and cat 's common in vernacular architecture but has been neglected in much moc pce Hightech Lonton| aR? oo Lose, Lorn Feta ENERGY SAVING CONCEPTS i La ‘THE ARCHITECTURAL POTENTIAL OF CLIMATE A study of tetonal archiaetural customs offers @ wealth of emetic under standing ad an inexdausbie source ofirepation for cation adopted archi tecture. A traitonal archtsctual eystom anyuhoreon the globes characterised byits silty to ersurean optnisedievslo resource saving and simatic adaption and, consequent, ahigh love! of bul-n sustainay. Ie was 2 point notes 2,000 yeers ago by the Homan architect Vintwiis 1 the 61h book ot his The Ten Books on Architects: "Four siesins fer private houses arto be corset, wa must atthe outeot nate ot ‘the counties and chinates in which they are bul. Ono style of house seems ap propriate to builtin Egyot anothr i Spain, 2 afterent kind in Pontus, ane st iferent in Rome, snd 30 on with lance ral counties of ther characteris, Throughout the wore the expressions of tractonal architecture are based on {and adopted to ozs! conditions. This applies primary ta the foal aalabity of ‘ators: andthe response to cimetiecondtions, However, theclstnctve uta, rofgious and sei! characte of @nelghbourad ar region may also infuance tha sesign. Today, clic adaptation is precialysynenymous with energy reduction and CO, sovings, For his eason, the contomperar architectural scours is focused ‘meron sustainability toms of rinimisingenezay consume than on ening {an optimum uilistion of and adsptation 1a the eutéoor climate, This soems too ‘arrow 8 responss to energy roatod design and ignaes the potential of grester attention to climate architecture ‘As examples of cimatic corto witha yateua focus ona reduction af ensray ‘consumption, its worth mentiosing the Germar-Austian Passive House Concont, the Bish hightech glass and steal conatiuctions as wal a mare hula and ‘rere widely resourcs-constious low-tech insatives, The three examples shown hare represent theae categories, och of tha examples contain sgnitcant elements in which edaptation tate local climate fos a part to varying dogres. In the fist two examples, supply and contol teehnelogy dominate, whereas spatial design an uty leven characteris the lst. Nevertheless, it sasms that none of the three examples adequately incorporate climatic experiences trom local, traction erchitectual THE ARCHITECTURAL POTENTIAL OF CLIMATE [GEMEINDEZENTRUM LUDESCH, VoRARLBERG. AUSTRA, 008 ‘Acie: Hera Kaul “The projec es model poset ir the Pedsve House concep, eating ov lows of very vel-document energy consurpten as eoraled used Cf materi. The exter wal a igh iaucts by mas ef 35 mm Ineation mats aed te twtrelony et he haatig nc weno syst is complex eonsistng of heat amps rm ground oe fr beth hosting ad cel, sursamented bt wate frm sth el parce ad = biomass oaing estom sna equipped wih ahaa econry section sjser fer the voition a. The project has = cost use ot ce wood {nd vada! igh quay oerettemanen The Posve Heuseceneapt ilves te aea of mining the neacton wth the extra lott ove enor, which on ona tard mses tre dea globe apps, but on {he etherhans it Pow no parca concider urlocal aehtecr! ‘uturarogaving chnatcadapaton sea usaston, ‘CITY HALL, GREATER LONDON CITY COUNEH, LONDON, 2002 ‘leva: Foster and Priare Aningonant staring pi fr the design ofthis lng tate onthe soutiam bank of tho Fe Thames wos tabular ancmprring fier intinion to enone contons~ wind, dai eel, 9 path Neat tw. The ey exten lined forte Cy Hal Pas {sed by a typi afc balding, Tha hes ban ach iy mean of beth sssivaorvronmentl estes an och design ging onsceration to lavegy lesa racsion of sent iat: Ae avegu Landon Cay Ft Stor oso signee xem ot tha ntogration of adonoed tehnlony ‘combines with the utiseber loca ography ant natural elite sorta patent, ‘STRAW HOUSE, STOCK ORCHARD STREET. LONDON, 206 rciec: Sah Wégalesvr 8 leroy Ti ‘Tha racials ofthe hue ise create a made fra sustainable in tha cy nace on owrtech aera ard syste, Ter House ae ft ators excnen primary on the base of ition without etches re lng elcome. Ths bul design han @ svg fous an minimising ‘nergy n sho ly phase. Passe slr anergy e gud from the lo sauthacng window spares, and nthe walls 1 thea, nat nd i ‘ra insustion has boon used Whi re Ula we cry elon those steed at he tne n UK constuction rogutens The bulking 9 ran floors ded a tree sections An ffs ene two adoring fet oc querer ausid by means cf wall made oles of srw an in betwen these two sections, an oan space wih sige window partes 0 Uh sith The sae usb shot poco ve andthe change ‘perature te eel Tum th lately per iesaon canbe karla and even enjoyed ana postve expen, CLIMATE AND COMFORT ETE IM ee reel elas Place and Climate Peter Serensen and Winnie Friis Meller ‘All architecture is aifocted by climate, party because & building needs to protect its interior against exterior clmatie influences, poy bacause the bung needs +o be protected against erosion caused by climste. The intersction benvsen peo ‘ond late of ctl importance in architecture an et equal mportance to the sense of place, Architecture is @ connecting fink between pce, climate and his mani, Attention tomato ean be ction any buileing in major or minor dts but cimate-sdapted architectures primary found fh esltiona architcture, in which i Is evicent that te tougher the climate, the mare characteristic and dstincta the ‘esuling architectural forms, Avtiserue is e8a whale adn del designed through ‘he expotience gained from 2 long develosmant process nsec onthe resources of the specific place and is particular elimatlc and cutwal conditions. By stucying ‘wedtona architecture and to pinciplas of ciate adaption and antl four in ‘vernacular bultings, ts posible to understand and expt the hidden knowledge and exparianco shin tho design san inspiration tee contemporary ache: tro, ‘Yedtenal architecture can bean important design guide, especially nthe area of fering cues to how to respend te particular lal emate concions, WEATHER AND cuneate Wheres the concept of weather covers te mando emnoshat sition 8 Cen lace on Ea, th concept of creatine average weather ‘armbar of ye, a ns 20 yoo, Ts, lle shenge eget ibitabils i . ° The wos te whan Gk nd dante et ‘ot Earth nreltont they of he Sun As th word tp underetareng of ‘he clas wes tare on rot oatnctipbotveen re earn sour edan ond tops The Cask aston, georoha and ethan Poem (AD 9-19 cided Earth ina rate zones on th ba fa tmp, i be lve flowed the ange of the indent surg Concert, he assumed thatthe hace teereies on Fath wea be out aru th Eu an hat rmpartes would thn gaa decesa tows th pee, Tsao yes se bres cient ta tarred da at wore tr ange fen sun set is smu; tempers ne merite zoe a9 cold oy he pols ware to ange cl netsh ‘ras uont srtvse sison r ertb the Fo.22 ASIAaLE cuMATE ZONES ‘he Sun's path ar Inthe Toth coty the Bish conte Sacto Bust deserve fie citi ore ‘on Eath on he bas of lor’ sansa arin crepe rer nae From i we ancther es michay between these Wo... we must ake mod zones ter human habtaton ‘lions to correspond tothe postion ofthe heaven and ts effects on climate ne part of the earth is erect under the une’ course, enothar is far away B Fio.23 ANGLE OF NCONING SOLAR RADIATION Fo.2a [ERRTWTS RADIATION BALANCE ‘Tha enountof clouds nth atmosphere is fret _sgrioncef the Ets dation balan. Horo ae 8 Into lous,» considerate amount othe lncring sola rasan wl ba fice or abatbod tl reo rat reach he Earth's sutton, At he sate no argo Frapeion fhe utaenn race Wa Eth wl Bo Gert beck toware he Ears surface as trophic counter aati, comuting 9 the heating ofthe atmosphere ‘the grenheus toc PLACE AND CLIMATE Today, weather and imate ae defined by a whole string of measurabio paar tors, the primary ones bei: = Sola tation ~ sigiicant to bah tamparaturs and lighting enetions Wind and air pressure conditions Humility and precipitation “The foundations! principles in these primary climatic eetors and systems frm the bss for dimete contel, whetherinrelaton tothe Eath’s eknato as 2whoe, clr ‘ie conitons in ered acon the inividua ulling, or man's concept of comfot GLOBAL DYNAMIC WEATHER SYSTEMS, The Earth roodives precio al is eneray fom the slactromametic rd of the Sun, This energy ives a serias af weathar phenomena inthe Earth's atmos hore, which comtines to farm a dyamic system in which the inxvigual param ‘ters araclosely interdependent anc in constant change. An understanding a these ‘systems and ther dynamic intrpay is important in odor to understand the wear ther and climate corralasons that affect oth bulkings and people, These systems Also constitute a ramewore forthe clmatic charaterites and condlions tat are prerequisites Yor cleate adaptation and cimate contol of buildings in ary given place. Earths radiation balance ‘Aitremperatures at tho Earth's surface are, above al, deterined by that places radiation balance, The concopt describes the rlationshio botveoen the amount of shortwave incoming radation from the Sun tht hits the Earth's surface andthe amount of long vave radiation thatthe heated surface of the Eartn emits bak to ‘tho atmosphere. The greater the ncorring radiation, the mare the Ears surface ie hated, the caste the outgoing radiation, the more iis ecole. Howvat, the amaunt of ncoming soi edation thet reaches th Ears surfsco vate trom placs to plea. Thee primary factors inthe relaonsie bewaen the Sun and tho Earth infuse this he ago incoming raison, the tie of incom ing radiadon ard she atmospheric reduction of tha ada, ‘Tre eof incoming radstion is determined by the place's location on Earth in relation tothe alttude of te Sun, The amount of solr racation that hts the sucfoe ofthe Earth por i greatest whon tha Suni at it zonith. The ten of inceringracition dapends onthe length of he dy, Almospheric reductions due te particles or water vapour in the aimosphere tha elther absorb the radon oF ‘ofloetitbsck nto space. The majo of his reduetion is emus by louse although ‘there ate also hum facto invalid CConsequanth the cloud cover ina given place is decisive forthe place's aco tion bajonce ana thus for ternparature, clmate ard design acause ofthe horse ‘stan through the atmogpore, the atmospheric reduction cereases in telaion “ PLACE AND CLIMATE to the altude above sea level. High Wing areas wil often havea higher evel of incoming radiation than owing reas, bute the air algo cooled in relation to the alitudo, ar tompsraturosin mewitsin areas wil crop by approx. 1O"C for every 1000 rn atte increase EARTH'S PRIMARY WIND AND PRESSURE SYSTEM When air mass is hested, it expands, which causes i to risa, This concopt le «alas thermal it. When air mass rises, o low pressure ie created atthe surte, whereas cropping ar mats wy crosta hgh prissure atthe Carts surface. 28 the air here is compressed. The vely uneven heating of the Earth's surtace caused by the great diferences in the amcurt of incoming sul radiation is Imionsified by the diferent ails of land areas anc oceans to tsa Hest. The air tumperature at te Earth's sufeca thorefore varies creey betwen differant zones on Esti, avich las to pressure elfforonoes, This erste » ayetern ot convection ourents in the atmosphere, which constantly attampt to avon out temperature and pressure ferences. As the Farh rotates, winds are deflated, snd bands of primary wind directions wre ewated. This resukte in aitferent climates in alferent places at the sara latitude and in diferant climates at diferent seasons. Buildings, bein largely fixed ebjoce, have tha ack of adapting to these verlatons, ‘Te piary wind and pressure eystam moves in eltion to the equator tough ‘the your, 99 tie ayramotrea around the intrtopial convanyince core (TC), vic ‘ollows the Eats maximum solar Resting zone with aoprex. ene month's delay ‘As a consaqueré ‘Srsetione and procptation. Special clirste egrtons even deve their nares ‘rom thece primary wind conditions, e.g, the mensoon, Seedal bung traditions ‘alse emerge as cree responses, =, MB are8S an Earth experiance sensanal variations in wind Earth's cloud cover and precipitation Gourds are primary formed by ai hested ot the Earth's surece rising. and ‘condensing into wale vapeur inthe form of cau formation by cooing, When the ‘mount of water vapour reaches its :sturaton noi precctation occurs. Besause of the strong heting caused by the ect inerring soar radiation at TC therm love pressures are erestec, which cause m bandct clouds around the Earth with ‘many smal clouds. The cising ar mass releases precintaton, and lend ares are pimanly covered by rin ferst whe danas plat life retains the humily. Sty of rational architecture in such wim, humid climate zones asthe Amazon basin shows how modem design could achive greater climatic responsiveness without being totaly depend of ai-cord toning To the north and south of thos aroas es» tet wih sai of eynamie igh pressures Here there are elataly few clouds reduc incoming racition, and {38 a raul, day tomporautes are very high. oars winds cela winds oar font —— Netra wins nc Se trade winds warm wertinds cold west tins wa inc ent ince Fa25 [EATS PRIMARY WIND AND PRESSURE S¥STEM Foz PLACE AND CLIMATE In hese reas. the warmest and erst areas on Eart ae found. Tha missing ou cover resus in sigificant heat radiation into space at night, Which causes ‘re0t temperature varations between day and night. So alhaugh ve think of for Ing buicings coding a cooling 2s male problem at night the drop in temperatura resuits in nevessary attention to insulation. ‘Around the poler fonts, the coud cover inereasss agen, asin this rea, these Js band of wandering low pressures aourd the Eath, whieh occur when hot and cole mest. Cheracteristie spite cloud bands are often formed around the lowe presses, Coastal Denmark highly inenendby these weather conditions, wih ‘cause a bt of precipitation and unstable westhar This aso results in ical ler ‘eness such as erentecture cf Western Jutland being dtferentin charter to thet cof Eastem Zeatand ‘Tho North and South poles are marked by constant thermal high pressures because ofthe col, and a6 2 consequence, thors taal ile recipation ia these aaas. The same apples durng winter othe intvior of the lage continents in the nonhem herisnhore, whore the cod cases thermal high pressutes. CLIMATE CHARACTERISTICS (On the bass of the aloe westher systems, itis possible ta define @ numberof characterise clrate stations that are of art principle siniticanes 10 recional clrateadapted architoctur, Inthe interplay between elmate and building cosign itisimponentto know both normal ar potent, mare extreme climate conditions ‘Aro tha variations in tmporature, precipitation and wind only minor or are hero ‘reat variations seasonal or between dy and gin? A there any predominant wird directions or other specific sssscnal climatic phenomena 10 take into ‘cnsitation? ‘Most common traditionslbutdings.are designed sccorcing to the cimatiosy ‘worst time of the yest, whether this be summer host or winter cold, interme of ‘harmal cimate. However, it may aso be the rainy sezeon that determines the design of «house ~ maybe at the expense of general usablity throughout the rest ‘ofthe yosr. Certain areas ate marked by predeminamt wind directions or character Ise eoasonal winds, such as tho monsoon, the rooeo to, which may also have left thet monk om local reitectwe Intho folowing sections a number of characteristic csmste types atedesribed “with examples of how tadkionol architecture inp by and designed according 10 te climate. The giouping has been med primeriy according to temperature into. hot, moderate and colt imate, respectively, and secondly eccerding to humdi into 8 humidor ary cimste,reepoctvely Hot hat humiarot ay Moderate - mocerately drylmaderataly hurd Cold ex ureter, PLACE AND CLIMATE Hot humid Topical ‘Stable high hunidty and temperature, no defined suasons snd only litle matic difference between Gay and night Inthe ran forest, hurity is cenetenty high ‘vith areciptaton thoughout the yoat The hey cou caver racuces radiation, bout ay also causa a stong gar, Bulking in these aroas ae typically an saloton structures with large roots to protect apsint end avert rain. Mast often, bulcing materia Hightwveght ‘materials such as bemboo, fibres 6 laavas. The ight walls este that the houses 270 well ventiated ene make the bast possible use a! wind for venation. Floors and shaded traces ee esed bows the tran o protect agsinst loding. eisture ‘an smal animals ond to prove vention trough the lox, Houses may alo be ‘laced on water to make maximum use of the eackng caused by evaporation, Outdoor kitchens remove heat, alr insects, redants ang tne hazards fromm the balding Example of «building type adapted to vopie! hurl lima house on sti, Thalan. Subtropical Humid, am coastal cimste outside tho tepies with ong, warm and hui sum mers ard shor wines, ofton with strona, con winds, Builsings or primanly constructed t pleut aginst tne harry and heat ot ummm, and secondarly to protect against coal winds during the shor winter Often they feoture ventilated, high-ceilinged raems, spanning rom ore fagade to another, Large, covered torraces protact againet sunshine and rain andl provid ‘cpporturities fr staying outdoos. Apertures pretected by louvres allow arn and a9 ran out Interiors ate ight and open in creo avoid gathering rite and ‘heat, Buildings are made of faht matorls such 98 wood and metal end aften sur sounded by geen wit water and shading ree. Fount stones rasing the "upright wooden poles above the meisture of the Earth ato a tll areitectural deta tm the hurd irate Example cfs buiting typo edopted to utstrepicel hurd elms: tional Lspanese house. Hot dry Desert Fat eat, ison sunlight, clear ck, rare 0° ne preentaton anda ick oF watex, Mid winter nd extramely hot surnmex. Mar ference between day ané night romperatures, ‘The nomads ofthe decor arsa deal with exten climate condions by using lightweight transportable materials, Tha Bedeuin ton proves meximum shade and ventiaton, protects ogeinst right costing towards the cloudless aky, and ” Fa.27 "TWARAND - HOUSE ON STILTS PLAGE AND CLIMATE re es ‘rete sheer a protstion soars sent and tha descating fact the Poa ‘win Black woven we barks fitaright ad a, peotacagint the lace af the _ suntan became dense and cootng when moistened Permanent residents in deserbik aroas use great mass and hoavy materials to delay the elfect of the huge temperature variations ofthe ey. Subterranean ‘Gerling provide maximum pratecton against extiome temoeratues, and buildings ‘are often designed es climatic imitations cf hese with thick mud wells or unbaked brick, smal protected apertures and srl shedod courtyard Spanos. Fool terraces are used a5 Iving 108s during the right In areas where coo © “winds ae eonstont 9.9. in ews end Ea, lett the buding, Water cooling Is used in numerous ways both outside an inside, Enclosed courtyards ‘cave comnforbl misrolinsie through to use at water and pk. ohne materials as used to rove shading cova, bt ai at ein oad die a | eso tr, doesn Moe Eoin ts ha roan Moder ey wonae00 uo vous Soren Lone, warm summers and short, eel and humid winters. The climate is ri with Fle variation between day and right TFediional buldings ere heavy stone bulsings, which pravide stable indoor e imate throughout the long sums, hut req toleronce and hosting during the short winter, Bulkings are often whitewashed on beth sha inside ad the euside In order to koop the strong suit out, there are any afew, small windows, ‘Shutters and louvres provide entre shielding aginst hewt-and Fgh ding the afte oon sist. Logue, boonies, terrzes, partion, patios, enclosed courtyards and szidens provide buffer zones for outdoor ining during the sume Examples of billing types adepted to @ Mediterranean climate: town house ‘rom Santorini, Roman aur house Continental fata Long, warm and dry summers and long, cold winters. Significant seasonal ‘emgortutecittorences and ompersture variations dating the dey. Low humidty ‘and strong winds ° The Neh American pins nds eoricl tengo sb ood exams ofa imate- inspired nomad dwaling, The tert is erected with the entranee in the staep, Stcenathened back manna the wind. Adjustable emake flaps are usd to contol ‘ventlation tough thy tent ip. Beeause oF ite aerodynamic design, the tepse is ia I surprisingly comfortable, even during winx, ue to the use ef 2 cena Tropace ‘ani exta ania sin ring, — “Ths radtional Turkish dweling handles the ned fr climate adootationforbeth Sew TORIM.-ToWN HOUSE ‘the watm summer ard the cold wine by using heavy mates forthe substructure PLACE AND CLIMATE and a supersiricture made of an insulting timber structure, sone faced rots with 1 low pitch end overhangs tht protect agains the summer sun, Transitions anc Thing areas ce cifreniated between inside en¢ outside, and conta, heatodroome fon the top floor provde protection against the cod ard windy wit, Example of buiiing type sdepted to @ continental climate: Tukish county house Moderately humid Temperate coastal cimato Madoratoly warn, humic, ssny and changes, This olmate type covers coastal seas eoproximstely halfway between the Equator ans the North and South pols, The climates characteris by is proximity to the eo, often windy, with frequent precipitation and short, coo summers ene rile inte, uldings. ae prtectod agsinet humitity snd wind. They may be orientated so thatthe gable foes towards tho sca andthe pevaing wind, and thoy may hve porches and unset coms 3s 2 transition to heated foams, which are nx pathored around chimroy the hear othe house. Fraquant prectation has lad twa high pitch and roof overhangs that are ear cle in pipes or star to vert, ‘water ard ineuate, 2 is soon on he Denis sen af Fane, o las in moc esting stone materia, as in eld, Wall ae most afton made of bricks, Windows can be sal fo protect apsnstoold ard wands in particulary exposed areas or large to compensate forthe sparse daylight during dat wintr pore asin Soandinowa, [Goma Briain andthe Netherlands. Builéings along the east of Southern Enon, Northern France and Northern Span are oten pected against tha wind by mean of alight svucture witha let of alas, which forns a almatie ter zone amps of ulding types adapted to temperate coastal imate: toctengular ‘shaped house, Fang, Denark, ard town house in La Carufa, Spain Cold humid Subarcie Cool surnmers, bright nights with short, intense growth nats, ald, dak win ters ong snow-covered periods. Changing betwsan ist, cry periods and humid patios and vary windy weather Tho largo, continuous Scandinavian, Sitersn and Canad cantereus forest seas havea continental late vith lng cok ard windy paioes Heo, the feplooe isacontal element. The nome Seamis erect thor tons n prolate ares near forest ard water with the door opening facing est. Tivo poate pls with the fireplace inthe contre dvs the room int ivng and a sloping are with thik sys of ich rr and reindeer skins as insuiatlon agaist he cold. Th tent. whieh has @ smoke opening atthe top 8k the American tape, encircles he fireplaces fismes and radiant hea, whist sides and book ara protected by mesnsef insulating animal skin. 9 “TURKEY -COUNTRY HOUSE Sh FAND -RECTANGULAR-SHAPED HOUSE 27 {APLAR ~ SAARI TENT Fio.238 SWVEDEN -L06 HOUSE {ELAN -PExT HOUSE PLAGE AND CLIMATE “The Swedish forest protees against he vine rng winter When enow saries ‘00 root with ow sop i halps to retain the heat nthe house, Hore, thro i st ficient timbor for tuiding massive wsls around the hear, brick chimney core at the carte ofthe house, whith retains hea for longtime. By way of contrast he Iealandic peat house finds no sheltor inthe bare find bur fs built davn inte the torrain, plating the Earth's moisture, rand thermal absorsing warming qualtios bby means of thick peat walls nd grass roofs. Intemal wead! panels on floors, i Ings and wale reduce heat radiason, thereby incrsing the room's surace tem- perature and breaking tharmal bridges which tend to aecut The inevidual forms havea permanent inyour acconting to ther specie function, ant future is often an iagyated pot ofthe room's permanant ternal tings. ramples of bulcng types adapted to to hur, subareic ciate: Saami sont, Swedish log house, celande poat hous (Cold and ary Ate Extreme cold long, dark winters end shot, bight, ecal summers. The tempera: ture changes very te between days of 24 hours’ darkness snd days of 24 hours! light. ‘As ig he case inthe exe haat oF the desert in te extremely eld areas, the severity ofthe temperature fs eral for human suv. Protection against cold {and parietal the cod wind isthe greatest challenge Arimal fe has inspired ‘man’s suvivel strategies in these areas, and animal skins and furs ote usod for othing and insulation af doling, ‘The snow hut. the igloo, dernanstratas mans abilty to devon architectre that rovdes masrnum proctonin exams climatic condtons, The semirast structures have a minimum surface in relation 10 volume: thay are eoneusted by ‘means of snow block, which are ful fat and thoreforsinelating With a sunken entrance tunne! and intemal thing, body heat and a small heat contribution aro sufficient te achive indoor ternparotures abave 15 °C, evan at vary low outdoor ‘temperatures. ‘The yur, an advanced, portable dang for nomads in Siberio and Mongolia has simary optimum shape, surounding 2 central Frelace Examples of bulding types adapted to extremely cold climate: Eskime igfoo, vyurt—Mengoian nomad dwoling, 2» PLACE AND CLIMATE PRINCIPLES FOR CLIMATE ADAPTATION Abuiking's capacity to adept to er utiliza climate ie consequence of the way in hich the building is constueted in relation to chmate and suroundigs, raters nd cesnutes sonsumotion, The acastation ably deperds on beth permanent, passively clmatecontaling parts and chanoeatle, acivaly crate-controling pars. may 60 the buling’s heavy or light structures and ts spoil layout, or it ‘may be tanitions botwoon inside an outside n terms af taped or window ce Sign that contbute atively to responding on austing eimate detweon noise ond outst, In principle, there ara tae min waye in which @ building may be climate: adap in elation ta is use | A passively climats-contoling bulking is urchangeable, but the bing and its spaces can be used in various weys ove cay an night oat He cilferent ‘asone of tho yoo in relation ro the changing climate. An actively clmate-contoling bulking cen shange dynamically and acapt to thonging ciate conditions. © A bulding that combines the princisles ofboth a and! b, cen both be used in vaiad ways and activaly ada tothe ae In the passivaly climate controlled bulking (a) oom are formad to be generally able buthave diferent eiraticadsptaton in term of layout, halon of mates and eorstnuction, and can be used iffereily i relation to th neurs ofthe ny, the seasons and the changing climate In the actively eirate-contrliad building (0) rooms can adapt to ciforont cl ‘mate situstons tough an active adjustment of gt a and tempereture by mesns ‘of an ntracivafeeade,e 9. butfer zone, auctable autters nd binds, A combination of passive and sctve means through claticaly varied rooms Ithermal mass, tarpsratare zoning (nstltion| and actively climatecartreling ‘aca (utisation of psesvo salar anergy ean provide an ential soon (, Using now techneloaies, method of constuian ane!matarias, is now pos sible to make ou bulcings mch mere flexible and imate activo, 30 that they ean adopt to changing climates toa much higher degree through the dey and trough ‘the seasons If ties new possibilities ave eambines with experience from the ‘tional exami, this ray rosin both a move beautiful and moe fetal, interctva and eneiqy efficient rchtsctro. A neve design strategy ike this also ‘nesdadito provide ow energy buldings more able o adap to changing cancions under tha impact of eimate cnange. a ESR Human Comfort Torben Dahl and Peter Sorensen Fast vas unin Yo, Sorters, 1056 Daher: Peter Zar socal needs fey hylelogi needs Fie2 [MASLOWrS HIERARCHY OF NEEDS. ‘Shoter end protection agtne: the westhe is tha earfot and primary function of the house, Ae a warm-blooded being, man necds shiolding trom the externas of ‘weather inorder fo survive ard fel good or comfotabl, The voncept of comfort has its linguistic origin in French (anor, but is fly Integrated ino 1 European languages both in everyday use andas a scientific term. Bur the term has davatopad over ime. Far exam, in the Darish Selmonsan's _Enoyclonseca fom 1923, the comfort concept is defined as "homely cosiness, ‘caused by the home's practical and sti ineror design’. Howevar, the Engich Aofritian in Wobstar's Concise Dicionary, 1988, ic much closer ra eorternporary use, Here, the concept af comfetis defined a9 follows: A stote of ease and satis faction of body wants. A stato, where the ody not enly finds protection against the elaments, but also experiences wellbeing end satisfac. “indoor climate’ isthe technica tr fr the climate crested by the house's physical enclosure andthe various cimete systems employed, Howaver, though comfort isthe objective, ctferent quality levels can be established for indoor imate. ‘An accoptabo indgor climate is one which ensures the absonco of daragita effects on heath and ensures that a least 0% of residents or users of bulings ‘re satisfied. The ‘acceptable indoor cfmats' is typically the basi for legjsation for bath housing and ination to werking onviareent. "good door cima ake individual needs inte ceourt, factates personal nfuanes on environmental can- sions an considers paticuly the ngeds of sensitive snd exposed groups. An ‘sxoallent ncoor chars eters positve mulating eta, wal-being, expatica ‘and vatition above the two earlor cimatc stardards ‘The asyehologit Abraham Maslow is knawn for his deseriotin of human needs in the so-called 'Maslow/shirarchy of meds’ (se Fig. 3.2. His canis that naeds ‘must be me fom the bottom ofthe pyramid end upwards, So, the need or fod ater, comfort ot. musi be mer, boloe you cen start meeting the raed or physical and social security. According to Masiow, a needs & congerital or later acquired sie aimed at satistying ahysica,payenolgicl or sociel demands. The fvasteps of Masiow's pyramid rom the bottom upwards are: Physiotogea needs ~ such 6s consumption of food, water, a, ysical move ‘ment and reproduction. Safety nacds— soeuty,stabity, order, protection against the elements, pains ‘nd othe disoonfars, and the absence of anvety and far ‘Socal needs — nea for belonging, love and frinshi, Esteem neds at this level the needs concer seltrespsct, confidence, ehieverent recognition, status end cont. ‘The nead for so-atuslsation~at the top level, you Seok to actuase congenial late squid bites torch socalled peak experiences or revelations. Source Wiepedi a ECoSHELLLavERS Tha sera cast ose of ete ‘chenne ters membrane Inner she membrane HUMAN COMFORT Maslow considered he thre lower aves tobe depration neds He conve the two upper levels to b growth need, The deprivation needs can be satated and in that sense they are in contrast te the two upper nase, which cannot ba atad. Normally th ‘sir for estaory and selt-actvalsaton roped ino the backround one or ofthe ception needs arena net. deprivation reads are the stvongea, which means tet the MEMBRANES Consider anagg as.an example of lselycossened an sats haven an enclosing shellarourd asoft conte, a concept of welkaeing protection and eage, wher the basic neds ofa developing being ara met. “To.80n concept esn be further analysed as an example ofthe fulflmnt of the hySoecical and satoty neecs in relation to Luling eonsucton and lina. ure of an ogg and oompste te eogstel ‘the envelope ofthe house, you find answers to lest al the functional quite ‘monte tht ngod to bo met in bl ng by the climate enclosure, ‘A section threuch an eggshell shows fist trangy akaine vax tim touroul ‘wien makes the nevvaid eug shin, and which is known to have an antibiotic fect. Then fllows a ayer of calcium earhenat ‘clumirs', which frm the hard {you take a closer ook tha tna str ‘art of the eogshl. This is perforated by fire pores, which alow the exchenge o ‘oxygen, carbon dioxide and molatura, but not bacteria. The layer of ime contains Pigments that regardless of whether the egg is dark or ight —eaflsct the est of ‘he Sun and are ele to keep tho ogy’ torporaturebelaw 40°C even ering exter od povieds of solar influence. This s imporiant ta te survival ofthe foetus. Gn the inside ofthe shell there are two membranas of slighty oferont thicknesses, hich both seve ws physieal and cheriasl barrios, They alsa contain ant acter) subetances. othe cout ofthe 27 day that the eagshel of hen’s agg wil be penetrated by 6 cexbon doxide and 11 Hes of water vapour before the chicken breaks cu os of oxen, 45 tres of ha agyshaltsclimete-contaling and disinfecting oes is ule by te bush men of South fc, whon thoy store dnking wsterin emptied osres eos bec inthe ground, where they can say for along peiodat ime as waver cepa without the water being spat Human skin rirber of passive ond active functions, which could be termod cur personal protective Like the eggshell, haman skins @ mulitunctiona climate screen wit pokagin against the surounding work The ski's passive fanesons include ~ Protection against col, hest and radiation Protection against presaure, bumps anc ping. ™ HUMAN CoMFoRT Protection against th effect of chemical substances. = Protection against penetration by gorms, sini through the development of an cid prorection yer Protection aginst hem nnd wetor oss The skin's active functions elude: ~ Preventing penetition by miero-orgensms = Absoiption of eartin biologically activ mated jecretion of sweat, econg function; along with sebaesous glands, procucton ot koi fi, ~ Circulation and thermeoreguaton trcugh blast supply to the shin. Sensing of pressure, vibration, touch, pain and temperature. Inthe mai, human skin cepreconts a af the functions that need to be performed by th building's rvlope or what wo here eal he buligselmate screen, but the skin—Fke the eggshells. very dyiamioirerchange wth the suroundings ‘wth regard parteutary to heat, rcisture and binogical material, Th skin i alse ‘ery sensitive towards broaer changes inthe surourding climate, ‘sa contrast, the technoogical dovelepmentof the typical bulsngfagads has been aired at preventing al nterchenge, risking the fagad elomorts completely {ight thus achieving maximum contra ofthe insaor cena. Howse, under the impact ot cuetanabe design the trends now more towards 1 dynamic approach to tho constuction of airrate screens aimed at ensuring ‘opium interplay between inside ane tsi, ‘Tho ineatigent ellmate fagade - SmartWrop™ In their Smarti¥ep concent, the American arevtacturl fim KieranTimbeiske Assoolates nave suggested a way in wich o intgrate the indveual furetons of ‘2 conventional external wal into an advanced composite materi which can en ‘velop the architectual structure and hence contin the bul fuetion more fective ‘The concept is demonstrated in an exibiten pavilon in order to show the ‘rchtectura possiblities and the assuciated constuction ahysics tectnologies. ‘The basic material ic 8 polystor fi that pretctsegeinst rin end wind wiht atthe same time serving asa surat for tho oar SmartWrap"™ layers, Peester iknow ram the packaging en cothing indstis and has boon chosen because itis inexpensive, colourless, transparent, qudying and rideve resistor Adsitionaly, it dows not abr moisture, it has great mechanital strength, ae function iyers canbe apps by means ofa. ket printing and elkconting there to control the tharmal ckmte, «phase change materials apoied 10 the substrate, which absorbs excess hat and lenses it again when temperatures op. Furthermore, the substrata is equipped wih e layer containing orgacie: 8 Fase HUMAN coMFoAT lghterritsng diodes driven by 2 layer of organic ahotoweltais, which ean also ‘generate eect for the baling Locauee of tie many Benois the srenectua tom alle Smartraa™ the cSinate screen of the future, Is design and precucton mimes many bilegioal functions anda the benetit of being Hexble ard masa custemisetl. MAN'S ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE ‘The body and the skis sophisticated protection and assent functions com- ined wth clothing make ie possible 10 survive under many diferent arl even creme olmetic conditions. The human body has 8 vary ge canst fr thermal ‘waltbeing ~ maybe fom minus 20°C to around plus 40 °C, asthe experience of hoateold ie high ected by tha other cate pararatars—humidity, wn yelor city aed host radation~ 9nd the bod’ movement and clothing are alse ct ceciiva Significance. Evarybedy recognises the sauna stuston of ry alr around 80°C, shia ie experienced as pasive — albeit for 8 levied amount of sme ~ and the semiundressed sunbathing in Trent of the mountain hotel in quiet, dry ai and temperatures bolow reezno Hoiever, though man Is capable of survivin almost ny cima sitasion sound tha word. ong as ha can fn ood, th climatic conditions in which man ‘an dovolop physically and mentalyare more lirted. Tha narmal station may be ascribed as a biological battle fora stato of equiorum in alton to tempertut, hhumity ad aie moveront,n which man uses a minimum amount of ergy in coder to adept to his suraundings Comfort zones esearch in this find has Hentiid tha elite canon under which man is rast comfortable, both at work and whila resting. A temperntre range of 22 °C + 2°C ie considerec an oparstionsl comfort level in the ambien i ‘The human body has a raltivaly high degree of tolerance to the urn. and't can stayin 20-20% relative humidity withautany notceabe discar> fart The body is a80 tolerant to wind nd mavernentsin the ec However, the comatexinterplay of hase the important parameters temp ‘ture, huriity and gir moverant—in both outdon” and indeor imate combined ‘wth clothing ane nutrition mekes ia scianie question to ientiy optimum cor ons for extended pois of siny ned work stave ‘The standardised comfort concept “Tho comfrt coneapt has accupiad a prominent plea in iforent ways, in bath indoor climate and warking enviormem research. The optimisation of eli concitons in the Indoor cits can prevet discomfort and less on imoreve the experience of camo. hilo inthe working environment oodcamfort~cbctively spoaking ~on joules to increased and move concan 26 Fa7 From shock Dain wth irs (9960 5 Yer Oo sani huiey HUMAN COMFORT In 1979, the Danish indoor eimaterescarcher Ola Fangerdatined the comfort ‘eoncap by means of sik messurble fers ae erperatir,rcition temperate, ir movement relative huridity. mstabaism or orergy sanverson ant thermal ‘qualios of corhing. Subsequently, measures nave bean adda tor ak palo, ‘quay ight snanits ata to tho accustic environment. Hance, indoor ciate isamuttciension| play of complaxintaracting factors which include both natal ‘nd artical conditions Inhie book Dosign with lms (1982), Veter kayay graphical resorted the Interconnection botweon the tractional parameters of comfort. The Wo main axes {are air temperature in Fahrenheit the yess) are the i's eatve hurty In per cant ihe ans, respectively ‘Ahove and below the comfort temperature, needs for wid and sunhin respectively, occur. The purpose of the graph isto identify comfort zane in ‘Which ther sno ned for charges in temperature, humidity or xr movement. ‘and it elesty shows the tolaranes to variations inthe humidity and the need for a supply of ralation host from tho Sun if tamparaturse are bolow 70° or spate 20°C. (One might imegine tata spatial mel would Lette iustrate the connection ‘betwaon the three most Important pararaters: temparsture, humidy and wind ach feval in this medel constitutes one ofthe paramaters— hast, hutisty and ‘wind, end the leves ech satan eomtar zone in ation tothe specifi mata parameter. If he hrs aves are ut tagether, ther common comfort zone would constiute space reflecting he individual tolerance variation in relation to the indicus carametors, The varaton of tleranee is cften deserted as a nora Alston curve (Gaussian curve, wich in @ spat version takes on aspherical formas shown in Fig. 38, ‘On the basis of laboratory oxpertents, 3 sores of spe tandards or rox have boa established forthe comfot panning atindoe climate, whch isembodied in $50.77 (426), In oxder 0 comply wth these standardised comfort requicements Ris necessary ro use mochanicel heating anc esoling systams crmansioned to hance marginal situations an teefore ovor-cmransionod in rolaton tote narra situation. Ths leads to umecassarly high energy consumption and the ov engineering of meny bulings. The machavieoly canisile systems also often cause dlscontent among the users who are unabie to influence and edust the ‘mats to suit individual ood. This an Joao frustration and furtharmore worsen the anergy performance ofthe building, ‘he purpose of intmtionally standardised comfort requirements tothe indoor clmete ist achieve a uniform, measures indoor eens withthe game temper ‘ure in allrooms, and this practically en possbio trough eneray and source cdomanting rechanicalchmate systems. However, ansurng a uniform climate and anderdisad comfert raquarrants tree ot unplessant influences by mecca ‘means is often not sufficient to satisfy the user's need for wel-being variety and Ey HuMaN COMFORT ‘comfort concitions andthe natural desire to crest rooms of high indoor eimatic ‘aualty bared on natural conditions. There is no way that tational rchitseture can ive upto these stancardved ‘nd idealised comfort requirements does, howe ottera mutitade of xarples ‘of how buldings end forades are designed to sxtively protect against, utilise ard reauiate diferent matic canctions with minum caneumpton of rescurves \erracilarbuit-gs offer mere elementary expernces ot pace, matter ae imate \sualy working with, ather thon agains, the prineleso nate. Cnalc alerts ‘oh 8 ght sound, warmth, wind, humicty ard precistaton affect us through tho ve senses: sight, hearing. touch, smell and taste, They ate the basis for more haliste aperoachos to climatic design. Insight into these principles and awaroness of tha signticance of sensory perception to the experiance of eur immediate autreundings, are an important spuroe of jpsnavion when designing spaces a architecture with s high level of comfort and ising lass rosourcos. A more vai comfort concept shifts Focus ‘tom the ites that climate variation and quantitate deviations from ha nerminaply isk of prysica discartort to 2 ore cuaitative perception of man's naa or varied imate Itincludes alo thei thet climate vaiaton can be stimulating and ‘contin sensucus qaltios hat sunportthe expetnca ef architectural space, Km and matter ‘Therefore, the contemporary comfort concept argued here inclades qualitative ‘equrementsforelinatcvria‘en, pusitvely steninng expanencesandadagiation {onli needs, es walla groator quanta cnsicerbion of energy constenpe tion nd the environment. The variation of cima experience both ndeorsand otis fen an essential part of fe —and 10 seme itis the essence of being ave Oliver Pet at Encycionadia of Vernacular Archiecture of the World, 1997. 29 “he tres ft rameters mat ster rast mel wth the Traditional Climate-adapted Architecture Georg Rotne and Nanna Albjerg 1 sew many tuts that thee natives mado. Ther were al aba, and thay all worked. There wers no architects share. {eam back wth the imoression CF how clover was the man wha saved the pro: ‘lems of sun, rain, wind. (Lous Kahn, cterot etter on reise i Aik 1961) Fa Ashacad square seated eds of rea buldhas wich suas area stobity inthe brags. Car, Foyt. ‘The origin of tadtonal architecture around the weld i found inthe elementary conditions of if. Is wisely dependent on the Evelgert use of nature's reeour 2s in ary given elimatie canton. Flom # resource snd climatic pent ef view, examples of tational butting can be a rich soul ot inspestion fo the com catucs hivtsch, enetay and resource demanding architecture of the 2ist century. ‘An optimum solution to climatic design wil almost always bs a response to ‘many dtteont requirements beth meaauiabe ad immaasurabe. tis leo often cculsraly conditioned. Fortis ea6on, tie best solutions cannot be crested on the esis of otiniestion Inept by invd.n cmate tests invdual,islstoe comfort conditions. There wil always be 8 context that can give a particular fous {aa priect, buts good overall solution prasuppusea the avatvement and weighing cof mary, often conflicting, parameters ten, tradtional achiterura is notin kagping with tha times funetionally, techrically or in terms of indoor climate when consered in elton te presenbday ‘eauiremonts. However tacts insight ino simple, comprehensitle connections betwen man, spco, bul for, fades andthe frens of nature Climatic clement suchas ight, sound, warmth or hil, wind, hart and preintatien connect with sll of the hody’s sonses. Tis netvntes the inlelect and aur relationship te bats sensuous qualtes in our surroundings. Chats en imecnant starting point and ninexhaustble source of rspratin for acchitectural design, The interest today in living inthe eourtyside moy be scen as on expraasion a furderrental res fa slementary axparionces, such as proximity tonstur, the gresterexpasura aight ‘and dark hous, the weather and the changing seasons. Chosen examples Examples of exemplary, cutuily condition, climaesdantad architecture tre ‘Tons can be found al over the world. Inthe folowing, three exzmles ar des eed, taker fm efferent cultures and

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