Study of the Arc Interruption Performance of SF6

Alternative Gases in Load Switch

Yunjie Pu Feng Tang Boya Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Electrical Shenzhen Power Supply Co., Ltd State Key Laboratory of Electrical
Insulation and Power Equipment Shenzhen 518020, China Insulation and Power Equipment
School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an tangfeng@sz.csg.cn School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an
Jiaotong University Jiaotong University
Xi’an 710049, China Xi’an 710049, China
pyj8039@stu.xjtu.edu.cn zhangby@xjtu.edu.cn

Ran Zhou Xingwen Li

State Key Laboratory of Electrical State Key Laboratory of Electrical
Insulation and Power Equipment Insulation and Power Equipment
School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an
Jiaotong University Jiaotong University
Xi’an 710049, China Xi’an 710049, China
zr15032154069@stu.xjtu.edu.cn xwli@mail.xjtu.edu.cn

Abstract—SF6 gas is widely used in power equipment for its
excellent arc extinguishing and insulation properties. However,
SF6 is a strong greenhouse effect gas with a global warming
potential (GWP) of 23,500 times that of CO2. Therefore, the
Kyoto Protocol signed in 1997 has included SF6 in one of the six
greenhouse gases which are restricted for use. Nowadays,
finding an environmentally friendly alternative gas for SF6 is a
hot issue in the world. The research on SF6 environmental
alternative gas has made great progress these years. C5F10O is
considered the most likely gas to replace SF6 in the near future.
Although C5F10O has a good arc extinguishing property in
general, the arc extinguishing mechanism of it in the load switch
is not clear. Because arc extinguishing is a complex physical and
chemical process involving the interaction of gas flow fields,
electromagnetic fields, and ablation the nozzle materials. In this
paper, by combining the computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
analysis and the Mayr arc model the interruption processes for
a load switch filled with 5%C4F7N/CO2 and 5%C5F10O/CO2 at
0.135 MPa, as well as pure SF6 and CO2 at 0.135 MPa, are
investigated. The time constant θ and arc cooling coefficient Q
at the current zero point is calculated based on the Mayr
equation. In the end, the critical values of the rising rate of the
recovery voltage (RRRV) are obtained. These parameters are
the most important issues to determine whether breaking
success or not. Through the analysis of the post arc medium
recovery, the arc extinguishing performance of different gas
medium can be theoretically and quantitatively evaluated. It can
provide a sufficient theoretical basis to enhance the arc
extinguishing ability of the load switch through the CFD
analysis.
the gas gap. And if the gas gap could not stand the TRV, the
electrical arc will reburn and make a new short circuit current[3].
In general, increasing the recovery rate of the dielectric strength
of the gas medium in CZ point is the key to improve the arc
extinguishing performance of the switch.
Nowadays, nearly all gas circuit breakers are filled by
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas which has an excellent arc
extinguishing performance. Although SF6 gas as the arc
extinguishing medium is absolutely dominant in power
systems, the greenhouse effect of SF6 gas is extremely strong,
and its global warming potential (GWP) is 23900 times
higher than CO2 gas. At the same time, SF6 is really difficult
to degrade in the atmosphere, so it has been identified as a
greenhouse gas. As shown in Figure 1[4], SF6 gas in the
atmosphere is rapidly increasing at an annual growth rate of
about 8.7%, and currently SF6 gas already accounts for more
than 15% of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, recent year
international community have formulated relevant policies
for multiple industries to limit SF6 emissions. Looking for an
environmentally-friendly and excellent SF6 alternative gas is
a problem that needs to be solved urgently in the field of high-
voltage power switches.

Keywords— MHD simulation, Arc extinguishing, SF6

alternative gases, C5F10O, Load switch

I. INTRODUCTION
Gas circuit breaker (GCB) is a kind of important component
in the power system, which should be able to interrupt the
electrical circuit successfully in normal operating conditions as
well as in case of short circuit situations[1-2]. The interruption
of a high current such as several thousand amperes will produce Fig1. SF6 content changes in the atmospheric environment
an electrical arc, which can be extinguished at the current zero Researchers from various countries have conducted
(CZ) crossing point of the alternative current. Immediately after extensive research on large amounts of gas, there have been
the extinction of the arc, the power network reacts with a some breakthroughs in SF6 alternative gas field. Several
transient recovery voltage (TRV) which will soon be applied to environmentally-friendly SF6 alternative gases have shown

978-1-7281-5511-1/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE

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excellent performance in experiments and have begun trial
operation in some power equipment. At present, the widely
studied SF6 alternative gas mainly includes three types[5-7]:
(1) conventional gas and its mixed gas with SF6, including
dry air, nitrogen (N2) and CO2, etc.
(2) Fluorocarbon and its halogenated compounds,
including carbon tetrafluoride (CF4), CF3I and c-C4F8, etc.
(3) New fluorides, mainly including Perfluoronitriles,
(PFN), Perfluoroketones (PFK) and Hydrofluoroolefins,
(HFO) gas, such as C4-PFN(C4F7N), C5-PFK(C5F10O),
HFO-1234ze (E), etc.
Conventional gas is cheap and less harmful to the
environment, but its insulation performance is also poor.
Among them, CO2 gas has good arc extinguishing ability and
stable chemical properties. The dielectric strength of the
second type of gas is higher, but its liquefaction temperature
and GWP are also higher than conventional gas, which
hinders the widespread application of this type of gas. The
third type of gas has received extensive attention from
relevant scholars in the power industry in recent years.
Among them, C4F7N and C5F10O gases have extremely high
dielectric strength (about 2.2 times and 2 times that of SF6
gas, respectively) and the arc extinguishing ability of their
mixed gases almost equal to SF6. while their liquefaction
temperature is little high, it needs to be mixed with other
gases such as CO2 and Air[8]. So far, some GIL and GIS
prototypes filled by C4F7N/C5F10O mixed with CO2 as arc
extinguishing media have been put into trial operation.
The amount of medium voltage (MV) GCB is huge so the
usage of SF6 gas is also large, and the impact on the
environment is more serious. Micro-positive pressure gas is
generally used for the MV GCB. The selection of micro-
positive pressure can avoid the shortcomings of the high
liquefaction temperature of C5F10O and C4F7N gas[9]. It can
give full play to the excellent arc extinguishing properties of
the gases and the feasibility of completely replace SF6 gas in
MV GCB is very high. So in this paper, a load switch is
chosen to verify the arc extinguishing performance of C4F7N
and C5F10O gases. By combining magneto-hydro-dynamics
(MHD) analysis and Mayr arc model, the interruption
processes of 5%C4F7N/CO2, 5%C5F10O/CO2, pure CO2 as
well as SF6 at 0.135Mpa are simulated. Further post arc
current can be got by calculating and it is an important basis
for evaluating the thermal interruption ability of different
gases.
II. CALCULATION MODEL
Through the arc MHD simulation model of the load switch,
it is possible to extract the rich physical information in the arc
extinguishing process and analyze the arc extinguishing
mechanism. When a load switch interrupts the load current,
the arc plasma appears after the contacts get separated so the
current continues flowing through the arc plasma. The Joule
heating effect will make the arc plasmas keep at an elevated
temperature. The interruption is a complicated physical
process with multiple physical fields coupling such as gas
flow fields, electromagnetic fields, ablation the nozzle
materials, and so on[10-11]. In this paper, the dynamic arc
behaviors during the arcing period are simulated by adopting
a 2D axisymmetric MHD arc model, which takes account of
the Joule heating, the Lorentz force, the radiation loss, and the
turbulence enhanced mass, momentum and energy transplant.
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The plasma is assumed to satisfy the conditions of the local
temperature equilibrium and local chemical equilibrium. The
nozzle ablation process is not considered in this paper.
A. Load switch geometry
A 12 kV load switch with a load current interrupting
capacity of 630 A is studied in this paper. The simplified
geometry and computational domain of the switch are
presented in Figure 2. The commercial computational
software ANSYS FLUENT is used to model the circuit
breaker and solve the governing equations. The boundary and
initial conditions of the simulation model are listed as follows:
 The load switch is filled with 5%C4F7N/CO2,
5%C5F10O/CO2, pure CO2 and SF6 at an absolute
pressure of 0.135 MPa; the initial temperature is set to
300 K;
 The rated voltage is 12 kA, the rated frequency is 50
Hz and the current is set to 630 Arms;
 The movement velocity of the moving contact and
nozzle is piecewise linearized from the action
characteristic experiment result.
 The electric potential of the solid contact is set at zero
and the arcing time of 9ms is adopted.
60
PRESSURE-OUTLET
Radial Position/mm
45
30
CURRENT DENSITY
CHAMBER
15 STATIC ARCING
NOZZLE MOVING ARCING
CONTACT
CONTACT CENTRE CONTACT ZERO POTENTIAL
0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240
Axis Position/mm
Fig2. The simplified and computational domain of load switch
B. Radiation model
During the arc burning process, strong ionization occurs in
the arc column, at the same time particles radiate energy to the
outside of the arc column while transitioning. Since the
maximum temperature of the arc can reach tens of thousands
of Kelvin, the radiation energy is not negligible compared
with ohmic heating. Radiation is also an important factor that
causes the ablation of the nozzle wall. Therefore, the effect of
the radiation process on the flow field and the nozzle wall
must be considered. The spectral radiation and absorption of
arc plasma are very complex, and the wavelength range of its
spectral line is very wide, so the calculation of direct
integration of continuous spectrum requires a large amount of
calculation[12].
In this paper, assuming the arc is a symmetric structure
with a rotating axis, its radial temperature changes
monotonously, that is, the maximum temperature of the arc
center is Tm, and the arc temperature gradually decreases when
moving away from the center of the arc column. Therefore,
the arc area is divided into the arc core radiation area and the
outer layer reabsorption area according to the radius. The
radius of the radiation zone is consistent with the radius of the
83%Tm isothermal layers, and the outer radius of the
reabsorption zone is consistent with the radius of the 4000K
isothermal layer. 80% of the total energy radiated from the arc
core is absorbed by the reabsorption zone, and the remaining
20% energy enters the cold gas around the arc.
 III. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ARC
In the process of GCB opening, the current energy cannot
be dissipated suddenly. The arc will naturally occur as the
contacts are separated to complete the current energy transfer.
The burning arc contains a lot of physical information, and the
analysis of temperature, pressure, flow rate, etc. can help to
understand the relevant laws of gas arc extinction.
A. Temperature characteristics
High temperature and lighting is the most significant
feature of the arc column. The dynamic change of arc shape in
the whole arc burning stage can be observed intuitively
through the temperature distribution. Therefore, arc
temperature has always been the focus of arc extinction
research.
0.98 1.03
1.03
18.30 (a1) 2ms 720.4A 17.21 (a2) 2ms 720.4A
0.97 1.07
18.40 (b1) 4ms 890.8A 16.25 (b2) 4ms 890.8A
0.99
0.97
18.24(c1) 6ms 720.4A 15.54 (c2) 6ms 720.4A
1.00
0.96
17.08(d1) 8ms 276.5A 14.67(d2) 8ms 276.5A
Temperature(kK)
1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 8.0 12.0 14.0 15.0
(1) SF6 (2) 5%C5F10O+95%CO2
Fig3. The temperature distributions in the arc area of SF6 and
5%C5F10O/CO2 at 2ms, 4ms, 6ms,8ms
It can be found in Fig. 3 that the high temperature arc area
of the 5%C5F10O/CO2 mixed gas arc expands farther outward
than the SF6 gas arc at the beginning of the arc. Although the
mixed gas arc appears longer, the radius of the two arcs is not
much different. Even the SF6 arc is thicker and the temperature
distribution is more concentrated. When CO2 is mixed with a
small amount of C5F10O, the high temperature region of the
arc is similar to SF6, the 5% C5F10O mixed gas shows a better
temperature distribution characteristic than pure CO2. It is
worth noting that the maximum temperature of the
5%C5F10O/CO2 gas arc is 17.21 kK at 2ms, which is lower
than the maximum temperature of the SF6 gas arc 18.30 kK. It
shows that the SF6 gas arc burns more violently. The
maximum temperature of 5%C5F10O/CO2 gas arc is slightly
lower than that of pure CO2 by about 1 kK at 2ms.
The current continues to increase to the peak value,
reaching 890.8 kA at 4ms. At this stage, the energy injection
into the arc increasing greatly, the arc will expand rapidly and
spread to a further gas region. Although the current has
increased, the arc temperature remains basically unchanged.
For the energy has reached equilibrium at this time, the ohmic
heat generated by the current and the arc energy dissipation
rate have basically maintained balance, so the temperature will
not continue to increase a lot. With the nozzle and the moving
contact continue to move, the gas is compressed so that the
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gas will continuously blow out from the compression chamber
and toward the arc core. At 8ms, the current is only 276.5A,
the compression effect of 5%C5F10O/CO2 arc is more obvious,
the high temperature area of the arc is more concentrated near
the axis, and the arc becomes thinner and longer. The arc
temperature of the mixed gas is only 14.67kK, which is 2kK
lower than SF6. At the post arc period, the lower arc
temperature near the CZ point means that the dielectric
strength of the medium will recover faster, which is significant
to avoid arc reigniting.
Since the proportion of CO2 in the 5%C5F10O/CO2 mixed
gas is as high as 95%, CO2 accounts for most of the mixed gas,
which directly affects the arc characteristics of the mixed gas.
Therefore, the temperature distribution of 5%C4F7N/CO2
mixed gas is very similar to that of 5%C5F10O/CO2 mixed gas.
In general, SF6 arc diffusion lags behind that of the new
environment-friendly mixed gas and the shrinkage effect is
also weaker. It is more favorable for the arc to not occur
reignition after the CZ point if the arc is thinner and longer.
Compared with SF6, the arc temperature of these two
environmentally friendly mixed gases is a bit lower. So the
mixed gases show good arc extinguishing performance from
temperature characteristics. Further specific post arc media
recovery situation requires more arc characteristics to analyze.
B. Flow field characteristics
The establishment of pressure in the compression chamber
is related to the strength of the blowing airflow, which is a
factor directly related to arc extinction ability. Therefore,
studying flow field characteristics is significant to understand
the arc extinguishing ability of each gas. And the gas flow rate
can well show the arc energy dissipation. Since the arc is a
high temperature, energy and heat-generating substance, the
gas will generate flow and interact with the arc to complete
the energy exchange driven by the arc energy. The energy is
mainly consumed in three ways: convection, conduction, and
radiation. Different media lead to different laws of energy
dissipation. Studying the gas velocity vector distribution can
help to understand the law of energy dissipation, so as to
analyze the difference in arc extinguishing performance of
different gases. Figure 4 is the velocity vector distribution of
the gas at various time.
(a1) 2ms 720.4A (a2) 2ms 720.4A
(b1) 4ms 890.8A (b2) 4ms 890.8A
(c1) 6ms 720.4A (c2) 6ms 720.4A
(d1) 8ms 276.5A (d2) 8ms 276.5A
(1)SF6 (2)5%C5F10O+95%CO2
Fig4. The velocity vector distributions in the nozzle and moving contact area
of SF6 and 5%C5F10O/CO2 at 2ms, 4ms, 6ms,8ms (unit m/s)
After mixing a small amount of C5F10O, the flow rate of
the mixed gas is significantly faster than that of pure CO2, and
the convection effect of the gas is more obvious. The flow rate
of the 5%C5F10O/CO2 mixed gas at all time is faster than that With the arc current decays to zero, the arc injection
of pure CO2. The same situation occurs in the C4F7N mixed energy will gradually decrease resulting in the arc temperature
gas, which shows that adding a small amount of PEN or PFK and conductance decreasing, even the arc column shrinking.
gas to CO2 can significantly improve the gas flow field After the CZ point, the temperature of arc plasma is still high,
characteristics. and the conductor state is still maintained. At this time, under
the action of the recovery voltage, a small current will flow
When the arc burns at 4ms, the current continues to through the gap. This current is called the post arc current. If
increase to a peak value reaching 890.8 kA. At this stage, the the energy injected into the arc gap by the post arc current is
energy injection of the arc increases greatly, causing the gas higher than the energy dissipated at this time, the temperature
to move violently, forming a strong energy convection and of the arc plasma will rise and the conductance becomes larger.
conduction process, and the gas flow rate is significantly
accelerated. The flow rate of the SF6 arc core is as high as 90 Meanwhile, the post current gradually increases, and the
m/s but the C5F10O mixed gas is only 65 m/s, which fully arc will be easier to reignite. When the energy of post arc
shows that the energy dissipation rate in the SF6 arc is faster, current injected into the arc gap is lower than the energy
and the energy dissipation caused by convection can quickly dissipation at this time, post arc current tends to decrease to
flow to the colder gas area. From the aspect of the velocity at zero, and the thermal load current will be successfully
the outlet of the nozzle channel, the flow rate of SF6 is still interrupted. The Mayr equation can be used to obtain the
slightly higher than that of 5%C5F10O/CO2 which is about 29 magnitude of the post arc current after CZ point at different
m/s and 20m/s respectively. recovery voltage rise rates(RRRV). Based on the trend of the
post arc current, the thermal interruption performance of the
At 8ms, the flow rate of the SF6 arc core has been reduced SF6 alternative gases can be evaluated.
to 47.6 m/s, and the fastest flow rate of 5%C5F10O/CO2 is only
at the outlet of the nozzle channel the value dropping to only
about 26 m/s. At the same position, The flow velocity in SF6
gas is 33 m/s. The gas velocity at 5%C5F10O/CO2 arc core is
only about 20 m/s, which is very unfavorable for the post arc
medium recovery at CZ point. Overall, SF6 has higher energy
dissipation efficiency and stronger convection capacity, and a
more obvious cooling effect. The flow field characteristics of
C4F7N mixed gas are basically similar to C5F10O.
IV. ANALYSIS OF POST ARC MEDIUM RECOVERY
The Mayr arc model is used to study the arc energy
dissipation and breakdown characteristics at CZ point. The arc
time constant θ and the cooling power Q are commonly used
to evaluate the interruption capability and generally give a
believable result. Mayr equation (1) is expressed as follow:

1 dg 1 u  i
  (  1)  Fig5. Method for determining arc time constant and energy dissipation
g dt  Q coefficient

g is the arc conductance, θ is the arc time constant, Q is arc The calculated value of post arc current after the CZ point
cooling coefficient, u is the arc voltage, and i is the arc current. of C4F7N and C5F10O mixed gas arc under different RRRV are
Derivation based on the above formula can be obtained: shown in Figure 6 and 7. With the rate of voltage rise
gradually increasing, the rate of post arc current rise is also
accelerated, until the threshold of RRRV reaches a critical
g1i2 2  g 2 i12 value. When the RRRV is larger than the critical value the
  
dg dg current will increase rapidly, then the dielectric strength of the
i12 2  i2 2 1 medium after CZ point will be destroyed again, and the arc
dt dt
will reignite. The arc current is bound to enter the next half-
dg1 2 dg 2 sine wave.
i2 2 i1
dt dt The critical value of RRRV is 0.025 kV/us, 0.032 kV/us,
 Q 
dg1 dg 2 and 0.045 kV/us for 5%C5F10O and 5%C4F7N mixed gases
g2  g1 and pure SF6 gas respectively. The thermal interruption
dt dt
capacity of the 5%C4F7N mixed gas is significantly better than
The Mayr arc model can be used to calculate the arc time that of the 5%C5F10O mixed gas. When RRRV is less than
constant and energy dissipation coefficient at different 0.029 kV/us the post arc current will decrease to almost 0 A
conductance during the arc, the method is shown in Figure 5. after CZ point 20 us for 5%C4F7N mixed gas but the value is
First, given an arc conductance g, and find two equal points in only 0.021 kV/us for 5%C5F10O mixed gas. Overall the
the arc conductance curve. g1 and g2 are the conductance, thermal interruption capacity of 5%C4F7N mixed gas and
respectively. Furthermore, the current values i1 and i2, and the 5%C5F10O mixed gas is 55.6% and 71.1% to that of pure SF6.
conductance change rates dg1/dt and dg2 /dt corresponding to
these two points are determined. Finally, based on equations
(2) and (3), the arc time constant and energy dissipation
coefficient under the arc conductance are obtained.

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Fig6.The Calculation result of C4F7N post arc current in 20 μs after CZ point
Fig7.The Calculation result of C5F10O post arc current in 20 μs after CZ
point
V. CONCLUSION
The performance of 5%C5F10O/CO2 and 5%C4F7N/CO2
mixed gases as an interruption medium in a 12kV load switch
is investigated and compared the capacity with that of pure
SF6. By analyzing the characteristics of arc temperature
distribution and velocity vector, the principle of arc
extinction of each gas can be understood from the MHD
model. Further, the post arc can be obtained by MHD
simulation results and Mayr arc model. Generally,
5%C5F10O/CO2 and 5%C4F7N/CO2 arc has stronger diffusion
ability in the X direction, and the arc will be longer and thinner
than that of SF6 arc, which is the advantage of the mixed gases
in the aspect of arc extinction. However, the flow rate of SF6
gas is slightly faster than that in the mixed gas. And the gas
flow rate at the outlet of the nozzle channel is more than 20%
faster than that of the mixed gas, which can form a stronger
gas blowing effect to cool the arc. Under the effect of RRRV,
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the arc is easy to reburn. The critical value of RRRV for
5%C5F10O and 5%C4F7N mixed gases and pure SF6 gas is
0.025 kV/us, 0.032 kV/us, and 0.045 kV/us. Finally, the
thermal breaking ability of 5%C5F10O/CO2 and
5%C4F7N/CO2 mixed gas can be certainly determined as
about 55.6% and 71.1% respectively to that of SF6.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work is supported by the Science and Technology
Project of Shenzhen Power Supply Bureau Co., Ltd.
(SZKJXM20170480).
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