What are the different types of neuropathies?
Inflammatory, Infectious, Hereditary (HMSN-I), HM
What are the different types of myopathies?
What is the structure of a peripheral myelinated
nerve?
What are the clear areas around the axons in a
peripheral myelinated nerve called?
What is the pigment of axons and fatty myelin in a
silver-stained peripheral myelinated nerve?
What is the pigment of axons and fatty myelin in a
stained peripheral myelinated nerve (reversed in
pigment)?
What is the approximate number of myelinated
axons in a medium-sized nerve?
What is denervation myopathy?
What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
What is Myasthenia gravis?
What is the Neurovascular Triad?
What are the structures in the Neurovascular Triad?
What is the difference between the nerve, artery,
and vein in the Neurovascular Triad?
SN-II, HMSN-III, Acquired (Toxic/Metabolic),
Traumatic, Neoplasms.
Denervation, Dystrophies (e.g. Duchenne muscular
dystrophy), Ion channel, Congenital, Genetic
Metabolic, Inflammatory, Toxic, NeuroMuscular
Junction (e.g. Myasthenia gravis - weakness in
skeletal muscle), Neoplasms.
It has wavy longitudinal type of tissue stained on
hematoxylin and eosin. Axons are surrounded by
fatty myelin which washes out during staining.
Fatty myelin.
Axons have dark/black pigments while the fatty
myelin surrounds them (brown pigmented).
Axons are lighter in color (light yellow pigment)
while the fatty myelin is darker (green-black
pigment).
A finite number of myelinated axons, around 20, are
present.
It is the regression of innervations.
It is a type of dystrophy that is genetic in nature.
It is a type of neuro-muscular junction disorder that
causes weakness in skeletal muscle.
A group of three structures found in certain areas of
the body, such as the femoral triangle, consisting of
the femoral nerve, femoral artery, and femoral vein.
Femoral nerve, femoral artery, and femoral vein.
The nerve is smaller, the artery has a thicker wall
with tunica media, and the vein has thin walls.
Why must the vessel area be pinched before
inserting a needle for arterial blood gas test?
What is the appearance of the longitudinal section
of the nerve?
What are the structures of the Peripheral
Myelinated Nerve?
Where does myaline start and end in the Peripheral
Myelinated Nerve?
What is the classical appearance of skeletal
muscle?
What is the composition of skeletal muscle?
What are the components of muscle?
What happens to the H band in a relaxed muscle?
What happens to the H band in a contracted
muscle?
What is muscle fiber necrosis?
What is muscle fiber atrophy?
What is muscle fiber hypertrophy?
What are the important concepts related to nerve
demyelination, axonal damage, and regeneration?
What is segmental demyelination?
The arterial wall is thicker, unlike the regular
intravenous injection in the part of the hand where
the wall of the vein is thinner.
Wavy.
Outer mesaxon, inner mesaxon, microtubules, and
neurofilaments.
It starts in the inner mesaxon and ends in the outer
mesaxon.
Voluntary, striated, with alternate colors.
Composed of titin.
Presence of Troponin, Tropomyosin, Z lines, M line,
A band.
H band expands.
H band gets smaller.
Death of muscle fibers due to no/impeded blood
supply or blockage in arteries.
Shrinkage of muscles due to disuse or impaired
motor function.
Increase in muscle size due to working out or other
factors.
Demyelination can cause segmental nerve damage,
axonal degeneration can occur, but nerves can
regenerate and reinnervate. Muscle fibers can also
regenerate and induce hypertrophy, but can also
undergo atrophy.
Alternating changes in the size of axon and myelin.
What is axonal degeneration? The literal degeneration of axons.

What is reinnervation? The process of growing new neurons.

What is myopathy? A condition that is not usually evident.

What is absent in the area of demyelination? Anything that stains fat.

What does darker pigments indicate in muscle Necrosis.

histopathology?

What does muscle fiber vacuolization indicate? Spaces indicating damage in muscle cells.

What is hypertrophy and atrophy? Hypertrophy is the growth of certain fibers to make
up for the loss of muscles in atrophy.

What is Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)? An inflammatory neuropathy that can cause

ascending paralysis and is preceded by an
influenza-like illness.

What is the main problem with GBS? Infection, as GBS may infect other parts of the body
leading to a very low immune system.

What is Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating A type of Guillain-Barre Syndrome that is not really
Polyneuropathy (AIDP)? wavy unlike the normal.

What is leprosy? A disease caused by mycobacterium leprae that

can cause neuropathy.

What is Diphtheria? A disease that can be protected by vaccine.

What is the cause of Diphtheria? Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria.

What is V/Z (Varicella-Zoster)? A virus that causes shingles.

What are the symptoms of shingles? Bumps that can fall off on their own and follow a
dermatomal pattern.

What is auto-amputation in Leprosy? The process of body parts falling off due to nerve
destruction caused by Mycobacterium leprae
bacteria.
What is the cause of neurotoxin in Diphtheria? Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria.

What is Herpes Zoster? A virus that causes shingles and is usually lodged in
the spinal cord.

What is NEUROPATHY? A group of hereditary diseases that involve

defective myelination.

What is HMSN - I (Charcot-Marie-Tooth)? A type of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy

that involves defective myelination with the
CMT1/CMT2.

What is HMSN - II? A type of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy

that involves duplication of a large region in
chromosome 17 that includes the gene PMP22,
which is seen in 80% of CMT patients.

What is HMSN - III (Palpable Nerves aka. A type of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy.
Dejerine-Sottas)?

What is Pes Cavum in CMT? A condition where the patient has high foot arching
with claw-positioned toes due to peroneal muscle
atrophy.

What is Diabetic Neuropathy? A condition where the patient feels tingling

sensation in the lower extremity but can't feel the
pain because the nerves were already affected by
diabetes.

What are the causes of Toxic/Metabolic Diabetes mellitus, vitamin deficiencies (many Bs,
Neuropathy? E), heavy metals (Pb, As), organic compounds, and
certain drugs/chemotherapy.

What are the symptoms of Chemotherapy Induced Numbness in distal extremities, long term touch,
Peripheral Neuropathy? heat, cold dysesthesia, and motor deficit.

What are the drugs that may induce Chemotherapy Oxaliplatin and Taxanes (such as docetaxel,
Induced Peripheral Neuropathy? paclitaxel).

What is HBIOANA derived from? A taxon derived from a pine tree located in rural
elevated areas.
What promising results has HBIOANA shown in
colon cancer?
What are Vinca alkaloids and what are they derived
from?
What is Periwinkle (vinca) used for by albularyos?
What is Bortezomib used for?
What is demyelination and what is its association
with diabetes?
What is carpal tunnel and what are its symptoms?
What is Morton's Neuroma and what causes it?
What are the types of Neuroma?
What is the difference between benign and
malignant neoplastic neuropathy?
What is Antoni A tissue characterized by?
What is Antoni B tissue characterized by?
What is a myopathy?
A small amount of extract could kill almost all of the
cancer cells except for the normal cells.
Vincristine and vinblastine derived from a type of
plant that looks like a common grass.
To abort babies caused by maligno as it can cause
miscarriage given its toxic properties to the womb.
Myeloma treatment (diseases in the bone marrow).
Demyelination is seen with diabetes, most
commonly in neuropathy, where the patient may not
feel anything from a wound due to ischemia and
direct toxic effect to the peripheral nerves.
Carpal tunnel is common in people who strain their
hand too much. Symptoms include tingling
sensation to numbness in the thumb, index finger,
middle finger, or in the ring finger and pinky finger.
Sometimes it can manifest with atrophy in the
muscles of the hands so they’ll have poor grip.
Morton's Neuroma is a type of neuropathy that can
be caused by traumatic compression and is more
common in females than males. It is located either
interdigital or intermetatarsal.
Traumatic Neuroma, Morton's Neuroma, and
Interdigital Neuroma.
Benign neoplastic neuropathy is Schwannoma,
while malignant neoplastic neuropathy is Malignant
Schwannoma.
Palisaded spindle-shaped patterns.
Non-palisaded spindle-shaped patterns.
Any primary disease of muscle, generally the
striated muscles such as skeletal and cardiac.
What are the types of neuropathies? Inflammatory, Infectious, Hereditary (HMSN - I),
HMSN - II, HMSN - III, Acquired Toxic/Metabolic,
Traumatic, and Neoplasms.

What are the types of myopathies? Denervation (SMA), Dystrophies, Ion Channel,
Congenital, Genetic Metabolic, Inflammatory, Toxic,
NeuroMuscular Junction, and Neoplasms.

What happens in denervation myopathy? Muscle fibers cannot survive unless they are
innervated, resulting in muscle shrinkage.

What is Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)? A childhood disease caused by a chromosome #5

that harbors the survival motor neuron gene
(Survival Motor Neuron 1) and affects the anterior
(ventral) horn cells, often PAN-fascicular, and
involves the shoulder and hip muscles.

What is Dystrophic myopathy? A myopathy that is characterized by the absence of

dystrophin protein, an intracellular protein that forms
an interface between the cytoskeletal protein and a
group of transmembrane protein.

What is Myotonia? A common feature of myopathies that refers to tonic

muscle spasm or muscular rigidity.

What is the hypertrophy-atrophy scenario with It is a scenario where there is a cross-sectional

inflammation? image of cells in the muscle with spaces in between
the muscles for patients with DMD.

What is Myopathy? A disease that affects the muscles.

What are the different types of Myopathy? Congenital, Metabolic, Inflammatory, Toxic, and
Neuromuscular Junction.

What is Congenital Myopathy? A familial (genetic) disease that causes hypotonic

muscles and floppy babies.

What is Metabolic Myopathy? A genetic disease that causes lipid accumulation

due to enzyme deficiency or mitochondrial
problems.

What is Inflammatory Myopathy? A disease that causes muscle inflammation, such

as Dermatomyositis, Polymyositis, and Inclusion
Body Myositis.
What is Toxic Myopathy? A disease caused by exposure to toxins, such as
drugs, ethanol, and thyrotoxicosis.

What is Neuromuscular Junction Myopathy? A disease that affects the connection between
nerves and muscles, such as Myasthenia Gravis.

What is Myasthenia Gravis? An autoimmune disease that affects the

neuromuscular junction, causing muscle weakness
and fatigue.

What is the diagnostic test for Myasthenia Gravis? The anticholinesterase test (edrophonium drug)
which confirms the presence of antibodies to
anti-cholinesterase receptors.

What is the pathognomonic feature of Inclusion Asymmetrical weakness in the quads and wrist
Body Myositis? flexors.

What is the association between Dermatomyositis Half of Dermatomyositis patients also have cancer,
and cancer? mostly young adults.

What is the treatment for Myasthenia Gravis? Thymectomies, which remove the thymoma and
improve the condition and prognosis, but it takes
some time.