Mirror of Common Errors

PART(A)
TEXT, PROBLEMS, ANSWERS & EXPLANATIONS
Chapter Page No.
1. ARTICLES
Articles - 'A, An, The', Idiomatic Uses of 'A I An', Difference between 'A' and
'An', Uses of 'The', Omission ofArticles, Problems, Answers, E~planatic;>Ds 1-8
2. NOUNS & CASES
Case-Definition, Types, Possessive Case, Uses. of Apostrophe 's' ('s), Problems,
Answers, Explanations 9-15
3. NOUNS & NUMBERS
Nouns and Numbel'S'-Singulaf.' Nouns, Singular and Plural Nouns (No change in
form), Plural Nouns, Singubu:.1.Pl\:mrtFormation, Uses of Singular Nouns, Uses of
Plural Nouns, Problems.Answers, Explanations 16-23
·4, SUBJECT - VERB. AGREEMENT
Subject - ·verb Agreement,. Problems, Answers, Explanations 24-32
5. TTh1E & TENSES
Present Tense-Present Indefinite, Present Imperfect/Continuous, Present Perfect,
Present Perfect Continuous, Past·Tense-Past Indefinite, Past Imperfect/Continuous,
Past Perfect, Past Perfect Contmueus; Future 'Iense=-Puture Indefinite, Future
Imperfect/Continuous, PururePesfect, Probfems,-.Answers, Explanations 33-41
6. PRONOUNS
Pronouns-Definition, Classification, Uses of Personal Pronouns, Uses of Objective
Case Pronouns:, 'Than:' and, the Case, Distributive, Reciprocal, Demonstrative,
Reflexive, Emphatic, Relative, Uses ef who I which I that etc., Who-/ Whom,
-Iruerrogative, Exclamatory, Ph:JbfelliS')·Answer-s; Explanations · 42-49
7. ADJECTIVES
Adjectiv.es-Definition, Classification, Proper Adjective, Distributive, Use of each,
every, either, neither, eaeh and every. Demonstrative, Numeral, Order of Numerals,
Quantitative. Order of Indefinite Numerals and Definite Numerals, Qualitative,
Interrogative, Degree of Csmpariserr, Same Important Facts :· Comparatively I
i Relatively, Enough, Interchanges, of Degrees; Problems, Answers, Explanations 50-58
~
8. VERBS:
Verbs.--Au,xiliary Verbs·, Primary Auxiliaries, Modal Auxiliaries, Main Verbs I
Principal Verbs; Infinitives-Uses· of Infinitives; Usesof Inflnitives (without 'to') or
(Bare Infinitives), Participles, P-toblems~'.Answ.ers, Explanations 59--71
I
(xii)
Chapter
.,.. Page No.
·< '·,""i
.•.
9. ADVERBS
Adverbs-Classification, Simple Adverbs, Interrogative Adverbs, Relative Adverbs,
Some Important Adverbs and their uses, Position' of Adverbs, Inversion, Problems,
Answers, Explanations 72-85
10. CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions-Some important Conjunctions and their uses, Problems, Answers,
Explanations 86 :._ 93
11. VOICES
Voice-Definition, Kinds of Voices, General Rules regarding Active to Passive,
Tense & Voice, Present Indefinite, Present Imperfect, Present Perfect, Past
Indefinite, Past Imperfect, Past Perfect, Future Indefinite, Future Perfect, Passive of
Interrogative Sentences, Passive of 'Yes/No Questions', Passive of Questions beginning
with 'Do/Does/Did', Passive of Questions beginning with 'Have/Has/Had', Passive of
Questions beginning with 'Modal Auxiliary Verbs', Passive of 'Wh-Questions'. Passive
of Imperative Sentence, Passive of Sentences expressing 'order/request' etc., Passive
of sentences expressing 'Suggestion/Advice', Passive of sentences expressing
'request', Passive of To be+ Infinitive (To+ V1), Passive of Have/Has/Had+
Infinitive (To + V\ Passive of Stative Verbs, Passive of Verbs·+ Preposition-e
94-105
Object, Problems, Answers, Explanations
12. NARRATIONS
Narration-Definition. Kinds of Narrations, Some important information about
Narration, Changing Direct Narration into Indirect Narration, General Rules, Indirect
Narration of Assertive Sentences, Indirect Narration of Interrogative Sentences,
Indirect Narration of Imperative Sentences, Rules regarding 'order I request', Indirect
Narration of sentences beginning with 'Let', Indirect Narration of Optative
Sentences, Indirect Narration of Exclamatory Sentences, 'Must' and Indirect
Narration, Problems, Answers, Explanations 106- 116
13. PREPOSITIONS
Prepositlon=-Definition, Classification, Prepositions of Direction, Prepositions of
Place, Preposition of Time, Some other Prepositions, Some important facts about
Prepositions, Some Nouns and appropriate Prepositions, Some Verbs and appropriate
Prepositions, Some Adjectives and Participles followed by Prepositions, Problems,
Answers, Explanations. 117-1
1-t SUPERFLUOUS EXPRESSIONS & SLANG

Superfluous Expressions and Slang-Definition, Some important Suprefluous.
Expressions and Slang, Problems, Answers, Explanations 135-1411
I
***
Chapter- 1
IA,°An ~ The <N Articles q;m ~ t ~ ~ wwr

ARTICLES
Summons=-nfnoun), pl (= plural) summonses
~Noun~ indefinite 7.IT.Definite ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ !; · [c (= countable)] an official order to appear in a court of
~- . . law: serve a summons on sb (= somebody)
(i) A beggar; has stol_en your shirt. -LONGMAN DICTIONARY OF
(ii) This is the house in which I live. CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH (p. 1446)
<Jm ~ (i) ~ beggar~ ~·A q;r ~ !1 A 7.IT An~ (iv) Laser beams can carry / long distance signals way I in
Indefinite Articles q;m ~- t ~ ~ ·~ Noun ~ (A) (B)
Indefinite~ ti a«r: A beggar q;r a.1Yf t ~ f1rartt, ~ somewhat similar to radio waves. I No Error.
1'"raro'1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "q' ~ ~ ~ t fq; ~ (C) (D)
mt~~t, [R.R.B., (Tiruvananthpuram)A.S.M. Exam., 2001]
qiq<j (ii) ~ house ~ ~ the q;r ~ !1 The q;r ~ 1fr-!' q;r Part (B) ~t ~ way~ Singular
Definite Article q;m "ffilT t ~ ~ ~ Noun ~ Definite Countable Noun t ~ ~ a q;r ~ am: ~ mm1
q:m:rr t,
am: The house t ~ ~ q;r ~ mm ti ~ ffl' in a way Ml .
~ ~ ~ ~ ffiIT {1 2. Some Idiomatic uses of Al An :

1. Uses of Al An : Al An q;r m- ~ Singular Countable (a) ~ (number) cfi!fT .ll'ffl ••Htl.'lql<ft ~ ~
Noun~~mmt; ~- expressions jt: ~-
A lot (of) A great many (of)
(i) Mohan is a sinfer. A great deal (of) A good many (of)
J". A good deal (of) A number (of)
a Noun A large quantity (of) A large number (of) ·
(Singular Countable) A large amount (of) A great number (of)
(ii) This is an
. r ¥· · ~ (b) ~ 3F<f expressions it : eat a humble pie, in a hurry,
in a dilemma, in a rage, in a mood, ~w1..n:w.er,
at a
an Noun loss, have a drink, have a rest, have a walk, go for a
(Singular Countable) walk, have a headache, have a sleep, have a dream,
~ R'1l1r ~ anmfto Problems~ ~ ~ fl ~- have a chat, have a quarrel, have a fight, make a
noise, take a risk, take a hint, take a rest, take a meal,
(i) Ravi prefers I self employment I to job I in any office. I have a good/bad education, get/give/award a
(A) (B) · (C) (D) scholarship etc. ·
No Error. ~ idiomatic wwil' ~ ~ a ~ ~·Problem R;lfT ~
. (E)
t1~-
[B.S.R.B. (Bhopal) P.O. EXAM., 1989] (i) Nathan's habit of I delaying his work I put his
~ ~ q;r Part (C) l'fffii t ~ 'job' ~ Singular . (A) (B)
Countable Noun t · ~ ~ 'a' q;r ffl' WTTI a«r: ~ - collegues I to lot of trouble. I No Error.
~ajob~I (C) (D) (E)
(ii) It being rainy day I most of the people I out on the [B.S.R.B. (Delhi) P.O. Exam. - 1990]
(A) (B)
I carrying umbrellas. I No Error.
~ 1Jr-f q;r Part (D) Tfffif t <FITfcf; lot~ ™ a q;r WWT
strcc( were mrITI ani: a lot of trouble·~ ~ mrITI
(q (D). (E)
[B.S.R.B. (Patna) Clerical Exam., 1993]
NOTE-: lot ~ plural iiR"R ~ m~Part ~ m~
~~ JiFi <iii Pan (A) "1fffif l ~ 'day'·~ Singular
~ lots of q;f ffl' ,it mm t,
Countable Noun t ~ ~ 'a' q;r Jl<IT7T ff ~, ~ (ii) Even though our team took the field with great
confidence, the opposition made them eat the humble
day ~ ~ ~ Adjective rainy t ~ ~ a q;r WWT
rainy~ ~ ~I ani: ~ ~ a rainy day ~I ~-
(A) a humble pie (B) humble pie
(iii) Summons I was served I on Ram. I No Error. (C) humble pies (D) No improvement
(A) (B) (C) (D)
[C.l).S. Exam., 1999]
[C.D.S. Exam., 1999) ~ 1Jr-f ~ underlined Part 'the humble pie'~ ~ (A)
~ ~ q;r Part (A) 1ffi<f t~ summons 'Q,q'i Singular ~ ~ ~ ~ 'a bumble pie' ~ improve ~ ~
Countable Noun t ~ ~ A. q;r ~ m11TI am: ~ ~ eat a· humble pie~ idiom ti
ffl' A Summons mrITI ~-
2 A Mirror of Common Errors
3. Difference between A and An : A cfiT ml' consonant 2. Some Important-Uses of-'The' : (i) ~ $ ~ ~ ~
'sound(~~) t ~~~~·~mart, ~-The Ganges (or The Ganga), The Brahmputra, The
~~A pen/A box/A table/A car. [<!"ITT pen cfiT ~ Cauvery, The. Krishna), ~ $ ;ni:rl' $ ~ ~-The
sound zv/, box cfiT Wffi sound RI, ~ cfiT ~ sound · . Arabian ·sea, The Red Sea, The Dead Sea}, l4{ii.~lHl<I' ~
lei ~ car l5T ~
An cfiT "ffl vowel sound t ~
sound ~/ consonant sounds !I]
~ ~ $ m :;rirr·:$ m ~-The Indian Ocean, Th, Pacific Ocean
The Atlantic Oceari), ffl . ~ $. :rim ~ ,m;t.
maT ti ~-An orange I An elephant I An OX I An ass. ~-The Himalayas, The Alps),~ ~ $ ~
[~ orange q;r ~
/fl./, ox qii' ~
sound /3TI/, elephant q;r ~
sound /a-rr/, ass q;r ~
sound
sound /rf/
~m ~-The east, The West)~ ~ ~ i:lidiq{Oj
vowel sounds t'1] atdl.?tcll~ ~ $ ~ ~-The top, The bottom,· The
NOTE : ~ ~ q;r ~ sound consonant t <IT vowel centre, The weather, The world, The meuntains etc.), 'tr=r.
~ ~ :rrm· $ ~ ~-The Andamans, The
*m ~~ ~
~ ~ ,3.l'T4' '3'l=I' ~
it. fcnm ~ cfiT ~
an cfiT
q;r'~
m ~ am
·~·~~~I
letter~ q;r vowel~
'll'R consonant mm
Nicobars, The Phillipines, 'Jbe East Indies, Tne West
Indies)
~ ~· a q;r ·mr~I ~ M.A. cfiT ~ letter 'M'
3. Superlative Degree~ Adjectives~ m; ~-
consonant t ~ ~ ~ ·~·~ ti ~· q;r
~ sound rtl/ ~ vowel ti anr: An M.A. q;r ~ (i) She is the tallest girl in the class.
~, fc!9; Member q;r ~ letter 'M' t ~ ~ (ii) He is the best boy in the class.
sound m; ~ consonant ti anr: A Member cfiT ~ ~~~~problems~~~ li ~-
~I f~i.if~f'<Sld ~ ~ ~ A~ An~ ~ q;\" ~ :
Sunil is I a. best student I in our class I at present.' I
an X-ray plant {~-t ~] [~ sound~ t1J . (A) . (B) . (C) . .(D).
a one-way .ticket ['a.-;:r-~ ~] [~ sound /cf/ t"1]
No Error. [B.S.R.B. (Patna), Clerical Exam.'1988]
a unique man [~ lRJ [~ sound ~/ ti) (E)
an umbrella [~J [~ sound /al/ t"1J ·
~~~~Problems~~~ tr~- mr ~ $ Part (B) if a~ ffi the cfiT ~ ~ ~
(i) I am not I wealthy so I I cannot afford to buy I a
superlative degree ~ adjective ~ ~ the %r ~ mar
(A) (B) . (C) ti m: the best student~ ~ ~I]
expensive car./ No Error. (!'comparative Degree $ ~ ~ than qj' to cfiT ~ mm
{D) (E) '3'l=I' Comparative Degree js ~ the cfiT ~ ~ maT t';
{B.S.R.B. (Jaipur) Clerical Exam., 1991) ~-
[~ ~ Part (D) ~
'q;I' ti ~ Part if a~ ~ an (i) He is better than you. [;i- ~ the better than]
q;r if<lllT mrrr ~expensive ~<Rlqf.:ecj) qi!' ~
(ii) She is senior to you. [:r ~ the senior to]
sound ~I fiRT' <f;T vowel !1]
(ii) He had no I illusion of being I either a distinguished ~~~.~Problem~-
(A) (B) (C) (i) The interviewer asked me I if I knew that I Kalidas was
(A) (B)
writer I or a editor I No Error.
the greater I than any other poet. I No Error.
(D) (E)
(C) (D) (E) .
· [B.S.R.B. (Lucknow) Clerical Exam., 1993]
[B.S.R,.B. (P.O.) Exam., 1996)
[~ m ~ Part (D) ~ a ~ ~ an q;r 'lfclTlT mnT' · mr 'll'r-1' ~ Part (C) it the cfiT WUTT "lfffif t ~ ~
~ editor q;r ~ sound /Tl/ ~ ciii ~ vowel
'q'l';p:f if comparative + than cfiT ml' ti am: Kalidas was
ti] greater.. ...~ ffl ~I] . ,
i. Uses .of 'The' :-The cfiT 'lflrrTr ¢llq,t<!cfidl:j'81< f<f;m ~ f.:ti..if~f{sld 4RR21Rl<.il it Comparative Degree~ m
Singular Countable Noun, Plural Countable Noun <IT -m ~ t-
Uncountable Noun ~ definite oRFt ~ ~ fcf;<!r ~
~-
t;
The q;r
~(A) *ti";~-
Comparative Degree.~ ~ of the two cfiT ~
.
(i) You.are the man who helped me. He is the better of the two boys.
T ~
the Noun (Singular
--r -r- l
the comp. of the two .
Countable)
git (B) ~~~'ff it ~~-:?:IT~~ m
(ii) These are the
T.
whom I have invited.
~vt. w. the + Comp. + Subject + "'.erb,
the + Comp.. +
the notm (Ph.mu "/ Subject+ Verb cfiT ~ mm-
t; ~-·
Countable) (i) The more he gets, the morehe wants.
1he ~ Rcflt ~ ~ ti
t_ iii)
-r ·-water
r of this well. is polluted. ~-
Problems ~ ~ ~
The Noun (Uncountable)

A Mirror of Common Errors 3
(i) In a mountaineering expedition I higher you go from

(A) ~).
the base camp I the colder you feel. I No Error.
(C) (D) (E)
* (iii) A lot of money has beenspent. (:r fct; the money]
NOT~ : Kind of, type of, sort of ~ dfR ~an
~ l
cf;!" 'll~
<ITT!: cITif<l' "Interrogative Sentence it ~; ~-
m
What type of a singer is he ?
. [S.C.R.A. Exam., 1998] 'ii i What type of singer is he ?
....
[Wm~ Part (B) "G' higher~ m
the <fiT m 4. Man, Woman, Life, Death, Science, Art, Nature .q;r ffi
WTrl 31(!'.: ~·~ the higher~!]
~ ~ ·~ it m m ~ w.
ftf;m Article q;r ~
(ii) The greater the demand, higher the price.
~mrrt;~-
(A) high (B) the high (i) Man is mortal.
(C) the higher (D) No improvement (ii) Woman is man's mate.
[S.S.C. (Section officer Comni'ercial Exam., 2001)] ~~"«'.~Problem ~-
~ 1!v-r cf>!" underlined part higher ciit (C) ~ ~ ,ro: The man is mortal I and ultimately he has to leave
~ <fiT ~ the higher~ improve "q;vJT ~I (A) (B)
5. l-11'11=-ld<ll Ordinal Adjective ~ ~ the cfil' m~ t; everything here, I yet how irrationally he remains attached ·
(C) -~.
~- to his worldly possessions. I No Error.
(i) Who was the first President of India ?
.CD) (E),
6. l-lll-11-<ldl!I Noun +of+ Noun <nT ~ ~ "R ~ Noun [B.S.R.B. (Bombay) P.O. Exam., 1994]
$ ~ the~~mmt; tt- ~~%Part (A)~ man~-~ the cfiT ~ ~
(i) The students of this class are naughty. ~I]
J, J ,i, .J, S. school, college, church, hospital, prison, jail, court, bed,
the Noun of Noun market q;r m ~~}ill~-~~ "ffl" ~ ffl
a.i"Ntftf Problems~ !1 ~--:-- ~l Article q;r ~ Wt ~ it
* W ~
(i)
~
(A) . (B)
~ ~
The teacher drew I an attention of the l boys to the
(G}
(i) I go to school daily. [~
(ii) Th~ injured
~ ft:n!J
man was sent to hospital. [~ ~ ~
importance I of regular practice. I No Error. ~~'qt ~iftcr Problems~-
(D) (E) (i) The moment Vignesh was I admitted to the hospital I
[B.S.R.:S. Jaipur, Clerical Exam., 1992] {A) . (B)
[~ ~ ~ Part (B) ~ an~ ~ the <fiT >l<fl'lT ~] the warden decided I to inform his parents. I No Error.
(C) . · (D) (E)
OMISSION OF ARTICLES [B.S.R.B. (Bangalore), P.O. Exam., 1991]
l. fcl:;zjt ~ (Subject),. '111iT (language), ~ (games & [~ w:; ~ Part (B) if hospital ~ ~ the cfiT ~ m
sports)~~~~ Articleq;f ~·iti(~ mm t; tt- W1TTI]
(ii) The robbers were I caught just as they I were about to I
( i) He is a student of history.
(A) (B) (C)
(ii) She can speak Hindi, Sanskrit and English. escape from the jail. I No Error.
Q_)fq,(:!J Possessive Adjective (My, Your, Our, etc.), ~ . (D) (E)
Demonstrative Adjective (This, That, These, Those, No, [B.S.R.B. (Lucknow) Clerical Exam., 1992]
Any, Other, Any other, etc.) fef;zjt Distributive Adjective [~ ~ ~ Part (I)) .if jail ~ wthe q;r m~
WIT
(each, either, neither, every)~ dfR ~ Noun~ m · .am ~ ~ escape from jail WITI] ..
Article ci>r 3i<TI7T ~ t; ~-mm 6. f.,yf(i,f©d phrases if Articles q'iT 1flTI'lT ~ mtt
t-
(i) This is my house. [:r f<F; a/the house] (a) by post I by chance I by messenger I by, cheque I by
(ii) This house is mine. [:r 1% a/the house] air I by land I by sea I by road I by car I by bus I by jeep I
(iii) Each boy was ready. [:r 1% a/the boy] by train I by plane I by steamer I by scooter I by bicycle I
by mistake.
3. Kind of, type of, sort of, variety of, rank of, post-of, title
~~b) ~n fact_! in detail Ii~ short I in tr_oubJe Ii~ confusio~ i
of, position of, A number of, A large number of, A lot of, f\n time I m demand I in danger I m life I m haste I in
.Lots of, Plenty of, A great deal of~ dfR ~ Noun ~ cricis I in difficulty I in doubt I in debt.
~ Article q:;r ~ ~ !; ~- mm (c) on strike I on duty I on foot I on payment I on leave I
(i) I do not like this kind of man. [:r 1% a man] on demand I on time I on earth.
(ii) He has been promoted to the rank of S.P. p:!' fcl; an (d) write in ink I write in pencil_(~ write with a !)ea I
S.P. m the S.P.] write with a pencil).
.
4 A Mirror of Common Errors ~
PROBLEMS BASED ON ARTICLES 11 .. The remedy lies I in promoting values of humanism i and
~·..... (A) (B)
Directions : Find out the error in each of the following democracy so as to combat I the oncoming brand of
sentences if any. ff there is no error, your answer is 'E'. (<;) (D)
fascism. I No Error.
1. In science the credit goes to a man I who convinces the (E)
. (A) (B)
12. When the house was I set on the fire, all the people I
world, I not to the man to whom I the idea first occurs. I (A) (B)
(C) (D)
started crying at the top I of their voices. I No Error.
No Error. (C) (D) (E)
(E)
13. A first step I in 'a rational solution/ to any problem is the I
2. It is only after I the war is over I that people realise I how (A) (B) . (C)
(A) . (B) (C) recognition of the fact that a problem exists. I No Error.
bad it was/ No Error. (D) (E)
(D) (E) 14. Little knowledge I of music that he possessed I proved to
~-
~.iOf the two I answers, this I is definitely I better. (A) (B)
(A) (B) (C) (D) be a boon for him I when he was utterly helpless. I No
(C) (D)
No Error.
(E) Error.
(E)
4. He is unfortunate enough I to lose I few friends he made I 15. Don't talk to f him, he always I remains in temper I these
(A) (B) (C) (A) . (C) .
during his stay at Patna./ No Error. days. I No Error .
. . (D) -· (E)
(D) (E)
5. There were a number I of pretty girls in the party I but it @;He boasts of i having good knowledge I of mathem~tics
(A) (B)
was Ragini I who remained a centre of attraction: I No
;_p (A) (B)
/ but everybody I knows how far he is good at
(C) (D) (C) (D)
Error. mathematics./ No Error.
(E) (E)
~ I have been I informed that I Dr. Sinha visits Patna I the 17. It was I by a mistake I that he caught I her hand. I No
(A) (B) (C) (A) (B) (q (D)
following month./ No Error. Error.
(D) (E) (E)
18. These orders of I the Manager I may put the lives of/ two
'k 7. He is I the best artist I of the time but unfortunately/ least . (A) (B) (C)
(A) (B) (C)
thousand workers in a danger. I No Error.
recognised./ No Error. (D) (E) r=.
. (E) . -~
19. I inspired him I to take the heart I in anadverse situations/
8. He said that lw kit nervous I because a friend of his I had (A) (B) (C)
iN (B) and deserve to be called a real hero. i No, Error,
given him I a very bad news.' I No Error.: (D) (E)
CC) ·(E) 20. In my opinion it is not the failures I that have made I him
9, I don't. like I that type of a man /who does nothing but I (A) (B)
(A) (B) (C) lose the heart but the lack of I emotional support. I
(C). (D}
find out faults in others. I No Error.
(D) (E) No Error.
(E)
®He claims to be a linguist I but, in reality, he I does not
(A) · (B)
21. The most happy I marriage would be I a union of a deaf
(A) (B) (C)
know even I the AB C of linguistics. I No Error. man to a blind woman. I No E1TOr.
(C) (D) (E) (D) (E)
22. John suggested to I his brothers that they should I go to 33. One should I be true to one's promises I in order to earn I
(A) (B) (A) (B) (C)
the school regularly I and do their home work sincerely. I name and fame in the life. I No Error.
(C) (D) (D) (E)
No Error.
. (E) 34. The seed I of all the modem amenities I lies in r the
(A) (B) (C)
23. After returning I from the jail, he has abandoned I all the
science. I No Error.
(A) • (B)
(D) (E)
criminal activities and is determined I to lead a simple
(C) (D) 35. "Music is science I but singing is an art" I said the I
life. I No Error. ~ (A) (B) (C)
(E) music teacher. I No Error.
24. He was an atheist I but now-a-days he goes to the church/ (D) (E)
(A) (B)
and offers prayers I for hours./ No Error.
@ We should spend I a good part of the day / in out of door
(A) (B)
(C) (D) (E)
activities and games I because staying indoors all the time
25. His father ( forbade rum to go I to cinema I late at night. I (C) (D)
(A) (B) (C) (D) is bad for health. I No Error.
No Error. (E)
(E)
37. He should mix I his authority with little I of courtesy a'nd I
@-he fact that the compact car I is better than I conven~
(A) (B) (C)
(A) (B)
common sense. I No Error.
tional cars has I been proved by its sales. I No Error.
(D) (E)
(C) (D) (E)
27. There was little I milk in the bottle and she gave it I to the 38. It is a pity I that the son of millionaire I should indulge I
{A) (B) (A) (B) (C)
baby when it I starred weeping. I No Error. in stealing. I No Error.
(C) ·(D} .. (E) (D) (E)
28. He leads I a very busy life I so he goes everywhere I by a ~ It is I the most important I question which you have I to
(A) (B) (C) (D) ~ (A) (B) (C)
car. I No Error. prepare very carefully./ No Error. ·
(E) (D) (E)
r1 29. Thanks to an insight/ and persistence of the local doctor./
(A). - . (B) 40. Brahmaputra is I one of the longest rivers I that originate i
(A) (B) . (C)
hundreds of victims have been I able to resume a normal
(C) (D) in the Himalayas. I No Error.
life. I No Error. (D) (E)
(E) 41. The Ganges I is for North India I what Krishna I is for
~In a hour's time I when I had finished the work, I I got up ···~ (A) (B) (C)
.. (A) (B) South India. I No Error.
and I slipped out unnoticed. I No Error. (D) . (E)
(C) (D) (E)
{4'}: The first European I sailor to come to India I in modem
31. He uses I the mock-heroic I style to depict I a violence. I (A) (B)
(A) (!} (C) (D)
times I was Vasco-da -Gama, I No Error.
No Error. (C) (D) . (E)
(E)
@eople in Darwin I had become so accustomed lo cyclone ~The trees in a forest I must be properly counted and
(A) (B)
(~ (B)
warnings I that few of them paid any attention to the radio numbered I and proper entries be made I in the register. I
(C) (C) (D)
warnings I which began this morning. I No Error. No Error.
(D) (E) (E)
, ,:,i~The principal I asked the girls to return I to the hostel 3. (D) better ~ ~ 'the' cf>T ~ W11T ~ ~
\;_/ ../ (A) ·. CB) · . (C) Comparative Degree js Adjective jt choice vr option
- before I the sunset. I No Error. q;r ~ mm~ ffi The ~ !1 ~ ~
(D) (E) Comparative Degree $ .-fR 'of the· two' mm~
45. He found I himself in a trouble I when he saw no I Comparative Degree ~ ~ 'the' <fir ~ mcIT t;
r- (A) (B) (C) ~-
rickshaw outside the station. I No Error. (i) He is the · taller of the two boys.
(D) . (E) T -r J,
46. He s~id I that he did not feel I any need to discuss I the the comp. of the two.
(A) (B) (C} 4. (C) · few ~ ~ the <fiT ~ ·mtrr ~ the few friends
episode in the detail. I No Error.
(D) (E).
he made sst ~ mm
t ·~ ~ ~ m ~"
~ 'Few friends' <fiT 3lYf t 'No friends'.
47. In the conclusion I it may be safely asserted that I the poet 5. (D) a ~ ~ the mrrT ~ Noun + of + Noun
(A) (B) construction ~ of ~ ~ ~ Noun ~ m
preaches some I moral implicitly. I No Error. ~: The WWI l; ~...:_
(C) (D) (E) of this college
- _ @: All the staffs I of this office hold the view I that Mr. Sinha J, J,
. (A) (B) The · noun of noun
is a very wise I and 8 intelligent officer, I No Error. 6. (E) qfcflf ~ !1
(C) (D) (E) 7. (D) least ~ ~ the W11T ~ Superlative Degree- t
49. The man I is the only creature I that is endowed with/ the
Adjective js ~ the cf.T ~ t1 mar
' )
(A) (B) (C) 8. (D) a cf.T ~ ~ WIT ~ News ~ Uncountable

power of speech. I No Error. Noun !1 ~ JlcITT, information, luggage, baggage.
(D) (E) scenery, dntpeJY_~ -~ 4158---;,an- q;f __B <fl}! .3f
att
-·-----~
--.- .
®it is very difficult I to point out the number of I the
(A) (B)
9. (B) .a q;r 1'<flTT ~ ~ ~ type of. kind of. sort of~
creatures living I on earth. I No Error ..

oTIG ~ ~ Noun$ m ~: Article
(D)
>1<TI'TT ~ fq;lj'r ;;rm t; ~-
(C) (E)
(i) I don't appreciate this kind of book.
ANSWERS R fcfi this kind of a book.]
I. (A) 2. (B) 3. (D} 4. (C) 5. (D) 10. (E) ~~ti
6. (E) 7. (D) 8. (D) 9. (B) 10. (E) 11. (B) values js m the m11TI am ~o 5~ olffisllT ~I
11. (B) 12. (B) 13. (A) 14. (A) 15.(C)
16. (B) 17. (B) 18, (D) 19. (B) 20. (C)
12. (B) on the fire ~ ~ on fire m
-it idiomatic !1 ~
W fci;. 'on fire' ;?ff set (something) on fire # fire ~
21. (C) 22. (C) 23. (B) 24. (B) 25. (C) m 'the'/ 'a'/ 'an'cf.T ~ lR'ra i, mm
26. (E). 27. (A) 28. (D) 29. (A) 30. (A) I
31. (D) 32. (E) 33. (D) 34. (D) @CD)

13. (A) A~ ~ The mm1 ~ fcfim Ordinal Adjective
~the<fif~~t1 '
36. (E) 37. (B) 38. (B) 39. (B) 40. (A)
41. (C) 42.(E) 43. (E) 44. (D) 45. (B)
14. (A) Little $ ~ the m11TI The little <fiT ~ t ';;rr
~ Little q;r ~ t almost none c=r@' ~ ~)I
46. (D) 47. (A) 48. (D) 49. (A) so. (E)
IS. (C) in temper $ ~ in a temper idiomatic .. mm ~
• ~ ~ in a mood/in a rage/in a dilemma <fiT
mmt,
EXPLANATIONS
I 16. (B) good ~ ~ a 'ITT1fT ~ have 'a good/so
1. (A) a man$ ~. the man W11T ~
man~ ~ ~
knowledge' idiomatic ti ~ W fci; 'knowl~
~ cf.T ~
which etc. ~
~ t,
tt-Thcboy who; the dog
who/which/that ~ ~ ~
cf.T ~
m) m
* ~ ~ -q-m
knowledge ~ Uncountable Noun
c~ ~· $ ~
t -
Nouns~: 'the'~ ti ~ ~ ~ fci;m Article qif >Im ~ mar
2. (B) the$ ~ a WIT ~ the wart ~ ~ ~ ~- (i) Knowledge is power.
cf.T ~ mm t. ~ a war~ any war cf.Tl (ii) He is a man of knowledge.
~. ~ knowledge is m~ Adjective~- m~ ''.31. (D) a q;r JfmTT ;;tr m-irr1 'depict violence' idiomatic ti
_Adjective~ m NAn cfiT" ~ f<fim ~ t; ~- 32. (E) m~tr
(i) She has a knowledge of English 33. (D) the clii m life~ ffl ~ WTTI ~ 3:ref if-~
1
I grammar.
~. ~, Knowledge ~
m 'the'~
a
wiM it'~
adj.
J..
knowledge
D~finite oRTl!f ~
-;;rr ~ t; tt-
m~
~
·~
it'
"tR life, science, m~. woman~ ~
mm il" ,m-;t mer article~ ·t; ~-

the·c!>T
~ .ti <fR life. science ~ q;r "Sf<ITlT ~ 3,ilT
m
(i) He leads a happy life.

(i) The knowledge of this man is limited. (ii) The life of this patient is in danger.
J.. J. . 34. (D) the c!>T J1mTT science~~~ mlTTI ~ ~
The knowledge m:§QT 33 it wrr ~ ti
17. (B) 'a' "q;J" ~ ~ mlTT, 'by mistake' qif ~
35. (D) science $ ~ a. ff ~ science c!>T "lf<TI"Tr ~
iodiomatic tr ~ 31'4- ~) ~ ~ # ~ solT l ~ (a
18. (D). 'a' qif ffl" -=im' m1TT ~ in danger, in trouble, in branch of knowledge based on scientific principlesj js
confusion, in debt, in demand, in detail, in fact 3TIR: ~ ~ ?T ti "3m ~. ~ . An qif Jl<ITlT q,ffi
idiomatic t, (creation of beauty)~ 3l2f if mm~ ~ ~
Article ~ WrnT ti ~-'Art lies in concealing
19. (B) the q;r >l<n7[ ~ WIT~ take heart, take action,
t'r art',~ Art qif ~~-skill lrr m~ ~
take care~ idiomatic
Article q;r "li<lTlT mar
t; ~-He has developed an
20. (C) the q;r ~ ~ mlTTI take heart ~ ~ lose heart ,fl" excellent art of teaching.
idiomatic tr 36. (E) ~~!1
,21. (C) a union~~ the union m1JTJ Tf: 'The+ Noun+ of 37. (B) little~ ~ a~ ~ ~I ~ "tj°o 27 cR" ~
+ Noun' construction t, ~I
22. (C) school ~ ~ the ~ mlTTI go to school/church/jail 38. (B) millionaire js ~ a q;r Jl<ITlT m1TT ~ millionaire
3lTR ~ school, church, jail~~~ qif ~ ~ countable noun t I ~ Two/three millionaires
ffiT ti go to school ~ ~ futO go to the school ~ti
~3Rffl~_~I 39. (B) the~ ~ <rr ~ ~
a qif m m1IT ~ ~ ocf ~
23. (B) jail ~ ~ the :rm m-rrr1 return from jail qif aref t ~~<rr~:m~¥RTwmm~
t't; (~ ~ ~ it ~) return from the jail ~ 3l2f Superlative Degree~ Adjective qif m ~ qifct ti
t (~ffl~~~~I 'The most' Superlative Degree if~ mm t ~
24. (B) church ~ ~ the ~ ~I ~ ~o 22 ~ ~ 'a most' positive degree ift ~ ~ Tf most q;r ~
~I ~t" very;~-
(i) You are the most powerful man in this party.
25. (C) go to the cinema/circus/lheacre/opt:ralstation 3TIR
. i9~ti_c t'1 .mr: go to cinema ~ ~ (ii) You are a most powerful man .
cinemamlTTt
go to the
~ ~
~ ~ t_ ~~~it'
q1cf<f if 'you' q;t ~ party
'you'~~
* aR ~
fcf;m- ~
26. (E) ~~t1 ~ !1 ~ a most== a very.
27. (A) little~ -rm a ~ "Ji<lTlT ~I A liule q;r 3l2f t ·~· ~ ~.-(i) She is the most beautiful girl in the
jq,-§ little CiiT 3lvf t ~ $ ofUdR: <rr ~ ~·1
class.
- . (D) car if; ~ a q;r "Ji<lTlT ~ ~I by car, by bus, by ~. (ii) She is a most beautiful girl.
train~ idiomatic *~~car t, <rr train m 40. (A) Brahmaputra ~ ~ The q;r wrrrT mTJT ~
m~ fu,:ifcr if car train ~ <rr ffl. article war t; Brahmaputra~ ~ q;r -;i-rir ti
~-by the 7.30·train etc.
41. (C) Krishna~ ~ the q;r m m1JT ~ ¥RJ" <Jtf
ek ~ ~ in a car. in a taxi, in a jeep, on a plane, on a *1T am: <FWTT ~ ~ ~ ~ i. am 3lfQ" ~ i
ship, on a steamer. on a bicycle, on· a scooter, on a fcf; ~~ ~ ~ -crnB 'the' q;r "Sl<TI1T ml t;
motor cycle 31lfu ~ tr ~-The Koshi is known as a ct..rsc to North Billa.
29. (A) an~ the m1TT ~ construction 'The+ Noun+ of 42. (E) ~~t1
+ Noun'"tR ~ ti 43. (E) ~~!1
mm1 the ~ m11T ~
30. (A) a ~ ~
vowel
an
!1
hour qif ~ sound '31'1'' "Q;cfi 44. (D) sunset ~ ~
~ ·<f!G * before, aftec
dawn, daybreak, sunrise, sunset.,
.c,- co
night ~ cfiT ~ m
al ~ ~ Article~ ~ 49. (A) mail ~ m the cnr '5l<WI' m ~ ~ man cnr
!1 ~-(i) She rerumed home after sunset. . . '5l'GITlT '5fol" ~ 1tRcl '5l'Tftr ~ ~mm~ ~
[-;r fcfi after the sunset] ~ ARTICLE cfiT ~ m '?mr t; ~-
~ (ii) She rerumed home after the sun had set. (i) Man is mortal. [':f fcf; A man I The man is mortal)
· 45. (B) trouble ~ ~ a cfiT m-
-:m' m-1ITI '&lr@IT ~ fm!: (ii) Man is. a social animal. [':f fcf; A man I The man)
~~o 18~1
(iii) Man is the crown of creation. R fcfi A man I The
46. (D) detail ~ m the cnr ~ m
WIT, in detail, in man]
difficulty, in problem, in fear, in hope, in sense, in
conclusion a:rJR idiomatic \1 ~. ~ 'man' cnr m Countable Noun ~ ~ if
47. (A) conclusion ~ ~ the cfiT WlTlT ~ WIT! "q;R1JT ~
m <IT ~ m a/an~ t; ~-'--
~o 46 -q ~ "lfcIT ti (i) Jyoti Babu is a man of horiour.
48. (D) intelligent ~ m
an cfiT ~ m
'5fol" ~ m1 TT .
. a man .
Adjectives cfiT ~ ~ ~ ci!l'fcRr <l"T ~ ~ ~ 'fil
al M ~ Adjective ~ ~ Article cfiT fcf;m- m- ~. ~ 'man' cnr ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ fu-q:
~ t;~- m <IT~ m 'µic''TI" ~ t; ~-
(i) A red and blue coat (Q:cf> ~ coat -;;n- ~ ol!IT (i) The man who was killed was a leader.
~t)1 ·. T-r-
the man
(ii) A red and a blue coat~ coats mil' ~ ~ SO. (E) qJcR ~ !1
ol!IT ~ -;fR;n- t) I
***
r-,
Chapter-2
NOUNS & CASES
CASES-The relation in which a noun stands to some 4.. cl'3R oldl.\qJ{-1 ~ ~ ~ ~ m il'IG 'weight'
other word, or the change of the form by which this relation is ~q;r~~;~-
indicated. is called the case.
(i) A ton's weight; A gram's weight.
Case~ >fq;f{ =if; ~ tr
S. Money~ ~ ~ mer ~ m
G!R value I worth
(A) Nominative Case or Subjective Case (cfmT ~ cfiT m;
'!l<Wr tt-
(B) Objective Case (q;if ~) Ci) Arnpee's value; a pound's worth.
(C) Possessive I Genitive Case ~ cf;Rcfi) 6. Space aia1.\q1JI ~ ~ ~ ~ Nouns ~ ~;
(D) Vocative Case~ ~) -tit- (i) A razor's edge, A needle's point, A boat's
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Possessive Case cm- ~ <R ~ t. length.
~ Noun ~ mer Nominative <TT Objective Case -q ~ 7. ~ ~ ~ ~ (Some diSnified natural
Problem ~ mm
t ~ 'lft Noun Nominative <TT Objective objects)~ ~; tt- c >
Case if~ ti-~ if ~t; tt- The earth's surface I gravity I creatures I area etc.
Ram Sita
I
(i) loves. The sun's rays; Heaven's wil1; the heart's content,
T T
the soul's delight/ journey.zhe mind's eye, etc.
Nominative Objective
Sita Ram
@. ~ ~ qft~filq'f ~ expressions .efit mer m ~
(II) loves ~~;tt-
iI T T
Nominative Objective Theship's ~
I The train's arrival I departure
"ITT, Pronoun ~ Nominative am:
Objective ~ ~ if The plane's
~ mm ! ~ fcl'«m: j\- ~ ~ PRONOUNS~ atffl A boat's crew.
~I (B) ['s] [Apostrophe's] ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "Ulm
POSSESSIVE CASE-Possessive Case, possession -.m-
(~) <TT ownership(~~ t)r ~ possession <TT
I, ~~Nouns~ 's [Apostrophe's] q;r ~ ~ fci;<TT
ownership m
q;r cf>Ti:r 's [Apostrophe 's'] <TT 'of' ~ ~
~t;~-
~ ';i!ToT t; tt-
(i) Shakespeare's plays <TT The plays of Shekespeare,
Ram's wife's career esr ~ ~ .:rRT ~ !1 ~ ~
~. awr ~ ~ ~ 's q;r ~ :ml' ~ ~ t am: ~ The career of Ram's wife q;r '!l<Wr ~ ~I
~ ~ ~ ~ n ~cm~~ <R lfOO if 2. ~ Compound Noun ~ a:iRPr ~ ~ 's q;r ~
Problems~~ t'; ~- ~t;tt-
(.i) A table's legs I were broken I by my I angry brother. I (i) His son-in-law's appointment P fcf; son's-in- law's
(A) (B) (C) (D) appointment]
No Error.
(ii) The Government of India's orders.
(E)
[~ cfl'cf<r ifA table's legs q;r '5f'lrrTr "lffio lt ~ The legs 3. <iR. fcf;m Noun ~ ffl Noun in Apposition q;r ~ W m
of a table ~ ~ ~ table I bench 3TifG ~ ffl t Noun in Apposition ~ ~ 's q;r ~ fcf;<TT ';i!ToT !;
~ mer 's q;r 'lJ'lTI"1'T "lffio ~ t-11 _..,_... tt- (i) Rajeev my friend's father.
(A) ffl ~ 's -~ ~ Wlf <Ql-<Ql ~ ~ f- 3m -ircm:, (ii) My friend Rajeev's father.
l. 1l'R<f ~ I ~ ~ mer- 4. ~ ~ Nouns closely related ~ m~ Noun ~ ~
~-Man's life I Ram's wife.
mm
['s] q;r 'Sl<ITtT t; ~-
Dogs' kennels I Cows' tails. (i) Ram and Sita's sons [:J fcf; Ram's and Sita's sons]
2. "¢ fcf;m f.J$f ffl q,1 m;rcr ~ ~ if ~ ~ ~. Ram's and Shyam's sons.
~;tt- 5. Anybody I Somebody I Nobody I Everybody I Anyone I
(i) Death's icy hand. Someone I No one I Everyone js mer ,:ft 's q;r '!l<Wr mm
(ii) Fortune's favourite. !; tt-(i) Everybody's business is nobody's business.
J-3. ~ aia1~q1ei ~ ~ mer; ~- @'ll'R Anybody I Somebody 3TIR =if; ofR 'else' <f;T w:ITlT ~
(i) A moment's delay, A week's leave, A month's
m ['s] q;r ~ else 'tR fci;<TT ~ t; ~-
absence.
,a; .......-
(i) I like your decision and not anybody else's.
~
~
~ "q-{ amnfur Problems~ ~ t; ~- 8. America's problems I are, however, I not so serious I and·
I follow I . your. suggestions l and I nobody's else. I (A) (B) (C)
(A) (B) (C) (D) awful as India. I No Error. ·
NoError. (E)
(E) . 9, Your tone of speaking I as well as your friends I is really
(~ nobody's else~~ nobody else's qiT 1l"llT1T nl] (A) (B)
7. 'each other' ~ 'one another" ~ ~ ,fl-. ['s] ~ -~ mcTI . extremely sarcastic I yet we never take it seriously. I
ti (C) (D)
~-. No Error.
' (E)
(i) They like each other's ideas.
10. The Finance Minister /boasts of improving l the economic
8. A+ Noun + of+ Noun construction if ~ Noun~ ~
(A) (B) .
~ltll-4d<I: ['s] ci>T "lf<ITlT ~ t "<l'R ~ Noun~ ~
· condition of I the country's./ No Error.
o!ffcRl ~; ~- . (C) (D) (E)
(i) A friend of my borther's,
11. The life of the rich I is not inmany I ways as peaceful I as
(ii) A ho'use· o{Ram's. (A) (B) (C)
~ (i) A picture of Ram (Utr" cf>t ~ ~ that of the poor's. I No Error.
(ii) A picture of Ram's (Utr" ~ -qm- ~~if~) (D) (E}
12. For your sake I as well as for your wife, I we all wish that
PROBLEMS BASED ON .NOUNS & CASES .· (A) (B)
Directions : Find out the error in each of the foil owing you may I get that job./. No Error.
sentences, if any. If there is no error; your answer is 'E'. (C) (D) (E)
1. You know it well/ that you success in life I depends not 13. The expert mason reported to I the owner of the hotel
(A) (B) (A) (B)
on my advice I but on somebody else. I No Error. that I there was no question I of the wall's falling down. I
(C) (D) (E) , (C) (D)
. 2. He informed me I that he had gone to I one of the No Error .
(A) (B) (E)
Minister's residences I and stayed there all night. I 14. The officer said I that he. appreciated I his staffs coming
(C) (D) (A) (B) -
No Error. on time I and co-operating him. I No Error.
(E) (C) . (D) . (E)
3. The building's roof I needs repairing otherwi~: I it may
15. As we are told, I this idea of Mrs. Gandhi's I was totally
. (A) . (B) (A) . (B)
fall down and I result into many persons' death. I
valid in the I present condition of India. I No Error.
(C) . {D)
(C) (D) (E)
No Error.
(E) 16. It is true I that I met I the Chief Minister I at one of my
(A) (B) . · (C)
4. I visited I John's and Mary's house I twice but found I the
(A) (B) (C) friend's houses. I No Error.
couple absent. I No Error.
(D) (E)
(D) (E) 17. 'The teacher said I to us that one ought I to work hard in
S. A ton's weight I is too heavy for I anyone to I carry on his . (A} (B) (C) ·
(A) (B) (C) (D) order I to attain one goal. I No Error.
head./ No Error. (D) (E)
(E) l8. Being sure of his I success, he told his friends that I he would
(} I stopped I his going out late at night I because the (A) (B)
(A) (B) (C) never forget I even his enemies names. I No Error .
situation I in the town was very tense./ No Error. (C) (D) (E)
(D) (E)
19. The survey gives I us much knowledge of the I public's
7. He did not approve I of his son raising I stupid questions
(A) (B)
CN (B) (C)
opinion I on the matter of terrorism./ No Error.
and thereby I vexing the teacher. I No Error. · (C) (D) 11 (E)
(D) (E)
20. Very few soldiers I dared to turn I a deaf ear to their i 32. It was India's I past glory I that attracted I a number of
(A) (B). (C) (A) (B) (C)
Commander's-in-Chief orders./ No Error: invaders in the remote past. I No Error.
(E) . (D) {E)
21. Your son's-in-law's friend is seriously ill/ and he wants @Everybody should be careful / to fulfil the ~ociety's
. (A) (B) · (C). \,~ (A) . (B) .
· demands I and thereby show his I attachment to it. I
you I to see him as soon as possible. I No Error. (C) . . (D)
(D) . (E)
No Error.
@ I appreciate you I h.~12in-g the poor I who are really the (E)
(A) . _ (B~ . (C) 34. 'Everybody's business I is nobody's business', I said the
most ignored and completely deprived I section of our {A) (B)
. . (D) teacher I to the students./ No Error:
society. I No Error. {C) · (D) (E) · ',_
(E) 35. I postponed him I going to Delhi tonight as I I wanted him
23. I have read I many plays of Shaw's I who is called the I (A) (B)
(A) (B) (C) to deal with I one of my major problems./ No Error,
Shakespeare of our age./ No Error. {C) (D) (E) ··
(D) . (E) @) He told her I that he had ever seen I her with his/ mind's
24. I do not want I to bring her to my home I because her . (A) ca) (C)
eye. I No Error. · ·
W 00 ~ (D) (E)
rashness I is quite intolerable./ No Error.
(D) (E) 37. 'When I arrived I at the gate of his I house, I found his I
(A) . (B) (C)
~He is chiefly concerned I with his own problems I but you
(A) (B) locking up the door. I No Error.
say I that his is not. I No Error.
(D) (E}' .
(C) (D) (E) @India and China's present I condition clearly indicate I that
· (A) . . (B) ·· .
, ,.~@A friend of my I wife came to me I yesterday and asked both the countries ./ will face a lot of problems .in the
y (A) (B) (C) (C) (D}
me for I some money: I No Error. coming time./ No Error.
(D) (E) (E)
39. Keeping in view I the public's demands, I the company
27. Unfortunately for me I the root cause of my frustration . (A) ..----- (B) . .
(A}) (B) hi/§ declared to improve the quality and lower I the prices
lies I in the Governments I dubious policy. I No Error. (C)
(C) (D) {E) of its products . / No Error.
28. He suggested to me I that I should go to the nursery I to (D) (E)
.-- (A) (B) 40. His maid servant I behaviour is undoubtedly I indecent
bring some beautiful I summer's flowers." No Error. (A) {B)
(C) - (D) (E) but I don't I understand how he tolerates it./ No Error.
(C)· (D) (E)
·@He came to his wits I end when he found I that his
41. These buildings' decoration l is not as much I impressive
(A) ' (B) (A) . (B) (C)_
younger I brother had slapped his wife./ No Error: as it I ought to be./ No Error.
(C) (D) (E) (D) (E)
30. When Jaya and Shyama I came across Jyoti, they I caught @>elhi's water supply I system is certainly I as good as is
(A) (B) (A) (B) .
one another hands I and talked for a while. I No Error. expected I in a capital town. I No Error.
(C) (D) (E) (C) . (D) (E)
31. The former P. M. of India's I Mr. P. V. Narsimha Rao's I
(A) · (B)
@ Yeats's poetry is characterised I by his-unique style I
(A) · (B)
visit to Japan strengthened the relationship I between India· ·which he developed I during the long span of his life. I
(C) (C) (D)
and Japan./ No Error. No Error.
· (D) (E) (E)
.r
{jj.Brutus' role in Julius Ceasure I is very attractive as I well
EXPLANATIONS
. (A) (B)
as important as far as I the action of the play is concerned. 1. (D) else ~ ~ 's [apostrophe"s'J ~~. ~
(C) (D) else ~ ~ else's q;r Jl<rr?i lrrlTII <JR -ra' fcn
I No Error.
(E)
3ilcP~lJ¥cti m~ somebody else I nobody else I
anybody else anfu: ~ ~ else~ ~ 's [apostrophe
@The blind's life I is really very miserable I because they 's 'I cfiT 'Sl<ITTf ~ t-1
w ~) ~ ~ 1iQ; q(cf<I' it f.:p:.:if(1f& ct ,n,r ct!' <iFli<lc ~ ~-
can't see I what happens around them./ No Error.
. (D)' (E) ' not on my advice butohsornebody else's advice.'
3-l<f ~ else's js ~ 'advice' cfiT repetetion m UiT %-
46, He did not know even I the name of the scientist I who
(A) (B)
31cf: ~ 'advice·~ cffi' ~ ~ ~ w. ~ t aw
~ ft2lfcf it ~ understood ~ "1mf ti 3rcf:.
fu4i
discovered I the laws of the earth gravitational force. I
(C) (D) ~ Expression q;l' ~ f.!l::;;fuf&o ~ it ~-
No Error. "not on my advice but on somebody else's".
(E) ~~~~F9~~~~-
47. "This blade's edge I is sharper than any I other bade's" (i) This is Ram's book and not Shyam's. [book]
w ~) ~ (ii) Your problem is J?Ore difficult than Sita's.
said I the sales representative of the company./ No Error. [problem)
(D) (E)
NOTE : ~ ~ it ~ ~ ~ [book, problem
48. Many of the questions' I given in this question paper I are
a:fTRJ futj; understood
(A) (B)
so difficult that I many of the students may fail. I
2. (C) one of ~ GfR *~
Possession m Ownership olf 's ~ ~
~I
Nouns cfiT Ji<TI'lT 'fil -at ~
~ ~ t
(C) (D)
No Error. ~ 'of'~ ~ t; ~- ornm
(E) one of the minister's residences ~ ~ the residence
@·he President of India I constitutional power is limitless/ of one of the ministers~ ~I
(A) (B) ~ ~ <fiRllT ~ i fcf; one of~ ~ Noun Plural
but it is the P. M. who is, I indeed. powerful. I No Error. ft '%1 am:, ~ ~ <ifu; ~ Nouns cfiT ~ t m
(C) (D) (E} ~ ~ ~ mm t fczi <)-,1· it ~ ~-m Noun
50. Many a man's life is in danger I if the Government does Plural 'ITTI 'Q.m ~ # Expression~ ~ ~ ~
(A) (B) t,~-
not take I any serious action to I safeguard us. I No Error. (i) One of the minister's residence.
(C) (D) (E) [~ if ~ ~ cfiT residence)
51. Nobody's claim I to be a permanent member I of the club (ii) One of the minister's residences [ltrr ~
(A) (B) (C) residences it ~ ~] ..
is valid I in the eyes of the committee. I No Error am. ~ ~ 3-lif ct!' ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~
(D) (E)
~ if 'of' cfiT 'Sl<ITTf ~ ~ ·~~'
~ if ~ lTQ'. ~ ~ ~ '1ffT ~ 'the residence of
ANSWERS
one of the ministers' cfiT ~ ~I
I. (D) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. (E)
3. (A) 'TI1e building's roof' ~ ~ 'the roof of the
6. (E) 7. (B) 8. (D) 9.~) 10. (D)
building' cfiT 'Sl<ITTf q;vrr ~ ~ ~= f.:r-:ffq
11. (D) 12. (B) 13. (D) 14. (C) 15. (B)
~ ~ m?.I' ~ 's [apostrophe 's'] cF,i ~ -:i-m
16. (D) 17. (D) 18. (D) 19. (C) 20. (D)
~ i, 3«1':,
21. (A) 22. (A) 23. (B) 24. (E) 25. (D)
(i) The room's decoration
26. (B) 27. {C) 28. (D) 29. (A) 30. (C)
31. {A) 32. (E) 33. (E) 34. (E) 35. (A}
(ii) The wall's painting 3-llfc:: ~ 'ITffif t,
~ Expressions <il' ~ f.:tqfc-11&<1 ~ ~ ~ ~
36. (E)
41. (A)
37. (C)
42. (E)
38. (A)
43. (E)
39. (B)
44. {E)
40. (A)
45. (A)
mt,
(i) The room decoration ~ The decoration of the
46. (D) 47. (E) 48. (A) 49. (A) so. (E) room.
51. {E)
(ii) The wall painting~ The painting of the wall.
A Mirror of Common Errors . 13
4. (B) John's and Mary's~ ~ John and Mary's q;r ~ 10 -, (D) country's ~ ~ country cfir W1T m1 <f"~ ['s] cfiT
~$, · ~ 3"i·M$(<1cf> t,
f.:p:.:ifc::1forn Expressions~~-
~ W, fcl; ~~ Nouns ~~ i closely related (i) The population of the country. [-:i- f country's J
lIT m 's fuq; ~
Noun ~ ~ WI ~ qJcPr ~ mm ~~~)
Part -(D) ~ 'couple' wa; <f.T % ~ % -q-ar m (ii) The progress of the country. [::r fci; country's] ~
~ t fcf; John and Mary ·i:mr-~· l1 31~:, '3:r cm~) .
~ q;r 'Q.qi ~ ~· ti . 11. (D) poor's ~ ~ poor q;r ~ WtT ~ that of the
% tjj- ~ W f John's and Mary's house '-11' ~ poor q;r ~ t the life of the poor.
Expression t
~~~WIT 'John's house and 12. (B) wife ~ m'll' 's q;r >!<WT m,ITI ~ wife ~ ~
Mary's house' ~ ~ ~ ~ i 3ITT. zyif cnT ti'( wife's cfiT ~ ~ ~ ~ TfC!: expression cfiT
3R111'-~ %1 ~ t-For your sake for your wife 's, [sake 1
3-m~
5. (E) 'qfcFf ~ ~I
(i) For Ram's sake and Shyam's [sake]
<iR; m' fci; 'q;lf:f' [weight] iil~l.iqlcl ~ ~ m'll' ~
's [apostrophe 's] cfiT m~ t: ~- (ii) For his success as ·well· as his wife's [success]
3TIRI
A ton's weight, A gram's weight, A kilo's weight
13. (D) 'the wall's falling down'~ ~ 'the falling down of
3,IRI
the. wall' q;r 'Sf<ITTr cR-rr ~ ~- 'wall'~ ~
6. (E) qT<Fr ~ ti
7. (B) son~ 's [apostrophe 's'] cnT Jf<WT <R'-IT ~ ~
ffl t". 3m: ~ ffl 's cfiT '5f<lh ~ ~ ~ ti
Gerund [m Verbal Noun tjj- ~ -;;nm tJ $" ~ e:,_ NOTE:~~~~ 3m-msqT(3) m1
t: ~- mm ...,.._ Q} (C) staffs 'tR ' [apostrophe] cfiT '5f<IT7T "cf>BT W!Tl ~ m'
~ive Case cfiT ~
f coming ~ Gerund t ffl' am m
(i) Her
I
dancing
j,
3-llq!4c:hctlj@. Possessive Case "c:f;f >f<n'TT t' -;r 1% mm
~ Objective 'll'T Nominative Case cflf;
Possessive Gerund tt-
(ii) Your singing M He appreciated your singing. [¥ffl'U TiRT]
,!. .L. · (ii) She stopped Ram's behaving like this.
Possessive Gerund ['Ulr <f.i ~ ~ ~ cR-rrJ
8. (D) India~ ~ 's <iii" >Tcfl'lT vlT ~I ~ India~ NOTE : (~ 'o<lralIT ~ ~ 3m "{:j-o 7 ~]
~ India's cnr WI' W1!T ~ 'America ~
15. (B) Gandhi's Gandhi q;r WIT7T WIT, ~
js ~ This I
Problems q;t- ¥RT India ~ Problems 'ii' t, '-l' 1%
That I These I Those I The + Noun + of+ Noun if of
India "it1 ~- ~ <iire; qffi NOUN ~. m'll' 's [Apostrophe 's' 'll'T
(i) America's problems ..... .'India's. [problems] Apostrophe J q;r >flTI1T ::rm ~ ~ t ~-
(b) Ram's books and Shyam's. [books] (i) This house of Ram f·f 1% Ram's]
NOTE : l~ ~ ii' ~ TfC!: ~ understood -r --y- T ~
~ t1J . This Noun of Noun
9. (B) friends ~ [Apostrophe] qiJ' '5f<TI1T ~ WIT! ~ (ii) This hostel of Patna College r:r ~ College's J
friends ~ ~ friends' cfiT 'Sf<WT ~I Rit TfC!: -~ 16. (D) one of my friend's houses~ ~ the house of one of
~~~~- my friends~ ~I
l_i) Your tone of speaking as well as your friends' NOTE : ~ cilfrallT ~ ft;ro: am: "{:j-o (2) ~l
[tone of speaking). 17. (D) one$ m'll' 's q;r ~-rr lWTTI ~ct_ one ~ ~ one's
ITT~ tjt err-r ra ~fcfim Plural Noun cf;T ~ [s] cnT Wllf m,rr1 ~-
~ 'ITT m~ Plural Noun <RM ' fApostrophe] cnr (i) One should keep one's promises. R fcf; one
'Q<TI11" ~ '5ITTIT. t
'-l' 1% 's [Apostrophe 's'] qif;
promises]
~- (ii) One should be true to one's word. [1fci; one word]
(i) Boys' hostel [".f fch Boys 's hostel] 18. (D) cnernies js ffl ' [Apostrophe] cnT 1l<lPT W!Tt 3-.~
(ii) Girls' hostel R 1% Girls's hoste!J enemies~ ~ enemies' q;r 'SimlT miTTl
~. ~ Piural Nouns~ ~ (sl "it '-l'"ITT m~ (i) He· honours his seniors' desires. R fcfi seniors)
~ 's [apostrophe's] 'q;J' mm t; ~- 19. (C) public's opinion ~ ~ public opinion 'ITTTTT ~
Women's college, Children's books 3,TRf public I hostel I city I village I 3,TR Noun$ ~ ~ -r:
.
'
.:'
0"SJ<rrlf
~- ffl t ('!?.lT Adjective ~ ~- if 'TI'I are:, ~ 27. (C) Govertunent ~ . ~ 's .<f.T m7!TI ~
mer· 's cfiT ffl' ~ TTmr t, ~- Government ilfi ~ Government's cfiT ffl' ~I
. (i) The prblic consists of you and me. -~--
(i) The Government's dubious policy.
Noun
(ii) The Government's planning.
(ii) The pu1blic opinion I demands I life I carrier. ·
. .. . r 28. (D) summer's flowers ~ ~ summer flowers <iiT ~rrr
'. Adj'. Noun ' m1Tl' ~ season ~ '=!itf [~ summer, autumn,
(iii) This school has a beautiful hostel . winter, spring ~] ilfi. m-er 's [apostrophe 's'] cfiT
~ -~ ~ ~ ~ t, ~ -ra' fq; summer, autumn
,j':, · Noun ~ Nouns~ ~ if ~ ~ t am:
Adjectives js
(i) He remembers his hostel life. ~if.~1~-
<
: .-r T .
Spring is the king of all seasons.
I Adj, Noun (i)
J,
;1 20. (D) Commander's-in-Chief ~ ~ Commander-in-
Chief's q;r ~ m,m me; -ra' f<f; fcl;zj'I' 'Tl: Compound Noun
! Noun ~-Phrase~~~ 'lR 's [apostrophe's'] (ii) There are a number of sTng flowers in his
, 'q;J' ~ ~ °t; ~- garden . . ~
:j (i) The Government of India's orders. Adj. Noun
I
i (ii) His daughter-in-law's sister, ~.
(iii) The Chief Minister's personal life. (i) summer, · spring, autumn, winter ~ ~
Personified ~ ~ 'itt ~ ~ ·•·s"'<f.T' ~ ~
~~- ~ ti tt-Spring's arrival, Winter's-departure.
~ 1Jl:l: Phrases if Government of India ~ Phrase ·
(ii) A summer's day <IT A summer day, A winter's day
t ~ daughter-in-law, Chief Minister a:fTR
<!'T A winter day cnT \TI 1l<il'1T fun' ti
Compound ·Nmms:·t-, 31Cf,; 's .. cfil' ~ ~ ~
~ India, law, Minister 1R fci.:rr "l'l<IT t,
29. (A) <IT m
wit's WIT <iT wits'.
NOTE : at one's wits' end (Nesfield); at one's wit's
21.. (A) son's-in-law js ~ son-in-law's q;r ~ m1Tl'I
end (A. S. Homby)~ idiom t t ~am~
NOTE:~~~~ am-~
(20) ~t (f4ic:W&1fcl3!.<$ ~ ~ if)I
22. (A) you ~ ~ your q;r ~ m1Tl' ~ helping ~ 30. (C) 'one another' ~ ~ one another's q;r 1f<TI1T ~I
Gerund t Gerund ~ ~am: Possessive Case cnT . crre: ~ 1% <tfG each other ('!?.lT one another ~ m-er 's
~ ·mm
ti You q;r Possessive Case your ('!?.lT yours m
mm
t ~ your ~ Adjective t ~ yours ~
[apostrophe 's'] 'q;T ~ ~ ~ 's [apostrophe
m-er ~ t; ~-
Pronoun, am:
Noun· [helping ~ Gerund <IT Verbal
's'] other~ anotherilfi
Noun t] *1' ~ -arnf.r _q;r ,~ Adjective ffl', -::i- (i) They pointed out each other's merits· and
1% Pronoun. am:, ~ 111!: ~ it your cnT ~ demerits.
. ~ ~, ;r for; yours q;r <IT you q;r1 (ii) They respect one another's parents.
23. (8) Shaw's ~ ~ Shaw q;r ~ lIT1TT ~ Many + 31. (A) India ~ ~ 's [apostrophe 's'] <iiT wi'PT m1Tl'I m.
Noun + of + Noun ~ Construction if ~ Noun ~India's$ ~ India q;r ffl' m1lfl 'lW!:' -ra' ~
.lR 's q;r'wwr 'm mm
t-1 1%m Noun~ m-er ~ Noun in Apposition [~ Noun
24. (E) ~~ti ~ Phrase~ ~ ~ ffi ~ ~ Noun/
25. (D) 'his'~ ~- he~ ~ WTTI Pronoun ~ ~ ii' ~ ~ ~ Noun i Pronoun
@'(B) wife~ mer 's q;r Wf!'7T mlfT ~A+ Noun+ of+ ~ Explain~ tJ
cfiT ffl' "ITT 'fil 's [Apostrophe 's']
"' ~ . Noun Construction if of~ ~ ffl Noun~ mif 's cir ffl' Noun in Apposition lR mm
t; tt-
\)"' _,...... · [apostrophe 's'] cnT ~ fcf;'l!T ':5llcl'T t' ~ ~ Noun (i) Ram the doctor's advice.
/ ~~o!WRl'"fill .J,
(i) A . book · of Ram's is missing.
r -r r- -r- Noun in Apposition
[';f fcfi Ram's the doctor's advice]
A Noun of Noun's R f<fi Ram]
(ii) A pen of Shyam's is red (-;r 1% Shyam] 32. (E) ~~t1
~. f.:F=!f~f<Sld Phrases~ ~ ~ ~- ~ ·-ra' fcf; ~ ~ ~ '=!1'tf ~ mer 's [apostrophe
(i) A picture of Sita [mcIT q:;\' ~ ~] I 's'] q;r ·WTI1T ~ -if1' ~ t; ~-
(ii) A picture of Sita's [m ~ 'tfm ';sit ~ ! m (i) India's heroes "tIT The heroes of_India.
'ii ~]I
33. {E) ciT<Ff ~ t'1 'ElJR W fci; society ~ ~ 'TI' 's ~ !1 ~. Ram's and Shyam's wife cnr ~ t.
[apostrophe 's' J q;r ~ ~ ~ ~ l; ~- Ram's wife and Shyam's wife. ·
(i) The society's demands <IT The demands of the 39. (B)· public's demands ~ ~ public demands qif ~
society. n, ·
ii) China's population <IT The population of China. · NOTE:~~~~~ 'tj-o (19)~1
$# ti" ,rq;n: % ~ ~ it t, 40. (A) servant~ ~ 's <f>T ~ ~ ~ maid servant js
34. (E) ~~t, . NOUN !1 3Ta': His maid servant's
35: (A) 'him' % ~ 'his' cfiT 1f<UlT WIT ~ going ~
~ behaviour~
behaviourcfil' ~ t ~ ~ q;i- ~·1
.
I'
Gerund t, ~ Gerund ~ ~ Possessive Case cfiT 41. (A) 'building' ~ ~ 's . [apostrophe 's'] cfil' ~ ~
. ~ mar t, '-=r fci; Objective Gase q;r1 wrITI ~ 'The decoration of these bui'ldings'-q;r il<nlT.
NOTE:~~%~~~ (7)~-(14) ~ ffl"lJTI
~I
· NOTE : ~ o1JRgqT ~ ~ ~ m:§!IT (3) ~I
36. (E) cTicFr ~ t1 42. (E) ~~ti
.:rrc:- W the mind's· eye, the heart's content, the 43. (E) ~~t1
soul's delight 3fTR idiomatic ti
37. (C) 'his' % ~ 'him' cfiT 'Sl<lT'lT WIT! ~ 'locking'
'E2iA' ffl 1% Yeats's, Keats's, Dickens's am qif ~
. Participle t', -=r fci; Gerund I ~ W fci; Participle ~

44. (E)
~t,
'qTcfll' ~ !I .
Adjective js ~ it cfill1 ~ t ~ ~ Objective
Case cfil' WUTT ~ l. ~ Gerund ~ Noun ~ ~ 'ElJR W fcn .Brutus, Burns, Sophocles, Appolonius
it <f.Tlf ~ t ~ ~ Possessive Case cfil' wrrrT 3fTR ~ Nouns t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~- m '
-grar ti~...;.!:.. [apostrophej js ~ c!il' m ~ ~ ti
(i) . Walking' is a good exercise. 45. (A) 'The blind's life' ~- ~ 'The life· of the blind'. cnr
:r: WWT A ~ The +. adjective cfiT WUTT Plural
Gerund Noun~ aref if~-~%~ traT t ~ ~
c~~~~to ~ 's ~ 'Si'<WT :mt ~ t1 ~ m ~~ ~ ··
(ii) I found him walking in the.field. ~ Preposition 'of' qif 'll<Wf ml' i; ~-
r (i) The economic condition of the poor.
Participle
(ii) The hobbies of the rich.
~~~~~"Gml)
NOTE : Walking I Running
Gerund ~ ~ it m m ~
~
~
qif w:rrrr
·'-=rr, % ~
* 46. (D) 'earth'~ m!f 's [apostrophe 's'j
'the earth's gravitational force'~
qif 'Sl<ITTT -g\"lrrf ~
~I ·
~t;~~.~am,~~ ~ ffl f.f; ""' dignified natural objects ~

WWT ~ Paniciple js ~ ~ m m ~ ~ 'wfitAft ~ .fut) t~ ~ 's qif.l[?Wf mart; ~- '
I s-m~' % ~ ~ t; ~ ·~ "(11;', The earth's surface, The sun's rays, Heaven's will
etc. ·
·~ ~· ~I (i) ~ (ii) it AA 'll"Q;
~ it
'walking'% Gerund~ Participle js ~ it ~ 47. (E) ~~t1
~~<ffi'~I 'E2JA' m~ 'space' dldi'.icllcl ~- ~ ~ ~
38. (A) India % ~ 's [apostrophe 's'] qif ~ m7!TI ~ ~ Nouns~ ~ 's q;r 1l<ITlT t; mt-mm
'India's and China's present condition' cfiT 1l<ITlT n A boat's length, A hair's breadth, A blade's edge, A
~ ~ ~ India's present condition and China's needle's point.
present condition. ~ Phrases if length,· edge, point anR Space
Gidl4c:li<il ~ ti a«!': ~ ~ ~ ~
.:rrc:- W fer;
a::r ~
';;fd(" -et- ~
cfil' 3ffilT-aR=f71' ~
Nouns 'and' ~ ~ ~ ~
fcf;m oZffifi <IT ~ ~ Nouns, boat, hair, blade, needle. ~ ~ 's ..
mm 's q;i- 11<IT1T ~ Nouns~~~ t; ~- (apostrophe cfil' 's') mfq;.rr lJ<IT ti
(i) The C. M. of Bihar 's and the P. M. of India's 48. (A) questions'~ ~ questions qif ~I m j
!
meeting. 49. (A) India~ mer
's (apostrophe 's') qif ~ ~ ~ 1
!
The President of India ~ PHRASE t ~ ~
(ii) Ram's and Shyarn's wife [-=r fcf; Ram and Shyam's
wife]
~ ~ 's [Apostrophe 's') cfiT ~ t.1 mm
Ram and Shyam's wife cnr ~ t fc!> Ram am Shyam 50. (E) qfq<f ~ ti
-ey:n" ~ 'TI-IT ~ ~ ~ t, ~ ~ ~ if ~ 51. (E) qf<Pf ~ t,
'•
!
--- ***
---
.
I
~::::::~~~~====:=~:::::::::::-:=~53::====--- ---- ------
Chapter-3
I
· '--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~__J
NOUNS & NUMBERS
Nouns & Numbers js ~ it ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (i) Two dozens I eggs have I been/ bought. I No Error
q;f.r~~~~~i~~~~ir (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
~ ~ ~ i, B ~ cm~~ <!R w__:_ [~ Two dozen eggs~ ~]
(1) ~Nouns~~ Singular~ t- (ii) Two dozen I of eggs /have been/ bought I No Error.
, (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
(a} luggage, baggage, breakage, fur:niture, , drapery, .
imagery, scenery, poetry, pottery, machinery, work (<W:r), [ofcfil' m~ m1JT ~~dozen, hundred, thousand
paper ~), wood ~), iron ~), stone ~)., glass ~m a, one, two a:rrfi; ~ m~ w
fcf; -::r dozen ~ m-
(~). dust, rubbish, dirt, electricity, traffic, information, dozens, -:r m
hundred.er hundreds~ ~ -::t' ~ ~ t~
advice ~), chalk, food, bread, grass, . ~ 'of'~ffl~7=imt] ----- .
~ Nouns Uncountable
WlTTf mm t ~ -:r m~ ~
t, arcf: ~
-'s
~
I es' ~
-:r m 'a I an' ~
~ Plural
~.(i) Dozens of eggs Cm' ~) ··
~ -;;rrar t; ~- .
(ii) Hundreds of books ~ ~)
(i) What is poetry?[-;, f<ii a poetry]
~ ;rem:,
(ii) The scenery of Kashmir is beautiful. [":f f<i; The
sceneries]
(iii) in dozens/in scores/in hundreds/in thous;~ds cfiT J!mlT
mil ti . .
(iii) The wall is.madeof stone. [':l" ~ a stone]
@~ Collective. Nouns ~ ~ ~ unit ~) q;r
NOTE :- ~ nouns ~ ffl 3-llq~"-li:hdljf!R a piece of I
pieces of I a bit of I bits of I a loaf of I loves of I a heap of /
~ ~m Singular,-~ * -~~~ q;r GIN ~
Plural l'.!R" "Glrlr t'; ~-team, crowd, congregation, audience,
m
heaps of 3-ITR ~ ~lclQ4i:hdlj*!I;:: ~ <R Singular 'llT Plural
class, government, jury, family, public.
Verb~ it mm~ t ~-
f (i) The team is strong.
I (i) A loaf of bread [-;i- f<f; a bread .:ir two breads}
(ii) The· team are fighting among themselves.
'
j
II
. (H) Two loves of bread
(b) ~ ~ Nouns~ 3Rf ~ '-S' R1IT ~ ! [~
rm the team = the players of the tea~]
· ~. ~ ~· Collective. Nouns ~ ~ units ~)
~ if Plural !J Singular~ t- cfiT .ml" ~ m~ ~~ q;r Plural Formation m~ t;
news, mathematics, ethics, linguistics, phonetics, politics,
economics, statistics, measles, 'mumps, rickets, billiards, darts,
~-
a team ~ two teams, -~ Jl'cnR congregations, classes,
draughts, innings etc. .
governments, families ~I
NOTE : ~ ~ fcJ; Nesfield ~ Wren & Martin ~ ~
measles, mumps 3TIR <A" Plural lfRT t ~ ~ Jr<ITlT if
(4) ~ ~ Nou_ns ~ ~ Plural m t°-:-
(a) cattle, people (m"tT), police, gentry, peasantry,
~ Singular Uncountable Nouns t mil' wtm .am: ~
Singular Verb cfiT '3PTI1T mar
t-1 'billiards' Wren & Martin ~ cm electorate, nobility, poultry, riches (t:R, ~). odds.
'lft Plural lfRT t ~' (b) Tools or Instruments : arms (W-~). bellows,
fetters, pincers, tongs, sheers.
'Billiards is played by women as well as by men.'
(c) Articles of Dress : trousers, pants. patloons, trappings
OXFORD ADVANCED LEARNER'S DICTIO~ARY
-A.S.Homby ~I
(2) ~ ~ Nouns ~ Singular ~ Plural ~ if ~

(5) Rt:.ilc:?lf~a Singular Nouns ~ ~ Plural ~ m~
~ ~ f<nl!T ~ t- w-
¥1- ¥2
l
I
l· (a) series, species (>IT'JIT) deer, sheep, fish(~.

(b) ~ ~ ~ ~
fishes
-;:wr----salmon,- turbot, pike.
'lft] (sip.)
(a) mouse
~
mice
(sifg.)
goose geese
(stg.)
'crirerion criteria .
~.
mackerel, plaice ~ 1.
'· louse lice cupful cupfuls phenomenon phenomena
(c) headquarters, means (mir-1', lTIUl11), dozen, hundred,
foot feet handful handfuls axis axes
thousand, score, agenda, data. -3l@:r
tooth teeth mouthful mouthfuls ·basis bases
NOTE : dozen, hundred, thousand ~ .~ ~
dormouse dormice spoonful spoonfuls oasi.s oases
Problems f.r::r "WITT ~ ~ ~ !-
...
A Mirror. of ·Common Errors 17
mmt,
(b) Compound Nouns ~ root word if Plural Formation ' (Stg.) i!p
cafe cafes
(Siig.) i!p . • belief beliefs
proof proofs
son-in-law sons-in-law
turf turfs
step-son step-sons
roof roofs
Chief-Minister Chief-Ministers
gulf gulfs
maid servant maid servants
grief griefs
girl friend girl friends
safe safes
boy friend boy friends aTIRI
serf serfs
(c) man 1'l"2fT woman ~ «r-1' Compound Nouns ~ ~
strifes
strife
Parts if Plural Formation mT it 'tt- . ~
~ (e~ .~ Noun + Preposition + Noun (~ Noun +
(STg.) ~ Preposition + ~ Noun) mm
Preposition ~- ~ W Nouns
man servant men servants Singular~ t; ~-

row uponrow R_ f<n rows upon rows]
man teacher men teachers
women doctors
day by day R f<n days by days]
woman doctor
day after day [-::r ~ days after days]
woman advocate women advocates
NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~ Noun + Preposition + Noun if
Nouns cfil' Plural~ Problem~~!;. 'tt-
man hater man haters
Women after women. I climbed the rostrum to I speak
man lover man lovers (A) (B)
woman hater woman haters against the cruel I practices of dowry and bride burning. I
woman lover woman lovers (C) · (D) ·
~ man hater= one who hates manetc. No Error.
(d) ~ ~ Nouns t ~- 3Rf if fife ~ mm t 1'!"2fT (E)
~ Plural Formation '-fife'~~ ·-ves' ~ fcr;"l!r ~ [M 't ~ Part (A) 1'fffif l1 . 'Women after women' ~
!1 ~- ~ ~ 'Woman after woman' q;r ~ ~ 'Cftlrrt]
~ (Pl.) ..;~ @Five rupees, ten miles cfil" ~ ~ ~: ~ t
J, -1, Y ~ ~ ollG ~ ~ Noun <fil" ~ mm 1:Z!R W~ five
.,.e rupees~~ five rupee, ten miles~~ ten mile aTIR cnr
11 I' lives ~ mf t; 'tt-
knives
... . knife (i) Five rupees have been spent.
wife wives ~. (ii) I have «five-rupee Illm· R ~ five rupees note].
calf calves -!,
half halves Noun
7 elf elves ~ "31<fiR, (i) a ten-mile walk

self selves (ii) two ten-rupee notes.
leaf leaves ~ ~ mi if ten-mile/ten-rupee l'.!Bf ~ Adjective q'iJ'
thief thieves
~ ffl st1; mITTr ~ ti ~ W ~ ~ hypheneated
expressions ~ ~ ~ ~ 7ffiIT t" am: ~ ~ t ~
-) sheaf
loaf
sheaves
loaves
hypheneated expressions q'iJ' Plural Formation -:ttt' mm ti
a:rcl':, ~ ,fl" a;ytT ~ ~ ~. ~ ~I
wolf wolves
(7) ~ ra ~ One of+ the + Noun (Plural) m q'iJ' H
~.~Nouns~ ~if f/fe~mmt ~ t, am:~ mm am~ m cf>T ~
,fl" one~fq;f ~
Plural Formation~ ~ ii' s~ ~ ~ ti 1% ~ "liflG Noun Plural t <IT -::r€I' ~ ~ 'tR ~ ~
(Srg.) ~~-q-~~t;~-
~
(i) One of the most intelligent boy ~ boy ~ ~ boys
chief chiefs
~]
cliff cliffs
--------'---~-------- ---- -------------
(ii) One of the book rrnf book~ ~ books tWT1]

\)'~@In the last elections I the electorates' I disinterestedness
~ f.ilfl1 ~ ~ Problem ~r /""" (A) (B) (C)
puzzled I the politicians very much./ No Error.
(i) One of the problem I with you I is that you do not I
(D) (E)
(A) (B) (C) .,
come in time. I No Error. 7. The present datas I show that the illiteracy rate I in India
l (D) (E) (A) (B)
i [l"« ~ ~ Part 'A' ii' problem js ~ problems cfiT has fallen down but not I to the level of expectation. I
~~.~one of~ .JR Noun~ Plural~ ti] (C) (D)
No Error.
f (8)~ wm ~ & fcf; (E)
I
Each of+ the + Noun (Plural) 8. He said that I he always kept in his pocket I a bundle of
Either of + the + Noun (Plural) (A) (B)
one hundred I rupees notes. I No Error.
Neither of+ the+ Noun (Plural)
(C) (D) (E)
~-;Ci) Either of the boys R fcf; boy]
9. Running a five stars I hotel needs much more I money
(9)W -srcm, (A) (B)
I None of+ the + Noun (Plural) than what we have in I our account. I No Error.
(C) (D) (E)
I
(10) Any of + the + Noun (Plural~ ~ ~ Noun
COUNTABLE mt 10. He gave me I two important informations I I had been
(A) . (B)
(11) Most of+ the Noun uncountable (Sing.) waiting for I for the previous two months. I No Error.
[ Noun countable (PL) (C) (D) (E)
All of+ the Noun uncountable (Sing.) 11. Your advices are I the proof of your I discriminating mind
[ Noun countable (PL) (A) . (B) (C)
~-None of the boys(=, fcfi boy) ~I and I pragmatic approach./ No Error.
(D) (E)
PROBLEMS BASED ON NOUNS AND NUMBERS 12. An earthquake I is a natural phenomenon I and nobody
(A) (B) (C) .
Directions : Find out the error in each of the following can I check it, be sure. I No Error.
sentences. if any. If there is no error; your answer is 'E". (D) (E)
1. One of her firmest belief I was that her friend shouted at 13. The class teacher I gave him a home work I and
(A) (B) (A) (B)
her I with a view to making her I aware of her repeated instructed him to do it I at night. I No Error.
(C) (D) (C) (D) (E)
lapses. I No Error 14. I saw only I five police who I were running after I the
{E) (~ (B) (C)
@In one of our first conversation I she informed me I that bank-robbers. I No Error.
(A) (B) (D) (E)
.she had lost her husband I in a bus accident./ No Error. @The sheafs I of the wheet-plants were too heavy I {or me
· (C) (D)° (E) (A) (B) (C)
3. All the girls students I of the college are advised I to sit in to I carry on the head: I No Error.
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
the I Girls'.Common Room./ No Error. 16. All the Chiefs Ministers I are responsible for the I pitiable
(D) (E) (A) (B) .
/.
I•
4. The majority of the woman I teachers are persuading I condition of their I states. I No Error.
(A) (B) {C) (D) {E)
the principal to consider I their demands./ No Error. 17. After he had delivered I the speech, he .said that he
(C) (D) (E) (A) (B)
5. It is harmful I to take cupsful I of tea I fiye times a day. I hoped I to be conspicuously understood I and for_givcn for
(A) (B) cq ·co) · (C) (D)
Ne- Error. any lapses. I No Error.
(E) (E)
18. He says that I a two-miles walk I always keeps him I 29. The sceneries I of Kashmir is more beautiful I than that
(A) (B) (C) (A) (B) (C)
healthy and fresh./ No Error. of I Darjeeling. / No Error.
(D) (E) (D) (E)
@The haves should t- not look scornfully I at the, naves not, ~ His means I are very limited I yet he does not curtail I his.
~l"~ (A) (B). ~ (A) (B) (C)
/ rather they should I try to encourage them to work hard expenditure and spends lavishly. I No Error.
(C) (D) (D) (E)
and earn their livelihood./ No Error. 31. He uses a fine I quality of shampoo I so his hairs are I
(E) (A) (B) (C)
20. "Language consists of several stratums", I said a linguist I black and attractive./ No Error.
(A) - (B) (D) (E)
in his lecture on Language I and Linguistics./ No Error. 32. Wordsworth's poetries I is characterised by his subtle
(C) (D) (E) (A) (B)
21. All his sister-in-laws I are extremely beautiful I to look description I of the beauty and liveliness I of Nature. I No
{A) (B) (C) (D)
at so the question I of selection is very puzzling. I No Error.
(C) (D) (E)
Error. @. The doctor declared that I the patient's !,p~s.tine ~a& I not -'
(E) '(A) (B)
22. The bretherns I of this locality are always I at daggers- working properely and so he needed I medical treatment
(A) (B) (C) (D)
drawn without any i apparent reason. I No Error. for a long time. I No Error.
(C) (D) (E) (E)
23. The wall of this magnificent I building is I fifty foot high 34. He has ordered I bricks/for the proposed I hotel and bar./
(A) {B) (A) (B) (C) (D)
and its paintings I are very striking. I No Error. No Error.
(C) · . (D) (E) (E)
'@"The headquarter I of the Anny is in Delhi", it's really 35. When you see his I offsprings, you can't I believe that he
(A) . (B) (A) (B) (C)
very I surprising that you do not know J even this fact. I is I above seventy. I No Error.
(C) (P) (D) (E)
No Error. 36. "Please convey my- best I regard and wishes to the
(E) (A) (B)
25. If a student needs I advice about careers, I he should Boss", I the secretary said to the peon I of the Manager./
; (A) (B) (C) (C) (D)
consult I the careers officer, I No Error. No Error.
(D) (E) (E)
. .
• 26. Two summons I have been issued by the court I but you 37. The pretty woman I sitting in the car is I the daughter of I
(A) (B) (A) (B) (C)
have not I turned up yet. I No Error. the one of the headman of the village. I No Error.
(C) (D) (E) (D) (E)
27. He has bought I a dozen of copies I of British English 38. When he returned I from America, he informed me I that
(A) (B) (C) (A) (B)
Grammar, I which is a very popular book among the he had come here I to do an urgent work. I No Error.
. (C) (D) (E)
(D)
students. I No Error. 39. Many of the MPs. absented °t 'themselves from
i Parliament ..
(E) (A) (B)
28. The beautiful surrounding I of the palace I attracted a large when some issues of.the highest national importance I
(A) (B) (C)
number of tourists I coming from abroad. /No Error. were to be discussed. I No Error.
(C) (D) (E) (D) (E)
- --- ------ - --
20 · A Mirror of Common Errors
40. The issues ·are I very complex and the problem I is that 50. You will not I be allowed I to go anywhere else I to play
(A) (B) (A) (B) (C}
they are bound to be obscured I by these hypocritical outdoor games. I No Error.
. (C) (D) (D) (E)
politicians. I No Error.
(E) ANSWERS
_ . \~ese type of books I are certainly helpful to the students 1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (A) 4. (A) 5. (B)
~ ,_ (A) (B) 6. (B) 7. (A) 8. (D) 9. (A) 10. (B)
I preparing for the Banking Service I Examinations. I No 11, (A) 12. (E) 13. (B) 14. (B) 15. (A)
(C) (D) 16. (A) 17. (E) 18. (B) 19. (C} 20. (A)
l
I
Error.
(E)
21. (A)
26. (A)
22. (A)
27. (B)
23. (C)
28. (A)
24. (A)
29. (A)
25.(E)
30. (E)
l 42. "There are only I certain boy that are sincere I and 31. (C} 32. (A) 33.(B) 34. (B) 35.(B)
(A) (B) 36. (B) 37. (D) 38. (D) 39. (E) 40. (E)
I. deli gent and that can do well in the examinations." I said
41. (A) 42.(B) 43. (B) 44. (E) 45. (B)
(C)
the class teacher./ No Error. 46. (E) 47. (B) 48. (B) 49. (C) 50. (E)
~ (D) (E)
"J' /@have.never
/ ' (A)
seen I such a lovely spectacles I in my life",
(B) (C) EXPLANATIONS I
said I the passer-by./ No Error.
(D) (E) 1. (A) 'belief' ~ ~ 'beliefs' q;r ~ m1IT ~ one + of
~ ifTG Plural Noun tst ~ mT t; ~-
44. I do my best I but I don't understand why I I do not get
(i) One of the books,.
(A) (B)
expected I marks in the examination. /No Error.
-r -"T
one of Noun (Plural)
(C) (D) (E)
(ii) one of the women etc.
45. You are among those I luckiest man who I attained name --r- J,
(A) (B) one of Noun (Plural)
and fame not by / labour but. by chance. I No Error. 2. (A) conversation cfil" plural form 'conversations' q;r 1l<WT
(C) (D) (E)
~I tfiRlJT ~ °tj"o l if~ 1l<IT tt
~@)Notto speak of failure I even a tragedy/does not affect/ 3. (A) 'girls students' ~ ~ 'girl students' mirr ~
»: (A) (B) . (C) Compound Nouns if M ~ ~ cfil" Plural
his high spirits. I No En-or. formation m-T "1'rnT t; ~-
(0) (E)
SINGULAR PLURAL
_. 47. Owing to his heavy engagement, I he could not write even l l
(A) (B) (i) maid servant maid servants
the two-third I of the book of which I the publication was (ii) boy friend boy friends
(C}
(iii) girl student girl students •
expected before January. I No Error.
(iv) female dector female doctors
(D) (E)
4. (A) 'woman' ~ ~ 'women' m7TT ~ 'man' 3l?tqf
48. "I know nothing I about his whereabout. I Do you ?," I he 'woman'~ oR Compound Nouns ii' :et>ll-<ld<ll ~
(A)
said to me. I No Error.
(B) (C)
m "IPTI' if Plural formation f%<IT -;;rrm t; ~-
(D) (E) SINGULAR PLURAL
J, i
~ 49. Now I have come I to know why he always I remains at (i) man conductor men conductors
, (A) (B) . (ii) man servant men servants
loggers-head with his wife I and mother-in-law. I
(C} (D) . (iii) woman engineer women engineers
I, No Error. (iv) woman supervisor women supervisors
i (E)
A Mirror of Common Errors 2t
5. (B) 'cupsful' ~ ~ 'cupfuls' ~ ~ ~ Nouns 12. (E) ~~t1

~ ~ 'ful' ~ m-
ful il' 's' ~ Plural Formation 13. (B) home work ~ ~ a cf;!' ~ ~ mtrr1 <'ITT"T ~
q;fct t; ~- ~o 10 it~~ t, ~ ~ -ra' fct:; home work I
Sinfular Plural urgent work I class work I important work a,rre: if
~ work Uncountable Noun. ti-
(i) cupful cupfuls 14. (B) 'police' ~ ~ policemen mtrr ~ 'The Police'
(ii) handful handfuls · ~ plural number if ti ~ Police .srrftr q;r ~ mm
(iii) mouthful mouthfuls ti Countable Noun ~ ~ it Policeman~ ~
Plural Policemen~ t; ~-
(iv) spoonful spoonfuls
(v) glassful glassfuls (i) The police are becoming more and
6. (B) 'electorate' plural number if ti ~ aw ~ t l l
voters. am:, electorates'~~ electorate's cfiT ~ Noun Verb
~~I (Plural)· {Plural)
7. (A) data singular am:
plural $rr ~ forms if "SJclT1T ~ i1 more inactive.
am:, data q;r plural formations datas ~ t"1 ~ (i) I have seen ~ policeman coming here.
8. (D) rupees js ~ rupee ~r ~ one hundred rupees J, l
ffl t ~ a one hundred - rupee note ~ Two one a
Noun
hundred - rupee notes ffl t ~ aror Noun 'note' Countable
t -am: one hundred - rupee fu"q; ~ Adjective js ~
· Singular
if ffl q;m ti 3m" ~. A two-mile walk~
Two miles' walk. (ii) Two policemen were running after a thief.
9. (A) A five-stars hotel~~ A five-star hotel ffl ~ J, l
o!ITT§1l1" 3m: ~ o 8 il' ~ 1ft t I Two Noun (Countable Plural)
10. (B) information ~ Uncountable Noun t, .anr:, ~ 15. (A) sheaf cf;!' Plural formation sh~afs t ~ m mm-
m ~ m NAn q;r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 's' ~ sheaves mm-
ti ~ ~ ~ knife, life, wife, calf,
~ Plural formation ~r ~ ~ Nouns half,· self, elf, wolf, loaf, thief, leaf, sheaf, shelf <fiT
!-news I information I advice/ jvork I scenery I Plural 'f lfe'<m~ 'ves·~~~il
pottery I imagery I poetry I stationery etc. 16. (A) Chiefs ~ ~ Chief \WTTI Chief Minister ~
~ Singular ~ ~ a piece of I a bit of aY.IT Compound Noun t, ~ ~ ~ Minister ti
Plural pieces of I bits of~ ~ aA'1"llT ~ tr am:,~ Plural Chief Ministers mrITI ~ 3!<m:,
am: two important pieces of inofrmation cfiT ~ Sin~uJar £rn.w ·
ffl J, J,
~
I
®
\J"
~-, N. B. Work cfiT
Uncountable Noun
aN ~
urgent~ ffi" 'an' cfiT ~

mm-
'some' cfiT >fll1"1T cfi\ ~
·~. ~" m, "ffl" "lili
tr I have an urgent work. if
~
t ~
tr 'an'~ ~ ~
a piece of urgent
(i) State Minister
(ii) Bank Officer
(iii) District Magistrate
State Ministers
Bank Officers
District Magistrates
work~~tr .17. (E) qJcPr ~ t,
~ work t ~- ~ ·~· cfiT ~ mm~ 18. (B) a two-miles walk~ ffl a two-mile walk mrITI q;roir
Countable Noun mm tr 3'tR: ~o 8 it~ lfm tr
~: 19. (C) haves not ~ ffl have nots mrIT f~ aw t mm
(i) Macbeth is ~ popular work of Shakespeare. The poor, ~ haves, ~ ~ i the rich, q;r mm
l J, tr
I fc1q~ht1% ~
20: (A) stratum ~ Latin ~ ! ~ Plural strata ~ t
a work
I ~, (ii) All the works of · Shakespeare are ;r ~ stratums. ~ 1(cfiR ~ ~ ~ q;r Plural
I
'}--,
worthreading. --r-
work cfiT Plural
· ~-
(i) dictum-dicta ·
11. (A) advices js ~ advice cfiT ~ ~r cfiRUT ~ ~o
(ii) memorandum-memoranda
IOir ~ lfm t1 ~ ~ ~-ra' fcl; ·~· ~ ~
if 'Advice' Uncountable Noun t ~ Advices cf;!' (iii) corrigendum-:corrigenda
~ ~· mmlr (iv) bacterium-bacteria, etc.

\'
I
NOTE : ~ "ffi1T dictum <fif Plural dlctums, (i) The surroundings of this museum
memorandum cfiT Plural memorandums ~ J,
corrigendum <fif Plural corrigendums cffl' ,ft ~ Noun
,rr;rn- t ~ 'lf '5l<U1T ~ ~ t, . 29. (A) sceneries~~ scenery ~I ~ ~ ~ '3m:
_..21. (A) sister-in-laws ~ ~ sist~rs~in-Iaw ~I oZJra!ft' ~
~10~1
~~~o3~1
30. (E) cfrcP.T ~ ti
_22. (A) brethren ~ 3N t ~-~') wf.t-an,:r if Plural 31. (C) hairs$ ~ hair n ~ are~ ~ is n1 hair
t, 3«1': ~ ~ 's' ~ plural formation ~
~ Collective Noun t ~ ~ Uncountable ti ~
'l'R-ra" t, ~ ~ ftR"cn' ~ ~ m hair Countable m~ t,
23. (C) fifty foot ~ ~
feet mm t,
fifty feet ~
Irregular ~
~ foot cfiT plural
~ plural form ~ ffl
am: ~ ~ ir a hair, two hairs~ ~ ~ t;
~~t- . ~-
(i) His hair is black. ~ ~ ~ t)
I'
~-
J, ,!.
I· (i) louse lice NOUN (collective)

(ii) All his hair is.black.
,. (ii) mouse
(iii) dormouse
mice
L
dormice
I'; NOlJN (collective)
. (iv) goose
(v) tooth
geese
teeth ~.
(vi) man men (iii) Two hairs or' Ram's head are white.
(vii) woman women

J, !
Two NOUN (PLURAL)
. 24. (A) ~f@lll~ll ~ ~ 'headquarters' ~ cfiT ffl' Singular
~ Plural-zyf\'-@' ri if mcTT t; ~- 32. (A) poetriesjs ~ pieces of poetry .:rr. poems m,-1
(i) The headquarters of the Army. 'o!ITT9llT ~ ~ °3m: ~ 10 ~I
(ii) The headquarters of the Anny & the Navy.

~3. (B) intestine ~ ~ intestines q:;r ffl' mm ~
intestines cf,f ffl' Plural ~ it mcJT t I ~
~ :sfq;R quarters ~ cfiT -m- ''ER' ~ 3N if
the
smallintestine, the large intestine cfif 'ifcWT ~ q;fc, %1
Singular~ Plural ~ tt' ~ i't mm ·t,
Plural form if ~ ~ ~ 3Pl' Nouns cf.t ~I
25; (E) cfrcP.T -~ t,
2.6. (A) 'Summons' ~ Countable Noun t ~ Singular tt spectacles ~) I glasses ~), manners
~ Plural summonses ~ t, ~ Oxfor<l ~).riches~' ffl) scissors, trousers etc.
34. (B) bricks ~ ~ pieces of brick ml' ~ brick,
Advanc.ed Learner's Dictionary) . 3«1':, Two
stone,iron,ice~ Uncountable Nouns jt: ~-_-;,:_, ..
summonses~ ffl' mllTI
· · · · 27. (B) a dozen copies 'llT dozens of copies cfiT -m- ~ (i) This' bunglow is made of bri~k/sto~~ etc. ~
· cflITf.t; A dozen I Two dozen ~ 'llT A hundred I Two stone ~ Countable Noun t ~ ~ mar
a:¢
hundred ~ ~ ~ 'of" cfiT ffl' ~ t ~ mm ~-trc'cR cfiT ~I ~-He threw a stone in the
Dozens 'llT Hundreds ~ oi1G of cfiT ffl' mT t; water. ~ ~ iron cfiT plural irons t' ~ mm
~- ~ am m ~ t ·~· 'llT ~·1
(i) A dozen mangoes ~ m 3Wl') 35. (B) offsprings ~ ~ offspring ~I 'Offspring' ~
~. am ''l=rnR'' t Singular am:

Plural $rr tr ~ if
f ~mart1~:_
I (ii) Dozens of mangoes ~ 3Wf)
I
!
I
28. (A) surrounding ~ . ~ surroundings cfiT m A (i) Her first offspring (= first child = ~ ~)
I
I
<P-l1fcfi surrounding tss Adjective t. ~ ~ mm t could not survive.
!, ~~cfiT); ~-
(ii) Her two offspring (= two children = ~ ~) are
!· alive.
(i) Patna and its surrounding counpside
l 36. (B) regard ~ ~ regards cf,f ~ WIT ~ i::r:r ~
Adjective Noun if kind~y thoughts and wishes~ ~ regards q=;r ~
~ surroundings ~ Plural Noun t~ 3N mm fcl;lrr -:snm t ~
i::r:r 3lTR if convey my respects,
regards, wishes 3lTR cfif ~ fcfi'llT -:.mrT !1
t "~~~mu ~ cti"t ~··; ~__:_
A Mirror of Common Errors
37. (D) (i) the one ofq;r JlcU1T the headman js m -:;tr~ (ii) What beautiful spectacles !
~ ~ ~ 1'Jlq <fir ~ m headman ~) (= What beautiful glasses !)
mmt, <=~~mt>
.(ii) tt one of ~ ~ the headmen t,;IT headman q;r 44. (E) cffcR ~ t,. .
plural t') cfiT Jl'1TI'lT ~ sil'T ~ 't ~ ali ~ NOTE : fflf, 3lTR ~ ~ ~ ~ marks ~·ca-
~ ~ a;tR ~~tr~~ ti~- \'t ~ mm- t,mark 'q;T ali ~ 'R@' t .. mm
(i) The headman of this panchayat is kind. ~ ~ if '1t- mark q;r Plural marks 'fflaT l; ~-
[~~'lf;J"~~t1]
~. . (i) Who made these dirty marks on my new book ?
~.
(ii) One of the headmen of these ten panchayats is (ii) He got good marks in English.
kind. 45. (B) man ~ ~ men ir11T cflfl'f.f; ~ ~ one of·<R
[~·~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t11 '!JllTlT ti ~ ~ ,:ft ~ fcf; one of, either of,
~
38. (D) urgent work ~ ~ an <R ~ ~ WTTI ~ neither of, each of, every one of; many of, both of, A
~ ~ ~ 3m: mgqr 13 mlT 101:fil' oZfR§!IT ~I number of~ ~ ifTG Noun ~ Plural Number if
39. (E) cffcR ~ ti mrrt ~-
40. (E) ~ w;: ti (i) One of the bags
41. (A) type ~ W types cfiT ~ ~ cflfl'f.f; These I (ii) Many of the hats
Those I certain I other~ Demonstrative Adjectives (iii) Both of the rats
~ o1R Noun~ Plural Nu~ber it it mm (iv) Either of the candidates.
tt Th~e~ ~ This '1t- ~ ';5fT ~ t~ 46. (E) ~~ti
Experssion "This type" m ~. ~ Part (B) °;f
Failure (lack of success) ·ai~tf>t1dl' ~ ~ if
Verb Plural Number it t am: These types m~ . Uncountable Noun t am: ~ ffl -:r mA 'q,f ~
m-m1 ~ am: -:; ti' ~ Plural failures 'qifl ~ ~.
42. (B) boy ~ ~ boys WTTI ~ certain + Noun
spirit Singular Noun t a.m: ~ aref ~ (soul).
(Plural);~- -~ (ghost) mw ti ~ spirits q;r a:¢ alcohol mmti
(i) certain books (ii) certain pens ~ ~ ~ a:¢ 'mood' ,:ft mm t, am: .' in good
~ A certain + Noun (Singular); tt- spirits I in bad spirits 3TIR cfiT ~ ~ ~ t -:i- fcf;
(i) A certain book. (ii) A certain pen. in good spirit~ in bad spirit cf;TI ~ A good spirit
43. (B) spectacles ~ ~ spectacle <fir ~ lITlTT ~ ltT Abadspirit tsr ~~ti
spectacles ~ ~ ali ~ !-glasses ~) mir
47. (B) two-third ~ ~ two-thirds q;r wrrrr ~
cPm%
one-third (Singular) t ~ two-thirds I three-fourths
scenes~;~-
~ Pluratt1
(i) He usually wears spectacles. ~
@<B) whereabout ~ ~ ~hereabo~ q;r ~ ~I
(ii) There are some beautiful spectacles~) in this whereabout q;r "ll<lTlT ~~ t~
whereabouts q;r
hilly region. Jl'1TI'lT moT t1 Noun ~ ~ if ~ a:¢ mcIT t
~, Spectacle, -it ~ Singular Countable Noun t, (atm--i«IT) m!T ~ ~ Singular ~ Plural Verb q;r
q;f ~ ~· ~ 3l'f it -::rtr mm t ~ ~· ~ ~itmt;~-
3ref if ~ ti am: (i) His whereabouts is I are not known.
(i) What a beautiful spectacle ! ~ Interrogative Adverb~ ~ if ~ aref mm t
(= What a beautiful sight!)(=~~ ~!I) ·~~w~~~-R·~-
m. (i) Whereabouts did you find it ?
(i) What beautiful spectacles ! 49. (C) at loggers-head ~ ~ at logger-heads <fiT m wrr
(= What beautiful sights I scenes!) ~ ~ ~ "t ( in disagreement).
(~~~~~!) 50.(E) ~~i1
***
Chapter-4
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
~ ,fl- Finite Verb Cf\T Number .am: Person cffllf (Subject) (1) <lR cfrCR Cf;f Subject ~ Singular Noun ~ ffl Verb
~ Number am:
Person js ~ ~ t; ~- ~ngular mar t; ~-
(i) They go. (i) Mohan is always late.
(ii) He goes. (ii) A book has been bought.
~ go ~ Finite verb t ~ Plural Subject 'They' ~ (2) ~ ~ Singular Nouns 'and'~ ~ m ffl' Verb Plural
~ Plural ~ ~ ii' t", ~ Singular Subject 'He' ~ mef ~ l; ~-
Singular~ ~ if !1 (i) Ram and Shyam have come.
~ W fcfi ~ SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ~ tr (ii) A book and a pen have been bought.
~ "q{ ~ ti ~ f.rlP1 t ~ (3) ~&Sj~ouns 'and'~~ m. ~ ~ ~
I
(A) Subject (Singular) Verb (Singular) I each m every <fi1" ·wrrtr mm Verb Sin~Iar:wm t; tt-
~ (i) S~e re;ds a book. (i) ¥ 1}°Y and ~ 8}! is invited,
each Noun each Noun
Sub. Verb
(Sing.) (Sing.)
(Sing.) (Sing.)
<IT
(ii) Ram eats a mango.
(ii) is invited.
J. J. ~ ~
and
8f
~ Sub. Verb each Noun Noun
i' (Sing.) (Sing.)
t (Sing.) (Sing.)
,. ~= · (4) ~ ~ Singular Nouns 'and' ~ ~ ~ :©:
l
(i) I~ ~ am, was~ ~ ~ ~ Plural.
~ ffl <IT 'TI<f q;r a1N ~ m Verb Singular~ t;
~
'(ii) You~ ~ ri ~ Plural. (i) Bread and butter is my favourite food.
I
(B) ~ubject (Plural) Verb (Plural) j ~ ~· Nouns <fir ~ RL.if~f-&?It-
(i) 1}ey ¥ playing in the field. Bread and butter, Rice and curry, Horse and carriage,
Hammer and sickle, Crown and glory etc.
Sub. Verb
NOTE:~~~ Nouns~~~~~ q;r ~
(ii)
(Pl.)
We
(Pl.)
are walking in the field.
~ m Verb Plural mm t; ~-
T-T . (i) Crown and glory exist together.
Sub. Verb ~ (5) *-~

Nouns m Pronouns as well as, in addition to,
besides, like, unlike, with, along with, together with,
(Pl.) (Pl.)
accompained by, led by, headed by, guided by, controlled by,
NOTE : 'fll'R' W fcfi Subject Verb Agreement ~ governed by, rather than, and not a1'ifu ~ ~ Verb ~ mm
Problems rn* is, are, am, was, were, do, does, have, has Noun m Pronoun js ~ t; #- mar
~ fsf;<rran' if ~ t m fl:R Present Indefinite Tense ~ (i) You as well as your sister were in the wrong.
~ ~ il'1 ~ii'~ is~~ arem am,do~ ~
(ii) He together with his friends is coming today.
does, have~ ~ has a1'lfu Cf\T ml' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
t;~- NOTE : ~ m
fcF; ~ ~ it Sister~ ~ was
(i) My friend I were I not present I there. I No Error.

am: friends~ ~ were <fir JJmlT cfR: Problems~ ~ ti
A B C D E ~ (6) ~~Subjects Notonly but also, Neither ..
[f<!:°Q: lfQ: cfrCR ~ Part (B) it 'were'~ ~ 'was' q;r '5l"mrT

...... nor, Either or i ~ ti!' m Verb~ ~
qffi Subj~t~~~t,; #-
~ ~. ~ c(1q<f Cf\T Subject 'My friend' Third
it !I]
,, Person, Singular Number
. (i) Neither you nor I am willing to do it.
(ii) Neither you nor be is making a noise.
·a:r.r~~~~-
.---------~-- -·---,-- -- -- -- ----~-v-
·-~.·_I_

~~'IR ~ Problems~ ~ ~ t'1 ~'- (14) Many, A great many, A good many ~ om:: Noun
(i) Neither Prakash nor his I brother Prashant are I capable Plural~ Verb~ Plural mm t; ~-
(A) (B) . (i) A great many boys are sitting there.
of doing this I work within two days. I No Error.
(C) (D) (E)
~ Many a/an ~ a1R Noun Singular am Verb ~
. [GRAMIN BANK 1991]

Singular moT t; ~-
[ ~ q'TcFI' ~ PART (B) ~ 'were'~ ~ 'was' cfil' 'SJ1rrlT
{i) Many a pen ~ red.
m1lT ifllTFcf; Verb ~ ~ cfil' Subject 'nor his brother
J, J, J, J,
Prashant' l ~ Third Person, Singular Number jt !J Many a Noun Verb
(7) <1R Subject not but 'llT 'not' ~ ~ m' err (Sing.) (Sing.)
Verb ~ Subject 'Not' ~ mer ~ t', m ~ mm t; (15) A number·of, A large number of, Large numbers of$
~- -rR: Noun Plural om Verb~ Plural m<!T t; ~-
(i) Not she but her friends are guilty.
(i) A number of girls have passed.
(ii) She and not her friends is guilty.
~ ~. The number of~ -rR: Noun_ Plural.~ Verb
(8) ~ q'TcFI' 1f;f Subject Each, Either, Neither 'ffl' 'fil Verb
~;gular mm
ti tt-,
Singular'ffl'ol t; tt- .
(i) The number of the buses is increasing.
(i) Iinvited two boys but neither has come.
(16) Some, Some of, All, All of, Enough, Most, Most of,
(9) Each of I Either of I Neither of I Every one of I One of
~ $ alR Noun c:rr Pronoun Plural ~ t', ~ Verb Losts of, A lot of, Plenty of$ i1'R: Noun ~ Countable 'ffl' m
Singular;~-
cffl Plural mm t 3'ITT: Verb '4t Plural;~-
(i) All men are mortal.
(i) Each of the mangoes is ripe.
l (ii) Lots ofp'/ayers were there.
Noun (Pl.) ~. ~ m ofTG Noun Uncountable· 'ffl' m ~ Singular
(ii) One of them has played well. men t am: Verb 'TI Singuiar mm l ~- -
-r- (i) Some money is needed.
Pronoun (PL)
(ii) Lots of milk is available.
~ f.lcflf 'IR ~ Problem~-
(i) The teacher asked the student I if every one of them I (17) Half of, One third of, Two thirds of, Three fourths of
(A) (B) ~ ~ Noun ~ Countable 'ffl' err
cffl Plural moT t ~ Verb
were ready to attend the classes every day I No Error. Gt Plural mm t; ~-
(C) (D) (E) (i) Half of the hotels are closed today.
[~ ~ ~ PART (C) ~ 'were'~ ~ ·~as' <ti!' 'SJ1rrlT ~. ~ il'R: Noun~ Uncounrable.st m~ Singular
miTT ~ every one of~ il'R: Noun 'llT Pronoun Plural ~ mm t ~ Verb 'TI Singular mm t1 tt-
Verb Singular mm
\1 ] (i) Two thirds of the land has been ploughed."
rf< (10) ~ ~ cfiT Subject e~erybody, someb?<f y,
i:wbody anybody someone, ~ne, icyecyone, anyone, ~ (18) More than one ~ ofR Singular Noun am: Singular
everything, something, nothing, anything 'ffl' Verb Singular err 1erb 'ffl'clT t; tt- ·
mw t ~- · _.;.- (i) More than one room is vacant.
(i) Everybody knows that the earth is round. ~. More+ Plural Noun+ than one~~ Verb Plural
(ii) Everybody among your friends likes playing. mmt;~-
::k (12) *ft ~t; ~- q;r Subject Many, Both, Few, A few ~ ffl' (i) More teachers than one are late.
Verb Plural (19) There clYlT It <ti!' m ~
Introductory Subjects $
(i) Both are happy. ~ ~ 'ID° <IT There t mer Verb cf;T 'SJ1rrlT. There ~ <il'rc:: ~
• (ii) Many were invited but a few have come. Noun c:rr Pronoun ~ Number 3'ITT: .Person -"R R"R cfiUfT t;
,;,. (13_) Both of, A few of; Few of, Many of~ an'G Noun c:rr ~-
/ Pronoun Plural oerr Verb ,fl' Plural mm t; tt- (i) There was a king.'
(i) Many of the ~ are green. (ii) There were two kings.
i ~, It~~ Verb~ Singular mt ~-
Noun (Pl.) (i) It is these boys that came latetoday,
- - -
-
~ - -
- ~~-
---- ---- ~~-~-

vp··~ -um,
* ~. (20) fct;m · Numeral Adjective + Plural Noun ~ ~
cr;;r:r, ~ ~ cf>f ~ 'ffl' <IT Verb
(i) 1.
J,
and
J,
he
.!,
are
J,
guilty
Singular mnT 't; ~- Pro. and Pro. Verb

(i) Two thousand ~ is a-handsome amount. (Pl.)
J, .!. J. (ii) You and he have disturbed me.
Numeral Noun Verb J. J, J. J,
(Adj.) (Pl.)' (Sing.) Pro. and Pro. · Verb
(ii) Ten tons of coal is enough for me.
~
~. * m or
cf>f ilT'q
Numeral Adjective + Plural Noun ~ ~
Verb Plural t; tt- mar ~ ~ 1R .anmror Problems ,fl' ~
(Pl.)
~ ~ t: tt-
(i) You and I I am going to take part I in the meeting
(i) Two thousand rupees have been spent. (A) (B)
t J. J, tomorrowI No Error.
Numeral Noun Verb (C) (D)
(Adj.) (Pl.) (~-~w· [t.D.S.B. 1990]
\~.A--
~
----
(21)
~ ~ if
*m or ~
who, which~ that q;r ~
~ ~
Verb ~
Relative Pronouns
Antecedents ~
~
[~ ~
Part (A) if 'You' ~
~ Part (B) -q am ~ ~
'I' 'and' ~ ~
are <fir ~
t 3lR ~
lrr1TT
1rciiR
Subject Plural ti]
Number~ Person 1R R"h cf;«fT' t; tt-
(i) I, who am a teacher, teach here. PROBLEMS BASED ON SUBJECT-VERB
(ii) The students who are here did not do well.
~ f.rli111R 3ml1ftf Problems ils'IT ~ ~
(i) One of the issues I which was discussed I in the
t; tt-
AGREEMENT
Directions : Find out the error in each of the following

..
(A) {B) sentences, if any. If there is no error, your answer is 'E'.
..
. ,I
;'
meeting I was raised by me. I No Error. 1. Two miles beyond I that pasture was seen hundreds I of
(C) (D) (E) (A) (B).
I
I:
[B.S.R.B. PATNA 1992] cattle including I some lambs. I No Error
~ qJq<f $ Part (B) if 'was'~ ~ 'were' q;r ~ (C) (D) (E)
m1TT ~ 'which' Relative Pronoun t ~ Antecedent
2. It is noticed that I the elite class have no soft I comer for
" 'the issues· Plural l ~ ~ ~ Verb ,fl' Plural ~I (A) (B)
~ ,~),, . (22) 'cfdm:r ~ Unfuifilled wish, condition, 'desire <tit the downtrodden who are the I real 'i!Ctims of the present
i
7 ~ if, as if, as though. I wish, We wish etc ~ (D)
. !
t
i
~ *
amrr t ~
q;f.t ~ ~
To Be q;r 'll<l1'1T 'fil err ~ Arif; 'were' ~ ~
Subject fct;m ,fl' Number Per~
if
<Pit' :r 'fil;
(C)
social set-up. I No Error
(E)
l
!
~- 3. Ritu as well as I some of her friends I have fallen in love
I
I (i) I wish I were a bird.
~ ~ 1R ~ Problems ils'IT ~ ~ t; ~-
(A) (B)
· with Sonu, who/is the eldest son of an S. D. 0./No Error
(D)
. (C)
(E) .
··t (i) If I was you I I would have told I the Chairman to keep
(A) (B) (C) 4. More than one successful candidate I have taken the
I his mouth shut. I No Error. (A)
(D) (E) , interview for one I of the popular magazines I being
(B) (C)
[B.S.R.B. (BANGALORE) P. O. EXAM. 1990]
publishied from Delhi. I No Error
~ ~ ~ Part (A) if 'was' ~ ~ 'were' ~ ~ (D) . (E)
m1JT ~ fflR' ~ Unfulfilled wish I conclition I desire
(~ m ~)~~if I as if I as though I f>wish etc. @s the~e any difficulties I in disposing .of this gorgeo~
$ ~ ~ To Be q;r ~ mm~ 'were' ~ 'lJ'lnlT ir ~a w ~
~/ building I built on such a spacious I and beautiful
.a:rrm t, (C)
(23) ~ ~ 'Pronouns ·'andr.~ ~ m · Verb Plural mm t; campus. I No Error
~- (D) (E)
· A Mirror of Common Errors 27
6. The leader as well as I his followers are fatally injured 16. A body of volunteers I have been organized I to help the
CN . ~) (A) (B)
in I the train accident which occured last night I near this faculty members I in their attempt to raise the fonds. I
(C) (C) (D)
railway crossing. I No Error No Error.
(D) (E) (E)
7. The request of the workers' I union that their wages 17. Each of the students, I whom I have chosen to take part I
(A) , (B) (A) (B)
should be I increased were supported by I a vast majority./ in the cultural programmes to be performed I in the City
(C) (D) (C)
No Error Hall, are up to the mark. I No Error
(E) (D) (E)
18. Everybody among the businessmen I were enjoying
@Along the northern fomtier I of India is seen I the Himalayas (A) (B)
(A) (B) (C)
drinking I when the Manager of the hotel I was shot dead./
mighty I in their splendour. I No Error. (C) (D)
(D) (E)
No Error
9;The publisher says I that there is I many important details to (E) . . .
"··--·(A) (B) (C) WMost of the news I pertaining to the sudden demise of Dr.
attend I to before this book gets printed. I No Error 4 (A) (B)
(D) (E) Sen I have been communicated by some of the ruffians I
(C)
10. His politics is not I good. so we have suggested to him I whom I know well./ No Error
~ (A) (B)
(D) (E)
that he should read Gandhi, Nehru I and Karl Marx. /
(C) (D) @Although these building are I in need of repair, I there
(A) (B)
No Error
(E) have been much improvement I in their appearance. I
(C) (D)
11. Just outside I the hotel is I two baro/extremely beautiful/ No Error
(A) (B) (C) (E)
as well as crowdy. / No Brror ~elften says that I it are these obscene films I that lead the
(D) (E) v"°' " . (A) (B)
12. We should not forget that I we have a right to criticise youth to their moral degradation I and are responsible for
(A) ~) j,, (C) .
but I at the same time each of us I have to remember the many evils growing in our society. I No Error
(C) (D) (D) (E)
duty also. I No Error 22. Not only the doctor I but also the nurses of this nursing I
(E) (A) (B)
@Her pugnacious daughter I always do something that may home is very kind and helpful I to the attendants./No Error
(C) (D) (E)
(N (B)
incur insult I on her neighbours who hold a wrong I ~3. There appears I a number of new faces in the hall I and I
(C) (A) (B)
opinion about her family. I No Error really do not know where they have/ come from and why./
(D) (E) (C) (D)
No Error
14. One of I the biggest industrial houses I in Mumbai is on i (E)
W 00 ~ 24. The teachers face the I same problems in their day to day
the verge of I declaring a lock out. I No Error ·
(D) (E) ~ (A) (B)
lives I as do an ordinary mari I of our society. I No Error
QJ Our Head of the Department assured I us that a series of (C) (D) (E)
. (A) (B)
25. The man who cannot I believe his senses and the man who
lectures on Milton I were to be arranged I the following
(C)
(A) . (B)
cannot I b~lieve-anyfhiiig'else'are I insane. ·1 No Error
week and so we should not create any nuissance./No Error (C) (D) (E)
(D) (E)
26. The available statistics I indicate that the population of the 36. One of the developing or underdeveloped I countries are
(A) (A)
world will double in about 30 years I and human life will not in favour of launching I chemical warfare because it
(B) (C) (B) (C)
become I more and more miserable. I No Error trembles I to imagine its repercussions. I No Error
(D) (E) (D) (E)
27. Shingles are a disease I in which the patient develops I lots 37. Not -John and his friends I but Mary has surreptitiously
(A) (B) (A) (B)
of inflamed spots round the I waist.·/ No Error taken I your photographs and sent them I to her friends. I
(C) , (D) {E) (C) (D)
No Error
28. What were once glorious forts I are now nothing I but (E)
(A) (B)
38. The idea of I introducing genes I to correct heritable and
piles of I rubble. I No Error (A) (B) (C)
(C) (D) (E)
other I disorders are revolutionary. I No Error
@whether you should get married I now or whether you (D) (E)
(A) 39. An ability to shrink I and reduce oneself to a tiny form
should remain I single all your life I are your personal (A)
(B) (C) (D) and reverse the process whenever desired I belongs to the
problem. I No Error (B)
(E) realm of fantasy and is heard of only I in fairy tales or
(C)
30. Each faculty member as I well as most of the students I
(A) (B) tales of magic. I No Error
(D) (E)
were of the view that there should I be many more new
(C) 40. Neither Rajni I nor Ragini were to take to her heels I
courses in this college. I No Error (A) (B)
(D) (E) when they saw a cobra laying I at the gate. I No Error
(C) (D) (E)
31. Does his daily struggle I for existence leave time I to
(A) (B) 41. Have either of I the two candidates been I selected for the
(A) (B)
ponder over I international affairs ? I No Error
(C) (D) (E) post of Branch Manager I in the Punjab National Bank ? I
(C) (D)
32. Either the manager I or his assistants always try to No Error
(A) (B)
~ (E)
misguide the public I regarding the vacancy I in the
ffi\None I of the five players I who have been given a
(C)
\.:7 (A) . (B) (C)
factory./ No Error
chance I to join this team play confidently. I No Error
(D) (E)
(D) (E)
33. Every man and woman I of the village have come out I to 43. What she says I and what she does I are incomprehensible/
(A) (B) (A) (B) . .CC)
see this strange child I who claims to know everything to an ordinary mind like yours. I No Error
. ~ ~- . (D) . (E)
about his pre-natal existence. I No Error
44. Where she went I and where she left her purse I are not
(E)
(A) (B)
34. In our college. it I was obligatory for each of I the students known to us; so it I is of no use being worried about her. I
(A) (B) (C) (C) (D) ..
to buy I his own instruments. I No Error No Error
(D) (E) (E)
..::.
35. Those athletes who I did not adhere to the rules of 45. Nobody else I but these-comely young women have I
(A) (B) (A) (B)
athletics I was deprived of taking part I in the champion- played a prank on you; but it is pitiable that you don't I
(C) (D) (C).
ship. I No Error understand it I No Error
(E) (D) (E)
i
f
A Mirror of Common Errors .. 29
46. Some highly significant I observations has been made by ffl m~ t, am ~ '3m' Subject~ Number cl'2l't
(A) $) Personjrtr ~j~IIRld ~ t; ~-
the former UN I Secretary General, Mr. Perez De Cueler, I (i) Seldom does he come to me.
(C)
J, J, J,
in his annual report submitted to the current session of
(D) Adverb Verb Sub,
General Assembly. I No Error (Sing.) (Sing.)
(E) (ii) Seldom do they come to me.
· 47. If any proof was needed to show that the United Nations I J, J, -1
(A) .
Adverb Verb Sub.
have lately become a policy tool in the hands of the U. S.
(PL) (Pl.)
$)
A. and that I the world's sole might has a subservient (iii) Outside the hotel was parked a red car.
. (C) J, J, J,
international body, it was provided I by President Bush's Adverb Verb Sub.
(D) (SING.)
(SING.)
angry comment. I No Error
(E) (iv) Outside the hotel were parked two red cars.
J, J,· J,
48. If Mahatma Gandhi I was alive I he would start weeping/
(A) (B) (C) Adverb Verb Sub.
to see the present condition of India. I No Error Of Place (Pl.) (Pl.)
(D) (E) if 'Seldom' Adverb of Frequency!
cfT<fll' (i) WIT (ii)
49. Was she a bird I she would definitely· fly to you I and say ~ ~ Grammarians Adverb of Number 'lft. ~ t) I
. (A) (B) ffl WIT ~ qJ'<PIT if Subject ~: he ~ they $
that she could not/ live without you. i No Error ~ does WIT do cfiT ~ saTI'
t1 '3m' ~. IITTR
(C) (P) (E) WIT~~ if,·'Outside' i ~ ~ t, ~ ~
SO. There were I reports a few days before the Accra Session Adverb of Place !1 r-£ ~ ~ Subject ~: a red
(N $) car ~ two red cars t, afR ~ ~ was ~
commenced I that concrete measures to I restructure the were cfiT '3l<ITtT :gm ti
(C) 2. (B) have ~. ~ has WrrT ~ The elite class, the
movement would be considered. I No Error middle class ~ Collective Nouns t, ~ Singular
(D) (E)
~t'l
ANSWERS 3. (C) have ~ ~ has cfiT ~ WIT ~ q1<flf efif ~
1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. (B) 5. (A) Subject 'Ritu' !1 <ITT:: ~ fci; ~ ~ Subjects as well
6. (B) 7. (.C) 8. (B) 9. (B) 10. (A) as, in addition to, like, unlike, accompanied by, with,
11. (B) 12. (D) 13.(B) 14. (E) 15. (C) together with, along with 3llR i ~ q;r mm~
16. (B) 17. (DJ 18. (B) 19. (C) 20, (C) ~ Subject ~ ~ ~ ~ qym Noun ~
Noun equivalent itm' t ,a.m Verb m~ ~~
l
21. (B) 22. (C) 23. (A) 24. (C) 25. (E)
26. (E) 27. (A) · 28. (E) 29. (D) 30._(C)
~t;~-
(i) I along with many of my friends am going to
32. (E) 33. (B) 34. (E) 35. (C)
31. (E) Mumbai tonight.
36. (B) 37. (E) 38. (D) 39. (E) 40. (B)
4. (B) have ~ ~ has m7TI' ~ Many a ~ 'afR Noun
41. (A) 42. (E) 43. (E) 44. (E) 45. (E)
wtm Singular mm
t ~ Verb 'lft Singular t1 mm ~-
46. (B) 47.$) 48. (B)" · 49. (A) 50. (E) m~ More than one ~ ~ Noun 3ITT Verb ~
,Jl' Singular ffl' t
f£-More than one man ;'as
killed. ·
EXPLAN ..\TIONS
@ (A) is ~ ~ are cfiT ffl' WrrT ~ ~ efif ~
1. (B) was ~ ~ were cfiT ~ miTT ~ ~ cfiT Subject 'difficulties' %1 , · .
Subject 'hundreds of cattle' t', 1 fcf; pasture. N. B. mTT 'tl'TG: ~ fcf; ~ There afR It efif ~
N.B. ~ -ra' 1%
~ll-11-<ld<ll Seldom, Hardly, Searcely, Introductory Subjects~~ if t (ft .There~ mm
am:
I
Rarely, Never before tt Adverbs ~ 'Q;cFi Adverb of 3ltf.t iflG ~- Noun ~ Number Person $
Place ~ ~ -~ q'l'q<IT if Verb ~ Subject ~ ~ Verb mrT t; tt'-
..
.... (i) There was a king. (i) His mathematics are week. .r
t J. (ii) Your statistics are incorrect.
, ..
Verb Noun 11. (B) is ~. ~ are q;r V<rr'1T mTJT ~. "J1,1st outside the
(Sing.) (Sing.) hotel" Adverb of Place °t q;r ~ am·~Subject
~.• "two bars" t, ~ Plural Number it ti
(ii) There were five kings.
12. (D) have ~ ~ has q;r ~ ~ ~ Subject 'each'
J. j,
!1
Verb Noun
N. B. ~ W f.t; each, either, neither <IT e~of,
~ It ~
(Plural)
Nu~ber ~
(Plural)
Person ~ ~ am ·e~
Verb~
ne~of, e~~.
Singularmol i1
o~f * ~~
Verb 'ffilT ti '{fcf;, It Third Person elm Singular 13. (B) do~ ~ does q;r ~ ~ ~ ~ cfiT Subject
Number cfiT Personal Pronoun !, am: Primary
"Her pugnacious daughter" i ~ Third Person,
Auxiliaries it rn4i is I was I has I does q;r ;p:rrlf ~
Singular Number if ti
~~t~- 14. (E) qrepr. ~ t, ~ ~ ~\'.)
12 it W ~ t,
(i) It is I.
15. (C) were~ ~ was <fil' ~ ~ ~ ~ qi!' ~
(ii) It is they. Subject 'A series; i ~ Singular ti
(iii) It was Ram and Laxman. N. B. ~ 'TI ~ W f.t; A body of, A crowd of, A
6. (B) are ~ ~ is q;r ;p:rrlf ~I ~ ~ ~ ~ bunch of, A team of, A heap of, A herd of, A fleet of,
3m: 'tj'o 3·~1 A piece of, A pair of, A chain of'~~~ Noun
{D(C) were ~ ~ was mtJT ~ qfcp:f q:;r ~ Subject Plural Number it mt t, ~ Verb ~ Singul!!t;
'the request' t"1 ~t;~-
N. B. ~ 'cl' f.t; .q'J'<f<f it <fR Noun + Preposition + (i) A crowd of people is waiting for the minister.
Noun +. Preposition + . . . . . . . . <IT ~ m 16. (B) have if; ~ has qiJ' ~ m-rrT ~ qf<f<r <fil'
Preposition if; m~ ~ Noun <IT Noun Subject "Abody"t'I ~ ~ '3m: ~o 15~ i1
equivalent qTcp.r ciiT ~ Subject ffl ti ~- 17. (D) ate~~ is tWTl" ~ Subject "Each of"
c'flq<I' cfiT
(i) The boys of mariy schools of i1 ~ a:iT<s'~r'~ ~ om: ~o 12 ~I
-1, -!, J. j, 18. (B) were if; ~ was q;r WJl1'r tWT1" ~ 'Everybody'
Noun Prep. Noun Prep. ~ q:;r Subject t am ~
Third Person elm
(Plural) Singular Number <fil' Pronoun t"i W ~ ~ ~
Patna ate good · Pronouns ~-Somebody, Anybody, Nobody,
i J, Everyone, Someone, Anyone, No one, Everything,
Noun Verb
Something, Anything, Nothing ~ Third Person m
(Plural)
~ Singular Number it t, am
Subject if; ~ it
8. (B) is ~ ~ are cfiT ~ m,rr ~ <Im m ~ ~~~~~Singular Verb~ t': ~-

~ ~ Adverb Phrase ~ ~ t, am q:;r
c'flq<I'
(i) Nobodx of that name lives · here.
~ Subject "the Himalayas" t" sm- Plural Number J. ' J,
/
it ti . Sub. (Sing.) Verb (Sing.)
9. (B) is ~ ffl are m,JT ~ q"fq<f ei;r ~ Subject (ii) Everxone ·knows him well.
"many important details" t, W Plural Number it t"1 J, J.
10. (A) is~ ~ are <fir wrriT ~ ~ His politics q;r ~ Sub. (Sing.) Verb (Sing.)
t His political views I Poltical ideas. ~ W f.t; 19. (C) have if; ~ has <fiT' 'SPWT ~ ~ News ~
Politics, Mathematics, Economics, Statistics cfiT ~ Uncountable Noun !1 <ITG ~ f<fi "<!R Most of I
~ ~ ·if; ··-::rri:r ~ ·~ -q' ·~ m~ ~
Singular · Most I All of I All I A lot of I Lots of I Some of I Two
Verb <fir Jl'cTI'Tr f.t;'lif ;;irm l ~..;_ thirds of I Part of~ if; G!iG Countable Noun mm
(i) Mathematics is not as easy a subject as you feet. ~ ~ Plural Number~ ~ l elm ~ ~ Verb
(ii) Economics is considered to be a difficult subject- ,fl- Plural w.T !; ~-
~.~~~~~ Possessive Adjective~ (i) Some of the boys are good.
My I Your I His 'tlT Article 'The') <fiT ;p:rrlf m- m ~ J, J. J.
~ if; aN ~.~ t ~ ~ Plural jt ~ t ~ . some of Noun Verb
Plural Verb~ t°; #.- (Plural) (Plural)
..
(ii) Some of the girls are good. · 29. (D) 'are' ~ ~ 'is' q;r 'Sf'lrrlT ft ~ ~ ~ Clauses
J,. J, -!- 'or' t ti ~rt W fcfi ~ Clause ~ Singular
some of Noun Verb Noun~ oroiR mt, ~ ~ Singular Nouns~
(Plural) (Plural) 'or' t ~ ~ m
Verb Singular mm=· t1
~' m ofR ~ Uncountable Noun m- m Verb

30. (C). were ~ ffi
was ~ 'lfln'lT fl ~ ~ cfiT ~
~ Singular·mm t1 tt-
Subject "Each faculty member" <i1T Third Person t
~ Singular Number 1f tr
(i) Some of the land is ' yet to be
31. (E) q1q<J ~ tt
J, J, J.. 32. (E) ~~ti~~~ 3m: ~o 22~1
some of Noun Verb 33. (Bj have~ ~ has~ ~ ~ ~ Singular Nouns
(Un.) (Sing.) 'and'~ ~ m~ m ~ ll'T ft:rif; ~ Noun~
ploughed. ffl' Each 'll'T Every q;r ~ mm Verb Singular~
(ii) Some of the money has been spent. ·ti~-
-!- J, -!- (i) Each ~ and each &!:! is ready.
some of Noun Verb .i ! -!- J,
(Un.) (Sing.) Each Noun each Noun
20. (C) have ~ ~ has ft ~ There ~ 411"1; ~ (Sing.) (Sing.)
. ~ Noun ~ "improvement" .t ~ Singular t (ii) Each ~ and .girt is late.
elm ~ Jn ~ Verb WTTI There oilT It ~ Verb t .i .i J,
~ R.:rtIT ~ 3m: ~ o 5 cfil '6!l'ra!rr if ~I
Each Noun Noun
21. (B) arc ~ ~ is cfiT WITT!' 'ffl'lTT ~ that-clause q;r
(Sing.) (Sing.)
Subject 'it' ti
22. (C) is~ ~ are cfiT Jl<rrlT mTJT cflilfcl:; Not only .
34. (E) qfq<f ~ ti .
but also, Neither nor, Either or,
35. (C) was ~ ~ were q;r ~ fl ~ ~ Subject
~ Conjunctions t ~ Nouns ll'T Noun- 'Those athletes' t '5IT Plural Number il' t'1
equivalents ~~Verb~~~ Nouns ll'T 36. (B) are ~ ~ is cfiT ll<rr7r WIT ~ qJ".p:r q;r Subject
Noun equivalents js ~ mr ti ~- 'One' t, ~ ~ Singular Verb cfiT ~ ~ ti
(i) Neither Shyam nor his friends have come.
37. (E) ~~t1
38. (D) are~ ~ is q;r ll<rr7r 'ffl"tlT ~ cflcPl" q;r Subject
a':) (ii) Is either Sbyam or his friends here?
e (A) 1 appears js ~ appear q;r "5l<TI'lT fl ~ ~ cfiT
'Theidea't, ~ Singulart"t
39. (E) ~ ~ t, . ~ An ability ~ ~ Verb
~ Subject "a number of new faces" t ~ Plural
Number jl ti 'belongs' cfiT Jl<rrlT ti s3lT
40. (B) 'were' ~ ~ 'was' mTfT ~ ~ ~ Nouns ll'T
24. (C) do ~ ffi does cfiT 1l<rrlT fl <Piffcl; Subject "an
Pronouns 'either or' 'neither nor'
ordinary man"! -;;rr Thrid Person, Singular Number
'ir ti
t ~ 1rr Verb~~~ m Subject~~
25. (E) ~~t1 mmt.1

26. (E) ~ ~ ti 'Stastistics' cfiT ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ N. B. : ~ olfmZIT ~ ~ '!l'B ~o 22 q;r ~ ~I
~~mm ~ Singular Verb~ t; ~- 41. (A) have ~ ~ has cfiT ~ 'ffl"tlT ~ qJcfll'
Interrogative t ~ Subject 'either' t "311' ~
(i) Statistics is not an easy subject.
Singular Verb mIT t1
~ statistics cfiT ~ ~ statistical· facts ll'T data ~
oT Verb~ Plural mr t1 42. (E) ~ ~ !1 Nesfield ~ ~ ~ None~ qJcfll'
N. B. : ~ "&ITT9!IT ~ ~ ~ ~o 10 cfiT ~ ~I
cfiT Subject lrr m Verb Singular~ ti ~-
(i) None has come.
27. (A) are ~ ~ is cfiT · WTI'lT WIT ~ Shingles ~
disease cfiT -=tTlf ti cffi form 1f Plural t ~ Verb
J, J..
~ ~ ~ Singularmr ti~~~~ Sub. Verb
-;rri:r ~ Mumps, Measles ~ ,ft Singular Verb tr (Singular)
~ t, ~~ ~"it~ Plural jt rar~t, -;;rr ~.~none of~ aflG° Plural Number~ Nouns <IT
~~ti) Pronouns cfiT 'll'<lTlT ~ oT Verb Singular 'llT Plural ~
ti~-
None can be followed by a singular or plural verb if 46. (B) has~ ~ have .q;r ~ m-rtr ~ Subject "Som
it refers to a countable noun. highly significant observations" t ~ Plural Numb
None of the drivers has I have tuned up. ir ti
. -Michael Swan: PRACTICAL ENGLISH 47. (B) have~~ has q;r wwr ~ ~ "The Unit
USAGE (p.172) Nations"~ organisation q;r -:{J1f t ,3fi' Singular ti
~. 'None' (= no one) should be followed by a NOTE : 'llTG W f<f; ~ ~. ~. -~. ~
singular verb, when it is the subject of the sentence. ~ q;r ~ ~ ir Plural '11' m~ ~Ve
None but the brave deserves the fair. Singular'tt mm
t; ~-
But when several persons or things are spokenof, (i) TheEast Indies is a ~mall country.
the verb can be made plural by anraction- (ii) 'Romeo and Juliet' is a popular work ·
None of my lost books were found. Shakespeare.
None but fools have ever believed in ghosts. 48. (B) was ~ ~ were cf;T 'Sf<lTlT' Al .
-J.C. Nesfield : ENGLISH GRAMMA
NOTE : 'llTG W fci:; Present ~ unfulfilled wish
COMPOSITION AND USAGE. (p. 42)
desire "lJT unreal situation ~ express ~ ~ ~
43. (E) ~ ~ ti ~ ~ Clause~ q;r Subject mm As if, As though, I wish ~ Gf1G ~ Verb To be
Verb Singular mcIT t ~ -~ Clauses ~ and ~ mm~
'Sl<TI'lT cfivlT . fu,$; 'were' ~ 'Sl<TI'lT ~
~ m' am: qfq<f ~ Subject jf, m Verb Plural mcIT t; ~ t qJt Subject f<f;tjt 'TI' Number "lJT Person
~- <P-n' -;, m; ~- .
(i) When she sings is known to us. (i) I wish I were a bird !
~ 'When she sings' ~ Clause t"t 3lo:, Singular [''511 ~ ~ t, ~ ~ ~ !]
Verb'q;J' ffT ~ 'l1<lf l1 ~. 49. (A) was ~ ~ were q;r 'Sl<TI'lT A ~ ~ ~ it
(ii) When she sings and when she dances are known ffi ~ ti mq; q'Jq<f ~ ~ it -3RR t,
to us.
NOTE : 'llTG W f<f; If~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
44. (E) <iTcRf ~ ti ~ ~ ir ~ ~ Clauses and ~ ~ t' were cf;T Jfm'1T' Subject ~ Gf1G mcIT t ~ If <R ~
~ ~ ~ Subject t'1 am: Verb Plural Number ir t ~ ~ ~ 'were' subject~ ~ ~ "1TiTI'
~ti ~-If I were you, I would do it.
~" Were I you, I would do it.
~ [If I were you = Were I you]
SO. (E) ~ w;: ti .
***
I.
Chapter-S r
'--~~~~~~~~~~T_I_M_E_&~T_E_N_S_E_S~~~~~~~-'--_,,.......~_J·
PRESENT TENSE (ii) We are seeing the C. M. tomorrow,
1. PRESENT INI>EFlNITE I SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

(D)~ ~ ~ ~ ffl.~ ~; ~-
·RULE: (i) !subject+ v1N5 + , •..... · I (i) She is teaching mathematics these .days:.
3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

(ii) !Subject+ is I are I am+ complement: j
Uses:
j
RULE : Subject+ have I has+ v3 + .... ;; .
Uses:
(A) fflr-1 ~~ ~ ffl ~ ~; ~-
(A)~·ri $ ~ ~ 3Nt-ri ~· sQ: t; ~.,-
(i) He works in this office.
(i) He has finished the work.
(ii) I live in India. :
(ii) You have just come.
(iii) The earth is round.
~(B)~ ffl ~ ~ ~ Pastif ~ ~ ~ ~ $ zj
"""...· (B) .~ cil' ~ ~ ~; ~-
sti: t°; ~-
(i) He gets up before sunrise.
(i) I have seen the Taj Mahal.
~(C)~~~~<mRT~~; ~- (ii) I have visited Kashmir.
(i) She goes to Mumbai next month. (C)~ ffl ~~~Past if·~~.~~ 'lft ~
(D) ~ '1fcr&f cf>1' ~ ~ <fir ~ mm
when, if, t';~- .
unless, until, as soon as, as long as, in case, before, after ~ (i) I have lived here for a month.
~ ~ Clause it; ~-
4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
(i) You will not succeed unless you work hard.
[-::r fcii unless ~ou will work hard] RULE.: Subject+ have I has + been +V4 (V + ing) +
NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~"lrol' Problems ~ ~ TJit !1 •.• (for I since + Time) · ·
~- . Uses:
(i) As soon as I will I reach Patna, I will I send you the (A) ~ ri $ ~ ~ Past if ~ ~ 3lR -mr 'lft ~
(A) (B) t;~-
books I you have asked for. I No Error. (i) I have been Jiving here for a month
(C) . (D) (E) (:::: I have lived here for a month I
[S. B. I. (Kashmir Valley) P.O. Exam. 1992] (B) ~ ~ $ rei:i: ~ ~ ~ qq; '3ITir W t 3fn: ~.ft
~ ~ ~ Part (A) if 'wi11' cf>T >l'<fl7T ~ WIT, ~ t ~ ~ 3N.fcf 33~ '1T t; ~-,-
~ Conditional Clause -ct Future Indefinite Tense <fir (i) They havebeen working in thefield all day.
~ ~· ~ t ~ Present Indefinite Tense <fir wmT mm PAST TENSE
!1 1. PAST INDEFINITE I SIMPLE PAST TENSE
2. PRESENT IMPERFECT I CONTINUOUS TENSE

RULE : (i) Subject + ·v2 + .... : ...
I
RULE : Subject-tis I are/~+ V4 (V + ing) +· ,· .. ,,.~;: . r Uses:
(ii) Subject+ was I were_+ complement.
Uses: (A)~ ri ~~ ~ Past if sQ:; ~~ ·

(A)fq-.~1 ~ ffl ~~ ~~~~m; ~- (i) He came yesterday.
(i) They are watching television. (ii) He left for London last night.
(ii) She is cooking. NOTE : Yesterday, last night I week I month I year, dz
L (B) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ cmi:rR if ~ t ~ ~ other day, the other morning 3Tif<; $ ~
mm
~= hsl
~ ~ t f<ii ~ ~ m ~ m; ~- Indefinite Tense <fir >l'<fl7T l1
Ci) He is writing a book. (B) Past cil' ~ ·~ ~ ~; ~-
(C) f.rq;z ~ ~ ~ Programme js ~; ~- (i) He always came to see me.
(ii) Meena never made a mistake.
(i) I am going to Delhi tonight
A Mirror of Common Error@
NOTE : Past q;j' ~ iildl4ctl~ ~ ir ,fr <Eli+U.cio<II (B) I wish, it, as if, as though ~ ~ 'TI Past Perfect q;i-
always, daily, every day, every month,every year, once a week I Jl<rrTT ~ ~ t ~ Past ~ unfulfilled· wish, condition,
month I year~ q:;r ll'1f!1T ~ ~ !1 desire~~~ 'ITT; ~-
Ni(, Past~ ~ m ~~ 'used to' q:;r ,fr 'ffl" mT (i) I wish I had passed in the First Division.
·t;~- (ii) If he had come on time, he would have caught the
(i) Gandhiji used to walk in the morning. train.
(C) ~ ~ unfulfilled wish, condition, desire ~ arcRf (C) ~ Direct Narration if Reporting Verb Past Tense if
cfif.t ~ . ~ I wish, if, as if, as though, it is time, it is high lrr n'IT Reported Speech Present·Perfect 'tiT Past Indefinite if
'time ~ ~ ~ ,ft- Past Indefinite Tense q:;r ~ ~ ~ ~m Indirect Narration it Reported Speech if Past Perfect
t;~- \ Tense q;r 'ffl" ~ ~ \; ~- ·
·(i) I wish I were the P.M. of India. Direct : (i) Deepa said, "I have done it." ~
(ii) It is time (that) you went to the station. (ii) Deepa said, "I did it"
: · · (D) ~ Direct Narration it Reporting Verb Past Tense -if Indirect : (i) Deepa said that she had done it
lrr ~ Reported Speech Present Indefinite Tense ir Indirect m 4. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Narration ~ Reported Speech ~ Past Indefinite ir ~ ~
-itT<IT ti [N.B. ~ Universal Truth~ Vreb ~ ':l1ff ~ ~ RULE : SUBJECT+ had + been + v' (V + ing) ..... (for I
ti]:~- ·- since+ Time.)
Direct ..He said, "I write a letter." Uses:
Indirect: He said that he wrote a letter. (A) ~ ri ~ ~ ~ Past ff ~ ~ ~ R;ff cJq;
~~~;~-
2. PAST IMPERFECTI CONTINUOUSTENSE (i) Meena bad been lying there for an hour.
RULE : jsubject + was I were+ V4 (V + ing) + .• · I FUTURE TENSE
Uses:
(A)~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Past ir ;;rrft .et; ~- 1. FUTURE INDEFINITE I SIMPLEL FUTURE TENSE
. (i) He was writing a letter yesterday evening. j
RULE : Subject+ shall I will + V1 + • • . . . . j
(B)~ Past~i't~~ ~~~; ~- Uses:
(i) While she was dancing, he was singing. (A)~~~ ffiQ; ~ ~ 1f wt;~-
(C) ~ Past ir fcfim ~ q:;r ~ ~ ~ ~ zyrr:rr (i) He will do it tomorrow.
m;tt- (ii) Dinesh will build a house.
(i) He was becoming more and more ambitious. NOTE : ~ ~ ~ Future ~ m q;l" ffl ~~
. (D)M' ~~PAST~~~~~ ~-fffi!: Present Indefinite Tense -~ Present Imperfect Tense q:;r
~. r~$~'.$1~2 ~ <f;1" cm:ui- ~ m; ~- ,ft- ~ mar t. ~ Programme ~ mi ~
constructions~ lflUfli ~ Future~ ffl ~ ~ -;;ir ~
(i) She was always writing rude letters to me.
t:
3. PAST PERFECT TENSE (a)I sub.iect +is, arelam +'to+ v1 · · 1 ·
RULE: I subject+ bad+ v3 ••••.. 1 tt-(i) He is to start some business.· · ·
Uses:
l
(b) Subject + is I are I am + about + to + V1
~-(i) Mohan is about to leave the hosue.
\\-~~ (A) -;;i.r Past ir i't ~ tl'it ~ m~ ~ ffi trat m1
/ ~ ~ Past Perfect oYtT ~ ~ <fR ir trat m~ ffiQ; . I
(c) Subject+ bas I have + to+ v11·r~ (Compulsion)
Past Indefinite cfiT 'ffl" ~ ~ !; ~- ~~~
tt-(i) She has to leave the school.
(i) The patient had died before the doctor came.
(ii) He reached the station after the train had started. 2. FUTURE IMPERFECT I CONTINUOUSTENSE
NOTE : ~: Past ~ ~ -era::rr ~ ~ Past Perfect I

RUI..E : Subject + shall/ will + be + v4 (V + ing) + • . . . I
~ ~ -;:r ~ Past Indefinite 'ifir ~ fcti7rr -mT t; tt- Use:
(i) He had come yesterday~ ~ He came yesterday (A)~~~~ -;;u ~if~~;~--
~~ti (i) He will be writing some letters tomorrow morning.
--··· . ·-~
3. FUTURE P.ERFECT TENSE @'It ii high time (you -~e starting .· l this work," I my .
RULE :ISabject
~
+shall/ will + haye +. v + . . .
-~ ~ ...:...~.::. ~~~
3
~
(A) (B)
friend said to me.v No Error .
(C)
(A)~~ ~ <t> ~ ~· '11"1""1 'i ~ ~· ~"f) "'-t!'I; '>I~- • (D) . (E)
(i) They will have arrived here by this tim~ tomorrow. ~ 10. I have come I to know that your I father has died I last
(B) ~ ~ ~ ft;rl!, f<i; ~ awRr ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (A) (B) (C) · ·.
~ ~; ~- '!\'eek./ NQ Error
(i) You will have heard the name of Gandhi. (D) (E)
NOTE : Future Perfect Continuous cfiT m :; ~ ~ @Many of my friends I wished to come here I today but i
~ !1 ara: ~ ~ ~ -:r©' ctt'':51T W ti ., '(<. (A) .. (B) (C) .
none of them arrived yet. I No Error
PROBLEMS BASED ON Tll\1:tf & TENSES (D) (E)
Directions : Find out the. error in each of the following 12. She says I that she will take I her umbrella I in case it will
(A) (B) (C) (D).
sentences, if any. If there is no error; your answer is 'E'..
rain. I No Error
1. When you will find out I any solution to this problem I (E)
(A) . (B)
.. you will become able I to finalise. the project. I No Error

(C) (D) (E)
13. I will let you know I as soon as I willget I any informarion !
(A) (B).' (C)
. · about your promotion. I No:Error·
2. Whenever I you are -coming here, I you bring a lot of I
(D) (E)
(A) (B) (C)
sweets for me. I No Error 14. When I will be thirty I most of my friends I will be above
. (D) (E} _.,- (A) -(B) · (C)
Q;:lt is appearing to me I that you are plotting I against your I thirty I five, be sure, I No Etror
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
friends and their parents: I No Error
15. This is , indeed, I the first time in my life that I I hear I
(D) (E)
-* (A) CB)., (C)
4. The old man who is sitting in that room / lived here for such an interesting story. I No Error
(A) ' (B) (D) . . (E)
more than I a month but he has never created I any
(C) 16. Before the alarm I had stopped ringing I Veera.had pulled
problem. I No Error (A) (B) (C)
(D) (E) up I the shade. I No Error
. .(D) <._~) ·.
5. A mysogynist is a person I who is hating woman I but a
(A) (B) [S.S.C. CLERK GRADE EXAM., 1992}
philogynist is a person I who loves woman. I No Error
~ I have been knowing I him for ten years/ but I don't know/
(C) (D) (E)
(A) . (B) (C)
6. The secret of his good I health lies in the .fact tha.t I he is where he lives. I No Error
(A) ·--~- (D) (E)
getting up before sunrise I and has a two- mile walk every
(C) (D) 18. He uses to study I at least till ten o'clock I at night aJiJd
morning. I No Error -*· . (A) .. (B) (C)
' . ·" ~· . . ·...
(E) then I he goes to bed. I No Error
7. Now-a-days he teaches physics I becuase the teacher of ~ . (D) -, , . (E) ~- / .·
{A) (B) @)If he had i a few hours to spare, I hewould spend I dre.;;:J
physics I has been absenting .himself I for a month. t (A) (B) (C)
. (C) (D) in a public library. I No Error
No Error (D) .· ' (E) ··
(E)
20. All the flowers I in his. garden will surely die I before~.
8. He seems to be happy I because his parents I had come
(A) (B)
w . ~ ~
rains I will fall./ No Error
from London I to live with him. I No Error
(D) (E)
(C) (D) (E)
-
(3::., 21. If I would have done this,/ I would have done wrong I and 32. We got I everything ready for all I of them long I before
~ (A) (B) (A) (B) (C)
would have disappointed I many of my friends. I No Error they arrived. I No Error
(C) (D) (E) (D) . (E)
@If she had told me that I her husband never lived I within .· 33. She was with I me uptil now, I so don't rebuke her I for
~ W 00 (A) (B) (C)
his means, I would not I have lent him the money. I getting late. I No Error
(C) (D) (D) (E)
No Error 34. I have been adoring I her for I the voice with I which she.
(E) (A) (B) (C)
23. I wish I he saw you I when you were/ living in EnglancY is gifted. I No Error
. (A) (B) (C) . (D) (D) (E)
, No Error ./35. Had he come I even a moment earlier, I he would have I
(E) (A) (B) (C)
24. The judge had not given I any dicision I until he had I found me there. I No Error
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
studied the case. I No Error 36. Many observations indicate I that the number of the drug I
(D) (E) (A) (B) .
25. I lived I here since 1980, I therefore I know everything I addicts is grew I day by day. I No Error
(A) (B) (C) -~ (C) (D) (E)
about this city. I No Error 'r)7, Newspapers told I us about the events I that happen I all
(D) (E) (A) (B) (C)
26. I have been I working for this I organisation for I the last over the world. I No Error
(A) (B) (C) (D) (D) (E)
.ten years./ No Error 38. "Here is coming /- my friend l", said Manju when I she
(E) {?' (A) (B) (C)
[S.BJ. (Kashmir Valley) P.O. EXAM., 1992] was anxious./ No Error
~If we had Mohan I in our team, we I would have won the (D) (E)
(A) (B) (C) 41
'@!)He advised me I to do as he did I but I did not pay any
match I against your team. I No Error . . (A) (B) (C)
(D) fE) attention I to his advice./ No Error
28. Radha came I to the meeting 1 much later I than I . (D) (E)
(A) (B) (C) 40. By this time next year he I bas had I settled himself I in
· expect. I No Error · (A) (B) (C)
(D) (E) London. /No Error
[B.S.R.B. (Patna), 1991] (D) (E)
29. If I was you I I would have told I the Chairman to keep I 41. It is about time I you have taken I you children I to shcool.
(A) (B) (C) · (A) (B) · (C) (D)
his mouth shut./ No Error /No Error
(D) (E) . (E) .
[B.S.R.B. (Banglore) P.O. Exam., 1990] ~I had hoped I that I would see I you the other day, but I
V (A) (B) (C)
~ J want you to I pick up the box I of eggs gently ~d I kept.. unfortunately-I fell ill./ No Error
V (A). (B) (C)
(D) (E)
it in the corner carefully. I No Error
(D) -(E)
43. The thief was caught I after he has disposed of I the stolen
(A) . (B) (C)
[B.S.R.B (Baroda) P.O. Exam., 1991] goods. I No Error
31. The victim tried to tell us I what has happened I but his (D)
(A) (B) (C) 44. Sushma arrived here, I did all the preparations I and then
words I were not audible. I No Error
(D) (E)
'*' (A) (B)
has called I on one of her intimate friends. I No Error
[B.S.R.B. (Baroda)P.O. EXAM. 1991) (C) (D) (E)
4i. I could00( recall I what she has told I me about her I ~ t) ~ Present Indefinite Tense ·o"JI
(A) (B) (C) Principal clause ~ Future Tense ~ JfcIT1T' mcrr t';
coocern with Moti. / No Error
(D) (E)
~-
(i) Until he comes, will wait.for him.
~ That two and two I always made I four cannot I be ,!. ..L
(A) (B) (C)
Present Future Tense
doubted. I No Error
Indefinite
(P) (E)
2. (B) 'you are coming' ~ ~ 'you come' cfiT ~
47. Nobody knows I when death I will knock at I his door. I
~ ~ ~ cfit 3TI'G<f (Present habit) iloR
(A) (B) (C) (D)
~ ft:lv: Present Indefinite Tense <iiT ffl' maT t;
No Error
(D) . ~-
(i) Whenever she weeps, nobody asks her the reason.
@l Dipu hopes to beco~e I an officer after I he will complete/ J, . J,
{A) . (B) (C)
his higher education. I No Error Present · Present
(D) (E) Indefinite Indefinite
49. Meenu along with her parents I is going to Mumbai (ii) As long as God is with you,
.( (A) . (B)
tonight I because her eldest brother I is ill there./ No Error Present Indefinite
J,
(C) (D) (E) you need not fear.

50. My friend I said to me, I "When have I you come here?" I J,
(A) (B) (C) (D) Present Indefinite.
No Error
(E)
3. (A) 'It is appearing' ~ ~ 'It appears' if;!' "!fmTr mm
<Pfffcl; appear q:;r 3Tl!f ~ seem ~ m-:IT) mm
51. He would not have I done all this I if he had not been I appear <iiT ml' Indefinite Tense if moI' t, -::r 1%.
(A) (B) (C),
Imperfect Tense if; ~-
instigated by his wife. I No Error
(i) It appears that he will fail in this plan.
(D) (E)
,!.
52. The teacher said I to us that we I should stay at home I if
* . (A) Present Indefinite

(B) (C) (D)
it rains. I No Error (ii) She appears to be dull.
{E) J.
· Present Indefinite
ANSWERS
...,_
I NOTE : Appear q;r ~ ~ if ~ '3l<ITlTI' ~
4. (B) 5. {B)
1. (A)
6. (C)
2. (B)
7. (A)
3. (A)
8. (C) 9. (B) 10. (C)
~-
(a) appear q;r 3Tl!f ~ "Sl<tilf~td m;rr' (to be published)
11. (D)
16. (B)
12. (D)
17. (A)
13. (B)
18. (A)
14. (A)
19. (E)
15 . .(C)
20. (D)
m m~ ~ Imperfect Tense it ,ft moI' t°; ~
(i) My next book is appearing this month.
21. (A) 22. (E) 23. (B) 24. (A) 25. (A)
(b) appear if;!' m- ;;J'GI' 'come before the public'~
26. (E)
31. (B)
27. (A)
32. (A)
28. (D)
33. (A)
29.(A)
34. (A)
30. (D)
35. (E)
3Tl!f it ~ m~ ml' Imperfect Tense if ,ft ~ l;
tt-
36. (C) 37. (A) 38. (A) 39.(E) 40. (B)
(i) Now an eminent artiste i's appearing on the ~
41. (B) 42. (E) 43. (B) 44. (C) 45. (B) 4. (B) 'lived'~ ~ 'has lived' -~ has been living cf;1' ~
46. (B) 47. (E) 48. (C) 49. (E) so. (C) n ~ Part (A)-q ~ 'is sitting'~ Pan (C)-
51. (E) 52. (D) ~ 'has never created' t 'Q'ffi' f<5 ~ ~-t
Present.Tense <iiT ti
EXPLANATIONS J @(B) 'who is hating'~ ~
. cfZilfcf; universal truth~
'who hates' cf;!' ~
rev:
Present Indefinie ~
1. (A) 'you will find' ~ ~ 'you find' q;r ~ ~ ~ qif~"ffi!Tt;~-
~ Future ~ ~ ~ m ~m
if;!' Conditional
(i) A vegetarian is a person who never eats~
Clause t,;TI' when. if, before, after, until ~ t ~ (ii) A theist is a person who believes in-God.
38 A Mi~or of Common Errors .
.. ; . ... .
NOTE : . tt ,ft hate, adore, admire, depend, hope, ('!cf;) ~ ~ if ~ m ~ m'if Present Perfect Tense
believe, doubt, want, wish, care, desire, understand, cost, dare, cfiT ffl" ~ ~ t; -~-
need, contain, consist, comprise ~ cfiT wi'rtT Continuous (i) Have the children gone to school yet ?
Tense ii' ~ ~ l1· . (ii) Has Thom left yet ?
6. (C) 'he is getting up'~ ~ 'he gets up' cfiT '5lcrrTr mrrr -A. S. Hornby : GUIDE TO PATTERNS AND
<flnfcf; ~ c!>1" ~ (present habit) ofd'R' ~ ~ USAGE IN ENGLISH (p. 91)
Present Indefinite Tense cfiT ~ R t; tt- m, ~ 'None of'~~ Verbs Singular·7:fT Plural
(i) He returns before
' sunset.
.. m~ t; 3«1": None of them has arrived et None of
J, them have arrived m~
ti ~-
Present Indefinite After none of the verb may be singular or plural.
(ii) They often come to see me. . None of my friends was I wt· re there.
7. (A) 'he teaches' ~ ~ 'he is teaching' cfiT ffl"- , -A.s:
Hornby: GUIDE TO:·p~.'fTERNS AND
h ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (temporary) 1:fiTlT USAGE IN ENGLISH (p. 135)
~ ft.rt; Present Imperfect Tense <fiT ffl' mIT t;
12. (D) 'it will rain' ~ ~ 'it rains' <fiT ~ min- c¢lf.l:;
~- ~ Future c!>1" ~ ~ 1:fiT ~ m, m
(i) These days Mohan is living in Delhi. Conditional Cl~u~e (-;srr in case, if, when,' before,
.!. after, as long as ~ ~ ~ ~ t) ii'
Present Present Indefinite Tense cfiT ~ ffiT t; ~-
Imperfect" (i) What will you do in case you .fail ?
8. (C) 'had'~ ~ 'have'. cfiT m
mrTT ~ 1iU ~ if J,
,:rrq PRESENT<fil'i(~-, Present Indefinite
(i) He seems to be happy becuase his father has sent 13. (B) 'will get'~ ~ 'get' q;r ~ m1ITI
him a suit NOTE : ~ o!l'T'&lT ~ ft:n:{ ~ ,zj- o 12 q,l" oim§!IT
(ii) You are happy because you have got a job. ~I

9. (B) 'you are starting' ~ ~ 'you .started' cfiT Jl<IT1T mrTT 14. (A) 'I will be thirty'-~ ~ 'I am thirty' 1:fiT m m1TT
~ ~ ~ unfulfilled wish, condition, desire ~ when ~) ~ ~ ~ Clause if Present
3TIR ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ It is time, It is high time, Indefinite 'Tense qi!' ~ irar t ~r ~ Clasue -q., .
I' wish, If, As jf ~ ~ m'if Past Indefinite Tense cfiT Future Indefinite 1:fir; tt-
~ ffiT t;' tt- . (i) When I am twenty,
(i) It is time you reached . the station.
J, ' -
r
Present Indefinite
Past Indefinite you will be twenty five,
l
(ii) I wish I were the President of India. Future Indefinite
J, 15. (C) 'I hear' ~ ~ 'I have heard' ~ min- ~ m-·
Past . ' this is the first time, it is the second time 3TIR ~ ~
Indefinite ~lltl-4d: Present Perfect Tense q;r ~ ~ t;
10. (C) 'has died' ~ ~ ~
Part (D)-q 'last week'
qi!' WUlT mllT ~
"died'
ffl" l ~ t
~-
cfiT 1lm -~ (i) It is the second time that you ~ave come here.
fcr; ~ fi«rr ~ m cfiT cfiTlf Past -q :prr'_I ~ ~ it RJ.-.Jfe1f-&a ~ cit ~-
NOTE·: 7:fTG .ffl fcr; ~ ~· ~- Past ~ ~ L We use a present'.,·perfect tense afer the following
q1m Time Expression ~ Yesterday, the day expressions.
before yesterday, last week, last month, last year T~is/that/it is the first/second/third/tourth/etc.
3TIR) cfiT m mm~ qicpf <fit Past Indefinite if
This/that I it is the only .
-~ -iITTIT t; ~...:..... ; This I that I it 'Is the best I worst I finest I most
(i) He came here last month, (=I' fcr; has come) interesting etc.
{ii) They went there the day before yesterday. '
Examples
'·11. (D) 'arrived' ~ ~ has arrived 7:fT 'have arrived' cfiT This is the first time that I've heard her sing.
m fl ~ 'yet' cfiT ~ ~ up to now (~ -Michael Swan : BASIC ENGLISH USAGE (p. 191)
16. {B) "had stopped' ~ ~ full; 'stopped' q;r 'Sfm1'T ~ (i) If she had informed me, I would have helped her.
~ ~ Past <R" ~ ~ q;J" ~ m
<IT ~l•il-4d: ~- (ii) Had she informed me, I would have helped
~ Clause if Past Perfect Tense q;r ~ mm
t bee.
~ before, when ~ ~ Clause if Past 22. (E) 1.l'Tcpf ~ tI
Indefinite cf;T; ~- 23. (B) 'saw'$ ~ 'had seen' <t>r ~ ft ~ Past~
(i) Before the doctor came, unfulfilled wish, condition, desire m~ IB1t I wish
.i I as if I if 3lTR ~ ~ Past Perfect Tense cfiT ~ ~
Past Indefinite t;~-
. the patient bad died. (i) i wish I bad died before be was born.
J, (ii) I wish I had been born during the reign of
· Past Perfect Asboka, the Great.
24. (A) 'had not given' ~ ~ 'did not. give' cfiT 'Sl'm1T m1TT
(ii) The headmaster had come
~ ~ Past q;t ~ ~ <1ir ~ 'ffl' cit ;;it 'Qc-lT
.i · ~ ~ ~ ~ Past Perfect Tense <t>r ~ ~ ~
Past Perfect ilTG it ~ ffl ~ Past Indefinite Tense cfil' 'Sl1n'lT
...
i before the bell rang. ~ ~ t1 JTr-1" if ~ ~ ~ it ~ ~ Past
J, ~ t. ~decision~~~ case~~~
Past Indefinite qi!' ~ plll a«r:, decision ~ Clause Past
17. (A) 'have been knowing' ~ ~ 'have known' cJ;T ~ Indefiniteif ~ ~. ~ case~ ~ qJBT
~ ~ ~ know, mean,.suppose, understand Clause Past Perfect if t

3lTR Verbs q;r ~ ~ Indefinite ~ Perfect 25. (A) 'lived'~ ~. 'have lived' q;r m n~ since
~nse~ Fat;~ lfiT ~ Preposition of Time~ ·~ it ~ ,1t PAST
(i) I have known you for years.
INDEFINITE 'lfT Past Imperfect Tense if :rtl' mar !1
'since' qi!' ~ Present Perfect Tense/present
(ii) I have not understood this man since I met him.
Perfect Continuous Tense I Past Perfect Tense a1TR ~
18. (A) 'He uses to study'~ ~ 'He studies' q;r ~ n ~ttitmt,
~ ~ ~ ~ (present habit) ~ ~ rel(
Present Indefinite Tense q;r ~ mmti '9iR ~ fcf; 26. (E) ~~it
'used to' q;r m Past~ 31Ra ~ $ ~ fcfillT 27. (A) 'we had Mohan' ~ ~ 'we had had Mohan' cfiT
~ t. ~ ~ 3tT'ITT: ~ ~uses to' q:;r m ~ ffl' n ~ Past ~ unfulfilled wish, condition.
present habit~ cfofllT ~ l1 ~- desire cfil' o!f<fa' ~ ~ ffi1t Conditional Clause it
used always takes the to-infinitive and occurs only in Past Perfect Tense cfil' 'ffl ~ ti
the past tense. ~ = 28. (D) 'I expect' ~ ~ 'I had expected' <fiT 'Sl'm1T n
-Quirk & Greenbaum : A UNIVERSITY ~ past of the past ~ ~ Past Perfect q;J" '5l<IT?T
GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH (p. 37) mffl t1 '9iR ~ fcfi Radha ~ 3lR <fiT q;rir Past it~
19. (E) ~~ti at{ ~ 3lR ~ ~ it expectation ~ ~ ~
20. (D) 'will fall' ~ ~ fu4; 'fall' cfiT ~ l;P'1T <Pir1% 'lfre ~ ,yf ~I ~ ~ q;r alRT Past it ?f 'fil'
~ before, if, when ~ ~ ~ ~ Clause if expectation<fiT cfillf Past ~ Past if g3TI'I ~-
Future Tense cfiT m m f<f;l!T ~ t ~ Future
(i) She did not do as well as
~ ~ ft:rct ~ Present Indefinite Tense q;r m ~
~i;~- .i
(i) Nobody will go out before the police come. Past
J, we had expected
J,
Present
Indefinite Past of the past
@(A) 'would have done' ~ ~ 'had done' cfiT ffl n 29. (A) 'was'~~ 'were' qi!' ~T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
<P-l'lfcf; Past$ unfulfilled wish, condition, desire 3flfc! ~ "Iflwereyou"cfil'~~tr ~-
m $ ft;{v: Conditional Clause if If + Subject + We often use if I were you to give advia!.
had + V3 ~ Had + Subject + v3 q;r m ~ t; -Michael Swan & Catherine Water:
~- ENGLISHWORKS u--~..,
40.;. ..- A Mirror of Common Errors
30. (D) 'kept' ~ ~ keep q;r ~ WITI. ~ ~ Infinitives The Simple Present Tense is also used in exclamatory
'and'~~ i1 ~ 'cllcf<r if Construction~~~ sentences beginnings with here and there.
~- Here he comes !
(i) I want you to ( pick ... and keep ... ] Here comes the bus !
j, J, There she goes !
. v' yl There goes the bell !
-A. S. Homby : GUIDE TO PATTERNS AND
~Construction~~~~~-
USAGE.IN ENGLISH {p. 83)
(ii) I want him to sjy here and~ me in my work.
39. (E) ~~ti
v' vi· 40. (B) 'has had' ~ ~ 'will have' cfiT ~ WIT <i<lfl%
fff;zjt~ffl~~~~it~~~wrr
31. (B) 'has'~ ~ 'bad' q;r 'lf<IT1T ~ ~ 'The victim
Future Perfect Tense q;r ~ ft t°; ~-
tried to tell us' Past Tense if i 3ITT ~ victim ~ ~ .
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ¥.s31T ~ Past of the past
(i) By this time tomorrow he will have reached
if 3an1 Past of the past ~ ~ ~- ~ ~ ~ Lucknow.
Past Perfect Tense c;;i- ~ ff t; ~- @(B) 'you have taken' ~ ~ 'you 'took' cliT ~ WIT
(i} He informed me about the accident .which had ~ ~ It is time, It is high time, It is about time ~
occured two days before. ~ ~ ~ unfulfilled wish, condition, desire ~
32. (A) 'We got'~ ~ 'We had got' cliT Jf<rrTT ~ ~ ~ $ ft:rQ: Past Indefinite Tense cnr ~ mm t;
~ Pastci>'t ~ ~ q;r fsmn mm~~~ ~-
zjt ~ ~ Past Perfect am:.~ ~ ofR if zjt (i) It is time you took breakfast.
~ ~ ft;ro: Past Indefinite q;r JicITlT mm
ti ; t
\::;j' (A) 'was'. ~ ~ 'has been' cliT -sr<Wr mTTT cflTI't% Past Tense
'uptil now' ~ ~ Present Perfect q;r ~ t; mm 42. (E) cflq<j ~ ti
~- NOTE : ~ W fcf; unfulfilled hope; expectation
(i) He has been ill uptil now.
~ $ ~ hope, expect ~ $ ~ Past Perfect
(ii) I have stayed here uptil now. Tense cfiT m ~ ~ t1 .ara: Part (A) if I had
34. (A) 'have been adoring' ~ ~ 'have adored' c;;i- 'lf<IT1T hoped q;r ~- ~ ~ ti ~ ~ -q
~ ~ adore, admire, believe, rely, trust, hoee _f.l.:.if("(f@a clY2f ~ ~-
3TIR Verbs <i'l" ffl Continuous °lfT Perfect The Past Perfect Tense is used with such· Verbs as
Continuous Tense if ~ ·mm
!t ~ Verbs cnr wrtTT
~: Indefinite Tense ~-Perfect Tense it t; mm hope, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose and
want to indicate that a past hope, expectation,
~- intention, desire, etc, was not realised.
(i) I admire her. ("=:r f<i; am admiring]
1. We had hoped that you would be able to visit us.
(ii) I have admired her since I met her. 2. I had meant I intended to call on you, but was
35. (E) ~ ~ .t1 prevented from doing so.
36. (C) grew ~ ~ grwoing q;r ~ ~ ~ -A.S. Hornby : GUIDE TO PATTERNS AND
Imperfect Tense it is/are/am + V (ing) cnr >!<WT ~ . USA_GE IN ENGLISH (p. 95)
~-t~- 43. (B) 'has'~~ 'had' c;;i- ~ n ~~Past ci>'t
(i) We are growing_ old day by day.
~ ~ cfiT ~ -m mafter qfffi Clause Past
t J, Perfect if R t 'd'2lT Main Clause, Past Indefinite ii';
37. (A) 'told'

are
~ ~
V(ing)
'tell' cliT 'lf<IT1T m,rr ~
~-
(i) He got disappointed after he had made two futile
universal truth ~ ~ Present Indefinite Tense cfiT attempts.
ffl mm
ti ~. ~ Subject 'newspapers' Plural (ii) I returned home after I had spent five
t .mf: Verb ~ Plural m n,
.mr: 'tell' cliT m J, J,
n1 Past Past
38. (A) 'is coming' $ ~ 'comes' cliT -sr<WT ~ ~
here, there ~ ~ ~ ~ if Present Indefinite Indefinite Perfect
TensecfiT m ~ t1 ~- hours there.
44. (C) 'has called'~ ~ 'called' cR" '5fmlT zyrr ~ Part 48. (C) will complete ~ ~ has completed q;r ~ 'ffl'TIT
(A) if arrived cf;T Jl<rr1T ! ~ 'tl'aT ~ t fcfi ~ ~ Future 3N ~ ~ Present Indefinite Tense 'he
Past ~ ti ~ if ~ ~ c'flcF<I" if Past ~ m-::r hopes to become' cf;!' ~ t ~ ~ officer m~
~ '*t' and t ~ ~ ti ~- ~ 'higher education'~~~ W, a:rn: ~
(i) She [arrived ... + did ... +called ... ] ffl ~ ~ Present Perfect Tense cf;T mT Wll'I
45. (B) has~ ~ had cf;T ~ m-rIT ~ Part (A) if Past ~.:__
~ tie:rr t ~ Part (B) if Past of the past ~ ~ The Present and Present Perfect Tenses may indicate
~ Past Perfect Tense cf;!' ~ !; ~- m future time in temporal or conditional clauses.
(i) I did not know when he had come I can't decide until I've discussed the matter with
my wife.
Past Past -A. S. Hornby: GUIDE TO PATTERNSAND
Tense Pefrect
USAGE IN ENGLISH (p. 98)
46. (B) 'made' ~ ~ makes cf>f ~ m-rrr, ~· 49. (E) ~~t1
universal truth ~ ~ Present Indefinite Tense <iiT
~ mcrrt1 · 50. (C) 'have' ~ ~ did cf;T ·~ m,rr ~ Past time I
event ~ ~ ~ Interrogatjve Sentence :!_Past
if Singular Verb~ ~
l
NOTE : Arithmetic js ~
q;l" ~ 'tJl':ff '31TclT t. ~
qiRUT t fcfi Tw.o and two ~
Indefinite Tense cf;T ~ ml' ~; 1m-
~ ~ ~o (46) ~ Part (B) if 'makes'~ '5fmlT cf;T
(i) When did he go there?(-;; fcfi has he gone]
~ ~ 'lf<rr t 1 ~ ~ if f.li:tR?tforn ~ q;l" 51. (E) cl"fq<f ~ ti
~- 52. (D) 'rains' ~ ~ mm ~
rained cf;!' >f<TI'lT ~
* When the subject is a proposition in arithmetic, the
singular is rather more common, though the pluralis
Reporting Verb Past Tense ~
if ~ Past Tense cf;T ~
mm
lrr mtIT 't ~-
Reported Speech
sometimes used. (i) He said that he would write to me.

-Paul Roberts : UNDERSTANDING GRAMMAR (ii) She thought she could do all this.
47. (E) cl"fq<f ~ t,
***
Chapter-6
PRONOUNS
PRONOUNS: A word which is used instead of a noun or (3) RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS: each other,. one another.
noun equivalent. (A) Each other q;r '31cWT ~ ~ ~ ~; ~-
Classification : (i) The two brothers hate ea.ch other.
J (1) PERSONAL PRONOUNS : I, you, he, me, them (B) One another~ Jl'tIT7T .~ ~ ~ ~ ·~; ~-
~I (i) The.five brothers love one another.
Order: 231 [Second Person, Third Person, First Person] ·~ NOTE : ~ JJmlT ~ each other ~ one another ~
~-You, he and I are going. JJmlT -q" ~ ~ 3RR ~ l{RT -srraT. t, ~ ~ ~ ~
m, ~ ~ ~ ~ m- ~ Nesfield~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~~ ~ ~
~.
-
fcf;m -crri:r.
Order: 123,
(i) I, you and he· have committed a sin.
~~~q;flJRI
.(4) DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS : this, that. these,
those, such, somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody, someone,
puses of OBJECT!~ C~E PRON~UNS no one, anyone, everyone, something, nothing, anything,
(A) Let~ qR; ~- everything, some, all, many, few, none, one ~I
(i) Let you and me go. [=r fc1; you and I] (5) REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS : First Person am
Second Person ~ Possessive ~ Third Person ~ Objective
(B) Prepositlonja il'l"G; ~-
Case Pronouns ~ ~- self <IT selves ~ Reflexive ~
(i) He depends on me R fc1; on I] Emphatic Pronouns~ ~ l; ~-
(ii) There is 'a conflict between you and me. [~ fc1; myself I yourself I himself I themselves.
you and T]
~-(i) He hurt himself. ~ ffl q;t ~ ~I )
~~Problems~~ ;;mt t'; ~-
<k' NOTE : rn,f; ~ 'E2l'R' ~ fc1; Transitive VERBS ~ ~
(i) Between you and I I he probably I won't come at all/ Objects~ Jl<rrlT ~ ti ~ Objects~ ~ '1fm t m~
(A) (B) (C) (D)
No Error.
Reflexive Pronouns ~ Jl7.lTlT ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~-
(E) (i) He enjoyed the ~
[L. D. S. B. 1990] .i .l.
Verb Object
[~ ~ ~ Part (A) 1)' T ~ ~ 'me'~ mT 'ffl'11f,
~ 'between'~ Preposition t ~ il'1"G ObjectiJ~ Case ~. He enjoyed himself at the-party .
~ Pronoun q;r ,rqtTf mm!1} .l. .l. 1
,J..
Verb Reflexive Adverb of place

THAN & THE CASE
(A) than~ ~ Nominative Case Pronoun~ m ~
l
~~~wfcl;-
hurt, cheat, prostrate, introduce, present, absent,
"l!'R comparison et Nominatives js ~ ~; ~-
(i) You are better than I.
satisfy, lay
Pronoun cfiT
*m ~
mm
~~~
t; -tit-
Object <IT ~ Reflexive
~ than~ ~ Objective Case Pronoun cfiT JlcITlT mT t to the D.M.

(i) She introduced me
~ comparision ~ Objects~ ~ m; ~- .l. J,
(i) He respects you morethan me.
~/. ~
. Verb Object
(2) DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS : each, either, neither.
(A)EachcfiTffl ~<IT~~~~~;~-
~.
(ii) She introduced to the D.M. [~ l'Rif<f t']
(i) Each of the two boys ~ ~ # 'introduced' Verb~ ~ t, ~ ~
<IT ,. Transitive Verb t, 3«1': ~ il'1"G ~ Object ~ ~ l?RT
{ii) Each of the three boys.
<•
~ ~. ~ ~ w fcf;;:n' 'Tf<IT t ~ ~ 'q1cp:I' ~
(B) Either, Neither~ m ~ ~ ~; ~- t1 ~ Object cm ~ ~ -:m' t a«r: ~ a:JtR ~ ~

'introduced' ~ oTTG v_q; Reflexive ~ ~ <IT q'[cpf ~ ~ ~
(i) Either of these two boys
t,~~cf;T~~n-
(ii) Neither of these two girls.
(iii) She introduced herself to the D.M.
(6) EMPHATIC PRONOUNS : ~ fcti Reflexive (ii) The doctor who came here was.
Pronouns ~ ~ ~ ~ t, Emphatic Pronouns \U l -r ~
Pronouns ~ ~ self <IT selves ~ m
ornir 'GTra 1,, t, ~ Sub. Sub. Verb
3W if 3Tirt lIToT !1 <lR Reflexive Pronoun <l>f ~ ! ·~ ~·,. '...' Ram's brother.
<IT ~ cir' m
Emphatic Pronoun q;r 3l"l1f t 'ffl' <IT ~·, ~ ~ lf 'who' !f; ~ 'whom' qif 3!<WT m
~~- Problem~ ~ lt .
(i) Soma befooled herself. [n ~ ~ <R ~ ~] (8) INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS : Who (whom,
whose), which o'i!lT what.
(ii) Soma herself went there, [R ~ cm ~]
(7) RELATIVE : who, which, that,'what, but o'i!lT as.
(i) Who comes here ? (~ <fiT-f amrr t ?) f,-".
(ii) Which of these gentlemen is John ? ~ ~ ~ if
(A) Who q;r 'Sl<TI'lT llRcf (human beings)~~; ~-
~~t ?) .
(i) The boy who stole my purse was a student.
(ii) This is the man who slapped Ramesh.
(iii) What is the matter ? ~ c[Ja t ?) . -.
(B) ,Which q;r ~ ~ ~ ft:!ts; ~- NOTE : m~ q;t ~ if ~ ~ "ll<IT1T <R ~ '

ct,T~·~t
(i) The pen which is on the table is mine.
(9) EXCLAMATORY PRONOUN : What.
(ii) This is the book which she presented me.
* (C) That
which~~
<l>f
if~
WTI"lT J.ll-!q,,lffa <if~
'5IT ~ !; ~-
~ ~. ~ who <IT PROBL~MS BASED ON PRONOUNS
. . Directions : Find out the error in each of the following
(1) The boy that stole my purse was a student. ' sentences, if any. If there is no error, your answer is 'E'
(ii) The pen that is on the table is mine. X'fl\\ · · · . .
hi · h =,- ......:..._ D fi . '7ff" N -d fi . ~ ~ (}) The Board of Directors I want all possible facilities I and
. (D) . Wh o I w re ...,, "'~''' e mmg ...,, .. on e ming,;;;,-,, (A) (B)
a:im if mcIT t ~ That q;r m Defining if; ~- allowances for I itself./ No Error
(i) The dog which I have bought is black. [Defining use] (C) (D) (E)
(ii) I have bought a dog, which is black, [Non-Defining 2. You and I I have done I my best in I the examination. I
use] (A) (B) (C) fD)
'f·'~ ~ ~ ~ if w~~ch ~ ~ fcti<IT ~
-~hat q;r ~ · NoError 'c
/ ~ t. ~ ~ ~ lf ;;m, ~cfrcf<f if which q;r "A.=.

~ (E) . .
~ lITT" ~ ~ [I have bought a dog. It is black] cir ~ ~~s efforts I will bring him I more success I than your. I
qif cf;llf ~ t, ~ ,~, !f; ~ if~ fcfffl ~ ~ ' (A) (B) (C) (D)
t, ~ v.m:, ~ ~ if ~ 'which I have bought' !f; ~ No Error
~ q;r ~ ~ ;;m mm
t Relative Pronoun 'which' q;r CT;:)
Defining use t, ~ ~ qJcflf if 'which is black'~ ffl \U 4. Every teacher and I every student of this college I is
qjq<f <l>r ~ t ~ m~!1 ~~~if Relative (A) (B)
t,
•* Pronoun 'which' q;r Non-defining use
(E) Superlative . degree, only, none, all ~
everything lrt) ~ ~ ~ that qif 'Sl"llPT t ·mm
determined to do their best for I the glorious prospects of -
~
3W
fq;
(C} .
the college. I No Error
(0)
(E)
who/which q;f; ~-
5. The Vice-President of India and I the Vice-Chancellor of
(i) All that glitters is not gold. [:r fcF; which glitters]
(A) (B)
(ii) This is the best thing that I can do.-[~ fcl; the best this university I have given I his consent to join the·
thing which J ~ 1
*'~ (F) Who/whom ~ ~
m
if -srTlr: problem R<lT <iffi'IT !1
fcF; 'who' Nominative Case if t ~ 'whom'
meeting. I No Error
(E)
(C) (D)
Objective Case ift 3«\: who !f; ~ :g;q; Verb amrr t ~ ~ She hittes
everybody I and everything who I reminds her I of
;
whom !f; <JR ~; ~- (A) (B) (C)
1. (i) The doctor whom I met today was Ram's her mistakes. I No Error
l .!, l T (D) (E)
Sub. Obj. Sub. Verb 7. None I of these two Principals I has been looking I aftt.t
brother. ' (A) (B) (C)
[~ q1cflIT if whom ~ ~ who qif m m problem his college well. I No Error
wrr <iffiir tJ (D) (E)
8. Each of I the four great tragedies I of Shakespeare I is @The players I whom we have selected Hor our team I are
(A) (B) (C) . (A) (B) (C)
worthreading. / No Error young and ambitious. / No Error
(D) (E) '\l'~ (D) (E) .
@ie prostrated before I his master I who had returned from/ ~The g~~;ts I whom we ;;e talking about I have c~~e ~re
(A) (B) (C) ·
my I brothers-in-law. I No Error
London after a year. I No Error
(D) (E)
(D) (p).
22. There is none I who ~an help you/ in this crucial moment/
*10. The dog I I have bought / looks more ferocious I than you (~ ~) ~
(A) (B) (C) (D) of your career. I No Error
have. I No Error (D) (E)
(E) . 23. Thi~ is the same -/-d~~"i°;hi~h-·b;;k~d I at.him but
~~1Je was mu~h I more surprised than me I to see the (A) (B) ,·
~ (A) (B) . fortunately did not I bite him. I No Error
dancing girl I coming towards us. I No Error . · · (C) --·--{D) (E)
(C) (D) (E) 24_. Whomever I comes late will not be allowed I to mark his
12. The fivebrothers I are at daggers-drawn, I so they feel it w (~- ~
(A) (B) presence I in the register. / No Error
---- --··CDf. .- ... (E)
below their dignity I to talk to each other./ No Error
(C) (D) (E) 25. The only book I which -you carry I in yourbag is iii I
(A) (B) (C)
13. One should I be true to his I word in &11 / circumstances, I .· ·.
(A) (B) (C) (D) . demand now-a-days. I No Error
(D) (E)
No Error
(E) 26. She is such a I brilliant student I that I 7 expected. I
(A) (B) (C) (D )
14. If someone has I finished the work, /he may I go home. I
No Error
(A) . (B) (C) (D)
(E)
No Error
(E)
27. Such a self-sacrificing I man as has come I wins our '.;
(A) (B)
15. the criminal I which was chained I grumbled at the Police sympathy I and admiration. I No Error
(A) ~- (B) (CJ , . (C) . (D) (E)
Inspector I who was taking him to jail. I No Error 28. Any of the two I pictures which depict I the real pictures
(D) (E) (A) (B) (C)
16. Everybody I who was working in that office gave I a day's of the present I politicians is worthseeing. I No Error
·(A) (B) (D) (E)
pay as their contributions I to the dependants of Dr. Sonu 29~ Every of the five children I standing in the comer I of the
(C) . . (A) (B)
who had died on duty. I No Error room is dexterous I in, paintings. I No Error
(D) (E) (C) (D) (E)
30. He asked for I permission to go out I but his father did I
17. The officer I as we 11 as the assistants I absented
(A) (B)
w (B) ~
not give. I No Error
themselves I from the office. I No Error
(D) - (E)
(C) (D) (E)
31. You and myself I will enjoy the party I to be arranged in
18. As a student I of science I you are far better I than him. I (A) (B) . (Cf
(A) (B) (C) (D) honour of I the new Chief Justice. I No Error
No Error . .(D) ..... ... .. ...... (E)
(E) 32. "They who are in this room I should not move from the
(A) . (B)
19. He introduced I to the Chairman as/ the General Secretary/
place I where they are standing", said the I leader of the
w (B) ~ (C) (D)
of that party. I No Error
(D) (E)
criminals.r No Error
(E)
33. They also help the poor I who really sympathise I with 46. There were I eight industrious workers I W1<l five lazy one/
(A) (B) (A) (B) (C)
them in the moments I of distress. I No Error in this factory. I No Error
(C) (D) (E) (D) (E)
(§)He sent I all the furniture to Patna that I he had bought I in 47. Under no circumstances I have I harmed I him, and he I
w ~) ~ (A) (B) (C)
Chennai. / No Error knows. I No Error
(D) (E) (D) (E)
35. You say I it's your problems I but I say it's I my also. I 48. The beggar I whom we had suspected /to be guilty turned
(A) (B) , (C) (D) (A.) - (B) (C)
No Error out I to be innocent. I No Error
(E) (D) (E)
36. The hotels I of Patna are more I luxurious than I 49. I ordered I some books on English Grammar I but none I
(A) (B) (C) (A) (B) (C)
Muzaffarpur. / NoError has arrived yet I No Error
.,
(D) (E) (D) : (E)
37. The articles I published in this magazine I are better than I SO. I don't appreciate I those who laugh I at others withottt
(A) (B) (C) (A) , (B) (Q), _.·
that magazine. I No Error any I apparent reason. I No Error
(D) (E) (D) (E)
38. He is one oi! those who would much rather I sacrifice
ANSWERS
(A) (B)
his life than turn I disloyal to the country. I No Error 1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (C) 5. (D)
(C) (D) (E) 6. (B) 7. (A) 8. (E) 9. (A) 10. (D)
39. The Principal ordered I the peon to/ let the boys I and I 11. (B) 12. (D) 13. (B) 14. (E) 15.(B)
(A) (B) (C) 16. (C) 17.(C) 18. (D) 19. (A) 20. (E)
go in. I No Error 21. (B) 22. (B) 23. (B) 24. (A}' 25. (B)
(D) (E) 27. (E) 28. (A) 29. (A) 30. (D)
26. (C)
40. He claims to have I read Shakespeare's all great tragedies/ 31; (A) 32. (A) 33. (E) 34. (B) 35. (D)
(~ ~) 36. (D) 37. (D) 38. (C) 39. (D) 40. (B)
who is the greatest I playwright of English. I No Error
(C) (D) (E) l 41. (C)
46. (C)
42. (C)
47. (D)
43. (A)
48. (E)
44. (D)
49. (E}
45. (C),.
50. (E)'
41. She was more I garrulous than I either of her I three
(A) (B) (C) .• EXPLANATIONS
sisters. I No Error
(D) (E) 1. (D) itself~ ~ themselves <liT >"!<WT m11T. ~ ~
~ Subject 'The Board of Directors' t, ~ ~
42. Toe candidate I being a graduate, I he is eligible for I the
(A) (B) (C)
Collective Noun ~ ~ if cm ~ -;,m ti ~ ~
~ <tir ~-T moT t, ai"'a': ~ Plural Number jt t
post of Probationary Officer: I No Error
~ <filZoT Verb 'want' (':l" fcF wants) q;r "ll<ITTT ~ t
(D) (E)
alh: Reflexive Pronoun 'themselves' m,ITt
43. Your are I the same I problems as I mine./ No Error ~ -ni fc!; family, crowd, government. committee,
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) jury, audience, team, public, federation 3lTR <fil' w:rtrT
44. You have never I spoken a word against I your master, I ~ Collective Nouns ~ ~ ii' (IT ~ ~ m
(A) (B) (C) . Pronouns-it, its, itself~ cfif >!<ITlT ~ ·t 1rn-
that is a proof of your loyalty./ No Error (i) The team has shown its ability.
(D) (E) ,!, J. J,
~He lent me some I money on the condition I that I should Subject Verb Pronoun
V (A) . . (B) (Sing.) (Sing.) (Sing.)
return the same I before November. I No Error
~. ~ Nouns 'B' <l'R ~ members cfif ~ ~
(C) (D) (E)
~ ~ ~ ~ Nouns of Multitude~ ~if~
~-!'
- 46 A Mirror of Common Errors
m ~~Pronouns-they, them, their, themselves 4. (C) Their ~ ~ his cf;T 1f<TI'7l' WTTI ~ ~ Singular
~ q;r Jf<ITlT ~ t; ~- Nouns 'And'~~ m
oYIT ~,ffi Each <IT Every
q;r ~ mm Subject cm
Singular.ltRT ;;irnr ti ~
(i) The team were fighting among themselves.
RYITTl' ~ Verb \ft Singular~ t am:
Subject ~ ~
t ..I, ..I,
'3l<TI"lT ~ ~ ~ Pronouns <IT Possessive ~
Subject Verb Pronoun Singular~ t; -tt-
(Plural) (Plural) (Plural) (i) Each member and each worker has
2. (C) my ~ ~ our <fil" Ji<ITlT Al ~ W fcli <JR GT <IT ! ! J, ..I, J, ..I,
GT ~ ~ Pronouns~ ~ ~ Subject~ ~ ~ Each Noun and each Noun Verb
~ mm ;;n- Pronoun a;cn: ~ ~ q;r
....,------.- -
Plural ~ cf;T Objective, Possessive <IT Reflexive
mrrr
'3'm qi("
. (Sing.)
given his consent
(Sing.) (Sing.)
Pronoun q;r 1l<ITTT ~ ~ ti ~-<JR First Person r

~ Second Person ~ Pronouns 'and' ~ rt t ~ Possessive
~ ~ Subject l m ~Pronouns us, our, (Srng.)
ourselves enfs Al ~ ~ ~- 5. (D) his ~ ~ _their q;r 'Sl<Wi ft ~ ~ cf;T
You and I~ us, our, ourselves 1. Subject "The Vice-President and

Vice-Chancellor" t' ;;n- Plural number # !1 3lo:
The
You and he~ you, your, yourselves ~
Pronoun 'TI Plural m,n1
He and I.~ us, our, ourselves 1- 6. (B) who '4; ~ that q;r "lf?ltlf ~ ~ ~ 'llR ~
You, he and she=-s you, your, yourselves 3!1Rf Antecedents ~ Noun 'l!T. Noun equivalent ~
3. (D) your~ ~ yours mllT ~ your om yours~ tr ~ Relative Pronoun cf;T ~ W. l) 'and'~ ~
Possessive Pronouns l ~ your q;r Ji<ITlT fu* m am: ~ l% o!ffifi ~ ~ crerr ~ ~ '4; IBtl: ~
Possessive Adjective ~ ~ ~ ~ t am ~ -~ m~ ~ Reiativ~ Pronoun that q;r irar ti m
~ ~ Noun m
t1 ~ yours q;r ~ ft:rq; 7. (A) None ~ ~-Neither "!fiT ~ miiT ~ None Cf;i
Possessive Pronoun js ~ ~ ~ t am ~
oflG ~ ~ ~ ~. cllF<re.:n <IT ~ ~ ft;ro: mr t
~Noun~mt; ~- ~ Neither cf;T ~ ~ ~; ~-
(i) This is your book. (i) None of the three flowers is red.
t ..I, (ii) Neither of the two teachers is competent.
Possessive Noun 8. (E) ~ ~ t,
Each cfiT 'lf1'.ITTr ~ <lT ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(Adjective) mrt;~-
~. (i) Each of the two mirrors is broken.
(ii) Each of the three mirrors is broken.
(ii) This book is
9. (A) prostrated ~ ifJG: Reflexive Pronoun 'himself' q;r
~ m;;r ~I ;m:: W fcf;-
Possesive Pronoun
absent, present, enjoy, introduce, confine, devote,
(iii) This is your book but that is mine (my book). sacrifice~ Transitive Verbs ti ~ ~ <IT <IT ~
<rm my book Gm Possessive Adj. + Noun t) mine cm Object 3"iraT t <IT ~ Reflexive Pronoun tt-
~ Possessive Pronoun s) ~ replace~ R<U l'nfi' ti
(i) He enjoyed the
~ Personal Possessive Pronouns : arty. 1
A B Object
(ii) He enjoyed himself in the party.
my mine
~
our ours Reflexive
his his Pronoun
her hers 10. (D) than ~ ~ the one cfiT ~ m-Tr cFl1f.:f; Comparisos
their theirs etc. GT dogs~~ tr~ Comparison 'the dog I have
Column A ~ ~
Possessive Adjectives ~ ~ The dog you have' '4; aft.l lt a«r: ~ the dog
~ -q q;rif ~· t ~ Column B ~ Pronouns cm the one~ replace fcf;;rr ~ !; ~- ~
~ ~ ~ Possessive Pronouns ~ ~ ~ q;pf (i) These new books are better than those old ones.
ffltt ~ ones= books).
11. (B) me ~ -~ I cfiT ~ win1 Standard English ~ than 16. (C) their ~ ~ his cfif ~ ft cflil'fcf; ~ qi;i'
~ ~ Nominative Case ~ ~) cfif Pronoun Subject Everybody t ~ ~ Possessive his ~

~ mcrr t. * wRT ?J cfim ~ ~ m; ~- Reflexive himselfq;r Ji<IT1r ft ti
<i) You are better than I (am). N.B. <tt!' ,:ft- t:lfR W fcfi <lR ~ cfif Subjet:t
T l Everyone, Someone, No one, Nobody, Somebody.
q;ijf q;m Anyone, Anybody~ mm~ ~ Possessive m
(:r fcf; You are better than me.
'you' q;m f am:.
'me' q;if1
cflTI'fcf; ~if
a«r: <ml'T 3ffi: ~ ~
~ his q!!ff Reflexive himselfq;r ffl ~Im
17. (C} themselves~~ himselfq;J' ~ m7rr cfllilq> ~
¥Af t_ "1l .<l"ffif t I ] cfif ~ Subject 'The officer' i "1T Third Person
~ ~ ir You~ I~ ti'Nominative Case ir t' Singular Number if t, -;r fcf; assistants ~ Third
m~ t~ ~ ~ ir 'You' Nominative Case ii' Person, Plural Number if ti
t ~ 'me' Objective Case ir, -m- '1"ffif t"1 N.B. fcfffi ~ ~ ~ Subject-Verb Agreement
m, <IR ~ q;if ~ Wm
~ than ~ ~ Objective ~ 3'ffl ~ msqr 3 ~ o!froffl ~I
Case cfif m ~ mcIT ti ~- 18. (D) him ~ ~ he cfiT ~ W'JTI o!froffl ~ ~
(i) She loves you more than me. = She loves you ~~11~1
more than (she loves) me. 19. (A) introduced ~ ~ Reflexive 'himself' q;r m WTTI
~ Nominative m 'She' t am
Objective 'you' ~~~~~o9~1
and 'me'~ ti' ti 20. (E). ~~t1 . · .
(ii)~. She lov~ -~ou ~~re th~·I ~ ·~
ffl !1 . @CB) whom ~ ~ who q;r 'lf<rrlT WTTI Relative Pronoun
~ Subject (Nominative Case) She~ I~ ti' t' 'who' <fmf ~ if i, a:«r: <tt!' ~ ~- Verb iffiir t
am: Object m you !1 ~ ~ cfif 3¢ t She loves .. ~"'< ~ who q;r <fi'f ~ whom t ~ mm-
~
you more than I (love you). ~ ~ ir ~ Verb ~ mm-
ti who cfiT Possessive
12. (D) each other ~ ~ one another cfif ~ m,rn ~ Case 'whose'~ !1 .
Modem Grammarians ~-Thomson and Martinet) ~ who 1iT whom ~ '!l<ftlr ~ ~ ~ ~
each other cfif >l<IT1T ~ <IT ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. ~ ft;ro: ~ qJq<f if Verb ~ m§!IT ~ Subject
.:tr-ra t, ~ Nesfield ~ each other cfif ~ ~ ?J ~~q;)'fiR~I .
~ <IT ~ ~ ~ ~ one another cfif ~ ~ 'Sfc'm ~ Verbs t (and~ ~ Verbs~ ~ ~
~ <lT ~ ~ ~ 6Zjf<R!41 <IT ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ t, ~ He came and talked to me) m-· I
'3A'il ~ t'1 Ni{>i~l{>i ~ Nesfield ~ ll'r-«<!T <m ~ Subjects \fl' m ~I ~ ~~ 20 if The
~~' players~ Subject t ~ Verb t are.
13. (B) his ~ ~ one's cfif 1l<rr1T A ~ ~ Subject we ~ Subject t ~ Verb t have selected.
~ ~ ir ~ one cfiT "5l<IT1T lT ~ ~
-gt
Anybody <IT
m am:, ?J Subjects am ~
Verbs t'1 am:, ~ ~ t,
People in general cfiT ~ one cfif Possessive ~ Jl'r-l'~~ 21 if The guests~ Subject t 3t'R
one's q!!ff Reflexive oneselfmcrr t; ~- ~ Verb t are;~ Subjects we! ~ Verb t
(i) One should respect one's seniors. were talking. ~ mm:r
Verb 'have come' % ~
<IT, (ii) One should keep one's promises. ~ Subject ~ ~ an 'tgT t'1 ~ Subject who
WIT, ';j' fcf; whom~ whom Objective Case-qt
~~cfif~t-
~ ~ ff q;r cfiTlt -:rt!" ~ ~ t,
(i) Everybody should respect his seniors.
~ ~ qfcfqj <R ~ 'Sfc'm ~-
(ii) Everybody should keep his promises.
(i) The players whom we have selected are
14. (E) ~~t, l Tt .T
15. (B) which ~ ~ who cfiT "5l<IT1T <IT that cfif ~ ~ s1 s2 v2 yl
~~criminal~~ t 3ffi: ~-~ ~ young and ambitious.
Relative Pronoun 'who' cfiT
cfif "5l<ITlT ~
wwr ~
t, 3ffi: which
~ -~ <IT lower animals ~ ~ fcf;m
(ii) The fuests whom T T talking about
~ t, f~. 'that' cfiT "5l<n'1T ~ ~ ~ fcf;m ~ . si s2 v2

~i, have come are my brothers-in-law.
NOTE : ~ cx:m:§!U ~ ~ Pronouns is 3tffl ~ r T
lTQ; who/which/thatjs 'll<fllT <m ~; ~- v3 v'
(i) The man who I that is here is my brother. ~(SJ=~ Subject)~ CV1 =~ ~erb)
(ii) The dog which I that is here is mine. (S2 =~ Subject)~ CV2 = ~ Verb)
48 A Mirror of-Common Errors
~(ii)~ V3 t ~ S3 ~ t'1 3i<'f: whom~~ Every~~ Each q;r ~~~~~~~;it

who cnf "Q<IT"fT ~ ~ S 3 q;r cfiTlT cfitllTI -:mm t ~ Each cfif 3f<WT ~ c:ir -eJ" ~ ~ ~ ~
22. (B) who~ ~ that <N 3f<TITf ~I ~ ~ qf(f.f..>'.lfu ii'
~~of~~ furr t; ~- ·
who 7.fT which ~ ~ that qi[ "5f1WT mm
t ~ ~ (i) There
intelligent.
are two students
...
here, and each. is
.
wf<f;....-
AH I None I N9thing I only I Superl~tive degree ~ (ii) Each of these three boys is laborious.
A.diective 1 ifie same (~ -arre: ~ Verb qi!' mT "IDI) 30. (D) give~ <m:. it q;r ~ if.rr1 give~ Transitive Verb
ai-m; ~ <ii1G Relative Pronoun~ ~--q- it m 'that' q;r t ~ ~ ~ Object ~ ~I q\'q<f ~ ~ ~
'l!Wr mm. ti~- , ~
it,rr1
permission js ft;fQ: give~ ~
.
it q;r ~
(i) All that glitters is not gold.
(ii) He is the best man that I have ever met.
31. (A) myself~ ~ I q;r. ~ mtlfl ~ ·w ~ <f.'TI' ,ft
~ Reflexive Pronoun qfcp;r q;r Subject~ "ITT~
(iii) This is the same man that helped me.
t; ~-Yourself will do it ii' Yourself~~ You
~ The same~ ~ Relative Pronoun~ ~ it As
cfiT ffl iflrr I
chT 3f<lTlT m<IT ! ~ ~ ~ Verb ~ W fcfi<IT 1fllT N.B. : ~ q;l" ~ t
mTf Myself/Yourself~
m,~- "*r Subject~ ~ "lf ~ ii' ~ t ~ ~ ,n;rn- !1
(i) This is the same dog as mine. [mine~ ~ Verb
-:m t1 . . . ~:-,
(i) Myself is Ramesh ~ ~ I am Ramesh.
that q;r >l<IT1i WIT! o!ffi9!IT "3'i'R-'tj"@IT
23. (B) which ~ ~
22-il'~~ ti .(ii) Yourselr"is Sonu ~ ~ You are Sonu cfiT m
24. (A) Whomever ~ ~ Whoever q;r rim "ID'TJI
~~'-.
Whomever Objective Case if t' ~ ~ Verb
32. (A) They ~ ~ Those cfiT rim ~ ~ ~
comes q;r ~ W ~n Verb q;r WITlT Nominative BIJ.!l..tjil: They ~ Them "*r Relative Pronoun q;r
Case~ ft?i"t!: mm
i ~ Whomever cfif Nominative Antecedent W ~~ti ~~Those q;r
~ fcFi<n' ~ t; ~-
Case Whoever WoT t"t
(i) Those who sing well will be awarded.
25. (B) which ~ ~ that <iii" w:inr m,TTI amsm ~ ~
[-::r ~ they who]
"3m-~22~l
(ii) I like those who behave politely.
@>(c) that~ <11~.?l a~~~ m,!TI such~ 4Js R=e
Pronoun~ fl if as §I ro Fil t -;,- ~whoL · h R fci; them who]
lf> .
~ lhat.<f;fl ~
~· ~
qnf42i!lfd ~ ~
such~ ~ that cf,T
3T'i'-fmm t ·~
mm t ~
,ft '!f<IT1T
... ~' It + be + they ~ qfcp;r q;l" ~ ~
Relative Pronoun q;r Antecedent "ITTTTf; ~-
They ,ft m
m~t ~fcf;'; ~- (i) It is they who have come late.
(i) His behaviour was such that everybody disliked ~. They f.lctf<iif~~ WITT ~ qfcp;r it" Relative
him. Pronoun cfiT Antecedent m- ~
t"1
<IT, (i) Such was his behaviour that everybody (i) "They also serve who only stand and wait."
-Milton
. disliked him.
(ii) They are also· secured who have tickets.
m ~- ~ ~ w
f<f:; such as to cfiT ~ ~ fcf;<IT
~mt,~- 33. (E) cflq<f -~ ti
34. (B) ~ Antecedent cfiT ~ ~ t'1 ~ ~ ~
(i) His ailment is not such as to cause us anxiety.
~ Antecedent ~ Relative Pronoun ~ ~-~
27. (E). GT"<:P-f ~ t,
such~ arre: Relative Pronoun 'as' cfiT ~ ~ ~ cfiT ~ ~ ;;JRT ~I ~ ~
~mm%, 1 f<l; who I which~ that cf,TI ft ctl~~q; Antecedent 'furniture' ti -mi:, ~ "ctt
~:.. (A) Any % ~ Eit"l1er cnr ~ WTTl 6!!).'. q;r ~ ~ m-;ft ~-He sent to Patna all the furniture
. Any one q,T ~ ~ in ~ ~ iii ff&_mm i that he had bought in Chennai.
f'5I Either q;r WWf mIT ID: §A :furQ; Nfil i.;~- ~ if qfcp;r 'q,'l" ~ ~ t ~ ~ 3N ~ t
(i) Any of these three girls can do it. ~ fl ~ -*r ~ -?f' ~, ·Gm 3T4m-::r t) I
(ii) Any one of these three girls can do it. 35. (D) my~ ~ mine "A ~ ~ m1TT (my problem).
~ ~ ~ ~ ~~'tj"@IT 3~ ~ ~I
(iii) Either of these two roads leads to the station.
36. (D) Muzaffarpur ~ ~ those of cfiT ~ ~ ~.
29. (A) Every~ ~<IB Every one cfiT >f<rr1T "ITTTTT ~ Every
~ ~ the hotels of Patna i'felT the hotels of
~ ~ ~ Adjective t, 1 ~ Pronoun t -mf:, Every
~ ~ ~ ~ Noun cf,T w:rriT itm'; tt-Every Muzaffarpur ~ ~ ti
boy, Every book ~t ~: Every of cfit m ~ 37. (D) that magazine ~
magazine cfif
~
m m:rr ~. ~
those. published
¥RT ~ ~
in that
mGT t, ~ Every one cfif ~ ~ ~· ~ ~- if of it ~ t
~ ~ mm l1 -mi: Every one of~~ m-rITI ~ articles q;r ~ ~ if ~ articles
ti ~ <fir_ ~ ~- t fcfi q"fq<f cm ~ ~ 1fcfiR ~ ~ [who is= being]
m-;ft ~- ' a«!':
(i) The articles published in this magazine are better ... The candidate, being a graduate.Is eligible ...
than (hose published in that magazine. ~3. (A) Your ~ ~ Yours <fir ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
[~~#those= the articles] (Your problems) m7TI'I ~ ~ ~ ~
38. (C) his ~ ~. their <fir 1l<ITlT fl ~ Relative <fin:-~ 3 cm ~ ~I
Pronoun 'who' <fir Antecedent 'those' t ~ Third
44. (D) that ~ ~ which cfil' ~ Rt ~ that q;r' '3l'<ITll"
Person~ Plural Number ir lt
who ?:l'T which ~ ~ 'ID'fil t, ~ fc!;m Clause cH
39. (D) I ~ ~ me <fiT >1<TITf RI Let ~ olR" Pronouns refer q;f.'t cfiT cf;\1'f' Relative Pronoun ~ ~ it fut
~ Objective Case it m
lt 3-m ~ fcf;m 'which' <R ~ t,
who, that -mR fcfim Clause ~
Preposition (tt-betwt?en, except ~ ~) ofrG' 'ifr
Pronouns sitstr Objective case it ~ !1 ~- m refer;itr <R ~ t; ~-
(i) He has paid his debts, which is a .clear proof of his
(i) Let you and me.
honesty. ·
(ii) Let you and him.
(iii) Between-you and me.
~ ~ if which <fiT Jl<WT debts $ ~ m §3lT t'
~ "I! Clause ~ ~ s.aTI ti ~ ~ ~ cfiT
(iv) Between him and me.
(v) Except Ram and me.
~ mrrr-m 3l!RT q;ef ~ ~ wrr- t, ;:;fl~
tr:':') $14He.t6 cfiT ~ ~ t1
( vi) Except her, and me.
40. (B) all :gre:at tragedies of Shakespeare <fir WTI'1T ~ ~
~ (C) the same~ ~ it cfil' ~ m,rrr The same cfiT m
~ Adjective $ -~ it 'ID'fil ·t .afR ~ <Sf1c: ~
orfcfi Antecedent (Shakespearej tret Relative Pronoun
(who) <fir ~ {414"1(-4 ~ $1 olIT&lT ~ ~m -~ Noun cfiT -~ mm t ~..:__
~-~34~1 . (i) The same book
41. (C) either~ ~ any <fiT Jl<WT ~ ~ 'cflfl'fcf; either T
<fir ~ M m~~ ~ any ?:l'T any one cnr '3l'<ITll" Noun
~m~~~~mt, · (ii) The same coat etci
N.B. : ~ ~- ~ ~ ~ ~o 28 ~ olIT&lT t
~l
· Noun
42. (C) he <fiT m- superfluous (3Hlcl~<lcfi)
!1 cnr qfcFlf are:
t,
Prenoun ~ ~ it the same cfil' ~
.
'cfiBT TR'!<f
Subject 'The candidate' t't am:, ~part ir he ~
~'q;J'~~~t,. ~-
~ ~ 'ifr ~ ~ fcfi fci;m Antecedent ~ ofrG' ~ Same or the same, in the sense the aforesaid thing(s)
Relative Pronoun mm t ~ Relative Pronoun ~ ofrG' or person(s), as a substitute for a pronoun (it, him,
Antecedent ~ ~ ~ Noun I Pronoun Subject ?:l'T her, them, they) is one of lhe usages whose effect is
Object~~# ~ mm ·t ~- . discussed in ILLJTERACliES.
-H. W. Fowler: A DICTIONARY OF MODERN
(i) This is the book which I lost it yesterday.
ENGLISH.USAGE (P. 511)
~ qfcf<l" it the book, ';511' Antecedent ! , ~~
Pronoun 'if <fir ~ fcf;?:l'T Tf<IT t ~ 7R=rn' ti ~ cffcPl
46. (C) one ~ ~ ones cfil' '5l<TI1T m,rr cF.ilfcl; one cfiT ~
Singular Noun~-~ if 'ID'fil t ~ ones cfiT Plural
cf\T~~t- Noun~ ~ itt ~ <N ~ % eight industrious
(i) This is the book which I lost yesterday.
workers and five lazy workers.
~ ~ ~ -q' ~ ~ q"lcf<l" cf} ~- ~, ~ Noun· ~ repetition ~ ffi '~ ~
(i) The candidate, being a graduate, he is eligible ... Pronoun cfil' >l<TI'7l' ~ ~ t, ~: Five lazy
[~ cflcf<l' it being a graduate= who is a graduate.] workers ~ ~ Wf. Five lazy ones q;r m~
3'ra: ~ ~ qfcFlf <fiT ~ t- ~I
The candidate, who is a graduate, he is eligible ... 47. (D) know& ~ ol'R: it cfiT '3l'<ITll" m'Tl'l ~ 'it' ~ ~ 4<?c,
~ ~ cITT.1T Clause (Under no circumstances have
~ ~ ~ -q;: 1rR ~ 3iTCf ~ -at
fcfi 'The
candidate' Relative Pronoun 'who' cfiT Antecedent t, I harmed him)~ refer~ ~ ~ ~ WI .
a«r: ~ Antecedent ~ ~ 'who' ~ ofrG' Pronoun 48. (E) ~~t,.. .,
'he' cfiT 'll<IT7T ~ m,rr1 ~ ~ ~ <fir ~ ~ 49. (E) q]cFf ~ t't
t- SO. (E) q]cFf ~ t1 ...........
;; ..( ..... --
The candidate, who is a graduate, is eligible ... .';! •••
*** ~
"
~,.:
l An adjective is a word which qualifies
pronoun.
a noun or
Chapter-Z
ADJECTIVES
(b) such I the same I !le other I any + Singular
Or Plural Countable Noun.
For examples: ~-Such a book 'tlT Such books
·. (i) She is a beautiful girl. ~ the same book <ii' the same books
· (ii) They are good. ·
any book <ii' any books.
CLASSIEICATION (c) these I those I~ I other+ Plural
(1) PROPER ADJECTIVES : ~ Adjectives ~ Proper Countable Noun.
Nouns ~ q.ffi !; ~-
~~-Certainradios (:r fcf; certain radio). ·
NQwi Adjective
(5) NUMERAL ADJECTIVES : (a) DEFINITE :
J, J,
CARDINAL : one, two, three, four etc.
India Indian
ORDINAL : first, second, third, fourth etc.
America American
MULTIPLICATIVE : single, double, tripple etc.
China . Chinese
V ORDER OF DEFINITE NUMERALS : <JR ~ qJcflf
Shakespeare Shakespearian if t:r ~ Adjectives q;r ffl' ~ mm~ f-tt.tR!fmf ~
(2) POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES : My, our, your, his, if~~t-
their, her, its. ...,0-rdin-.-al--+-C_a_rdinal_.
__ +_M_u_l-ti-pli-.
ca-tiY-.-....e !
(i) This is my house.
(3) DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES : Each, Every,
~- The ~ 9 siple ·. rooms.
Either, Neither, Each and every. Ord car mul

(a) Each~~ ~ 'tJT ~ t ~ ~fflt{I NOTE:~ -ra' fcfi ~ W1T 'tR 3lJT:trfto Problems~
(i) There were two I three I ten boys. Each boy was handsome. ~t;'tt-
(b) Every /"Each ·and every-lfil' ~ ~ t ~ $ (i) The five first chapters of this book.
~' ~ 1'f1l'T expression Order of Definite Numerals ~ ~
(i) There were three boys. cfil'~~~ t, am:~~ t-1 ~~ ~
Every_/ Each and every boy was intelligent. 'A-
(c) Either'tJl'.·Neitherqif '5JcTI'1T rat~% fl:l"Q:1 (ii) The first five chapters of this book.
--There are two novels on the· table. Neither novel is (b) INDEFINITE : Many, a
great many, a good many,
interesting. many a, several, various, numerous, a lot of,_ lots of, plenty of,
(d) Each I Every I Each and every I Either I Neither$ ~ some, enough.
~ Noun~ ~ Article q;r '5JcTI'1T -=tlft' iraT ti tt- ORDER OF INDEFINITE NUMERALS & DEFINITE
Each comb I every toy f-T rcti Each a comb 1'T every a toy] NUMERALS : Qji<l!l<lcf,dl m~
!Indefinite + Definite
SQRTii Numerals I
q;r ffl ~ silTclT t; ~-
J Each/Every% ~ Article q;r ll1fl1T ~ Problem ~ ;;nm (i) Miny sinflc rooms
Ind. Def.
4. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES: (a) Defmite: (ii)~ sinf1e rooms
this I thar/ these I those I such I (the) same I the other.
(b) INDEFINITE: a, an, a certain, certain, another, other, ind. Def.
some ~), any, any other aTIRI (iii}M!"y ¥ students
gqr-r Tii Ind. Def.

(6) QUANTITATIVE ADJECTIVES : much, little,
(a) a I an I a certain I another I this I that +
whole, a lot of, lots of, a great deal of, plenty of, some, enough
etc;~-
~-a certain boy (:r ftfi a certain boys) much milk, plenty of sugar.
NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ii' Countable am: Uncountable (~·~~'most' ~ 6GRT ~ .. ;,~·~ one of the;
Nouns qi1' ~ m m <S-llqli<lcfidlj:el<
m::ir ~ ~ Adjectives major operations~ ~I) , ·
oil ~ fq,"ll <lfRT ~; ~- (2) Senior, junior, superior, inferior, prior, posterior js ~·
(i) Has he bought many oranges.and much milk? Preposition to q;r m ~ t. ~ 1% Conjunction than cliT,;·
~ ~ fcf; 'oranges' Plural Countable Noun t ~. ~-
milk' Uncountable Noun t,
am:, oranges ~ ~ (i) He is senior to_ me. [-;i- fcFi senior than] ,
Y@icifi:lcf> 'many'. <fiT WiTf s3U-~ <lT 'milk' ~ ~ ill:Ml~cfi
much q;r1
NOTE:~~~ 'than' <iiT m ~ Problems
-NOTE : ~ W fcf; ~ qycf<f't ii' 'many oranges and
~ ~ t, am: ~ ~ than <iiT 1l<l1'7T t .:ir to 'cfil" ~ ~
~I
milk' <IT 'much milk and oranges' <J;T, Jl<ITIT Problem ~ ~ ii'
~ ~ ti am:, 'many oranges and much milk' <IT 'much - m. ~ ~ more<IT most~ ~· mm !~1~-
-.t •· ·'
milk and many oranges'~ Expressions N'ITI (i) He is more senior to me~ Tfffif \1 ~ ~
(7) QUALITATIVE ADJECTIVES : good, bad, (ii) He is senior to me~ ~I
intelligent, sharp, long, short, small, tall, beautiful, handsome,
(3) minor, major, ulterior, interior, exterior 3ilR Positive
lovely~;~-
Degree js Adjectives ti am;, ~ m
more/most <IT~
(i) He is a handsomeman.
ofR: than <IT to cfiT 1PIT1l' ~ ~ ~.; ~- .
(8) INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES : Which, What,
(i) This is a minor problem.
Whose anfi;t ~-
(ii) The interior decoration of the room is excellent.
(i) Which book is yours ?
(ii) What book do you like most ?
(4) ComparativelyI Relatively i ~
Positive Degree cfiT
Adjective ll1fl1T ii' 3TiaT t, .
· (iii) Whose book is this ?
(i) The weather is comparativelybot today. (-;r 1% hotter]
(9) EXCLAMATORYADJECTIVE: What.
NOTE : Comparatively/Relatively"...~ GfTG ~ ·.
*~-(i) What nonsense this is! Comparative Degree cf>l m ·~
Proolerh ~ .;jyffl t1 a..!E
DEGREES OF COMPARISON t:zfR' WI
(a) POSITIVE DEGREE : ~ ~ "llT ~ ~ ~
(5) 'Enough'* ~ Positive Degree'q;t 113DJI J?tm i1
(Tlrr) cf,"t ~; ~-
(i) He is intelligent enough to understand your tricks.
(i) He is good.
NOTE : Enough ~· ~ ~ Comparative. .:ir
(ii) She is beautiful . Superlative Degree ~ Adjective <fiT ~ ~ Problem · ~
(b) COMPARATIVE DEGREE : ~ ~ <IT ~ai'f "1"Rll lt ~-better enough, worse enough. am: enough ~
~ :JUT ~) <fit ¥RT; ~- ffi ~ Adjective~ Degree~~ WI ~-
(i) He is better.than you. .· (i) He is smarter I enough to get I selected for this I
(ii) Soni is the better of the two girls. - (A) (B) · (C)
(c) SUPERLATIVE DEGREE : ~ t ~ ~ <IT prestigious post. I No Error.
~ ~ Tr (Tlrr) <R ~; tt- (D) (E)
[B.S.R.B. (Patnaj 92]
(i) Ram is the tallest boy in the class.
(ii) Moti is the best of all the players. [~ ~ ~ PAIIT (A) if smarter ~ ~ smart q;r WlTlT
~ a.iic:i\llh6 ~- lll;rr11
(1) U_iµgye, e~nt, perfect, unmatched, unparalleled, ..,.. . .., (6) Prefer~ 'ofTG to cfiT WITl! mm t ~ ~ ~ Nouns <IT
major, extreme. universal, whole, complete, full, , round, Noun Equivalentsir "ID"; ~- . ~
circular, spherical. triangular, rectangular,_Q.arallel, golden, (.) Sh & ·ik t tea ~
e pre1ers o
milky, lunar ~ ~
.:.. . ~ f:r= ~-e .:..
'1 Positive Degree li ,....-.~. ~~ 61
1
Tm1
.J, T.
Superlative Degree;~-
(i) Her beauty is unmatched. [~ ~ ~ !] Noun to Noun
arcr: ~ ~ -:r more~ m Comparative-:r ~ most ~. 'prefer' ~ 'oiTG 'rather than' cfiT ~ 1mlT t <lR
~ Superlative 'aRT<!T -'ifRIT t, ¥Rf <n Infinitives~ ~ 'ffl'; -tt-
NOTE : ~· ~ ifi ffl' more· I most ~ (i) He prefers to sit rather than
PROBLEM~ -:srrm !1 aIB:, ~ ~ ~ ~ more/most js ,L
~ 1R ~ -ra'; ~- Infinitive Infinitive
(i) This is one of the most major operations.
(7) Preferable js ~ to cfiT '5l<fllT ~ ti PROBLEMS BASED ON.ADJECTIVES

(i) Winter is preferable to summer. Directions : Fine out the error in each of the following
(8) ~ Adjectives .:JR and~ ~ m m' ~ ~ ti" Degree sentences, if any. If there is no error, the answer is 'E'.
if tITT1 t; ~- . ..
(;lBut for your help,/ no boys would have I succeeded in !.!JI
(i) good and wise [-ey;r( Positive} (A). (B) · (C)
(ii) better and wiser [-ey::jY Comparative} · ·. . -e- All India competition like this. I No Error
· (iiijbest and wisest [zyff Superlative] ··· · (D) (E)
2. He. wanted I certain boy I to make entry into I the
INTER~CHANGES OF DEGREES : (A) ., (B) (C)
(~Superlativ~ ~ Comparative ~ Positive oRR ~ ~ Principal's chamber. I No Error .
~ ciTcf<l1' ~ ~- • (D) (E)
Superlative : He is the best boy in the class. 3. There were only two I soldiers but each a~ery I soldier
Comparative : (i) He is better than all other boys in the (A) . (B) . ,• -:.
class. was equal I to five policemen. I No Error . ·
'IIT, (C) (0) (E)
(ii) He isbe.trer"than ariy other boy in the class. 4. The ten captains I had each an I achievement of I his own./
(A) (B) . (C) (D)
all other + Noun (Plural) No Error
Rule ; ••. Comp~ftv_~ '!" than.( ., . . . (E)
any other+ Noun (Singular) · @These sort of men I attain worldly success by hook or by
(A) (B)
Positive: (i)-No other boy in the class is as good as he.
crook I so they deserve to I be looked down upon: I
Rule: No other +Noun (Singular)+ ..•. + so I as+ (C) (D)
No Error
· ...... - Positiye'Degree Adjective+ as ..••
(E)
~ ~ ~-~- ~- (Group) ~ ~ ~ ~ 6. I feel I a certain problems I in the execution I of this plan. I
~~~~cllf<m~~~~m. W 00 ~ ~
No Error
Rule: Nll + Noun (Singular) + •..•• so I as+ Positive (E)
.. , Degree Adjective + as .••.• 7. In spite of facing I much problems, he did not I desert the
. (i) No city."~ India-is so/as good as London. w (B) ~
(ii) No country in Asia is as rich as America. path I of honesty./ No Error
(D) (E)
(10) Positive Degree~ Comparative Degree~~ cfiT
Synthesis. 8. Can you tell me how / .many eggs and I milk he has
(i) He is as good as you. (Positive Degree] (A) (B)_ . · - (C)
brought I home ? I No Error .
(ii) He is not better than you. [Comparative Degree]
(D) (E)
~· ~ ciTcf<l1' cR Synthesis cfif.t 'IR,
~ole the chapt~r I ~f the book is full of printing I errors .
(i) He is as good as if not better than you.
(A) (B) "
3l2ml_ Positive Degree~ ~ (So I as as) .cfiT J1<fl"fT which are the outcome I of the proof reader's carelessness/
ma,- t ~ Comparative Degree~-~ (Comparative + (C) (D)
than) cfiTI '~ Synthesis 1R ~ PROBLEMS ~ ifM' 'as' No Error
err
~ ~ ~ t ifM' than cfil' 1TI' m ~
Comparative Degree (E)
~ ~ Superlative Degree qi!' ~ cg ~ \1 ~-'
10. He did not / li~e to lend me I any book I or any money I
(i) Anjali's performance in the I drama was best than I (A) .•• (B) (C) (D)
(A) (B)
No Error
Deepali's but not I as good as Vaishali's. l No Error (E)
(C) (D) (E)
II. Her black long I hair adds I glamour to I her looks. I
[B.S.R.B. (Patna) 1993) . (A) (B) (C) (D)
(~ <rr«Fr ~ Part (B) if 'best' ~ ~ 'better' cfiT 'll<fllT
No Error
ffl'rrr] .
(E)
·'

•. • •·• •u·• • 7•·~
12. I began to I tremble when I saw'/ a sharp long knife I in . he has a remarkably I lovingly appearance I which
(A) (B) (C) (A) (B)
my enemy's hand. I No Error brings her honour I and admiration as well. I No Error
(D) (E) (C) (D) (E)
1.:/13. I saw I an anxious pale girl I who when asked let me know I 25. A lots of books I on English Grammar are available I in
(A) (B) (C) (A) .. . (B)
that she was suffering from consumption, I No Error the market but I this one is the best. I NoError
. (D) (E) (C) (D) (E)
0 fact
14. It is a that I Mahatma Gandhi was I the first politician/ 26. He does not have I some money to buy a ne~ay I
w ~) ~ (A) (B)
of his time. I No Error plant. so he is f.:~nk)n anxiety. I No Error
(D) (E) (C) (D) (E) .
15. At the~ gate I was standing a guard I holding a gun . i1. Gold is the. most- precious I of all metals I that are used in
(A) (B) (C) w- ~ ~
in·/ his hand. I No Error ornaments, I as far as we all know. I No Error
(D) (E) (D) (E)
16. Delhi is I further from I Patna-than I Kolkata, I No Error 28. He is the most I successful man I in the world I I have ever
(A) (B) (C) . (D) (E) (A) (B) (C) (D)
17. This book is I undoubtedly ~£rable than I that in many known. I No Error
(A) (B) (E)
respects and its printing I is also comparatively good. I ;@. No less I than fifty audiences are sitt.i~g I in the hall and
(C) (D) (A) (B)
. o Error waiting for their I beloved artiste's appearance on the
(E) (C) (D)
18. Of the two I players, he I is the luckiest, I be sure. I stage./ No Error
(A) (B) .'{q (D) (E)
No Error 30. Her father told her I that it would be all the more I better
(E) (A) . (B)
if she would find her I groom herself I No Error
19. You can trust I this agency/ for the last news I of this
(C) (D) (E)
(A) (B) . (C)
. week. I No Error 31. She had no other I hobby than that of I wearing a, dress, of/
(D) (E)
. (A) . (B) (G;J
the latest design. I No Error
20. Seema is I senior to me I but you are I junior than me. I (D) (E)
(A) (8) (C) . (D)
No Error 32. This young lady is I more beautiful I but not so cultured I
(E) (A) 4 (B) (C)
as her youngest sister. I No Error
21. Everybody knows I that Ragini I is the most unique I (D) (E) .
(A) (B) (C)
singer of this college. I No Error 33. Much to his fortune, he I married a girl who was I more
(D} (E) (A.) (B)
. tall and lovelier than I her elder sister. I No Error
22. Rita can sing I much than fifty songs at a I stretch and .. "," (C) (D) (E)
(A) (B)
she has developed I this ability by labouring hard. I 34. What pleases him I more I is a healthy criticism I of his I
. (C) (D) (A) (B) (C)
No Error performance. I No Error
(E) . (D)
. - - (E)
..... - -· . ·~.
@he was curious to I know what it was that made I him 35. It was no I other than Indira Gandhi I who evinced a:;1.
(A) (B) (A) (B)
stronger I and braver than any man of this village. I exceptional ability to lead I the country to fame. I
(C) (D) (C) (D)
. ! No Error No Error
(E) (E)
t:
..~\Mfr.ro,r 9f Common Errors

' .
36. Now-a-days,'/ the weather I is getting cold' arid I colder. I 49'. He felt happily/ to learn that his I younger brother had got/
(A) . (B) (C) (D) (A) (B) (C)
No Error a prestigious job in the Bank. I No Error
(E) (D) (E)
37. He often tells I us that he 'does not I like anything more SO. The Principal has great power I of making some useful I
(A) (B) · (C) . (A) (B)
than I sleeping peacefully. I No Error plans but.the professors I have even greatest ability to foil
(D)
38. This photograph
. (E)
I was comparatively better I than that
(C)
them. I No Error · ~
(D)
(A) (B) (E)

which he had kept I in his purse. /No- Error ·''
:;.. (C) (D). (E)
ANSWERS
39. She was startfed I to see in·, her'diawing 'room I a most
1. (E) 2. (B) . ~· (B) 4. (E) 5. (A)
(A) .. (B) (C)
popular film producer. I No Error 6. (B) 7. (B) 8. (C) 9. (A) 10•. (E)
(D) (E) 11. (A) 12. (C) 13; (B) 14. (C) IS. (A)
• 40. India is I better than most others I .film producing 16. (B) 17. (B) 18. (C) 19.(C) 20. (D)
(A) (B) (C) 21. (C) 22. (B) 23. (D) 24. (B) 25. (A)
countries I of the world. I No Error 26. (B) 27.(EL ... ~ . 28. (E) 29. (A) 30. (B)
(D) (E) 31. (E) 32. (B) . 33. (C) 34. (B) 35. (E)
- 41. None can' I believe that I Ramesh is happier I than grieved 36. (C) 37. (E) 38. (B) 39. (E) 40. (B)
(A) -(B) (C) (D)
41. (C) 42. (B) 43. (D) 44. (B) 45. (C)
to know it. I No Error
(E)
46. (C) 47. (E) 48. (A) 49. (A) SO. (D).
·. ,42. Delhi is far (petter than any other I metropolis I of

(A) (B) (C) EXPLANATIONS
Pakistan. / No Error
(D) . (E) .
1. (E) <l1<f<I' ~ t-1
2. (B) certain ~ ~ a certain cfi'r ~ boy ~ ~
boys q;r)
43. All your -·attempts /.are daring I but this one is certainly I ~ ~ 1R <l1<f<I' ~ m si!rnl'
t ~
certain ~
, (A) (B) (C)
·~ Noun Plural Number if ~ t ~
a certain js
the more daring./ No Error
~ (D) . (E)
~ Noun (Countable) Singular Number if ~ t;
44. This is the I more difficult. sum, I I have ever solved I
~-
(A) (B) . (C) (i) A certain book
within five minutes. I No Error ~ certain books.
(D) (E) ~ TI:i-
45. There is no one I whom I esteem I highly than I your A I An I A certain I Another I Each I Every I Either I
(A) (B) (C) Neither I Each and every I Many a (an) I Such a (an)
mother and father. I No Error aTIR ~~Noun (countable) Singul~~ !1 ·
r- :: (D) , (E)
,. - 46. He· failed to find I out the, solution to al) · the problems I
~.
These I those I certain I other I many I A great many I
CN (~ A. good many I several I various I A number of~ 'ifi
', :. · despite his thoroughly I study of the book.? No Error 0oi'TG
(C) . . (D) (E) Noun ml' Plural Number if ~ !1 Any I No I
The same aTIR Adjectives ~ oi'TG Noun Singular <IT
·47. Science has given I us a lot, yet / life is becoming I more . Plural Number if m' ~ t1
(A) (B) (C).
and more painful./ No Error (i) N_o boy <IT N,o boys
(D) , (E) (ii) The same·m~ <IT The same men,
·3,(B) Each and .every~ ffi Each q:;r 'Sl<ITlT ~t
48. Ramesh is as good, I if not better than all the I members
(A) (B) ~ Tii-Each cfiT 'Sl<ITlT c!J' <IT c!J' ~ ~ ~ ~
of the club I which-is known as the Lions Club. I No Error ~ t~ every <IT Each and every <fiT 'Sl<ITlT ~
(C) (D) (E) c!)'t~~~~t-1
,
(i) There were .two boys and each boy had a red pen. i@. (E) ffl ~ t,
~ qfq<f if each ~ ~ lR' every ~ each and 11. (A) 'black long'.~ ~ 'long black' 'cfiJ' m ~ ~
every) q;r '5fmlT ~ m1lT I ~ :lfcliR, ~ fcf;tfl' Noun ~ ft.rQ: Adjective of. size ,3m
'
(ii) There were ten students in. the class room and Adjective of colour cfiT m m m ~. Adjective of
each I every I each and every student had a red pen. size anm t ~ ~, ~ Adjective of colour; tt-
~ qfq<f if .each, every ~ each and every) if t (i) A tall black man.
fct;m 'q;f mm~ t. ~~~~if t t ,.,..--~
·~ ~· q;r f.mf; ti Adj. Adj.
4._ (E) cfl<Pf ~ tI of of
N.B. : Part (D) 'if 'his' $ ~ 'their' cfiT ~ ~ size colour
~~I ~ i)' Qualitative Adjectives <fiT m ~ Noun ~
5. (A) sort $ ~ sorts q;r 'Sl<ITlT m1lT ~
Adjective these t" ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t m -~ *1,'l1:-4a: f.li:.if<-1f~a ffill" ~
~
Number if ·mm
°dl1G Noun Plural
t1 tt these $ ~ 'this' ~ men
~ m ii' ~ ;.;Jffi t,
(i) Adjective of size <tt-long, snort, big, small,
~ ~ man q;r 'Sl<ITlT ~ t 1fr Part (A) ~
large ·etc.)
lTI' ~ t°. ~ Part (B} ii' Verb 'attain'
Plural Number if t ~
~I
Subject '*
,fl- Plural oRRT
(ii) Adjective.of general description {tt-good, bad,
fine, sharp, etc.) ·
(iii) Adjective of age ~~old, · young, ancient,
6. (B) a certain $ ~ ·certain·~ problems ~ ~
modem etc.)
problem ·q;r ffl' m1ll'I
(iv) Adje.ctive of shape ~-round, spherical,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~4ra!IT 2 cR' ~ ~I oblong, rectangular etc.)
7. (B) much ~· ~ many cfiT m
m1lT ~ much~ (v) Adjective of colour ~-red, blue, yellow etc.)
~ ~ Quantitative Adjective ('11:llcffiilcfi ~ t, (vi) Adjective of origin <tt-American, Indian etc.)
~ ~ ~ Uncountable Noun cfiT m ~ t; (vii) Adjective of material ~-st~el, iron, plastic,
tt- etc.) ~
the little *
much milk I much money. ~ '31"1n.R, little I a little I
'11:lli:ll'iilcfi
Uncountable Noun cfiT
~
m mmt1
~ mer ~
(viii) Adjective of purpose. ~-a waiting stick)
12. (C) A sharp long knife $ ~ A long sharp knife cfiT
~ 1P1TI ~ ~~ 11 if ~I.
-qw ,ft- ~ ~ il&-All I Some I Enough I Part of I 13. (B). An anxious pale giri $ ~ A pale anxious gjrl cfiT
A lot of I Lots of I A great dealof I One third of~ 1Pn'1T 'A ~ Adjective of human emotion I
$ ~ Nouns Countable q?.ff Uncountable ~ ~ ~ personality 'cfij'm 'pale' 'dark'~ ~ ~ mm t,
~ t't ~ Countable Nouns int· t m~~ 14. (C) first $ ~ foremost cfiT m m1lT ~ Fore cfiT
Plural Number ii' ~ ti ~-Enough boys. ~ Comparative former m-m- t ~ Superlative first
enough sugar. ~. Some cfiT m ~
Indefinite ~ foremost~~ mart, first~ order (if;tf) cfiT
Demonstrative Adjective ~ ~ if ~ t ffl ~ ~ t; tt-The rwst boy of the class. ~
~ ~· mm t q?.ff ~ mer Noun- (countable) 1fr t
foremost cfil' a1¥f -gm most notable;~-
Singular mm t, ~- (i) He is the foremost singer of our time,
Some boy has taken my pen. =~ ~) ~ ~ 15. (A) utmost ~ ~ outermost cfiT ~ ~I 'tflG' W fc!:;
it-u ~ "6" m to out 'cfiT Comparative outer q?.ff utter m t. ~
8. (C) milk ~ m
how much cfiT m ~ ~ 'Superlative outermost 'd"tT utmost mm
ti outer om-
Uncountable Noun cir ~ -araf.t $ ft.rQ: ~ outermost~ ~ t ~ utter Positive Degree if
"©° ffl' ~ ~ t, ~ ~ ~~,tam~~~ t 'complete',
~ '*
41:licffqcfi
eggs and milk

~
analyse ~
=
cfiT
tR ~ -qrn t ~ how many
how many eggs and (how many) .
utmost cf>!' 3N ~ t greatest.
-t«-
milk,~ ungrammatical t"t Slo:, milk$ ~ how (i) The outer gate ~ ~)
much~ tR m
qfq<f ~ mm t, (ii) Tl;le outermost gate ~ ~ cfiT ffl)
9; (A) whole the~ ~ the whole~
Quantitative Adjective t ~
WlTI whole~
~ the <fiT ffl mm'
m -~.
(i) He did it in utter(= complete) ignorance.
t, -;i- fc!:; ~ if1 ~. All ~ Numeral Adjective t (ii) He. is a man of the utmost (= ~
~ Quantitative \°ft) ~ ~ olTG the ~ t;
tt_:__All the boys. <IT, All the news. recognition.
~-
~6 ~ Mirror of Common Errors

16. (B)- further$_~ farthe; cfiT."!f<lT.11 m,rr cfllTI% further ~ -- 22. (B) much ~ ~ more _q;r ~ WTT •cpnf<J; much
~ ~ cfiT ·.m:T mm..t ~ ~ "ffl' ~:- in Positive Degree ~ Quantative Adjectiv~ t ~
addition to/besides ~ 3llif # ~ <il1m 't ~ Comparative 'more' ~ ti. ~ mariy Positive.
farther cfiT ~ ~- ~ it; ~~ Degree q;r Numeral Adjective t ~ ~ ~
(i) I have given you a lot. I don'i want to give you Comparative Degree 'more' m
lITTll' t-1 am: ~ .iQ:
anything further. ~ if 'more than fifty songs'~~ m1
~ 23. (D) any man ~ ~ any otherjman ,'lIT anybody else cfiT
'
(ii) His house is farther-than mine(= my house is)
ffl'~~;~- /
from Gandhi Maidan. (i) He is better than any other boy in the class.
17. (B) than ~ ~ to cfiT ~ WTTI ~ ~ f<i; <lT,
preferable/prefer 3TIR ~ -rlG 'to' Preposition cfiT ffl' (ii) He is better than anybody else in the class.
~ -;;rrm t, -::i- fcn than Conjunction q:;r1 ~ ~ <lT,
~ ~ Latin Adjectives t -:;n- ~ -r1G 'to' am (iii) He is bett.et than all other boys in.tlie class.
Preposition cfiT ~ mt
ti ~ Latin Adjectives t : 24. (B) lovingly ~ ~ loving 'cfiT -m ft ~ lovingly
Senior I Junior I Superior I Inferior I Prior I Anterior I ~- Adverb t' ~ app~arance (~ Noun) cf;I' qualify
Posterior; ~- . -;,m' ~. ~ ti Noun .'!'fil qualify ~ ctiT -..;ii:r
(i) He is senior to me. Adjective ~ t, -:i- ~ Adverb,
(ii) This is prior. to that. N.B. : ~ Only I At leas.~ t Eve.n I Almost aTifG ~
18. (C) luckiest ~ ~- luckier cfiT · wrr-rT ~ cfllTI% Adverbs t ;sn- fcl;m- Noul_l <lT Pronoun q;j- ~ 'Ill'
comparison fu1:f; ~ ~ ~ ~ ti Superlative -~ttt-
Degree js Adjective cfiT ~ q;i::f-~-q;i; cfR' ~ (i) Only Mira was there.
<lT ~ ~ ~ qij" 11W ~·~ m-q: pt; ~- -i T
(i) He is the best boy in ·th~ class. only No.un
~ qfcpf ~ ~ ~ ~ t f<f; q.f if ~ qij" msqr (ii) Only she. can manage it.
. q;.f-~-q;lf cfR' ti ~ ~ ~ ,t m1 .J.. r
19, (C) lasi -~ ~-1-atest cfiT ~ WTTI ~ W fcfi late cfiT only Pronoun
Comparative later I latter ~ Superlative latest I 25. (A) A lots of 'cf>!' ~- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ A lot of
last ~ ti later ~ 'hte~t ~ ~ · ~ ~ t' <lT Lots of, ;sn- idiomatic t ctiT m- mtITI
~ latter o~ last si'ii::r ~; ,~- ~ ~-A dozen of I A hundred of I A.thousand of
(i). Who is the list man to join the team ? (affir.r ~ cfiT 'Sl<ITlT ~ ~ !; tt-
-~) A dozen of books~ !1 ~
~ A do~n books
~, (ii) What is the latest report ?. (cfF51T) :· .... ctiT ~ wrr.1 ~
A lac of I A pair of 3TIR cfiT ~
20. (D) than~ ~ to cfiT ~ "ITTlJTI -~ ~ ~ ~ ~t, .
3m:-~ 18 .ti°-~ ~l 26. (B) some~ ~ any ctiT w:n'lT m1 · 1:l'l'G ~ fcfi some <lT
21. (C) unique ~ ~ the most cfiT Jl<rrTT ~ WTT ~ ~ any cfiT ~ ~ qJ"q<f ~ Predicate·if lrr (fl" Assertive
ffi a cfif ~ mrITI ~ m'" ~ ~ ~ Adjectives sentence it aj141.:.ia<11 some cfiT ffl' Affirmative
t' '111 Positive degree # ~ l, ~ ma- sentence if om any cfiT ~ Negative sentence if
.Superlauve Degree q:;r ~ ~ t'1 ~- Adjectives t- 'ffilT 't ~-
unique, excellent, major, minor, maximum, minimum, (i) Ihave some books. (Affirmative). ·
perfect, complete, whole, full, universal, impossible. ·
Geometric~! shape "lcii~ql(-\ Adjectives ~- (ii) I do not haveany book. (Negative).
Parallel, spherical, round, triangular, rectangular) cfif ,ft Interrogative sentence if Some ~ Any ctiT ~ lITTfT
Comparative <lT Superlative~ ~~ti am:, t,tt-
more parallel m more triangular ~ ~ mTTT, Have you SQme money? <lT Bave_you any money?
cfllTI% Parallel cfif ~ ~ t '*Pil1H1<' (fl"~ ~ NOTE : ~ Subject ~ Pan if any cfiT ~ ~
MHHI<' cfif ,cflrr 3N ~ ? ~ affelq:; ~ cfiT
soine q;r m Affinnative om Negative~ t ~
<Plr~~? .
~~-ql?f~.t,tt-
NOTE : full, perfect ~ complete cfif Comparative
(i) Any graduate can apply for thi~. post.
& Superlative formation ,t -~ if ti
(Affirmative)
.A Mirror of Common Errors .) .. 57
(ii) Any boy of your age can be allow~d to come in. 36. (C) cold ~ -~ colder q;i- -51~!-: fy;m ~ ~ m1
(iii) Some boys have not come yet. (Negative) gradual development <R ~ ~ ~ Comparative
(iv) Some boys below ten will not be allowed. Degree ~ Adjective cfiT ~ fc:f;;n' ~. t, -;, 1%
(Negative) Positive Degree js Adjective cfiT; ~-
27. (E) ~~t1 (i) The weather is becoming hotter and hotter.
28. (E) ~~t1 . (ii) She is becoming more and more depressed.
29. (A) 'No less' ~ ~ 'No. f~t!r' ~ 1flITTT \Wlfl 'less' 37. (E) cfTcFr ~ t I
quantity~ t ~ 'fewer' number~ ti 38. (B) better ~ ~ 'good' ~ ~ comparatively,
N.B. : zj@lfc:ffi::lci, Plural Noun ~ ~ m
No Less q;i- relatively ~ il1G Positive Degree ~ Adjective cfiT
. , -~ mar t1 ~ m
~ qf~f,(t.lfit if No Less ~ ~~t~-
~ -~ Quantity t; ~- · (i) relatively good [:r t% better]
(i) No less than forty students failed. Gmm:r ~ cfi+f (ii) comparatively fine [-:t' fiJ; finer]
~~~~I) 39. (E) ~~t1
30. (B) more q;r ~ WIT ~
~ more better ~ double 40. (B) others ~ ~. other cfiT '5l<ITl'T WITI Any other I all
comparative -r-r ~ t, ~ ~ Standard other I most other if other ~ cf>'fl' \ft Plural -;,tf
English if ~ ti ~ Jl"cm:, double superlative q;i- 'aRl<IT '51TclT -t I
WTI"11' \fr. Standard English if~ t; ~- 41. (C) 'happier' ~ ~ 'more happy' cfiT ~ fl cflITfct;
(i) the most brightest. ~ ~ ft:lif; the brightest -;jfcif ~ Adjectives ct!' ¥RT Comparative Degree ir m-
q;i- m m'l'JTI m~ syllable ~ Adjective ~ ~ more cfiT '5l<IT7T
31. (E) cfrci<r ~ t1 wmt;~- ....
32. (B) more beautiful ~ <lllG than q;r ~ WIT ~ q[cf<I' (i) more wise than intelligent [-:r fcf; wiser]
if Comparative om Positive Degree q;r ~ !1 ~ (ii) more smart than handsome. I
qlq<f q;r 3-1?.f t- 42. (B) other q;r '5l<rr1T ~ m7TT ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.
(i) This young lady is better than (her youngest sister) ~ 1:JT ~ ~ · ~ Comparative· Degree if l
·I
but (this young lady is) not so cultured as her ~ ,3B:f group ~ ~. ~ <IT ~ ~ mm
youngest sister = This young lady is better than but I'
Any + Singular Noun' cfiT ~ I t; ~- mar
noi so cultured as her youngest sister. (i) Rajan of this orchestra is better than any artiste of
33. (C) more tall ~ ~ taller q;r ~ mTJT cflilfcfi ~: that orchestra. [~ Rajan ~ ~ ~ orchestra'~
~ syllable ~ Adjective q;r Comparative-r/er om t] I
~ * ~~~ ~i
it>~lcfil-0 ~ ~ ~
Superlative-st/est~ iRTllT ~ t.
-;,-fcf; more <IT
orchestra js cfil'ilcfil-0 ~
m~t~;~-
Positive· Comparative
.
Superlative
~- m ~ ~ q;m 'Cfi«fT aT lany other +
Singular Noun! cfiT '5l<rrlT m7TT; -tir-
.!. .!. .!.
(i) Rajan is better than any other artiste of this ·
(i) wise wiser wisest
orchestra.
(ii) tall taller tallest~!
43. (D) more ~ ~ most cfiT ~ mTJT ~ ~ ~ ~
N.B. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '!Jun' <til" ~ ~ aT ~ ~~<IT~~~~~<IT~
syllable~ Adjective~ ffi '1t more m ~ ~ <til" ~ W aT ~ Superlative Degree~ Adjective cfiT
t;~- '5l<rr1T ffl t; ~ :-
(i) He is more wise than intelligent..
(i) All the boys are good but you are the· best.
(ii) She is more tall than fat, ~I
34. (B) more ~ ~ most q;i- m
ml1T cflilfcfi more ~ ~ (ii) All the books are interesting but this one is the
than cfil' m
qlq<f if ~ ti 3TIT:, ~ qf-0-{-ilftt if most interesting.
What pleases him most = The ·thing which pleases 44. (B) more ~ ~ 'most' q;i- w:rriT mlTT ~ "I have
him most~~~~ writ~~ ffl" °t) ever solved" ~ ~ ~ t fcfi ~ 'q;t ~ solve
q;rm~, fcfi<lT tm~(most difficult)~ t,.
~, What pleases him more than you is writingcfiT 45. (C) highly~~ 'higher' cfiT ~ 'than'~ ml1T ~
~ m'llTI ~ ~ ml'll- ~ -qm ~ t fcf; cflcfll ComparativeDegree cfiT !1
The thing which pleases him more than (the thing 46. (C) 'thoroughly' ~ ~ 'thorough' cfiT ~ mTJT ~
which pleases) you is writing. thoroughly ~ Adverb t, ~ thorough ~
35. (E) ~~ti
58 A Mirror of Common Errors )
Adjective, am: ~
No~n ~ Qualify. m
q;r qiftf synthesis ti '9:l'R' -~ f<fi ~ ~ m ~an ~
Adjective ~ «IT l; ~ :- ~ Positive degree ii'
(i) a thorough knowledge [':f fcl:; thoroughly] "So/as + Positive degree + as " q\1' -~ ~ ~
J,. J, ~t~-
Adjective Noun (i) Ram is not so/as influential as Shyam. .
(ii) a comElete book [':f' fcl:; completely] J,
J, , J, so/as· Positive. as
Adjective Noun Degree.·
~. 49. (A) happily ~ ~ 'happy' q\1' ~ ·~ ~
taste. seem, appear, remain, look; 311R: Copula Verbs

feel,
(iii) a thoroughll'. exhausted source.
J, J, J, ! .m- 3TtR" 4l1"G Adjectives cfiT ffl' ~ t, -::r ~
Adverbs cf;f; ~-
Adverb Adj. Noun
(a) He looks handsome. ("=f f.F handsomely]
r=r fcn thorough]
(b) The table feels hard. [':f' fcn hardly]
(iv) a comeletel~ destro;ied shoe.
I (c) He remained silent. [':f' fcfi silence m silently]
J, J,
'oV SO. (D) 'greatest'~ ~ 'greater' q\1' 'l!'mlT· ~ ~ ~
Adverb Adj. Noun 'Principal' (!'eJT 'Professors'<-zt 1!cf;R ~ ~ ~ ~
p; fcn complete] i, am: -ey o!if~41· m ~ cf>1 ~ ~ ~
47. (E) ~~tt Comparative Degree ii' ~ t fil Comparative
48. (A) 'as good'~ 4l1"G 'as' q;r ffl' ~ ~ ~ ll'r-f Degree~ Adjective cfiT ffl' ~ 75ITTl'T ti ·
q;r ~ Positive Degree ~ Comparative Degree q\1'
***
(:
,._.
•·
·-=·--=---·=--~_=.:___,---~~;;;;;,;,.iiiiiiiii,iiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiii _
Chapter-8
VERBS
Verbs <it ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ M ~ Diagram <it 'Ql'R -ra fcf; ~ R<RT cf>T ~ cR ~ ,i-q: ~
~I fsf;"lrrarr ~ ~ ~ Verbs~ ~ ~ cf;f ,ft ~ ~ Problem
Verbs ~<mflt~~~~'=tm°t; ~- .•
(i) Did they I not heard I this I story.
Auxiliary Verbs Main Verbs J. J,
I I
I
I
Do cf;f hear q;i:
.I I
Primary Modal lntranstive Transitive Past~ v21v3
I L~ ir heard~ ~ hear q;r 'Sl<fll'T WTTI )
I I qlq<f
Mono- Di- (D) Modal Auxiliaries : ~ ~ ii' f4qfo1f~ari <it
1. AUXILIARY VERBS : ~"ra'-
Primary Auxilieries
(A) Be-is/are/am/was/were (be, been, being)
(a) ~ G!R ~ V1 cf>T 'Sl<fll'T mm t; ~-
(i) They can win the race.
(B) Have-have/has/had J, J,
(C) Do-do/does/did
Modal yl
2. MODAL VERBS
(ii) Meera can and will help me.
can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must,
J, J, J,
need, dare, used (to), ought (to)
l!llr-r m'" : (A) Be ~ G!R v' ~ (V + ing) cf>T ~ ~ Modal Modal v1 ,
ttt- (b) ought~ used <it ~ ~ \ft Modal ffl G!R 'to'
(i) He f ~ to part with us.
:rgl' mil' ti ~
-=m' mm t ~
Modal ~ G!R Infinitive Particle to cf>T ~
'to' cf>T ~ ~ Problem~~ t°; ~-
to be V4 (i) He will I to finish I the I work. I No Error.
~ Passive Voice ii' Be ~ ~ V3 cfiT 'Sl<fll'T mar t; (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
tt- [Part (C) it 'to' qif '5l<fl"IT ~ WTTI]

(i) Many books were stolen yesterday. (c) ~ Modal Auxiliaries cf>T 'ffl' ~ ~ ~ moT t1
~-r (i) He I should must I do I it. I No Error.
be V3 (A) (B) (C} (D) (E)
Note : Being cf>T 'Sl<fll'T ~ Passive Voice mr t1 ii' [Part (B) ir should am must q;r 'Sl<fll'T ~ ~ fcfi'lJT Tf'lIT t
(B) Have~ ~ ~ ~ ~ V3 cf>T 'Sl<fll'T mm t am ~ ':50' lTffif ti]
~ ffl ~ ~ ~ cf>T ~ ~ t; ~- ~ ~ ~ <iT <IT ~ should 'q;1' ffl' ~ <iT m fu,f;
(i) Geeta has reached the conclusion. must q,J' <iT should and must q;r1
(ii) You have done it. (c) ~ Modal Auxiliaries q;r 'Sl<fll'T ~ Conjunction ~
(iii) She had beore you rang me up. ·~~;;yr~t;~-·
come
-r -y- (i) He should and must go now.
Have~ V3 J, J, J,
fclN=r ~ Modal Conj. Modal
( C) Do~ fcfim "it ~ ~ ~ V1 cf>T 'Sl<fll'T mm t; ~- (d) Modal Auxiliaries, Subject~ Number am Person~
(i) She does not write tome.
~j~IIRid ~ ~ t1 ~ Subject, Singular m <iT Plural
(ii) They
(iii) He
do not
did not
"T
make
come
-r
any mistake.
here.
*
Modal Auxiliariesjs ~
Note-Need ~
Verbs ,f\-1 3«!':, ~
Dare, Modal
~ ir '=!'
ii' ~ ~
m~
~moT t1
Auxiliaries t ~ Main
Singular needs
Do~ v• not/dares not m~

t, '=!' -gi, ~ ~ 'to' cf>T 1f<lT1T W 8cr.ot
~~
ti ~ ~ Medals ~ ~ it' ffl ~ t; ~-
., .
60
.....~ A Miri'or of Common Errors
I
,;...
(i) He need ·nor do ii. c=r ~ needs not] li!lr-r ~ f.i; ·~ 1(ct;R ~ ~ ir Singular Subject ltT
(ii) You need not do it. Plural Subject~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Verb 'q;)' ~ Problems
(iii) She dare not meet you.
~~t;~-
J, . J, (i) Two were I intelligent I but I one dull. I No Error
(A) . (B) (C) (D) (E) .
Modal v1 [Part (D) if one~ ~ 'was' 'i#;r 'lPWT ~ ~I]
(b) ~ Need ~ Dare cfiT m- ~ h ~~ if (ii) One was I beautiful I but I two ugly. I No Error.
Interrogative~ it' ~; tt-
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
(i) Dare he ~ a car ? [Part (D) if 'two'~ ~ 'were' cfiT m ~ ~
(ii) Need he ~ now ? No~ ~ 'ltJtrT if w:r if ~ 1Tl1: cfTlP.rr 'q;)' ~
J, J, Tl'RT "Im t~ Fclt11v.if1101 ~ ~ 1:iFfl . .
Modal V1
*·
~
(c) ~ Dare~
Verbs qlj' ~
Need cfiT
~
ffl' ~ Verbs~-~
ffl' ~ t; tt-
if Wm
t~-
MAIN VERBS I PRINCIPAL VERBS
Main Verbs% ffl' ~ ~ cnf '!f<.fiR ~ W:f ~ ~
(i) They need some money. (A) ~ ~ Verb ~ ~ ~ ~ Verb cfiT "SJ<IT'T
(ii) They do not need any money. ~ qJcfll' meaningful -::ml' W 'q'Jfil tr ~-
(iii) Do they need some money? (i) He raised a problem. ~ ~
(E) ~ W fci; '51'.o!' ~ Primary Auxiliary Wtrr ~ Modal He rose a problem.
Auxiliary cfiT m-
'and' ~ ~ f.t;ilf ;;imr t <l1fT m~ (ii) Who discovered radium ? ~ ~
' ~ ~ ~ Verb cfiT "ll<n'lT f.t;ilf "3ITTII". t <IT 3414.ltlci¥dl3tlt< ~ Who invented radium ?
I
It
Auxiliariesjs ft.rQ:· ~ Verb~ -~ (forms) w~ ~~ ~~Verbs~~~~~~
~;~-
·!
I Problems ~ ~ t, a.«r:, Verbs ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
.i (i) He has
J.
done
,!. .
and
--
will
J.
do a lot of work."
,!.
. ~~'
l
FJ Main Verbs 'd'IIT ~ ~ ri 'q;)' ~-
! .
; Primary V3 Modal · V1 ~ ~ ~ Problems ~UJli..cjd: wt ~ t]
~ ~ it' has ~ will $r ~ !, ~ ~ t fct. vi vz v'
have I has I had + v3 cfiT m- h t <l1fT shalVwilVc$/could. ~ T T.
etc. + V1 cfiT ffl' m t, a.«!':, has ~ ~ 'do' <lir y3 ~
(i)Bear~~. n, ~) Bore borne
born
'done'~ will ~ ft;rQ: do cfiT V1 ~ ~do__. cfiT ~ ~ ~ ti [Note-Born q;r m- ~ Passive if ~:al t; tt-
am:~~ ti~.~~~~~~~
He was born in 1980]
Verb~~~~~~mProbl~m~sil'raTt; ,
(ii) find (tJRT)
~- (ii\) found c:ft'q' ~.
found
founded
found
founded
(i) Meera I has and I will work I hard. I No Error.
~~)
(A) (B) (C) (D)' (E)
(iv) hang ('(-jc!q,J-11) hung hung
[Part (B) it' has ~ ~ Verb 'work' ~ v3 ~ ~ m- (v)hang~~ hanged hanged
~ mfl ~ 'has worked and will work'~ ~ 'ffl1TTI ] · (vi)lie ~) lay lain
(F) <5ja1' ~ Subjects N=l'-fir-r Numbers ~ lR' 'd'IIT m mef
(vii)lay~. ~) laid laid
~- To be (is, are, am, was, were), Have (have, has)~ ~
(viii) lie ($io ~
~ cfiT ffl mm~
Subjects~~~~•
(ix) rise (31'TRT, ~)
lied lied
~q;rm~~~;~--
. .
rose risen
(x) raise~~. '3o'RT, raised raised
(i) Three ~ killed and one .. was . injured.
~ !It q;f' '3oRT)
,!. .· ,!. J. J.
Subject Aux. Subject Aux .
(B)FJ ~ Verbs 't F5R$ ~ Past Participle ~ t·· -am
~ ~ lllftlT if ~ t1 F ~ ~ Problems ,ft ~ 73i"Rr
(Plural) Verb (Singular) Verb t;tt-
(Plural) · · (Singular)_ . (i) The lead has melted.~ ~ The lead has molten.
(ii) The ship has sunk.~ ~ The shif has sunken.
~ ~ Verbs cm- ~- (~)cf>if ~~it; tt-
® to die.
_vl y2 y3 ·'·"' (i) N(> one wants
J,
J, J,
1 l Object
A B
(!) bind bound bound bounden (c) fif;l:rr (Verb)* Complement* ~ it; ~-
(ii) drink drank drunk drunken (i) He is to go.
(iii) get
,!.
got got gotten
(iv) shrink shrank shrunk shrunken Complement
(v) sink sank sunk sunken (4) ~ {purpose) "lfT ~ (cause) ffi ~ ~; ~-
'
(vi) strike struck struck stricken (i) He sold bis watch to buy books.
(vii) cleave (¥10 cleft/clove cleft cloven J.
(viii) grave graved graved groven purpose
(ix) melt melted melted molten ~~*~
(x) seethe seethed scathed sodden (ii) He started weeping to see his son dead.
(xi) shear sheared sheared shorn . . ,!.
Note-V3 ~ m (A) it ~ ~ Past Participle ~ V3 cause
(~ ~ Verb~ cftm ~) q;r q'ifif ~ l; ~- ~~lffi~)
(i) A ship has sunk . ~ ~ 1ff 1fiRl1r ~ ~ lffi ~

T
y3 ' ' .
(B) Ask, advice, allow, command,· force, forbid,
~
invite, . encourage, compel, beg, order, imagine, 1 instruct,
(ii) He has drunk much. permit, ·persuade, tell, require, remind, teach ~ ~ .~
~ Object+ To+ V1 .1'1 rittr 'ffl'<l'T t; tt- '
y3
(i) He advised me . to do it at once.
~ v3 ~ ~ (B) it ~ -iro: Past _Particll?le ""1
.!. .!..
~ectjy_e <fir ~
(iii) A sunken
1
ffl t; ~-
shJP· advise cfil" Object
y2
*to yl
-1-
Adjective Noun
(ii) She compelled xou to leave the place.
(iv) A much drunken man.
J,' . "'I .,!, J,
J, -1-
1
Adjective Noun : .,,·:· .. , compel <tiT Object to V
~41 ~
a«r:, ~ qJcflf (i) it 'sunk' W ~-'.'sµpke~· 1ff ~
<IT TJmf
'drunken',~
mm, ~
"3(cfiR: ~
(iii)it 'sunken·~~
(ii) ii' .
'su~k;~
ifil' ;ifq
cffiPr (iv)
.-drunk. *' ~.
To+V1<tifmT~t;
l:m'
~-
y2
Jt1n1T ~ Passiv.e Voice -q' m <IT~ ~~ :;~
.
if ·drunken'~~ 'drunk' q;r ~ 1Rttf ~I
(i) She was permitted to ~ with him.
,!. .j, ,!.
INF1NITIVES
permit qif to VI
Infinitive 'non-finite verb' q;r qW ~ "t- .-au· 'To'~~~ / ;
y2
'To'~f<Rr~~t;~-
(i) I want to go. [Infinitive with to] (C) Like, want,, wish, promise, ~ *~ qf~,ject + To +
(ii) Let him go. [Infinitive without to] v1·• ~ To+ V1 cfil" Jlcff1T ~ ~ t; ~-/,
(A) Infinitive if; ~ ( :- (i) I. want ev7one to listen to this notice.
(a) ff ~ ~ it; ~- T J" ~
(i) To swim is a good exercise. want Object to v1
,!.
Subject
(ii)
1
T T r·
want to V1
(D) ~ ~ Verbs ! fJt';fc;; ~ Infinitive <iiT >1'lITlT mm t:2iR' -ra Fcf; know ~ -arR: mm Infiqitive cfiT 'ffl' ~
mar t. appear. seem, attempt, try, endeavour, begin, decide, Problem fu:clT -;;rm t; ~-
desire, remember, forget, stop, fail, happen, hurry, refuse, (i) He informed I me that be I knew to play I on the
promise, prove~; ~- (A) (B) . (C)
(i) They refused to work for you. harmonium. I No Error.
J, J, j, (D) (E)
yl [Part (C) -q- 'knew'~ ~ 'how' qiT '5fcIT1T mlJT]

refuse ciiT to
OMISSION OF 'TO'
y2
~ Infinitive efiT" ~ ~ 'To' t ~ ~ ~ if
(ii) He failed to pass the examination.
~ ~ ~ l1 ~ Infinitives~ ~ To qiT '5fcIT1T ~
j, -1, -!. t 'Bare Infinitives'~ t; ~-
fail <l>T to V,1 (i) Allow him to go.
y2 J,
,.
-* 'c2fR W 1% ~ .cflcPif 'q' ~ To + VI ciiT ~ ~ ~
Infinitive
rm
•f ~ ~liti-<wll that <f;f ~ ~ Problem~ ~ t; ~- ~. Let him go. go~ Bare Infinitive·! ~
~ to q;r ~ in:ra miJT]
(i) He forgot I that he should I bring a I pen. I No Error,
;f< . llrr-f ~ fq;
(A) . (B) . . (C) (D) (E)
(A) let, bid, watch, behold, see, feel, make ~ olR:
[Part B ir 'that he should' ~ ~ 'to' <iiT "!l<lT1T ~ ~ . Infinitive~ '5l<n'lT ~ 'To' if; tnm t; ~- ~--
am ~ 1l<fiR qlcflj" ciir ~ ~ i-He forgot to bring a pen.]
(i) I ~ him sl?£ak on several subjects.
NOTE-remember, forget, like, stop ~ ~ ~ verbs
t ~~Infinitive [to+ V1] om ·G~rund fV (ing)] ~ ~ hear <iiT Bare
~ ~ 'q' 3RR 3iraT ti ~- V2 Infinitive
(i) I will remember to post- · the letter, (ii) We watched him .&£. and return.
J, J, l J, -r-
watch qi!' Bare Bate
remember infinitive
V2 Infinitive Infinitive
[~w~tafR:~~~$tJ (iii) I made her laugh.
(ii) I will remember posting the letter [~ post efit" 11"{ J, .J, .
~~lr~$1].
make qif Bare
(iii) He stopped to smoke. (ri ftf1lt2" ~ ~ ~
~ I om:TI] V2 Infinitive
~ Passive Tl '3tJU'ffi qfom Verbs % ~ To-Infinitive
~~mcirt;tt. - -· -·-
stop q;r Infinitive
(i) She was made to laugh.
y2
.J, .J,
(iv) He stopped smoking. [fl~ ,:ft;rr ~ cfx: make <f;f To-Infinitive
~/~~I] y2
-!. j,
(B) Modal Auxiliaries (can, could, may, might, shall,
stop q;r Gerund should, will, would, must, dare not, need not)~ ~ Infinitive
y2 ciir "5£<ftTr f.RT To% mar
!1 ~ Modal Auxiliaries [used om
(E) know~~ 3M~<l"-dlj~I< how/where/when/why ciiT
ought ~ ~] if; ~ Bare Infinitive <fii' ~ t; mm
'Sl<n1T <R Infinitive ciiT ~~-;;rm t°;. tt_.:.- ~-
(i) I shall to the station.
(i) I know how
T
to wTite
l
a paragraph. -r
Modal Bare Infinitive
how Infinitive
(ii) They k.uow where I why I when to start the work. (ii) You need not work hard.
-r r -r
Infinitive Modal Bare Infinitive
A Mirror of Common Errors 63.
(C) Had better, had rather, had sooner, had as soon ... as ... ~ Present Participle t ~ ~ ~
(i) 'if 'running' ~
~ ~ Bare Infi2,itive (Tnfinitive' without 'To') qiT" Jl<TTTT maT ~ cg ffl t, ~
q;Jlf ~
(ii) ii' ~ Present Participle ~q;.
t;~-. Adjective cfiT <fi'Pr ~ W ti
~ Jl'itiR, ~ (iii) if 'tired'~ -
(i) He had better T now. Past Participle t ~· ~· ~ q;r cfim ~ ffl t ~ (iv) -ij'
~ Past Participle~ Adjective cf>T 1:f;Jlt' ~ ~ ti
Bare Infinitive
(ii) She had as soon run as walk. TYPES OF PARTICIPLES
T -r Participles -ey Jl'itiR ~ ~ !-Present Participles cll'.fT Past
Bare Bare Participles.
~ Infinitive Infinitive
(A) Present Participle ~ qiT" ~ ~ t' f-;roil' '- ing'
~ £Zl'R ~ r<f> had sooner, bad better ~ ~ ~ v3 qiT" ~ mm t, ~-running, walking, swimming etc.
Jl<TTTT cg Problems~ -;;rra ·t ~-- (B) PMi Participle.~ cfiT ~ ~ t ~ ~:
(i) Ihad I better gone I than stay I here. I No Error (i) '-ed' ~ ~ t; ~-
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) tired, amazed, surprised, worked etc.
[Part (B) if 'gone'~ ~ 'go' qiT" Jl<TTTT A ~ had (ii) '-t; ~ ~ t; ~-
better+ V1 qiT" ~ ~ i) sent! bent etc.
(D) Conjunction 'Than'~ ~ m 'To' ci)- ~ ~ ~ t (iii) '--en'~ ffiT 't ~-
mrT V1 q:;r W1T ~ ;;rrm !1 ~ Bare Infinitive qiT" Jl<TTTT eaten, beaten etc ..
mm:t; ~- (iv) '-ne' ~ ~ 't: tt-
(i) He had betterread than write.
T -r- done, gone etc.
Bare
than Participle ~ 'SflTilT ~ ~klf~d Problems AA ~ t'1 ~ .
Infinitive ~ ~i:i~fula. A <fil' ~-
*
~
(E) ~ But ~
'do' Verb cfiT ~ ~ ~ ~
-mPreposition ~ ~ if
m
But~ ~ Bare Infinitive
m~ ~ (1) Participle <fir
~~mr~t;tt-
-m: ~ 1fT ~ ~ ~ ~ <R ~
('Infinitive' without 'To') cf>T -m ~ i: ~- He took the gun. He shot the tiger.
(i) He did nothing but
T
wander.
-r- ~~ ~ i aw:r ~ f<f; Subject common t ~
but Bare
~ ~ ~ ~ t 31YITTI' He (took the gun + shot the tiger).
Infinitive ~q(.p.n'~~~~~~~~t~
(ii) She does nothing but· lalgh at others.
Participle~~~~ ti ~:,
. T A (i) Having taken the gun, he shot the tiger.
but Bare ~! ~wf<fi~~~~.~if.t~GJTG~~
Infinitive ~ t m Participle 'Having' cfiT 'Sf<TI'lT ffiT t mrT construction
!'Having + v3·j (Active voice) ~!Having + been + v3j <IT
PARTICIPLES
!
!Being+ v3 (Passive voice) ~ ti
Participle ftfi;n" (Verb) cfiT ~ ~ t ~~ ~ ~ ~ if . (2) ~ Participle ~ ~ ~ Subject of Reference war t;
mrr ~ ~ (Adjective)~ ~ 'q' <l>l'ir cfi'@ l: ~- ~-
(i) He is runninz in the field. [~ '® t] Having taken the gun, he shot the tiger if 'Having'
-r- Present Participle t ~ · ~ Subject of Reference ~ ~
Verb ~ ~ cfiT Subject 'he' ti
(ii) The running is my younger brother. ~ W fcf; Participle ~· Jl<TTTT -q- ~= Participle ~
:r ~ ~ Subject cf>T ~ ';f' ~Problem~ ~ ti
Adjective Noun (~plr~
(iii) The work has tired me. ~-
T (i) Walking in the field, a snake bit him.
Verb ~ ~ ~ 'Walking' Participle t ~ ~ Subject of
(iv) A tired man is sitting in the shade of a tree. Reference 'a snake' t -ii' lfffif ti ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f.lcf;ffiii
TT t ~'q'~~*~~~ft;r?:rr·~~~
Adj. Noun ~ t f ·~~ ~ 'q' ~ w ~. ~ m~ ~ ~
.f
~·, ~ 1!m, (i). if R<IT ~ ~ '?rt-rn' t, ~ ,rq;n: ~ ~ Part (A) if 'While she was coming' cR -m ~
Problem q;t Unrelated'Participle cfiT Problem qzj' ~ t't ~ ~I. -- . --~·---
~ ~ cfiT ~ ~ t-:- ~~~~~-

(i) While he was walking in the field, a snake bit him. (i) Being I a fine day, I he went out I for ·a walk. I
~: ~ q(<Pf ir·~ ~ ~ q;t ~ i·~·~
~ (A) (B) (C) (D)
Subjects t atR ~ 3ffi'll'~ ffl ffl ti ~ ~ qf<Pf t- No Error.
(E)
(i) He was walking in the field.
(ii) Being I a beautiful sight, I it charmed I all of us. I
(ii) A snake bit him. (A) (B) (C) (D) .l
m, ~ 'ifl' 'afR' w 'fcr; ~ ~ Subject~ cfi'llT··~ -m No Error.
.....
ert nm ~ Subject ~ ;;fi.;r if ~ q;rij' fct;<IT ~ ~ (E)
Subjectcfi'I' while~~~~ ti~ fcr; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (i) if. 'Being' Unrelated Participle t ~ ~
i::im ~ t, Subject of Reference 'we' ~ ti ~ we q;J° ~ Subject of:
NOTE--:;ror Participle cflm ~m ~ ~ m~ Reference -i:iFIT ~ m
we being a fine day (= we were a fine
~ Clause ~ Subject cITT +Fr-m-lf.T Participle ~ ~ ~ ·day)~ t;;.m- ~ 'iTI' ~~ti~.~. Day,.time.:
~i <1R ~ Subject~ ~ Participle~ 3¢ ~ t 'ffi' ~ weather, sight 3iTR ~ ~ Introductory Subject 'It' '1'>f *IB~
~ t fcr; Participle cfiT ~ ~ ~ ti <!R ~ Subject fcf;m" ~ t
.am: Being ~ ~ It q;r ~ ~ ~ qfl:J<T ~
~~Participle~ 3¢ ~ ~ t t ~ m ~,~ wt ~ t1 ~ ~. It being a fine day(= It was a_ fine q_~~
Participle cfiT ~ ~ t; ~- ~ ~ m:r.1Tl·-3«f:, ~ oq; ~ (i) ~ Part (A) if 'Being''
(i) Walking I in the field,- I he saw a I dead tiger I
(A) (B) (C) (D)
~ 'It' cfiT ffl' ~ ffl ! '6of oq; Part (A)~ ti I
~. ~ (ii) if 'Being'~ ~ ~ Subject of Reforerr~
No Error.
(E) ~ti~.~~-~~~ Subject~~ ·if 'lt'l. ._
~ qf<Pf if ·Participle 'Walking' ti ~ ~ ~
Subject
m !1 ~ 'It'~ 'Being'~ ~ m~ 'It being' ftR.Tm":
~ 3T<if It being a beautiful sight(==_ It was_~ be_a1,1tifuJ~ig ~
~ ti qf<f.ll' ~ ~ A cfiT Subject 'he' ti ~
'he' q;!'
~ t. ~~~ti a«r:_. ~ (n) ·if .'Be~ng\,
;walking'-~ ~ m ~ 'he walking' (while he was
Subject of Reference 'It' ti ~:. Participle~ R-m: SulljecHi
walking) fiR;rm ti ~ ~ ~ if Participl~ 'walking' '!fit'
Subject of Reference 'he' ti am:, ~ 1!m Participle cfiT >l<l11T
Reference!!~-~.~ (ii)~ ti . .
~ti "fo: ·(3) Active Voice if fci;m action ~ ~ ffl ~ ~

~. having + v3 cm- ~
having+ been+ V3 m being~
fcf;crr· ~ t ~
v3 cf;T;
Passive voice·:
(ii) Coming towards I her husband, I the glass slipped I ~-
(~ @) ~ (i) Having taken breakfast, he went out.

from her hand. No Error ,j, ,j,
(D) (E) \~
~ qf<Pf ir Participle 'coming' t ~ ~ ~ Subject V Having V3
~ ti qf<Pf ~ q;r Subject 'the
~ ~ glass' ti ~ 'the ~ ~ cfiT' ~ t- ..... J
glass'~ 'coming'~ ~ ~ ~ 'the glass coming towards (After he had taken breakfast, he went out)
her husband' (:;:: while the glass was coming towards her (ii) Toe leader· having been killed, the
husband. ~ ~ ~ a:!<f.t -qft:r ~ 3m 3iT -m ~) ~ t, ,i ,i t
~ meaningless !1 ~ Participle 'coming' cfiT Subject of
Reference 'the glass'~ t ~~amt~~~
ti having been V3
am: Part (A)~ ti followers ran away.

ftR, Part (D) ir 'her' cfit ~ ~ ·i::im ~ t fm ~ ~ m,··
~ t fcr; ~ ~ attf.r -qft:r ~ ~ 3iT ~ m, ~ ~ (iii) The leader being killed, the followers ran away.
~ ~ ~ 7T<IT' ~ ~ a:r.f ~ ~ cl>f.t ~ ~ -~ j, ,j,
f.F·1f("1(trn ~ cfiT WTm ~ ~- being V3
(i). While site· was coming towards I her husband, I the
(A) (B) NOTE-having been killed:;:: being killed.
glass slipped I from her hand. No Error ~ ~ (ii) am (iii) cfiT 3¢ t-
(C) (D) (E) (i) After the leader had been killed, the followers rar
away.
~ 'e'2iR' ffl fci; ~ qT<FlT it-~ having + v3 qif WTI'lT m:rr @le.is very I drunk, so I he cannot tell I you even hr,
(A) . (B) (C) tD)
~ c!'m having + been + v3 <if being + v3 qif ~ qi<'. name. I No Error
Problem k;.41 -::i!rnT t. 3m ~ having+ been+ v3 <if being+ (E)
v3 cf.I' ffl m:IT ~ <m having+ V3 cti1' ~ ~; ~- 3. The problems that our I country has and will face I are the
(i\) (B)
. · (i) The sun I having been risen I the fog I disappeared I
(A) (B) (C) . . (D) outcome of the selfishness I of our so called saviours. I
(C) (D)
No Error.
NoErrot
(E)
(E)
~ ~ $ Part (B) # 'bee~·~ ~ 1T<.-fcf !, ~ To
@Never before i the students of India have so much been
Be (is, are, em, was, were, be, being, been) + V3 cfil" ~Tll (A) . (B)
Passive it mm
t 3TR rise~. iafTlRT, 3o-lT) ~ Intranstive frustrarted I as today when the problems I of unemploy-
Verb t ~Passive~ moT !1 am:,~~~-:- (C)
(i) The sun having risen, the fog disappeared. · ment are dominant, I No Error
(D) . ,. ·. (E)
(= After the sun had risen, the fog disappeared.)
~.~- 5. It being a stormy night, I you must thought of postponing I
(A) (B)
(ii) Having deserted I by her husband, I she committed/
all your programmes I till tomorrow morning. I No Error
(A) (B) (C)
(C). {D) (E)
suicide.z No Error.
(D) (E) 6. Do you doubted about I the success of this boy,./ who is
(A) (B)
~ ~ if 'having' $ 'allG 'been' cfil" 'SfcIT1T ~
~.
used to working I hard in all circumstances. I No Error
c:t'·fi1<f> ~ if 'having' Participle q;r Subject of Reference (C) (D) (E).
'she' t-1 .am:, Participle~~ 'she' <Fr m
"G"<: 'she having
7. We would also like to help you/ if you intend to execute/
deserted by her husband'~ t, -;m meaningless ti --m,
Parr (B) if. ~ 'by her husband' ~ _'ITI" '1"m ~ t f.fi (A) (B).
such lofty plans for the welfare I of the society. I No Error.
Participle q;i- ~ Passive it ~ ~I am: Having been
. (C) ' (D) (E)
deserted by her husband = After she had been deserted by
her husband (= 't!ftr $ IDU qfu.llcR{ .. ir-1" $ 'allG) I ~ m, ~ ti)rhe unreasonable behaviour I of his daughter I
c!Tq<f."<f>T ~ ~ iWTI-. (A) (B)
(i) Having been deserted by her husband, sh~ committed thoroughly I upset Mr. Gupta. I No Error
suicide. (= 'lfti ~ mu qft~cRi oflG m- ~ ~ m~ (C) (D) (E)
~ "ffil) [:S.S.R.B. (Patna) 1988]

NOTE-fqgjj~ljOj
Participle ffl .'qlcp.IT <Fr ~
~ mt
m~
~an- ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ o-t' ~ ~
*9. Rajan abided
(A)
by I all the rules which I were explained to
. (B) (C)
fcf; ~ TJ<iT <iR<f ~ t <IT. ~ I him I before the programme. I No Error
( 4) ~ ~ ~ t -m- Subject of Reference ~ ~ ffl (D) (E)
i,~~i- [S.B.l., P.O. Exam. 1989]

considering, judging; referring, concerning, regarding." 10. We were still talking I about what we should do I when we
viewing, broadly speaking;~- (A) .. (B) (C)
(i) Considering the case, I took that decision. heard I the children shouting. I No Error ,
(ii) Considering the case, that decision was taken. (D) (E)
[B.S.RB. (Bhopal) 19"~
PROBLEMS BASED ON VERBS +. ll,

.
Being very often ill I and frequently absent, I he had no
(A) (B)
Directions z Find out the error in each of the 'following opportunity to· finish his work I or do much of it in fact./
sentences, if any. If there is no error, the answer is 'E'. . (C) ~ (D)
1. You must I not held in high esteem I those who are I No Error
w ~ ~ (E)
dangers to our society. ! No Error [S.B.J., P.O. Exam.
(D) (E)
·@Being a rainy day, I Vijay decided to stay I at home and 22. Shail you like I to accompany us I in the picnic which I we - · ,
(A) (B) (C) (A) (B) . (C) .
· _.work I further on the problem. I No Error are going to arrange today./ No Error
(D) (E) (D) (E} •
[S.B.I., P.O's. Exam. 1989] 23. During the course of investigation I the police learnt that
(A) (B)
13. School offers many opportunities of meeting I helpful
(A)
people, reading useful books I and 'obtain information
.
not only I the house
away. I No Error
~ ~-
was looted but I also the things taken
(B) (C)
about I a variety of public careers. I No Error (E)'
(I)) (E) 24. I know I '&)l be I compelled to leave this house I this
(A) (B)
[S.B.I., P.O's. Exam. 1989]
week, which will be I very disadvantageous for me. I
14. They did not came out victorious, I yet they were not (C) (D)
v\) No Error
disappointed I rather satisfied because I they had played (E) .
(B) (C) (D)
@once, we were dwelt I by the seaside I but now we have I
well./ No Error
. W 00 ~-
(E)
settled ourselves in Mumbai./ No Error ·
15. He complained to the police/ that his briefcase had been (D) (E)
(A) (B)
26. I am really I very sorry to learn I that a reasonable man
stolen I and that he was lifted I without any money. I
(A) (B) (C)
(C) (I))
like you I has lain to me. I No Error
No Error
(D) (E)
(E)
, TBSRB P.O. Exam. (Bhopal) 1989] 27. The boy was trembling I with anger when she drowned I
(A) (B)
~~he .P.M. said that his party would I not repeat the
· all his books I and articles. I No Error
~~- (~ (B)
mistakes I done by the I previous government. I No Error (C) (D) (E)
(C) (D) (E) 28. He does nothing I but 'to find I faults in others and laugh I
17. l hope the country's condition/ may go from bad to (A) (B) - (C) .
(A) (B) at them. I No Error
worse/ unless all necessary steps l are taken to suppress (D) (E)
(C) {D)
29. The radio broadcasted / last night that I the temperature in
· terrorism/ No Error
(A) (B) (C)
(E)
Kashmir I would go below -1o·c. I No Error
18. Taking tea I he went to the office I and disposed I of a lot (D) (E)
(A) (B) (C)
of work. I No Error 30. The workers f~ll I no fewer than two hundred trees I
. (D) (E) (A) (B)
within six hours and thereby I showed their efficiency. I
f9. Only one dispute I has been settled I and others left to
(C) (D)
·(A) (B)
both the parties / to settle. I No Error 31. Most of the rivers I in Bihar have overflown I their
(C) . (D) (E) (A) (B) .._,...
~ Without taking proper care, I the doctors could not have banks and plunged I a large number of villages. I No Error
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
been saved I this patient, who received I a bullet injury in @we advised him I to marry his daughter I because she had/
(C) (D) -· w ·oo ~
the chest I No Error come to marriageable age. I No Error
(E) (0) {E)
i 21. Going towards them I with ~e cups of I tea in the tray, 33. The criminal I will certainly be hung I because the charges
. . (A) (B) (A) (l3) (C)
somebody knocked I at the door. I No Error brought upon I him are very serious. I No Error
(C) (D) (E} . (D) (E)
AMiroor·of eon'iiji~~rs 67~,.
~ . . . ,, ..:~.;.:.~:~..•· ,•·····."'~ ......,,,wt . ·.,." .. .... . -
}l4. He seated in this examination I thrice but he always failed/ 45. If you apologise for ·'ltavfng / fail in ,lceeping yo·l'M'.:
(A) . (B) . (A) . , · (B) -
because he never I took it seriously, I No Error promises, I your friendl'Witi-'forgive I you, be sure. /-No
(C) (D) (E) - (C) . . (0)
35. Owing to his I ill health, he will / not be able to give this Error
(A) (B)
(E)
examination, which means./ he will have to lose one year./ @when he.came out/ ·of the ci~ema hall, I he noticed'
(C) (D) _(A) (B)
No Error somebody I had stolen his. pu~e. l No Error
(E} (C) (D) . . (E) .
36. Our leaders should I not let the criminal I activities @He will propose to his friends I that they will join this
(A) (B) (A) . {B)
to grow I in our country, I No Error . company, I which may provide them I with promising
(Cf (0) .. (E) (C) (D)_ : ,
. 37. The eminent journalist I expressed· his helplessness in careers. / No Error
. (A) · (B) .
making I the seminar to be held I in the university .
(E) '
'
48. Judge everything in the light of what 1-tpe pleaders of-both
_(C)
,· (A) .
premises./ No Error
(D) (E) the parties had said, I the Judge came to the conclusion I
(B), (C)
38. Since they were not aware I of the consequences, they I
(A) . (B) that the case was false. I No Error ·
might has asked you to I transgress this social decorum. I (D) (E)
(C) . (D) 49. When she entered t. th• room, 'she found the I child
No Error (A) {B)
(E) . sleeping peacefully and I the fan move slowly; I No Error
l@)rhe audience still flock I to his-concerts to hear him to (C) .(D) (E)
(A) .. (B) ·so. "Work hard, lest you I should fail", said the father to his
sing I as they perceive a sense of purity and piquancy in ·. (B) .
. . (C)
his music that is hard I to come by today. I No Error
son I who was taking his I M. A. examination that year. i
. _(D}. (E) (C) . (D)
No Error
40. Having had reached I the station, you I may buy your
{E)
(A) • {B)
ticket and wait for the train for New Delhi. I No Error 51. Not only will she go I to the pictures but she will I also
(C) (E) (A) (B) ·
.._ 41. She stole something I from my room and hid it I in her meet some of hercommon-z friend's in the evening. I
(C) (D)
(A) (B)
recently got sari, so I can't tell you anything about I the No Error
___..- (C) (E)
stolen thing unless or until Icheck the room . l No Error
~ (D) (E) ANSWERS
I. (B) . 2. (E) 3. (B) 4. (B) . 5.(B)
\_5)Walking in the field / late at night, a snake bit me I and
10, {E)
\ w ~
that was the reason I why' Iwas in a hurry. I No Error
. 6. (A) 7. (E) 8. (C)
13. (C)
9. (E)
14. (A) 15, (C}
lL (D) 12. (A)
(C) (D) . (E) 16. (C) 17. (A) 18. (A) 19. (C). 20.(B)
43. It is better to stay at home I than to walk in 'the street I 21. (A) 22. (A) 23. (D) ·24. (A)· 25. (Ai
. (A) ~ (B)
26. (0) 27. (E) 28. (B) 29. (A) 30,(A)
when there erupts I a communal riot in the town. I
34. (A) 35, (C)
I
(C) (D) 31. (B) 32. (B) 33. (B)
No Error 36. (C) 37. (B) 38. (C) 39 .. (B) 40.(Al
(E) 41. (C) 42. (A) 43. (B) '"44, (B)
44. He works hard I thai he should please I his Manager 4~(BI
46. (C) 47.(B) 48. (A)- 49:(D) 50.(E}
<M (B) '
51. (E)
to 'promote him I to the post of Sales Executive. I No Error
(C) (D) (E)
· .u
A.M .-· mro
·· !Con'lfflo.ttEttors-·
"'·''"···'· .. . . ..: . •
.... led/ · 45. if ·;~~,-·;poiogi; fot)1,avi'ng I fail in keepmg yoo_r:-
. He seated in ~ examination I thrice but he· al;r fai . ..~ . (A) . . . ·. . . ·· . (B)
because he never I took it seriously. I No Error promises, I your friendl:w.iJf fo'tpve1 you,' be sure. / -No
~ ~ ~ . ~-. ~
Error
35. Owing to his I ill health, he will / not be able to give this
(E)
(A) (B)
@When he.came out / 'of the cinema hall, I. he noticed'
examination, which means./ he will have to lose one year.I
(C) (D) (A) . (B)
somebody I had stolen his purse. i Ne> Error
No Error
(C) (D) . . (E)
(E)
36. Our leaders should I not 1et the criminal I activities @He will propose to his friends I that they will join this
(A) (B) (A) (B)
to grow I in our country. I No Error company, I which may provide .them I with promising
(C). (0) .. (E) (C) (D). : ,
. 37. The eminent journalist I expressed· his helplessness in careers. / No Error
(A) · (B) . (E)
making I the seminar to be held I in the university
(C) 48. Judge everything in the light of what 1-tpe pleaders of-both
," (A) .
premises./ No Error
(D) (E) the parties had said, I the Judge came to the conclusion I
(B), (C}.
38. Since 'they were not aware I of the consequences, they I
(A} . . (B) that the case was false./ No Error ·
might has asked you to I transgress this social decorum. I (D) (E)
(C) . (D) 49. When she entered /, th(f room, 'she found the I child
No Error (A) (B) .
(E) sleeping peacefully and I the fan move slowly; I No Error
'@Ine audience still flock I to his-concerts to hear him to (C) _(D) (E)
(A) . (B) 50. "Work hard, lest you I should fail" ,'said the father to his
sing I as they perceive a sense of purity and piquancy in ·. (B) .
(C)
his music that is hard I to come by today. I No Error
son I who was taking his I M. A. examination that year. i
. (D). (E) (C} (D)
No Error
40. Having had reached I the station, you I may buy your
(E)
(A) • (B)
ticket and wait for the train for New Delhi./ No Error 51. Not only will she go I to the pictures but she will I also
(C) (E) (A) (B) ·
41. She stole something I from my room and hid it I in her meet some of hercommonz friends in the evening. I
(C) (D)
(A) (B)
recently got sari, so I can't tell you anything about I the No Error
- (C} (E)
stolen thing unless or until I check the room ../ No Error
~I (D) -(E)
ANSWERS
1. (B} 2. (E) 3. (B) 4. (B) 5. (B)
~Walking in the field I late at night, a snake bit me I and
?
~ (A)
(C) (D)
(B)
that was the reason I why I was in a hurry. I No Error
, (E)
. 6. (A)·
11. (D)
16. (C)
7. (E)
12. (A)
17. (A)
8: (C)
13. (C) .
18. (A)
9.'(E)
14. (A)
19. (C)
10. (E)
15.(C)
20. (8) I
43. It is better to stay at home I than to walk ill the street I 21. (A) 22. (A) 23. (D) · 24. (A) 25. (A't
(A) ~ (B)
26. (D) 27. (E) · 28. (B) 29. (A) 30,(A)
when there erupts I a communal riot in the town. I
(D) 31. (B) 32. (B) .33. '(B) 3.4. (A)
·I
I
(C) 35. (Cl
No Error 36. (C) 37. (B) 38. (C) 39. (B) 40.(A}
(EL 41. (C) 42. (A) 43. (B) 44. (B)
45.(B)
44. He works hard I that he should please I his Manager 46. (C) 47. (B) 48. (A)" 49.'(D) 50. (E}
(A) (B)
51. (E)
topromote him I to the post of Sales Executive: I No Error •
(C) (D) (E)
68 A Mirror·of;;Cotnmon:Errors
• EXPLANATIONS ·. :, l (ii) They do
J.
not work hard.
J.
· 1. (B) 'held' ~ ~ 'hold' cfiT -~ n ~
'held',
'hold' cf;r 'Past form t ~- Modal Auxiliary Verbs do V1
[can, could, may,. might, shall, should, will, would, (iii) She did not . ~-
must, dare not, need not~] ~ ~ Verb~ ati:r:t J, J;
First Form [i.es, V1] it ~ !: did V1
~- 7.(E) ~~!1
(!) He will/ can I should I must do it 8. (C) 'was' cfiT '31'<it1T ~ ~. ~ cm superfluous
J. ' =,
J. (3,j::jjcij~<lcfi) tJ
Modal Aux. V1 9'. (E) ffl<Pi ~ ti
2. (E) ~~tt. 10. (E) ~~t1·
0) (B) 'has' ~ GflG 'faced' cfiT '!l<WT "tf1TT ~ ~ <n ~ 11. (D) 'do'~ ~ infinitive 'to' cfiT '!l<WT m1TTI .
Auxiliary Verbs cfiT ll"<IT1T ~ Conjunction t ~ 1-2. (A).Being_~ ~ 'It' 'cfil' m
mrTT, ~~Participle
~ ~ '3ft ·31'1R ofR 'Verb'~ 3IB11"~ fo~s mt ~ ~ ~ Subject of Referenc ~ ~ ~ 'if
m mrr ~ Aux. Verbs ~ ~ ~-~ Main Verb cf;T. Being ~ ~ Subject of Reference ~ t, ~ ~
~ ~ mm~ Aux. Verbs ~ -~ Main Verb ~ 'cfil' aN. ft [we being a rainy day= we were a
~ forms~ ~ ~ ~ ~I ~~.'Have' rainy day,] '3ft ~ ~. &if41,EXIG · ti ""2fFi ~ f<f;
'weather', 'season', 'time' ~ 'afa'R' ~ ~ ~
cfiT ~ ,ft ~ - tt-Have, Has, Had· am ~ v3
Introductory Subject 'It' cfii 'Jl"<IT1T ffl :t tt-
[Past Participle form of tM Verb]~ t; ~-
(i) It was a fine morning.
(i) They have done it in no time.
TT (ii) It was four o'clock.
have V3 afR ~ 'It' Participie <fir Subject of Reference ~
m if ~ ~ cflcPf f.:tqf~Rsd ~ lfi Synthesis t;tt-.
~~i-- (i) It was a_ fine morning. We. went out ·
(i) He has written a lot of answers. ~ ~ q']q<IT q;I" Participle ~ ~ ~ R&.lf('!f<sfd .
(ii) Hewill ~rit~ a lot of answers. qfcp.f~-
~ $rr ~ if He 'd1?IT a lot of answers cfiT Common It being a fine morning, we went out.
~ -qt 13. (C) 'obtain'~ ~ 'obtaining' ft ~ 1* ,m: ~
He [has written+ will write]a lot of answers. # it Verb 'cfil' sequence t :
~ { +] ~ ~ 'tR 'and' m~ of meeting
14. (A) 'came' ~ ~
reading
'come' ~
and obtaining.
<Rl'fcf; Do, Does, Did
. He has written and will write a lot of answers.
~(B) the students ~ ~ 'have' cfiT ~ ft ~ ~ ~. GflG V1 cfiT 'lf<ll1T ~ t I
'Neverbefore't ~~~if~ fti;<rr cfiT He ·does l did not ~. there.
'll<WT Subject~ 'q"ffl mm
t afR ~ 'Subject' 'the J.
students'!, atcr:, Verb 'have'~I ~- vi
Never before have I seen such a beautiful girl. 15. (C) 'lifted'~ ~ 'left' cfiT m1TT ~ m-
'l.ift' <iiT a1¥f
5. (B) 'thought' ~ ~ 'think' cfiT ~ m11T ~ 'must' . ~ t ~· ~ 'leave' cfiT t ~·i wt mm
~ Modal Auxiliary.! ':3IT ati:r:t ofR V1 cfiT -~ ffirr Leave~ Lift~ ~ q;t" ~-
t, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-~ (1) ~ ~ Present Past Past Participle
~I J, J, J,
6. (A) 'doubted'~ ~ 'doubt' cfiT ~ WIT ~ ~ (i) leave ~) left left
~ 'Do' cf.I' ~ ~ · form ~ ofR v1 ffiIT !1 (ii) lift ~) · lifted lifted
~ ~ 'Do' ~ aR forms 'does' 'dm 'did' !1 16. (C) 'done'* ~ 'made' m1TT cf<n'1% 'make a mistake'
~- idiomatic~ ti are-: ~ ~ ,~ Passive Voice
(i) Does he write ? ~n m~ ~ ~ ~ 'a mistake made'.
T --r- Pict~f&d Phrases cit- ~-
Does V1 (i) make a mistake.
• .. •' .,< .,.!. • ; - •
(ii) make a noise. ..23. (D) 'taken' ~ ~ 'wer~· <fir ~ n ~

(iii) score a goal. . house' Singular Subject t, 3Tcf.: ~ ~ 'was•'ciiJ
{iv) <.>mm.it a sin I crime. . WWT s3lf t; ~ 'the things' Plural Subject ·aw: t
'17. (A) 'hope' ~ ~ 'fear' cf;'f WIT ~ m 'hope' cf;!' ~ ~ 'were' q;r WWT ~ Wt!TI ara:·, qJcf<f <R"
3[1.tf1'T pleasurable things (an=i<<l4l ff) ~ ~ ~ ~~n, .
· t; ~-(i) I hope he will succeed in the I.A.S. (i) Not only the house was looted but also the th~
Examination. were taken away.
(ii) I hope the country will progress by leaps and 24. (A) will~~ 'shall' q;r ~~~First Person
· bounds. ' ~ m-er ~ 'shall' cfi1" 'lflITlT ~ t ~ ~ efR 'be
~ 'fear' cfiJ" m- unpleasurable things ~ ~ .C~ obliged' I 'be grateful', 'be forced', 'be compelled',
~ ~ ~~ n t ~ 5:~ ~. ~~ <f;{.\cliffi ffl') 'under the necessity of' anR q;r JflITlT tt- m;
~~~t;~- •. (i) I shall be obliged to you. [':f fcf; I will be obliged
(i) I fear the dacoits will kill Dr. Sinha. to you.] ·
18. (A) 'taking' q;r ~ ~ "ID1TT ~ 'taking' ~ "ll'1WT ~ 25. (A) 'were'~~ m, ~ qJcflf Active Voice if t,
AA im: ~ q;i- ~ ~ t fcf; ·~ -AA ~ ~ 26. (D) 'Iain' ~ ~ 'lied' cf;! ~ ~ ~ 'lain' lie
~ ~ Tfl!T" ~ ~ iil~l~e: ti ~ Part cf;'f [~ q;i- Past Participle ~ t ~ 'lied' 'lie ~
~ ~ m-After Taking tea, <1T After he had ~ ifift At.ff<::tf~d Verbs.~ ~-
taken tea. <1T Having taken tea <1T When he, had taken
tea.
19; (C) 'left'~ ~ 'have been' cf;'f WWT ~ ~ ';;J'if'
qJcflf if~ Subjects fi:R"-f,r-r Numbers·~ mm~ (i) lie ~ ~) lied lied
~ Verb~ form cfil' ~ ~ ~ ~; ~- (ii) lie ~). lay lain
(i) One was killed and five were injured. (iii) lay ~ · laid · laid
T T ·-r- T . 27. (E) ~~t,
Subject Verb Subject Verb
(Singular) (Singular) (Plural) (Plural) 28. (B) 'to' cfil' 6GRT ~. ~ 'Do'~ fci;m- fonn ~ .:rn;
"3m "31cm:, ~ nothing but (!'P.l'T Verb l;t m~
Verb f.RT' [to] q;r
(ii) Five · have been sent to jail and one has

t,
~ i'raT' tt-He does nothing but sleep in the
TT~ · TT day time.~ 'sleep'~ ~ 'to' q;i- "Sl<iPT lJffii HI
Sub. Verb Sub. Verb 29. (A) 'broadcasted'- ~ ~ 'broadcast' cfi1" ~ n~
(Pl.) (Pl.) . (Sing.) (Sing.) 'broadcast' q;r Present, Past om Past Participle ~
· been released. _ . ll<6 ~ ~ ti ~ ~ cast, recast q;r m-:rr ~ ~
~ ~ Subjects cfi1" Number ~ ~ it ll<6 -gt m mart,
Verb~ cfiT1f ~ ~ t; ~..,__ 30. (A) 'fell'~ ~ 'felled' cJ;T" "ll'1WT ~ ~ 'fell' cfif
(i) Two were killed and five injured. ~ l!'lm t ~ ftm;rr'' ~~
~ ~ if 'five'~ ilR 'were' understood jr ~ ti yl v2 y3
20. (B) 'been' q;'r ~ ~ my- ~ To be [~ ~
~ is I are I am (was I were I be I being I been] +
J, ! J,
v3 q;r 1!<TI'1T Passive Voice if moT t, anr: AA lfl1: (i)fall ~) fell fallen
..
~ cm ~ ~ t fcf; 'doctors~
~ -~ <il'T (ii) f~ll ~ fTRAT) felled felled
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t fcf; 'doctors' patient (iii) feel ~ ~) · felt felt
cfil' ~ ~ ~ ?ITI [~ ~ ft.;flrr] I 31. (B) 'overflown'~ ~ 'bverflowed' cf;! 'li<TI'lT ~ cf41f~
21. (A) 'Going' cm ~ 'Participle' ~ ~ if ?f t ~ overflow cf;T Past ~ overflowed (!'P.l'T Past Participle
~ Subject of Reference~ ~ ti anr: ~ ~ ~ overflowed Rt.ffo1f~a Verbs~ ~ mm t,
~
22. (A) 'shall'~
fcf. 'While II she I he was going
~ 'will' q;r 1l<IT7T WIT ~
•
~~-,ii~1-4~a4-,
~qi)~--:-
Present (V1) Past (V2) Past Participle (V3>
'shall' q;r m
Second ~ Third Person ~ m-er
Interrogative Sentence if~ t; ~- mm ! ! j,
. (i) Shall you go ? (i)fly ~) flew flown
(ii) Shall they go ? (ii) flee (\WT 7ilRT) fled fled
~ cfrcPIT if 'Will' q;r ffl ~ ~t (iii) flow ~) flowed flowed
70 ... , •. ·. , ·. • •
. A Mirroilrroon\monEtrdrs
. "' .. " .., ·;:, .•. 1. • .•.
.32. ('B) 'to marry his dau'g~~~ -~ 'to' get his daughtef 40. (A) 'had' cfiT m
superfluous [31-!lc:llt <lcfi] t1 ~ W fcfi
married <fir WT .t<Zif·qfi'n ~ 'we advised him 'Having+ y3, cfiT ~ ~ t; ~-
, to marry his daughter' .cfil' a1'f '"gif,r ~- 3N-fl' tt t (i) Having read the book, you should return it
it ~ ~ ift/~ <6''· ~ -gir ~ :~ t f.t;
m a-t ~ ~ * m·. ~ ~ * ~
f.l*-lf{-IRsd cflcPf ~ ~-
c!\''1
J.
Having . V3
J.
. (i) m ~ m: ~-He got a house built t.o the library.

33. (B) 'hung' ~ ~ 'hanged' cfiT ~ Ml 'hang'-~ use 41. (C) 'got'.~~ 'gotten' q;r 1l<fl'1T m"ITI ~ -ra fcf; Past
w~- . Participle ~ Present Participle cf;T ~ Verb <1v.rT
Present P35t Past Participle ·Adjective~ ~ if ~ t°; ~-

(i) hang ({1c!<fiHI) hung hung (i}He is running. ~ ~ t-11
J,
(ii) hang ~ ~) hanged hanged.
34. (A) 'seated' ~ ~ 'sat', 'appeared' 1ff' ~ 'took the (Present Participle)
examination' 'qif ~ n1 ~~ · (ii) I saw a running horse.
(i) Students/ examinees appear at I in an r -1-
examination. ..·..,•,.;.- Adjective Noun
(ii) Students I examinees'~e an examination. ~. ~ ~ Verbs lITTI' ·i ~ Past Participle if~
(iii) Teachers I invisilators give an examination. ~ [Two forms] lITTI' !1 ~ ~ ~ Verb~ ~ if
35. (C) 'give'~~ 'take' cfiT ~ ~ cfiRUr offl:-~ 34 ~ ira1' t ~ ~ Adjective~ ~- if1 ~ ~
. ~~~h1T11Tt1 Verbs 'fl Main Verbs I Principal Verbs_~ (A) it ~
~ ~ A ~
36. (C) 'to' w 'Let+ Subject+ V1' w ?\ 'Q.cf ~ ~I , . .
@.A) 'walking' ~ ~ 'While I was walking' q;r ~
~*mt:~-
(i) Let them
~ n ~ 'walking in the field, a snake bit me'
T r ~
if 'walking' 1'11' m
Participle ~ ~ if t m<fif,
Subject 'A snake' ti ~ ~ t f.i; ·~ ~ ~ i:t
. Let Subject v' ~ ~ tn't anr:, Participle cf>I' Subject of Reference-
~ 'll"ffl \lJR ~ fct;
M'iffi~~~mr~;~- \
Sul>jed + watch l behold I see I make I hear +
(i) Sitting in my room, Ram came to see me.
Object+ V1 lfi1' ~ iraf t, -;r fcl; To + V1 1'11';
~ 1f?t <flcFlr q;r ~ t-
tt-·
(i) I made . him
-r- T
larb. (";r ~ to laugh]
Ram was sitting in my room. Ram came to see me.
~ ~ ~- ~ t fcf; I was 'sitting in my room.
Ram came ·to see me.
Make Obj. yl
~ ~ ~ W~ ~ -~ Conjunction 'While'
~ v2 W ffl ~ imf ~ . .~ ~ .mriT fcfi While I
(ii) I heard him say so. f-f frf; to say so] was sining in.µiy. room, Ram came to see me.
37. (B) 'making' ~ ~ 'joining' 'llT 'participating in' cfil' ~ ~ ~ P~ciple ctre qTcp:I" if am ~ ~ ~
n. ~
'Sf'lfl'lT seminar 'q' !311' ~ t 'llT ·~rair~a· Subject~ Participle~ m~ ~m ti ~
· ;_~;~ ',wr' ~ ~ t,
'Make a seminar' 1'11' -~ ~ m~
~ Sut,ject <'!'IT Participle cf;l'.. on-r-irn itcfi J
t1 m 'seminar' 'arrange'1ft ~ ~ !L ~ t ~ Participle cfiT m~ ti ~ Subject cPIT
: 38. (C) .'has'* -~ 'have' lfif ~ m-'1T ~ 'might' 'Q;cfi' Participle~ ~~ m '-llft' t <IT ~ aN t fcfi
· Modal Auxiliary t ~ ~ ~ ffl1T V1 ~ t1
Pa.'ticiple ffl ,wr if Error t, ~ ~--"l'f'Q; qTcp:I" W
~ ~ ~ ~ offl:-msqr I~ oZJl1§!fT ~I ~-
(i) Sleeping in the train, a thief removed all my
39. (B) 'to' <iii' m ~ m-'1T ~ 'bear+ Object+ V1' 1'11'
luggage. ·
m irar t: -tt- · ~~if~ flF;7.ir removed 9it.S.ubject'a thief' l1
(i) I heard him sir- ~ Subject ~ Participle ~ ~ ~ 'tR ~ tfra t
-r- T fci; 'A thief sleeping in the train'. ~ • A theif was
hear object v' sleeping in the train.' ~ ~ ~ ~ t fcfi Subject
lfif <'!'IT Participle'cfiT on-r-im" ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~
v2
. --..,,_:_ ... ~~_ ..............._ -',ij

·····-·-· ----
t ~ ·~ ~ ~ if n ~. ~ ~ ~ w ~ 46. (C) 'noticed'~ ~ 'found' <$T lPrr!T ittrr ~ 'notice•

~ -g'.21" ~ ~-1JT'lflif ~ ~,·· ~ aw ~ ~ <ff ~ t observe, see ("21R' ~. ~) ~ 'fiodi~
-m~~~~~- ~ ~ t get back after a secU"ch ~ ~ ~ llRl)J
While I was sleeping in the train, a thief removed all
my luggage.
~-
(i) I found him lying in bed.
43. (B) 'than' ~ GflG ,e1q1..J.1<1: Infinitive Particle 'to' cfiT (ii) I found my purse missing.
-m ~ ~
~-
t ~ ~ v' cfiT ~ irar t ~.
(i) I noticed how he was quarelling with his tools.
(i) You had betterto dosome work than wander. (ii) I noticed he was becoming more and more
.J, .J, agressive.
than V1 47. (B) 'will'~ ~ 'should' cfiT JPU1T mlfT ~
44. (B) 'should' ~ ~ 'may' cfiT ~ mlfT ~ Suggest I propose + to + somebody + that +
f-:iAf('1f&d Verb sequence cfiT lflrr7T ~ t- Subject+ should+ V1 'ifiT ~ ~ t; ~-
(i) He will work hard, so that he may pass.
I suggest to Raju that he should go. ,
(ii) He works hard in order that he may pass.
~ ~ 4 shall I will I can I co~ld I may I might
(iii) He worked hard I so that I in order that he might .~ ~ 'Sl1ff1T ~ ~> ~ t, a«r:-
pass.
(i) I suggest that he will do it.
fcf;tjt cfi1cf cfiT ~ dldi-lqil-1 qfCflff ii' ~ Clause
. (ii) I propose that he can stay with me.
Present Tense if ~ ffl
~ Future Tense ~
Dependent Clause ~ that ~ so that 1lT in order .
·. t=1' qr,pff ~ will
I can ~ li1n1r ~ ti ~ ~
that~~~ t ~ 'may' cfiT ~ ~ ..m,r t. should 'ifiT JPU1T A ~I
am: ~ ~ Clause Past Tense if it <IT Dependent 48. (A) 'Judge'* ~ 'Judging' <W ~ A U4R ~ ~
Clause if 'might' cfiTI ~ ~ ~ ~ cfl'<flif ~ Imperative Sentence (V1) ~ ~ ~ t ~
'may' 1lT 'might'~ ~ shall, will, should, would Participle ~ ~ Judging, considering I viewing I
cfiT~~m;~- referring /regarding~~~~*~~
(i) He labours hard so that he will do well in the "'1<IT t1 ii' mt vrse:· -iTI' Participle J«fto t m
· examination. [ll1 ~ ~ ·,_wil!' cfiT lf1nlT ~ ti 'Subject'~~ (Free)~ t. ~ ~ ~
~~ 'may'cfiT·~~ ~i'rart;~-
(ii) · He labourd hard in order that he should (i) Considering all the points, the judge
compete with others. [W ~ if 'should' <fil' ~ ,1,
~ti~~ 'might'cfiT~~-~I]
Subject
45. (B) 'fail' ~ ~ 'failed' cfiT ~ 'ffllTT ~ have, had,
gave his decision.
has, having alTfu ~ ~ V3 [Verb cfif Past Participle.
(ii) Considering all the points, the decision was
Form J 'lf"lTI1T if 31Tm t; -;tq_
.i
. (a) They have come. [;r ~ came}
Subject
J,. .J,
given. . .
have v3 49. (D) 'move' ~ ~ 'moving' m ~ m Verbs ~
(b) He has gone. pr 1'$ went] 'and'~ ~ t 'ffl ~ 'form' v:,.t; -gt ~ t; ~-
.i .i (i) running and walking [-;r ~- walks I walk I walked}
has v3 (ii) run ~d walk [";f fcfi walks I walking I walk]
(c) Having taken breakfast, he went out. 50. (E) ~~ti
J, .i 51. (E) ~~t,
having V3 r-r 1'$ took]
***
.
I
·- L
Chapter-S
A_D_VE
__ R_B_S _..
I
Adverb~ ~ t ~--,-- (vi)~~(Sentence)~~~t;~- ·
(i) fcf;m fif;m *~ iffifm -%;. ~- Fortunate!
.j,
y, he did not receive any injury .
J;
(i) He r.uns fast.
T T Adv. Sentence
Verb Adv. i___.... .I
1'
j r (vii).~: Noun m Pronoun~ ~ ~ cf;!" cfillf
(ii) She spcjks clejly. Adjectives~ t. ~ ~itit: Adverbs t~
<ffl o<fi fcfim
Noun m Pronoun <ti' ~ m .rem
ti-~ Adverbs t-Only,
Verb Adv. even, at least, almost; ~- . .
r r (i) Only Hari has passed. (~ ~ ~ s3TI' t')
~ fcl; -~ *
f.mr-r ~ ~ '11<rr t· ~'.-(i) if 'fast' .J, .j,
~ Adverb t ~ ~ 'runs' *~
t al!IT qjcp.f (ii) ~ Adv. Noun.
ii 'clearly'~ Adverb t ~ fif;iir 'speaks'··~ ~ ~ ti i .. ·- t -
(ii) fcl;m f<mlfUT (Adjective) q;t ~ ~ ·t ~-,- (ii) Only they can save you. ~ ~ 'ffilT ~ of'qT
(i) You are absolutely right.
.. l -r- . ~-ti)
Adverb "Adjective . CJ:,ASSIFICATION OF ADVERBS ·
i i Adverbs ~ ~ *'mt't't
(A) Simple Adverbs
(ii) She is ave( gof girl.
.. (B) Interrogative Adverbs al!IT
. "'
Adv. Adj. (C) Relative adverbs
t r (A) SIMPLE ADVERBS f.lizif<.1f-clq '3f<m: ~ ~ t :-

.. (i) Adverbs of Time-today, yesterday; last month, last
(iii) f~- rai<IT-~ (Adverb) ~ ~ ~ t; year, ago, at present, presently, shortly, directly, late, lately,
~- recently, etc.
(i) She writes vLy carefully.
. J, Adverbs of Time -~ Interrogative al!IT Relative Adverbs
when, how long, whence~ ti
Adv. Adv.
(ii) Adverbs of
Place-here, there, in, out, away, indoors,
i r outdoors, far, near, etc.
(ii) You can run vtry fast. Adverbs of Place ~·Interrogative ~ Relative Adverbs
T !1
I
where, from where~
Adv. Adv. (iii) Adverbs of Number-once, twice, thrice
.. r r
I (iv) fcfim Preposition~ ~ ~ t; ~-
&
Adverbs of Frequency-seldom, never, always, scarcely,
I
'
(i) The bird flew eyctly
Adv.
T
Prep.
his head.
rarely etc.
Adverbs of Number/Frequency ~ · Interrogative ~
Relative Adverb, how many times ti
(iv) Adverbs of Quantity, Range .or Extent-too, very,
i i
much, quite, enough, sufficiently, completely, wholly, partially,
(v) fcf;m Conjunction~ fcml.fclT ~ t; ~- fairly, rather, far, etc.
(i) He killed her sim[1y ~ she had refused to marry him. Adverbs of Quantity. cfif· Interrogative al!IT Relative
Adverbs how much, how far, to what extent~ t'1
Adv. Conj.
(v) Adverbs of Manner, Quality or Stat~-thus, so, badly,
t_i carefully, fluently, beautifully, fast, etc.
Adverbs of Manner~ Interrogative clYfT Relative Adverbs

h.9w,J.n.what way, ~~-
.~ ~ i@f" ~
(= This essay is not very good.)
~ to ..
( vi) Adverbs of Affirmation or Negation-yes, no, surely, (b) This essay is none too bad.
certainly, not, etc. J, J,
3i<i -~ ~ ADVERBS cfil" ~ ~ ~ Problems none too Unpleasant
~~~t, Adj._
(I) Too-more than required (3ll4:tl!cfidl ~ .amlq;)
~~~!U':fffl'll)
~ ~ Unpleasant Adjectives ~ ~ moT t1 (= This essay is not very bad.) .
~-too bad, too naughty, too wicked, too fat, too dull, etc.
(6) Only too= very
a«r: "too glad, to happy, to pleased, too healthy-~~
~ ~ pleasant ~ unpleas~nt Adjectives ~: ~ ~
TJ'ffif t,
(i) I am too glad to meet you lfil' ~ t ~~ ~
~ 1F"f { f.5rcRr ':fffl' ~ ~·, ~ ~ .(a) I am only "too glad to rec~fve your letter: = I am very
~-
q;r ~- ~
.. glad to receive yourietter. . . .
(ii) I am very glad to meet you.

(b) -.-.Your performance is· only too bad. = Your
performance is.very bad.. .
(2) · Too ··-··· to "tR ~ qycprr if Too ~ ~ ~ ~
(7) Very~ Jl<tl'lr_ Pleasant <IT.· Unpleasant A~j_ectives ~
~-PleasantAdjectivelfil' ffl ,fl" m~ t; "tt- ~mrt tt- · · ·· ·· ·
(i) .He is too intelligent to be cheated. (= He is so
(i) She is vef beautiful.
intelligent that he cannot be cheated.)
r
NOTE : (i) if ~ lT1?: ~ (i) cfil" so ... that if ~ ~ 7ol'T very Pleasant Adj.
~t ~c:l'W.Too+glad':fffi'"ffl"~tl) (ii) Sita is
~-
(3) Much too+ UnpteasantAdiectives T
~-much too painful, much too careless, much too very Unpleasant Adj. /..
wicked. (8) Very (l'el'f Much~ Jl<tl'lT ~ ~ ~ ~ :-
(4) Too Much + Noun; ~- (A) Very q:;r 'SPTI'1T Positive. degree ~ ~- b'lcIT t;
Too much pain, too much- carelessness, too much tt-very good, very wise, very lucky, very lion~t ·
insincerity. ~ much~ Comparative Degree~ m;· ~-
~ much too ~ el'R Nouri clYfT too much ~ much better, . much ... wiser, much luckier,
honestett.. .
~.
much more
. .
-
Acfective cfiT ~ Problem ~ ~ • too much
m
q;r ~ cmmuch too ~ -;;m much too q;r ~ NOTE: very much + Comparative Degree ~ '3t<ITIT mm
m:rr ~ <ffli' too much cfiT m ~
problem R'llT ;;irnr t, t;tt-
~- .
very much .better, very much wiser, very much luckier
I
(i) His failure I is too much I painful I for me. J No Error. etc.
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (B) very 1ff much cfil' m ·stiperlative Degree ~ ~
[~ <Wf<l' ~ Part (B) if too much ~ ~ much too cfiT moT ti ~ The + very + sup. ~ Much + the+
.~ R ~ ~ Part (C) if painful~ Adjective !1] Sup;~-:-
(b) His wife's I rude behaviour I gives· him/ much too (a) the ~ best boy.
(A) (B) (C) (D) · r J.. T .
pain. I No Error. the + very + Sup.
[~
(E)
qlq<f if Part (D) if much too~ ~ 'too much' cfiT
~.
(b) much· the best boy.
~ R ~ ~ 'pain' -q:cfi Noun !1] --r- TT
t (5) None too= not very. much + the + Sup.
~~-Pleasant~ Unpleasant Adjectives~~ 'ffl'm (C) Very cfil' 'l!<ITlT P.resent Participle ~ ffl t; war
-ttl"-very int~ing, very daring, very perplexing,
(a) This essay is none too
:r:
go,r: ~
very challenging, very entertaining.
much ~ Past Participle ~ ~; tt-much
none too Pleasant amazed, much ~ved, much surprised, much admired, etc.
Adj.
j
I' ~ _ NOTE : Very q;r m-
Past Participle js -::rtt' ~ t m· &fl' ~. · ·:,
. ~ f.:p..Jfclf~d Past Participles js ~ Very~ ~ t, . I a + rather+ Adj. + N I qi!' w:mr mm t,
very . tired, very dejected, very contented, very
. ed
discontent , very pleased, very drunk, very limited, very
· · ~-a rather difficult problem
·
delighted. · ,!. · J. ·
~ ~ 'pleased ~ ~ 'very' q;r m- mm
t 'lJR · Adj. Noun
'pleased' q;r 3N glad, happy m1 ~-
'pleased' ~ ~ . ~. ·
'much' q;r 'Si<IT7T mm
t ~. 'pleased' q;r .3l?,f 'satisfied' m1 I rather+ a/an+ Adj. 7 NI
q;r oq\' ffl' mm t,
~- . . *-rather a difficult problem.
(i) I was J1e,:y pleased to hear this. (Here pleased= :r :r
glad, happy] Adj. Noun
(ii) I. was much pleased with her letter. [Here glad or (B) Fairly 'cfiT Jl"lIT1T Positive Degree ~ ~ ~ !1
happy cannot be substituted for pleased.] tt-fairly wise, fairly good.etc.
.. =-Nestleld : ENGLISH GRAMMAR, COMPOSmON ~. Rather q;r 'Si<IT7T Positive cm Comparative Degreejs
AND USAGE ~; ~-rather bad, rather difficult, rather worse, rather
(9) Quite q;r ar4 t 'perfectly, completely' ~. hotter, etc.
-cr0....., ,l<K-.:.q-01) 3m ~ '3f<lT1T 'very' q;t ~ -::rtt' mar
ti ara:, (C)_ F.3~rly~ ~Qo;:.~-~ ~ ~ t~ Rather
(i) She is quite lovely. ~ olTG too '4't' mm t; ~'---- -
(ii) You are quite handsome.~ ~ ~ ti (i) fairly too good~ ~ tr
B q]'q<IT q;r ~ ~ t- ~. rather too good~ ~-~ !1
(i) She is very lovely. (D) Fairly--~ <illG Pleasant. Adjectives cfil' 'Si<IT7T ~ t;'
(ii) You are very handsome. tt-fairly wise, fairly beautiful, etc. ·
~ (A) ~ very ~ ar4 ~ quite 'q;T ffl' f.:il-!f~f@d Past Rather ~ <illG unpleasant adjectives q;r; ~-rather
Participles js ~ ~ ~ t- . wicked, rather difficult, rather troublesome, rather dull etc.
Quite delighted C.= very delighted) ~. rather amusing, rather good, rather clever, rather
Quite tired(= very tired)
pretty, rather beautiful qi!' Jl"lIT1T t, mm /
!
(11) Enough .
Quite finished(= completely finished)
(B) ~ Rl-!foif@d Positive Degree ~ ~ ~ quite
m ~
. (A) Enough "q;T Adverb of Quantity ~ ~ if
'Si<IT7T mar t- f<:'
"q;T
mart m ~m- ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~-~ t~
.
quite chilly, quite cool, quite warm, quite rift, quite

~~~t~-
(i)· He is intelligent enolgh to unde~~tand it.
wrong, quite alone, quite well.
. ~
(C) Quite o"1T all q;r 1flnTl' ~ m
-:rt!' ~ ti. am:, He. Adjective enough
. is quite all right~
~~He
~ ti
is quite.right.
(ii) She runs¥ enlugh to win the r~ce.
Adverb enough
He is all right~ WTTI l'2!R' ~ fcl:i Adjective m Adverb js m enough cf;!' ffl'
(D) Quite q;t fcrn,rnr Gf'd'R 'q;T q:;yir ~ ~ Adverb :rnl' cfR: Problem~ -:srrnr t'; ~- .
ctR:~t; ~- (i) He is I enough lucky I to get I a job. I No Error.
(i) He is absolutely ,quite right~ ~ !1 (A) (B) (C) (D) . . (E)
~~.
(ii) He is absolutely right.
[Part (B) ii' 'enough lucky' %i ~
WTTI] . .
lucky enough ~
'
m, (B) Enough~ m
ffllT Positive Degree~ Adjective m
(iii) He is quite. right~ ~I Adverb "q;T ffl' mm
t-1 ~-be;mtiful enough, car;ful
(10) Fairly 'dtlf Rather enough, tall enough.
(A) I a+ fairly+ Adj.+ N l'q;T m ~ i, ~ ~ ffi. Comparative err Superlative Degree q:;r
~....:...a fair~y good , book. m ~ '4't' Problem~~ t; ~-
J. J. . (i) He is I greater enough/ to pardon I you. I No Error.
Adj.- Noun (A) (B) (C) (P) (E)
(ii) She is luckiest f enough to be/ selected for/this post. I NOTE :· Present Perfect <if Past Perfect~ ~ ago q;r
(A) (B) (C ) . (D) ~ ~ Problem fsnr ~ t-1 tt-
No Error.
{i) He I has come I a month I ago. I No Error,
(E)
(A) (B) . , (C) (D) (E)
~ (i) ~ Part (B) if greater~~ great~~ (ii)
. (ii) I I had seen I him a I month ago. I No Error.
~ Part (A) if luckiest ~ ~ lucky cnr ~ WTT <Fil%
(A) (B) (C) (D) . (E)
Positive Degree + enough q;t ~ ~ t, · [~ (i) ~ Part (B) if 'has come' $ ~ 'came' (1?:11'
1t,:' (12) Hard~ Hardly
~ (ii)~ Part (B) if 'had seen'~ ~ 'saw' cnT·wrT ~I]
Hard cnr ~ t ·~· ~~~Adjective~
"(15) At Present/Presently/Shortly
~if~!; tt-
Adverb~
(i)
il,
It is a hard
At Present cfiT -~ t (~, ~ ~) am: ~ ~
~- · Present Tense if mat :t ~-
. J, j,
(i) At present he is in the room.
Adj. Noun
(ii) At present We don't need any more ·
(ii) He works hard.
f.f;.:g, Presently I Shortly q;r ~ future Action % ffi'Q'.
.i ..,I Future Indefinite if m t. ~...:.,-
Verb Adverb (i) He will come presently.
~. Hardly cnr ~ t ·~~ ;:i- ~ ~· ~ ~
(ii) They will go shortly.
m Adverb~ ~ if ~ mm- !; ~- (16) Early (1?:11' Soon
(i) She hardly comes to me.
(A) Early cnr ~ Adjective ~ Adverb -ey;:ff ~ ~ if
J, j,
nt,~~t 'f<f;m~q;)"~~~-~·;·~~
Adverb Verb (i) He came in the early
1(' (13) Late~ Lately . j,
Late cnT ~ t ~· (after the right, fixed or usual time) . Adjective Noun
am: ~ ~ Adjective (1?:11' Adverb~ ~ if ~ t; tt-
~ ~ ~ ~ ¥'"~ Gf!G)
(I) You are late.
--r- (ii) Roses blossomed early this spring.
Adjective (B) Early cfiT ~ 'f¥ra ~ ~ ~· ~ 3lv.f if ,ft ~

(ii) In the late, su.mmer, _ .: ..
T l . (i) He arrived early in the meeting. ~ ~, -q' ~ ~
Adj ', , Noun ffi'. aw;rrl)
(iii) He came late last night 0T f.fi lately) ~' soon est W7T ~· ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ $
....
I
-r- r ~~;;rmt; ~--
Verb Adverb (i) He came to see me soon after he arrived.
Jq,-g Lately ~ Adverb t ~ aw t ~ lrr if' (ii) The -judge pressed. the bell and the peon soon
(recently)~- appeared.
(i) Has he come lately? [~ ~ ~ m if ~ t?] (17) Just (1?:11' Just now
(ii) Did he came late? [<FlT ~ ~ t aw;rr?J Just cfiT ~ 'a moment ago' (t% a;l111'-~) ~-~ if
fc:1t11~1,101 ~ ~ f.f; ~ Adverbs ~ ~ if ~ Adverb of Time js ~ if PresentPerfectTenseif mm-t; ~-
Problems~~ t; ~- (i) He has just gone out.
(i) He was I fined for I coming I lately . I No Error. (ii) I've just had dinner.
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) ~. (A) Just now~ ~ 'at this moment' W ~· ~ ·
[~ ~ ~ Part (D) if 'lately'~ ~.'late'~ "5l<TilT -~ if mm- t: ~-
WTT <Fil% ~ t ~ ~<f.ROT fine~ "GIT ~ t' BfcR ".I am busy just now." _
~ m if 3lR ~ crn:ur fine~ ~ ~ ~ t'i] -A. S. Hornby : OXFORD ADVANCED
(14) Ago cnr -m- ~ Past Tense if ~ t-1 am:, ~ _LEARNER'S DICTIONARY
'TI'
time expression ~ ~ <l'R ag? cnr ~ ! ~ ~ t f.fi (B) Just now cnr m-
'a short time ago' ~ ~ ~)
~ Past Tense 'ffl'lTT; it'. ~- <IT 'a moment ago'~ ~·-q·~1=1f~ ..~ if i'rai- !1 ~ ~
(i) He came« week ago. if ~ ~ Past Indefinite Tense if m'ffl t; ~-
_76 A Mirror of Common Errors
(i) They left · home just now. ·Adverbs~-~ order if ~ ~ ,fl" problem~~
t t t; 'tt-
Past indefinite just now. (i) She sang I in the town hall I welli/ last night. (
Just~ Just now ~ 3l<ITlT -~ ~ if ""f-l~A""f("l'""n::..,&=q f.l.rin' . (A) (B) (C) (D )
cm~- NoError. ·
(E) . .
When just means a moment ago, the present perfect tense
· isnormally used in British English. [~ Part (C) if 'well' cm.~
qJ<i<f ~ ~ tr w~H .<R'
· I have just had a phone call from Sarah.
ffl" in the town hall~ m~
~I]
NOTE : Come/Go/Arrive 3TIR Verbs of Movement !1
Se careful with the expression just now. This can mean a
moment ago, but it is used with a past tense. ·
·~ ~ m Adverb of Place (destination) fiR Adverb of
Manner q;r 'ffl' mm
t1 ~ .
Sarah range up just now. I felt a sudden pain just now.'.'
. ~ Michael Swan : PRACTICAL ENGLISH
Come I Go I Arrive + Adv. of Place + Adv. of Manner.
USAGE (p, 353)
POSITION OF ADVERBS· · . ~-
~ ·if Adverbs <f.iT ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ related (i) The students went home gtckly.
problems ,ft ~ ~ t; ~-.· -r
go q;r
-r
Adv. · Adv.
(i) He came I always. late·/ last I month. I No Error,
· ·(A) (B) .(C) (D) (E)
v2 of of
Place Manner
(~ qJ<i<f ~ Part (B) .if 'always' q;r ~ ffl' t, ~ · (E) Adverbs of Quantity <fir WWT ~: ~ ~ ~
always; seldom, never· a:rrR <fir ~ ~ Verb ~ · w: mm mmmt~~il",~t~"""'.'""
to . . . too bad, very difficult, quite right 3-lTRI
Positiono~Adverbs·~~~~~cm~t. ·
Exception : Enough.
(A) Subject+ Y_ (int.) + Adv. of Manner
uir:r ~ Positive degree~
(i) He speaks fluently. [=r 1% fluently speaks]
· Adjective I Adverb + Enough q;r ffl t;. mm
(B) Subject+ V (fr.)+ Object+ Adv. of Manner
~-kind enough, clever enough,· bold enough,
(i) They wrote it carefully. . intelligent enough, lucky enough, faithful enough etc.
NOTE: mitr-lr ~ it Adverb of Manner cm Object~ (F) Infinitive cm ~ Adverb cm >l<ITlT -:ml' ~ ~
~ 1'm ~ ~ t ~·Object~ ~ ~- who/which/that- ~ ~- Split Infinitive cm ~ a:mtr t; ~~
Clause W 7l'T ~ ~ ~ ~ Object~ fcl,E,qfRe! ~ -~ ~
(i) He asked me to ·carefully do it.
t m Adverb of Manner q;r >l<ITlT Object ~ ~ '41" t;
t
mar
.!, t
~___:_
to Adv. V1
(i) He rewarded liberally all those who had worked for
him. · .. ~ ~ if carefully q;r ffl" Infinitive 'To do' cm ~
(C) Adverb of Place I Time ~ q;r ~ ~ *11'11-<ld: ~ 11<lTt. -it~ tr~ cfT<flr cm~~ t-
cl'm: ~ 3Rf if mm
t; ~- · · (ii) He asked me to do it carefully.
(i) He went · there. NOTE : ~ ~ if ~ _.,.-fl_(."f_..-.i,-(."f if Infinitive ci'I'
. t ~ ~ Adverb ~ ~ ~ Adverb ~). cf;!' m-· ~
"!RT ~ t, ~ fq·ml!!1i101 ~ ~ ~ lR'{q l:l'Rt. ~ ~
. Adv. of Place
(ii) She came yesterday.
'e2tR w 1% Split Infinitive ssr Problem~~~ !1
· . (G) Hardly, . Rarely, Scarcely, Always, Seldom, Never, .
t Often~ <fir ~-Tobe~ ~ ~ ~ Verb~~ ~
Adv. of Time t~-
q;r
(D) fctajl- -~
m-· mm t; ~-
qfcf<f if Adverb of (Manner+ Place+ Time)
·
(i) You ¥ allays right. · .
(i) She sang well in. the town hall . lcJ$t night. to be always
J, i J.. (ii) He never listens to the radio.
Adv. of Adv. of Adv. of -r -r-
n ever main
Manner Place· Time
verb
. .
A Mirror of Common Errors ·
(H) fc:1~1~1101 ~ ~ fcf; Adverb % ~ Preposition q;i- (i) Seldom have I seen such a beautiful.
WUTT ~= :itT .fcf.<rr ;;rrar t, ~ Problems Preposition js · l_ Tl T
~~~-t~- seldom Aux.
v.
Sub. M. V. ·
(i) He listened I to me I with I carefully./ NoError,
sight.
(A) · (B) (C) (D) . (E)
[Seldom I have seen~ iR:ra ti]
WWI" t, ~
[Part (C) if . 'with' cfil"
Ad~erb of Manner t, -m- am ~
ireo
Preposition
carefully ~
:itT -~ t1J (ii) Harf y ¥ ~_f .
to college.
.
. hardly Aux. _ Sub. M.V.
INVERSION NOTE : Position of Adverbs if -.raf<!T i:nrr t fcf; Hardly, · ·

· seldom ... 3TIR q;r ~ To be % "ciiR crerr ~ Verb % lfre
•.
~-t1
Verb <ITT Subject ~ ~ ~ ~ q,v,T Inversion
mm.t; ~-:-
(i) He is never wrong.
l
"Inversion means putting the verb before the subject." rr -r-
-Michael Swan To be never
(ii) She comes·
(i) Hardly had he gone out, when his father arrived. . never
-r-· ~
here.
~~if 'had'~~) fs!;crr- t, ~ Subject 'he'% never M.V.

~ awrr ti W J!cm:, ~ ~
Questions if ~ ~ ~
if Inversion q;r ~
~ t' ~
t-1
Inversion q;r
~.
(i) Never does she come here.
"5JmTT tmrr ti Inversion "IR ~ Proble~s ~ Rit ~ l1 -r. -r r
~- never
v.
Aux. Sub. ·
(i) No sooner the plane landed I at the airport than I a
(A) (B) cfliYfcf; Neveri ~~~ti
group of armed I commandos surrounded it. I No Error. (2) No sooner t ~ ~ ~ ~ -q \ft In~ersion <!'i,
(C) (D) (E)
11<WT·~ t; ~-
(B.S.R.B., Patna; Clerk Grade Exam., 1992)
. ·. (i) No sooner had she seen the dead body of
[~ ~ % Part (A) if Inversion q:;r ~ ff, ~ <IT J, ,l. j.
m 'No sooner did the plane land' <IT No sooner had the plane
Aux. Sub .. M. V.
landed cfil" ~ m,IT; ~ No sooner i ~ ~ <Ira ~
if Inversion q;y: ~ mm
t1]
her husband than she burst into tears.
(ii) No sooner did she see the dead body of
Inversion~ ~ t ~ 1l<m % t-
j. j. ,l.
(A) Partial Inversion
. Aux. Sub. M.V.
r
(B) Complete Inversion
her husband than she burst into tears.
(A) Partial Inversion it' Auxiliary Verb cf;T 1l<IT1T Subject%
~ mm· t
(i)
3lR ~ VERB (M.V.) q;r Subject%~; ~-
Hardly does he come to me.
(3) Only % ~-
Bxpression jt ~ ~ ~
* cfil{ ·Adverb-~
~ Wm ~ ~
<IT Adverbial"
~ Inv.ersion
T J" -y- q:;r "ll<lTlT m t ~-.
Aux. Sub. M.V.
(i) Only by working hard did he
· (B) Complete Inversion·~-~ Verb <IT Auxiliary + Main ,l.. J, J, J,
Verb q;r 'S!<IT1T Subject% ~ t; ~- .mm only - Adverbial Aux.Sub.
{i) Here comes John!
I
i -r- T Expression
M. V.. Subject get success.
l (ii) Just outside the gate was

.
USES OF INVERSION
T
standing
:r
Aux. V M.V. · Subject
~-
J-
~ ~ 1R ~Problem~-
(i) Only by I taking a risk I he saved I her life. I No Error.
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
[Part (C) -q 'he saved'~ ~ 'did he save' cf,f ~ tWtt1
(1) Seldom, never, hardly, rarely, scarcely ~ ~ ~
~ Inversion q;r ffl W'JTI]
~ cfTcf<1T ~ Inversion q;r m mm t ~-
_78 A Mirror of Common Brrors
it' 'If' q;r m t am: 'I were (Subject + Verb)-
*~
~ q'fcpf
Only yesterday, only the day before yesterday, only.last q;r -~ i, ~ cITcf<I" ~ 'If' qi!" ~ ~ ~ 'ITT
month, only after a year, only in a few countries, only in (i) Were ! a bird, I would fly.~ ~I :"
this way, only then 3iTR ~ ~ ~ ~ if Inversion 'cfiT -1. -1.
·wwr~t;~- Aux. Sub.
(i) Only yesterday did he die. [~ were I = If I were.]
J. ,!. mwm:,
Aux. Sub. (i) If ! had done well, I would have
. (4) .. ,No... ~ -af.!- expression 'cfiT Wfl'lT cITcf<I" ~ ~ if ,!. ,!. .L
emphasis ~ ~ ~ '5l'rnT ti ~ ~ if ~ ~ if Sub. Aux.
Inversion 'c!>I' ~ ~ t; ~- been rewarded.
At no time, Under no circumstances, In no way, On no
account, On no condition.
~. I done well, I wouldhave been
(ii) Had
·~ Expressions 1R ~ ~ ~-
,!. J.
(i) Under no circumstances will ! do it. Aux. Sub.
J. . i . J. _rewarded.
Aux.sub. M.V:
[~ Had I= Ifl bad.] .
(ii) At no time was the P.M. aware of (7) Here/There/ Away/Out/Up/Indoors/Outdoor$ a:ufG · t
-1, J, ~ ~ qffi qJcf<lf il' Inversion ~ t. a.~ Mairi Verb ~ Wt
Verb Sub. (Aux. + Main Verb) cf;!' w:rfTT Subject~ ~ ~ t; ~-
what was happening. (i) Away went Sita.
(5) ~ ~ cf><-li:11~ Adverbial Expressions ~ ~ ~ :r
M.V. Sub.
~ ~ -q- '41" Inversion cnT ~ ~ 't ~-
On a hill, In the valley, Round the corner, Under the
(ii) There gzes 11,acy !
table, Outside the gate, Along the nortberu/southem M.V. Sub.
frontier. · ~. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <fR Subject ~ ~ if ~
mwm:. Pronoun jr it Verb 3'lf Subject~ ofR a:rRIT l; tt-
Ten miles beyond the school/under a tree/on the bed,/ (i) Away he went.
Nowhere else. r T""
~~*
wwr m- ilt ~
come, walk, lie, stand, go 3iTR Verbs '!fiT
Verb, Subject ~ ll"re amrr ti ~ ~ if
Sub.
(Pronoun)
Verb
do/does/did 3iTR cf>T 'Sl<fl'lT -:,m' ~ t; ~- (ii) There she

(i) Round the comer went John.
T
Sub.
J, i (Pronoun)
M.V. Sub .. (8) So + Adverb of Manner ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Tl' \fr
[Round the comer did John go~ ~ l1] Inversion cf.T 1f<rrtT ~ l; ~-
mwm:. (i) So ru?ely · did she behave that
(ii) Under a tree was lying a tired old man.
r ~ TT l
So Adv. Aux. Sub. M.v.·
J, i -1. of
Aux. M.V. Sub. Manner
(6) Unfulfilled .wish, condition, desire ffl ~ ~ ~ everybody was off ended.
ffi ~~ 'If' 'cfiT m ~ ~m~~ ii' Inversion '!fiT (ii) So well did he stg that
· >fmlT mm t ~- .T"T TT
were a bird, I would fly. So Adv. Aux. Sub. M.V.
(i) If I
of
J. J. J.. manner
· If Sub. Aux. everyone started liking him;
(9) 'To sucht·.' ~-to such an extent I to such (ii) He did not go there. Neither did I.
lengths I to such 'a point I to such a degree ~) t ~ T r
~ ~if~ Inversion tst m ml" t; tt- He did not go there. Nor ¥ J: Aux. Sub.
(i) To such an extent has he analysed
TT l Aux. Sub ..
Aux. Sub. M.V. (~ (ii)~ Neither did I = Nor did I= I did not go either
me poem that no problem is left. = ~ \ft" ~ 1'fllT I]
~ ffl' ~ ~ Problem~-
PROBLEMS BASED ON ADVERBS
(i) To such a degreeI he made a noise I that people I
(~ ~) ~) Directions : Find out the error in each of the following
rebuked him./ No Error. sentences, if any. If there is no error, your answer is 'E'
(D) (E) 1, Although he is my bosom freiend, I I cannot ask him for I
[~ q'fcFlT ~ Part (B) ir 'he made a noise'~ ~ 'did he . (A) . (B)
make a noise' ~ '5lcTI'lT ~ WIT' ~ ~ 'To such a money without any I vividly reason. I No Error.
(C) (D) (E)
degree't ~ J3,T ti]
~
(10) Not only ~
Not only t * but also ~
qfq=lT . ~
*W ~m Verbs qi!' ~
Not only ~ ~
~
2. Prabha was exorbitantly paid/for how skilful she received/
(A) (B)
the visitors and entertained I them./ No Error.
Inversion tsr m mcIT t ~- (C) (D) (E)
(i) Not only did she read but she also wrote. 3. The captain came I presently butI I can't say where he
. ·.,. TT T (A) (B) (C)
Aux. Sub. M.V. has I slipped out unnoticed. I No Error.
(11) Direct Narration it Reported Speech ~ 'all'G: ~ (D) . (E)
Reporting Verb cfiT 'Sl<n1T W ~ ~ Subject~ Noun W m 4. They were exceptional -good/ orators, so all of us/ listened
Reporting Verb it Inversion ·cfil' ffl ~ t'; ~- (A) ,(B).
(i) "Let us go to the pictures", said Mohari. to them I very attentively.Z No Error. ·
.. T" :i: (C) (D) (E)
Verb Sub. S. He has been trying I to lure her for months {:but owing to
(Noun) (A) (B) ,
(ii) "Do it at once", said Mohan. his misfortune he has I not still succeeeed.r No Error.
T -r (C) (D) (E)
Verb
Sub. 6. The amount which the company I has paid to the depen-
(Noun) (A)
~ Reporting Verb cfiT Subject ~ ~ Pronoun W m dents of the dead worker I was fairly ·unjustified. I
Inversion cfiT m ~ mmti ~ 'Subject (pronoun) + (B) (C) (D)
No Error.
Verb' cfiT >l<lTTT mfil t; tt-
(E)
(i) "Please, help me," she said.
7. He is almost quite competent I for the postof Manager, I
T T (A) (B)
Sub. Verb
so when given a chance, he can lead the company to its
(Pronoun)
(ii) "I will do nothing here', 1T said.
(C)
goal. I No Error.
(D)
T (E)
Sub. Verb
8. The imported articles I which you sell are I enough costly
(Pronoun)
(A) (B)
(12) Conversational English it Neither, Nor ~ So ~ to allow the pocket I of an ordinary man to buy them. I
~ ~-~ ~ ~ ~ f<r;<rr -;;rrm t. ~ ~m ~ (C) (D)
~ ~ GiRr qf<F~ra cfiT m ~ fcf;.iT 11<rr t ~ qfo-~rn No Error.
\ft" m ~ ~ t1 Neither, Nor, So~ t ~- ~ ~ ~ (E)
'cl'J"cR'.IT" it' Inversion cfiT wrrrr ~ t; ~- 9. The students requested their Principal f to be enough
. (A) (B)
(i) He went there. So , did I. kind to grant I them five thousand rupees for I the recons-
T i. (C)
Aux. Sub. truction of the tennis court. I No Error.
[<m So did I = I went there too = -4' \ft" 'iffl 'l'fllTI] (D) (E)
IO. 1· met Neetu about / .tw o years ago and have I . 22. I liked that opportune moment I where the workers proved
(A) (B) . (N (B) -
remembered her I ever for. I No Error. their. might I to take .on the company. I and came out
(C) (D) (E) . (C) (D)
victorious.Z No Error.
11. His essay was unmatched, I so he was awarded the best
(E)
(A) . (B)
prize I in the form of a shield made of silver and ename- 23. He was very I tired of work, I so he said that he was I
. (C) (A) (B) (C)
lled I with some precious stones. I No Error. sorry to accompany us. I No Error.
(D), (E) (D) (E)
12: The leaders of the striking I teachers cal.led on the Chief 24. He is a linguist I and always tries to I make his students I
(A) (B) (C)
. (A) .. , .... ' (B) .
Minister/ for negotiation and/ returned happily. I No Error. · pronounce a word correctly./ No Error.
. ~·- ~ . 00 . (D) (E)
25. Being much contented with the sincerity I of the
13. India played very careful t·right from the. begining of the . . (A)
(A)·
members of the· staff, I the C. M .. said that the state I
match- I held.
.
at
Sharjah
©.
in
order to I win the match. I
. ~ (B) (C)
No Error. needed sincere men like them. I No Error.
(E) · (D) (E)
· 26. When the prince saw the princess I he cried out that he had I
· . J4. Although be only earns I -siX: hundred, rupees a month I he . (A) (B)
(A) . . . . .. . . . (B) . .
never seen such I a beautiful lady before. I No Error.
manages to support I his family./ No Error. ·
(C) (D) (E)
(Q (D) . ·. (E)
27. When asked, he I took tea I and said that it I tasted
15. Only by .talking to I the officers .concemed / they will (A) ~) (C)
. (A) =, (B) · · . sweetly, /.No.Error ..
make out thehidden / implications of the agreement. I No · (D) (E)
(C) . (D) .
Error. 28. The old man is blindly, I so don't call him a liar when I he
: (E). . (A) (B)
· says that he I can't read. I No Error.
_16. All of them will execute I the plan so skilfully I that their (C) (D) . (E) .
(A) (B) (C). 29. Such obstacles will I not stop him; nothing never I did;
officer J will feel surprised . I No Error. (A) . (B)
(D)· . (E)
this is why he is progressing I by leaps and bounds. I
17. I came across I her in Delhi last month I and invited.her I · (C) (D)
. (A) (C) No Error.
to come to Patna. I No Error. (E)
(D) (E).
30. Not only drinking I but also smoking I is very injurious I
18.. Hardly he likes t . to hear my name I after the rift which (A) (B) (C)
(A) (B) . (C) to health. I No Error.
occurred I between him and me. I No Error. (D) (E)
(D} .CE)
31. If you ask me, I Shyama is quite all right I but I can't tell
_19.This room is very I beautiful but too much I small to (A) (B) . (C)
(A) (B) you I much about Radha. I No Error.
accomodatez all of you. I No.Error. (D) (E).
(C) (D) (E)
·32, My friend said I that he was only too glad I to.. hear the
20. He was fortunately I not present on I the rostrum when I CN (B) ~
. (A) (B) (C) result I of his wife. I No Error.
the bomb exploded. I No
Error. _ (D) (E)
(D) (E)
33. "Nobody should try I to disturb me I without any
21. My brotherdoes I not know to make I friends, so he leads/ (A) (B) (Q
(A) (B) · (C) urgency," I the Doctor said to his assistants. I No Error.
a lonely life: I No Error. (D) (E)
(D) (E)
34. Who will believe I that she was not I hardly-hit by her I 47. The eastwards wind. helped I the boat going from tb!!~ _ 7
w (B) (C) · (A) (B)
husband's death ? I No Error. western bank to the eastern I bank of the river'. I
(D) (E) (C). (D}
li Somebody reported to I the contractor that his partner I · No Error.
(A) (B) (E)
. .
bad only died I a week before./ No Error. 48. Not only we lost I what we: had on our disposal, I but we
(C) . (D) (E) . (A) (B) . (C)
36. He asked me to I completely forget her, I but only I know I also / lost our patience. I No Error.
. (A) . (B) (C) (D) (E)
how easy it is to say so./ No Error. 49. "Under no circumstances I we can help I you in this
(D) (E) (A) (B) (C)
37. When carefully examined, I it will give us I a clue to the · illegal I work"; said the Manager.Z No Error.
. (A) . (B) (D) (E)
mystery of/ the case. I No Error. ·
(C) (D) (E)
. SO. Under a tree I was sitting the saint I whom we had seen I
(A) . (B) (C)
38. She looked I at him lovely/ but he did not/ respond to her./
somewhere else./ No Error.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(D) (E)
No Error.
. (E) 51. I don't like/ such nasty I thingsJNorhe does. /No Error.
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
39. He never liked I to treat his brothers friendly, I that's
(A) (B} ANSWERS
why he could not I win their love and favour. I No Error. 1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (A} 5. (D)
(C) . (D) . (E)
6. (D) 7. (A) 8. (C) 9. (B) 10. (D)
40. They are very senior I to me; so I dare not play a joke I on
11. (E} 12. (E) 13. (A) 14. (A) 15. (A)
(A) (B.) (C)
them. I No Error. 16. (E) 17. (E) 18. (A) 19. (B} 20. (A)
(D) (E) 21. (B) 22. (B) 23. (E) 24. (B) ?5. (A)
41. I hardly ever I sec him because I in my opinion he is not I 26. (E) 27. (D) 28. (A) 29.(B) 30. (E)
(A) (B) (C) 31. (B) 32. (E) 33. (E) 34. (C) 35. (C)
a man to be admired. I No Error. 36. (B) 37. (A) 38. (B) 39. (E) 40. (A)
(D) (E)
41. (E) 42. (A) 43.. (E) 44. (A) 45. (E) .
42. Before the game she felt surely I of winning, but after five
46. (D) 47. (A) 48. (A) 49. (B) 50. (E)
(A) . (B) .
minutes/ she realized that it was not I going to be so easy./ 51. (D)
-. No Error.
(C) (D)
EXPLANATIONS
{E)
43. I know that eventually I he will succumb to me I and I. (D) 'vividly' ~ ~ 'vivid' q;r JflU1T m
<Ff'lfcf; vividly
(A) (E) ~ Adverb l <il1' Noun .tr fc:rittraT -:,m' ~ ~ !;
confess that he I has committed a crime. I No Error. ~ vivid ~ Adjective t ~ Noun .tT fcriti:rai
(C) (D) (E) ~ !1 irr ~ t fcf; 'reason'~ Noun t ~
44. "Where else I did you go besides I the office T" she asked ~ m q;r cliTli ~ Adjective cRlTTI Vivia°~
(A) (B) (C) vividly zyrr ~ JflU1T ii' ~ ~-
her husband. / No Error.
(i) He presented a vivid description of his
(D) (E)
J, J,
45. He said that the examination was bad I and added that he
(A) (B) Adj. Noun
could not answer/ questions enough I to pass-it. I No Error. journey.
CC) (D) (E)
(ii) Thisis a vividly presented description
46. Every member I of the family ls I addicted to drinking I J, : . J,
(A) (B) {C)
and so Tom is. I No Error. Adv. Adj.
(D) (E) of his jourriey.
.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2. (B) 'skilful' ~ ~ 'skilfully' cfiT win ~ m- 'l('g' (i) He is still in bed. [Affirmative]
verb 'received'<ti' ~ <fffi<'IT t: tt- · (ii) He has not come yet. [Negative]
(i) He works carefu)ly. [Assertive] NOTE: 'yet' cfiT m ~ zyrr i:f ~:~if;
-r l 3Mf if mar
t ~ rci; qrcp:r (ii) if fcF·lT 1TlIT t,
Verb Adverb
(ii) How carefully doeslie work?
6. (D) 'fairly' ~ ~ 'quite' "llT 'rather' cfiT ffl' mm ~
fairly ~ .i\TG ~ ·~· ~ if ~ ~ ~
r [Interrogative]
Adjective cfiT JPTI'1T ~ l; tt--
Adj.
(iii) I don't know how carefully he works. fairly good I honest I clever a.~1
l -r ~ quite~ rather if; GflG ·~· ~ 'F' ri if
Adv, Verb ~ ~ Adjectives~ ffl' m
mm t: tt-
3. (B) 'persently' cfiT WTI'1l' m WlT ~ 'presently', (i) She is quite right.
'shortly' cfi1" ~ Adverbs of Time$ ~ ii' 'without ·
(ii) You are quite wrong.
delay'~ al?f if Future Tense)r .. t: ~- . mm (iii) The film is rather amusing.
(i) He will return presently I s~ortly.
(iv) The film is rather: boring.
~ it re:il" ~ qf$f if 'The Captain came' Past 7. (A) 'almost' cfiT ~ :rtl' WIT ~ 'quite'~ ~ ~
Tense if t1 ara:, 'presently'-~· ffl ~ t1 Adverb~~~ :rtl' ~ l: tt-
~~just now cfiT m ~ ~; ~- (i) almost quite right.
. (i) He~ it . p~~rntly I stiolly..
(iij-very quite right.
Fu.ti.ire presently I shortly ~ phrases ii' 'almost'/'very' cfif >flIT'lT 'quite' if;
Tense
(cffi ~ ffi ct,~I)
m~t,
8. (C) 'enough' cfi1' 1l<U1l' 'costly'~ 'ai'TG' mrIT ~ Adverb
(ii) He did it just now.
T" r · of Quantity~ ~ ii'·~~ ~ 'enough'~~
Past just now, ~ ~ GflG 3lTffl t ~ ~ ~ ~ t,
~ ~ ~f.f;m') tt-
4. (A) 'exceptional'js ~ exceptionally 'good' mm ~ (i) intelligent en:Cgh
~ Adjective t ~ 'exceptional' ,it" ~ Adjective l
Adj. Adv.
ti ~ Adjective ~ Adjective <ti' ~ ~
~ !1 Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, (ii) kind enjgh
Sentence ~ '*I' ~ ~ cfiT cf;Ti:r Adverb cfi«fT
T
Adj. Adv.
t:~-
(i) Heis T got . - (iii) he~ful enol!Bh
Adj.
-i.
Adv.
Adv. Adj.
(ii) He slips peacefully. (iv) ¥ enolgh etc.
l Adj. Adv.
Verb Adv.
if ~ ~ ~: ~
(iii) He is vly much wiser than you.
-r
~ Adjecti-» ~ ~
Noun~ ffi ~ t~ ~ ~ mRiTcIT t;
Adv. Adv.
(iv) He trew a stone exactlv at the gate.
~-
enoyi;:1
(i) brs
~r
Adv. Prep. Adj. Noun
(v) Fortunat~. they are safe. (ii) enoygh mrey
r :r:
Adv. Sentence Adj. NOU!! ... - -
5. (D) 'still' cf;T >flIT'lT ~ mm ~ ~ ~ 'yet' cfiT ~ N. B. : ~. Adjective ~ ~ if Enough cfiT ~
mm am: ~ ,i\" 'succeeded'~ Gf!G; ~- Noun~ ~ ,it" ii' ~ ti ~-
'not succeeded yet'. As an adjective enough occurs in the pattern
~ "1r=r m' 1% 'still' cfiT ~ ~: Affirmative enough+ Noun or Noun+ enough
Sentence -q ~ t ·~ 'yet' qif Negative Sentence -A.S. Hornby : OXFORD ADVANCED LEARNER'S
lll~- DICTIONARY.
A Mirror of Common Errors 83 -
.(ii) Hafily had he reached the station,

It used to be common to put enough after a noun; T
' 3
r :r
this is not very frequent in Modern English. Have I Hardly Aux. Sub. "V
when the train started.
got time enough to go to the bank ? (or, ..... enough
19. (B) 'too much' ~ ffl 'much too' ciiT "S("lIT1T q;(';IT ~
time ..... ?)
~ 'too much'~ .iR Noun qiJ' "!flnTT ~ t ~
-Michael Swan : PRACTICAL ENGLISH
'much too' ii>~ Adjective ciif; ~-
9. (B) ~ 'enough' q;r ~
USAGE (p. 203)
kind (Adjective) ~ .iR m-rrr (i) It gives me too Tuch par:
~~~~3'ffi:-~8~1 · .
· too much Noun
10. (D) 'for'~~ n ~ Adverb js
'since' q:;r >IWr
~ if since q:;r >l<ITlT ever js ~ mm t am: ~ q1q<f (ii) It is much too pailful. ·
~ -a:Rf if ~ ti m. ~ m ~ w fci; ever since r .
much too Adj.
~ Clause: Present' Perfect if ~ t" ~ ~ 20. (A) 'Fortunately' q;r ~ qf<t<f ~ ~ -q lrr1TI" ~ ~
Clause, Past Indefinite if; ~-
qf<t<f <fil ~ ~ ~ 'Adverb' _<R ~
(i) I saw him two years ago and
:r ~: q1q<f ~ w- i\' ~ t; ~-
Past Indefinite (i) Frankly speaking, you are dull. .,
have remembered him ever since. (ii) Unfortunately, he was wounded in the head.
21. (B) 'know' ~ 'to' ~ ~ i\' 'how' cJir "!flnTT ~ _mrrTI
Present Perfect ~- W fcl'i know ~ ~ how I when I where I what
11. (E) cfl<J<r ~ t, ~ oi"R Infinitive (To+ V q;r ~ 1)
m-aT 't ~-
12. (E) cfl<J<r ~ t, (i) I know how to swim.
13. (A) 'careful'~ ~ 'carefully' q;r
Verb wrriT ~ ~ (ii) I know when to start some new business.
'played' <it ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Adverb <it (iii) I know what to do with a rascal.
~ti~ W fcf; careful~ Adjective t. ~ 22. (B) 'where' ~ ~ '~hen' cf;T JlcU7T ~ m-rr ~
carefully~ Adverb. Relative Adverb js ~ if 'where' ~ (Place) ~
14. (A) 'only' ciiT ~ ~ !1 ~ ~ 'six hundred ~ ~ mr t ~ 'when'-~ (time)~ ~;
rupees' ~ m ~
~I %'.llR W fcf; 'only',
~-
'almost', 'even' 3flR cf1l' ~ <EtlitF4d41 C3tq; ~
(i) I don't know (the place) where he usually sits.
~~~Ht~ mnrar it~ !1 ~ .......
(ii) I don't know (the time) when he comes.
(i) Only he went there. [~. air ~ ~ I (3l=ll"
~ (i) if 'the place'~ ~ 'when'~ 1IWT" 'ITmf
~~))
R ~ qJcfll' (ii) if· 'the time'~ ~'where' <ifirl
(ii) He only went there. [<ff qgY -~ TT1ff I (alR · 'the place'~ 'the time' q;r- mit brackets~~~
~ ~ fc!;"lrr)J t ~ aT2f t 'the place I the time' q;r Ji<TI'Tf ~
(iii) He went only there. [~ ~ ~ ~ I (~ qyq:qr if %"lIT
>fcliR ~ ,ft si!T ~ t ~~ 'ift-1 3lvm(_
~~~)}. ~ tt ~ if q]cfq"~ wt1
15. (A) only q:;r 'Sf<IT1T 'to' ~ ~ RI ~ 'By talking 23. (E) ~~t1
only to the officers concerned: , ~ <Etklf..%ffl. · NOTE : ~ Past Participle ~ Adjective ~ ~
~l*.filR.lil ~ 'olrn ~) ~ ~I ~ ~ ~
much q;r ~ iraT l; ~-much surprised I much
~~~14~~~1 shocked 3lTR, ~ ~ tired, dejected. COnlented,
16. (E) <if<Ff ~ tr drunk 3TI'R ~ ~ very q;r "5llITlT ~ t; ~-
17. (E) ~~tr · (i) I found him ~ dejected .
18. (A) Hardly~ oi"R 'does' q;r "li<n7T R ~ 'likes'~~ .j, l
'like' q,(-11 ~. ~ hardly, rarely, scarcely, Past very
seldom~t~~~if~~q;r Participle
1f<lTlT Subject ~ ffi mm t "d'l!IT ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~. very pleased~ much pleased~ m m-
~ Subject~ cfR Verb mar t; ~- ~ ti ~ ftzj'a- if ~ ~ ~ 3RR 3lT ~ t,
(i) Seldom does he ~ me. -~--
-t. T""J J, (i) I am very pleased_(= glad, happy) to see you.
Seldom . Aux. Subject v1 · (ii) I am much pleased (= satisfied) with· yoc
performance.
24. (B) 'and always tries'~ ~ 'so he always tries' 111' 'this 31. (B) quite tl!lT all cf>I" ~ ~ ~ ;m'· ~ !1 ~ it ii
is the reason why' qif ~ ~ n ~ . ~ ~ <fir ll<fl1T ~ ~ ~ ~ t; tt-
'Linguist' . ~ ~ 'mft ~ ~· ~ (i) Shyama is quite right.
cfirolT-im:um:f q;r ~ (cause-effect relationship) !1 111',
f.:iAR-!Rgd qfcf1.!1' q;I' ~-=- (ii) Shyama is all right.
(a) He is intelligent, so he understands it. 32. (E) ~~tr
. (b) He was late, so he was fined. 33. (E) ~~tr
25. (A) 'much' ~- ~ v~ry q;r ~ j\,m cfiroJT ~-m§!IT 34. (C) 'hardly' % ~ 'hard' cf;T "!l<IT1T ~ ~ 'hardly'
23~~~i, <fir 3N mt~~·. ~%~·;~'hard•
26. (E) ~-~t1 . cfrr · 3N ~ t ~·1 ~ 'hard-hit' cfrr aN W1J
27•. (D) 'sweetly' ~ ~ 'sweet' lfi1' A ~ m'
taste, ~~t~~~·;tt-.
feel, seem, appear, look, smell, remain ~ 'Copula (i) He was hardly hurt. ~ ~ 'tl' I -::i- % ~
Verbs' t' ;;ii' 3lti:I' ~ Adjective~ t, ~ f.l; Adverb ~~)
tt- .
(ii) He was hard-hit, ~ imr atTiITTf ~)
(i) Sugar tastes sweet. (:r f<f; sweetly)
-:r- . 35. (C} 'only' cfrr '5flIT1T 'a week ago'~ 'q"ffl ~ ~
R ~ ~ 'q"ffl ~ m'r
~
'only died' q;r ~ t
Adj.
(ii) A rose smells sweet. (:r 1% sweetly) ~ iro', ~ ~ mft 3N ~ ~ t;
-r- tt-
Adj. (i) He only died yesterday. ~ ~ t"]
(iii) She looks beautiful. (=r 1% beautifuly) (ii) He died only yesterday. ~ ~ t]
J, ~ qJcpf cfrr 3N t ~ ~ ~'fil lfU' I
Adj. 36. (B) 'completely' W lflIT1T 'her' % om:: A ~
'to + ,
~ (iv) She Iooks suspiciously at him.
'
Adverb
l ~,,
completely + forget' if 'Split Infinitive' cfrr ~ '31T
37. (A) 'carefully' q;r ~ 'examined' ~ ~ ~ ~

or,
Adverbs of Manner [~ carefully, critically,
(v) She looks at him suspiciously.
beautifully, lovingly, peacefully] cnT JlcTilT ~:
l
Adverb Verb~4"G~t; ~-- ·
~~. -;;J1I' 'Look'q;r~ ~·~m~am~ (i) He sljps peacefully.'
Adjective 'ffilT t ~ 1% ~ (iii}~ ~ ~ ~ l
t: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~· ~m ~ 3N=I' ~ Verb . Adv. of Manner
~,,
'Adverb'~
28. (A) blindly ~ ~

t~
'blind' q;r
fcfi
A ~
q'lq<f
m
(iv)~
'blindly'
(v) if~
.
'q;I' (ii) They run
T
Verb
fast.
"T
Adv. of Manner
(iii} She examined it critically.
~ Adverb ! ~ 'blind' ~ Adjective; Verb am :i: , r :r:
'To be'~~ 'Adjective'<fir m
'ffl<TT t 111' 'Adverb Verb Obj. Adv. of Manner
+ Adjective' <fir; tt- 38. (B) 'lovely' ~ ~ 'lovingly' <t'il' ~ 'ffl'lTT ~
(i) He is handsome. 'lovely' ~ Adjective t ~ lovingly ~ Adverb
.J, J, of manner t; tt-
(Vero)
(To be)
Adj. (i) She is a lorly ¥·
(ii) He is ~ handsome. Adj. Noun
.L J, (ii) She smiled at him lovingly .
---r-- "I -r- l
Adverb . Adj. · Verb· · Prep. 'Obj, Adv. of Manner
29. (B) 'never' ~ ~ 'ever' q;r mn ~ 'Nothing
39. (E) cl'l<Pf ~ tr
+ never' cjiT m ~
moT ti ~ 'Nothing + ever'
40. (A) 'very'~ ~ 'much' q;r lflIT1T WIT ~ 'very' cf;!'
cnTm'?rartr ffl Positive Degree ~ ~ ~ t~ 'much' cf.T
30. (E) ~~!1 Comparative Degree~ ~; ~-
(a) He is go1d. (i) She did not go there. Neither did I.
J, J,
Adv. Adj. (Positive Degree)
Verb Sub.
(b) He is much better than you.
-r- --r- or,
(Aux.)
Ad v. Adj. (Comp. Degree)

~. Comparative Degree js Adjective~~ 'far" (ii) She did not go there. Nor did I.
cfiT~~~t; ~ .. (iii) She went there. So did I.
(i) He is far better than you. NOTE : ~ ~ Hardly I Scarcely I Rarely I Never
T --r- Before, So + Adverb of manner tt So beautifully,
far Adj. (Comp. Degree) So tactfully *t ~ ~
· (Auxiliary Verb) Subject~~
'ctT<f<l1' if ~ ~
amrr
t; ~-
NOTE : Superlative Degree ~ ~ 'very' <fVfT
'much' ~ cfiT J1<it7T ~ t. ~ ~ ~ 'rf (i) He hardly comes to me.
f.li:.tf("!f&a 3RR t, ~ (ii) Harj1y does he come to me.
The + Very + Superlative Degree + Noun TT
~- Hardly Aux. Sub.
47. (A) 'eastwards' ~ ~ 'eastward' cfiT ~ mm ~
(i) The very best boy.
'eastwards' 'Q;qi Adverb ! ~· 'eastward' ~
~. Much+ The+ Superlative Degree+ Noun. .Adjective; 3'ITT: Noun ~ ~ ffl q;r q;p:r
~- ~= Adjective ~ t; tt-
(ii) Much the best boy. (i) He went eastwards.
41. (E) qT<Ff ~ ti 'E2lr-i -ra f<f; 'hardly ever' cfiT wrr ~ T l·
t. am~ 3li mrr t 'very seldom'.~~) Verb Adverb
42. (A) 'surely'~ ~ 'sure' cfiT ~ mm~
'felt, feel' ~. (ii)the eastward wind.
cfiT Past ~ t am
feel ~ Copula Verb t ~ ~ J, J..
Adjective cfiT '5f<UlT" moT t, -;i- fcf; Adverb cfiTI Adj. Noun
N. B.: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.~ 27~ crm§llT 48. (A) Not only~ ~ 'did'~ fif;m 'cfiT' 'Sl<TI'1T ~ ~
~I 3ITT 'lost' cR 'lose' ir ~ i:rtrn', ~ 'not only
43. (E) ~ ~ ti 'eventually' W 3TP.f t 'ultimately' ..... blot also' ~ ~ Verbs ~ ~ cfii ~ fcf;crr '?f<lT
(afffir:)I t, ~ Ptct~l'&a ~ ~ <iR'(qe <fiT-
44. (A) 'else' cfiT ~ superfluous (~Hlct~_qq;) ti (i) He not only came but also stayed here.
<tit everywhere else, anywhere else; somewhere else J, J, .!. J,
45. (E)
*
qT<Ff ~
cf;T >PWT mm
ti ~
t,
'enough' cfiT 'lf'lTI'1T ~
Adjective~
not only Verb but also Verb
or
~'rf m 'fil~: ~~ Noun~ffl~lmT (ii) Not only did he come but he also
t~ TT ~ ara-mm t; ~- l "T -r T
(i) He has enough money to buy a car. not only Verb but also
J. J, stared here.
Adj. Noun
(ii) There were enough boys in the class. Verb
49. (B) 'can' ~ we ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'Under no
.!. .J..
circumstances' t ~ ~ qfcf1lT ir \lt Aux. Verb,
Adj. Noun
Subject~ ~ 3lraT ti ~-
NOTE:~~~~~ ~o 8 'l:f>°t ~
·~, (i) I can do it under no circumstances.
46. (D) 'so Tom is' ~ ~ 'so is Tom' c!fil' ~ ~ ft ~.

~ arH.1'i:ll<:'i <fit ~ (Colloquial English) 'rf Under no circumstances can I do it.
f.li:.tf<1f,@d ~ ~ 'cl'lcf<lT -q ~ ~ cfiT ~· SO. (E) ~~tt
Subject~~~~ 51. (D) 'he does'$ ffl 'does he'~ ~I ~ ~
~~~-~46~~~1
***
~hapter-10
I Conjunction ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~--~--~-----J
·~------~~--~-------C_O_N_JU_N_C_T_I_O_N_S
! ~ ~ <if ~ ~ 3l'Ncfi ~ qTcf<I' if ~ Verbs goes ~ stays q;l° ~ ti .a«r:,
~ (Words), ~ ~ (Phrases), •Ucf<liltti (Clauses) 'aV{T No: only <f;T ~ goes~ ~ ~ ~I ~ Jl"cfiR,
q'[cflIT (Sentences)~~ t: -tit-· ..... not only goes..... but also stays ..... ~ <f;T ~ ~
(i) A good and intelligent girl. WITI ~ Part (A) if Not only <f;T use ~ t 3lR' ~ WITT
(ii) A new coat as well as art old coat. Part (A) 1Tffif t1
(iii) You sing but she dances. (ii) He is going/not only to open a hospital/but also an
~ qfcf<f (i) i\'. and m~ (good ~ intelligent) ~ (A) (B) (C)
~ t qTcf<I' (ii) if as well as~ ~ ~ (A new coat Q2fT inn.lNo Error.
(D)
· an old coat)~ ~ t. ~ ~ (iii) if but~ ~ (You
=, sing Q2fT She dances)~ ~ t,am:, and, as well as Q2fT ~ t fcf; ~ cfrcPf it Balance "not only a hospital but
but Conjunctions t, also an inn"~~ ~i .a«r:, Part (B) if not only q;r ~
'to open'~~ ';f" ~~if~ ~I
SOME IMPORTANT CONJUNCTIONS & THEIR USES
(iii) Not only he has I opened a hotel I but he has also
~ sifd<nflHU ~ if ~ ~ Conjunctions ~
JTm7T ~ ~ problems ~ ~ ~ Conjunctions t, ~ opened I a hospital. .
-~~~~~~~- qTcf<I' if f~ia,~•101 ~ ~ ~ ~ confused ft t m
(1) Not only ~ <iTIG but also
.
*~~~+IR' ~ ~
~
he~ construction balanced~

l. ~ ~ Not only he ..... but
~I~.~ 31N ~
Either~ <illG or, ~
Neither~ <iTIG nor q;r -m war
ti ~ Conjunctions esl
~ m~ fcf; also opened (Verb) <f;T -mt, ~ not
only~~ ,fl" Verb°\ft ~~I'~~~~ t-
Co-relative Conjunctions <IT. Co-relatives ~ ~ ti ~ (a) not only q;l° has~ <illG -ra'1 ~ Ji"cm, He has not only
~ t .f<fi if ~ Subjects~ ~ Objects et ~ Verbs 3llR ~ opened but..... also opened~ ~ ~ '?!" ~ t,
~t;~-- <if,
(i) Not only Deepak but also Moti can do it.
.!. J,
(b) 'has'~ 'he'~ ffi W ~I ~ Ji"cm,
Subject Subject Not only ~ ..... but..... also opeyd ~ \ft ~

(ii) I like not only Deepak but also Moti. Verb Verb
J, J,
~m-;mmt,.
Object - Object NOTE : fc1a11!ifi101 Not only..... but also ~ ~ qfurn° ·
(iii) He will not only~ but also L.:l there. fcrN::::r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~, ~ Not only..... but also~
.!. J, -m t ~ ~ Problem's~ -;;ira t ~ ~ varieties
Verb Verb ,m~t,
~ m, Either..... or, Neither..... nor q;r 'Tl' -m
m1TTI (2) 'Although' 1iT 'Though, ~ <iTIG 'yet' mqT t <i!ilfcs
~ W fcf;' Either <IT Neither~ <illG but/else 3llR <f;T ffl' ~ Problems ffllT but, or, else, and <f;T '5iirriT ~ fu:ll -;;rra t;
Problem~ ~ t; ~- tt-
(i) He will/either do the work/else return/the money. I (i) Although he is rich but I and he is dishonest. ~ qTcf<I'
(A) (B) (C) (D) if but/and~ ~ yet q;r Jl<ITlT ~I
No Error. NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'yet'~ ~ 'Tl' fu:<IT ~ t
(E) am: ~ ~ ~ ~ Comma~ ~ ';51TdT t; tt-
~ ~ if ~: Part (C) if 'else'~ ~ 'or' <f;T -m (i) Although he is rich, he is dishonest.
w-IT~I (3) 'Both' ~ <i11G ~ 'and' war
t ~ Problems 'as
m Not only..... but also ~ ~ problems unrelated well as', or, else~~~~~ t'; tt-
o"2ZIT ~ ~ fu:ll ~ t; tt- (i) Both Ram I as well as I Shyam may I come today. I
(i) Not only he/goes to my house/but also/stays there./ (A) (B) (C) (D)
(A) (B) (C) (D) No Error.
No Error. (E)
(E) [Part (B) i\' 'as well as'~~ 'and' cfiT Jl<ITlT m7ITI]
........
(4) 'Whether'~ '·or' 3lffiT" ti~
<illG ~ use~ R. (I) Not/Never~ ~ or qi\" m- ~ t; ~-
if whether js ~ ~ 'if' q;r ffl' ~ Problem
'that' <IT (i) I have not met him or invited him.
~ .;i-rar t, ~ ~ ~ 'l1FT if 'or'~~ q;'t ~ m "T "'1 .
~am~ fcf; qlq<I' balanced t <IT~;~- - not or
(i) I don't know, ,hath~ I will come I or not. I No Error. (ii) I have never spoken to him or written to him.
(A) (B) (C) <D) (E) -r- ~
[Part (B) +t 'that' ~ ffl 'whether' c;;r m-
lrr1TT cflitfcf; never or· .
Part (D) if or i.ot q;r ffl' l1] l:'.Zl'R' W f% Not/Never ~ GfR nor qi\" ~tr <R Problem
,k' (5) So ..... as I As •.••• as qi\" ~ Positive Degree Tf ~ ~-~t;~-
. ~<IT~~~~~Ffi1:IT-~t1 ~w- (i) I have never/seen him/nor heard/about him./No Error.
<A> So ..... as q;r >llnTT Negativ~~ if i'rar ·t ~- (A) (B) (C) (D) . (E)
(i) Ram is not so good as y~u. (Negative) [Part (C) if nor~ ~ or cfiT m n1J
~ As..... as q;r ffl' Affu]MtiY.e~ Negative~~ 'ti' (9) Conjunction Lest ~ ~ Auxiliary Verb should q;r
~ ~ qfcp:rr 'q' f.f;1:rr ~ t; ~- ~ wrm t ~ ~ ifTG may/will~ q;J' ~ ~
Problem~ ;mrrJ; ~__:. :K.
(i) Ram is as good as you. (Affirmative)
(ii) Ram .s not as good as you. (Negative) (i) Work hard, I lest you-I-may I faiU No Error.
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
~- [Part (C) if may ~ ~ should q;J" :.;~ m1TTI]
As is always correct, whether used with positive or
negative statements, so is more usual with negative ones. (10) The same ~ GfR Relative Pronouns that m as cfiT
He is not so/as old as he looxs.

m-~t1 .
-F.T. Wood : CURRE.~T ENGLISH USAGE (p. 29) The same ~ <illG that q;r m- ~ t ;;rar ~ ~ Verb
(i) Birds do not fly as fast as the aeroplane. ~lrrl~- .
-Nesfield : ENGLISH GRAMMAR, COMPOSITION & (i) This is the same book tha~ I wanted.
USAGE (p. 254) (ii) This is the same cow tlUlt was grazing in
(6) Hardly I Scarcely ~ al'?'G when q;r ~ ~ \ (W'~ . T
~d~ ~ ot1G before~ ~ q;'t ,it ~ ll'FTT to Verb
~ W f% Hardly/Scarcely ~ ~ than/then/that ~ q;r the field.
ffl' <R P1 '1-,em ~ ~ t; ~- ~ Ascfirffl'oifW: t~Verb~~m; ~-
(i) Hardly had/he gone out of/the office that the (i) This is the same dog as mine.
(A) (B) (q (as~~ verbcfil' m- ~ ~ ~ -:W !).
telephcne/bell rang./No Error.
(D) (E)
NOTE : ~ m- if As cfiT m Verb~ m 'tR: \ll'
mT ti~ (10) ~ R'lt ~ ~ Nesfield ~ ~ t ~
[Part (D) if that~ ~ when <IT before n1] ~~~~~'iffil
• (7) .feldom if ever <IT Seldom or ·never E Jrm'1T lITTIT ti ffllelf1101 ~ ~ ~ the same~ <l're: who/which • cfiT ·
seldom am ever ~ .fR 'or', seldom am never ~ ~ 'if'
m <R Problem~ ~ t; ~-
~Problem~~ t'; ~- (i) He is/the same man/who helped/me./No Error.
{i) Seldom if never have I hurt you.
(A) (B) (C) (D) . (E)
~ cfrcflf if 'if'~ ~ 'or' rfiT 'Sl<ITlT n1 ~ 'lfffl,
[Part (C) if who~ ~ that cfiT ~ ffl
seldom or ever js ~ seldom if ever 'ifil' ml' ~ m1TTI
(A) Such~ ~ as cfiT ml' mot t; tt-
(8) Rather om other ~ ~ than qi\" t, ~ m- ~
~ ~ ~ but <IT f<f;m 3T-<f conjunction qi\" m <R (i) He is not such a good singer as I expected.
Problem ~ ~. -;;rrar t; ~- ,1. J.
(i) I have no/other object/but to/get ajob./No Error. such as
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) . (B) m as q,,1' ll<l'rrr mot' t "¢ ~
such% ~ ~ ~
[Part (C) if 'but'~ ~ 'than' q;r ~ n•J Infinitive qi\" ~ !1
(ii) I would rather I have the bat I not the I ball. I No Error. (i) Her ailment was not such as to cause us anxiety.
(A) (B) (C) (D) 'S)
l
Infinitive
[Part (C) if 'not'~ ~ 'than' qi\" ffl W'lT_I]
-88 A Mirror of Common Errors
(ii) I am not such a fool as to believe that. (14) Relative Pronoun~~ 'And' Conjunction qi!'~
J, -=rm' lITT!l" t ~ ~ mr ~Problem~~ t; tt-
Infinitive (i) He is a I good boy, I and who I is my friend./ No Error.
'l:7Wf ~~ fcfi ~ ~ it such ~ ~ that qi!' '!:!<WT ~ (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
Pr~ble~ ~ Wfil iJ· . . . [Part (C) if 'who' ~ Relative Pronoun t ~ ~
(11) (A)Such ~~'that q;J" ~ ,ft lITT!rt ~ ~ 'and' qi!' mT ~ !1] .
q,qt -~ such qffil "Clause it cfiRUT (cause) ~ that qffil (15) When I where I why I how I how much I how far I
Clause it -m:aw:r (effect/~esult) m; ~- how long aTIR_ Interrogative <Im Relative Adverbs t'1 ~
There Was SUCh a noise .that W(!, could not hear ourselves.· ~ that/as to 3TIR qi!' ffl' -=rm' lITTll" t; ~- ;,, -J
-F. T. Wood : CURRENT.ENGLISHUSAGE (p, 255)
(i) When will he come ? ~ <R ~ ?)
'>••
tt-
(B) Such ~ ~ ~ Verb ~ m
such ~ ~ that R t;
~ ~ if when. qi!' _'!:!<WT Interrogative Adverb of Time l
II
~~if~t, . i
. ·• '. · (i) Such was his behaviour that everybody disliked him.
~.
~
\.:::/
. (U)· Until oifT Unless
UUSil @I~ t ~ 3:ft) ~ snl:fil_l_~ Unless
(ii) I don't know the time whenhe will come. .l
- I
~ ~ t ~ -=rm' if.:.not)m s:m:m t': ~- -
time'~~~
~~if 'when' Relative Adverb of Time
mtrr ~ t'-
t, ~ 'the
(i) Wait until I come back.

(i) I don't know when he will come.
~~~~~~{I)
(ii) You wi~l not succeed unless you work hard __ ~ ~ "5fq;R ~ ~ ~ ~ -4 t,
Glf ~ -=rm' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -=rm' ~I)
v.JR -ra fcf; (15) if qf'imr Adverbs js ~ That/As to cf>!'
'
~ -ra fcf; unless * ~ until am until ~ ~ unless ffl" ~ Problem~~ t; ~-- .
L
l
q;r ~ ~ Problem ~ -:sirnr t°; ~- (i) She does/notknow/thatwhere/Mohan lives./No Error.
t (i) You can not/do well/until you/prepare yourself./ ·(A) (B) (C) (D) . (E) .
(A) (B) (C) (D) [Part (C) if where~ ~ 'that' qi!' ffl' ~ t1J
No Error.
(E)
(16) Who/whom/which/whose/what/ a:nR Interrogative
''''(i'i) iwant hs~ay/here unless/she 'goes/back/No Error.
words~~ 'TI' That/As to q;y ffl' ~ !; ~-
' .·~"~" : (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) . (i) He asked/me that/who he/was./No Error.
·,,\cii<i<r (i) ~ Part (C) if until ~ ~ unless am ~ (ii) · (A) (B) (C} (D) (E)
~ Part (B) if unless~ ~ until qiT 'Sl<ft'1T ~I) [Part (B) if that <Iii' 'Sl<ft'1T -=rm' Al]
(§> (13)_ Because, Since, As~ ~ therefore, so,_~-~ q;J" (17) Unless/until/lest ~ ~ not qi!' 'Sl<ft'1T · -=rm' lITTll" t.
~ m fq;.rr ~ t fcr,31 ~ m- ~ Pro.bk.mE!lL~- ~ ~ 'not'q;y ~ mtTI' ti ~ ~~-'not' q;J" 'Sl<ft'1T
t; tt- ~ Problem~ ;:;rm t; tt-
(i) Because he came late, therefore/so he failed to see me. . (i) Until he/docs not solve/the problem,/I will stay with
· ~ qfq<f if therefore/so 3TIR q;y m- ~ ti ~ ~ (A) .. (B) . (C) . -~(D)
~~__:_ him./ No Error.
(i) Because he came late, he failed to see me. (E)
NOTE : ~ ~ if ~
because ~ ~ 11<IT t fcii [Part (B)) if 'does not solve' ~ ~ 'solves' q;J" 'Sl<ft'1T
therefore cf;!' -:r ~ m-
'so' q;r ~ ~ -:srrnT t. ~ m-rr1]
-~ ~ !1 ~-"Because he transgressed the law, he
was punished."
(18) Else~~ butq;f mT ~ ti
But not. because he transgressed the law, so he was Else is followedby than not but nothing but and
punished. nothing else than are the alternatives.
-F. T. Wood: A REMEDIAL ENGLISH.GRAMMAR Iinsist that you tell me nothing but the truth.
•j·.,,
FOR FOREIGN STUDENTS. (p. 108) He wanted nothing else than to go to sleep but he had to
r-: m ~-Because he did not work hard, therefore he finish his essay.
failed. (Omit therefore) Nothing else but is incorrect.
-Nesfield : ENGLISH GRAMMAR COMPOSITION -F. T. Wood : CURRENTENGLISH USAGE. (p. 93)
& USAGE. (p. 212)
_..
A Mirror of Common Errors. 89
~ Nesfield ~ ~. 10. You must either I inform the police I else be prepared I to
"Else should always be· followec:rof-but, and never by (A) (B) '(C)
than" · suffer any loss. I No Error.
(D) (E).
It is nothing else but (not than) vanity.
-Nesfield : ENGLISH GRAMMAR,COMPOSITION 11. As soon as. the peon I rings the first bell.. then all I the
AND USAGE (p.173) (A) . (B)
~· 'Slq;R, else~-~ 'than'~ 'but'~ ffl' it l«ffm: !t students assemble I on the ground for prayer. I No Error.
' ~. ~ 'else but' cit' ~ correct use ll'RI (C) (D) (E)
· 12. He not only comes I here for 'shopping but also for I
PROBLEMS BASED ON CONJUNCTIONS . (A) . (B)
I
Directions : Find out the error in each of the following having a glimpse of I the extremely beautiful sales girl. I
sentences, if any. if there is no error; your answer is 'E'. (C) (D)
No Error.
1. He was not I so well versed in I English that we I had .
(E)
. CN ~) (C)
expected. I No Error. 13. Hardly had he I come out of the bus I then the bomb
(D) . . (E) - (A) (B) (C) .
2. Mrs. Varun I not only stopped coming I here but also exploded I and shattered the bus into pieces. I No Error.
w ~} . . '(D) (E)
going to any place f which is related to her past tragedy./
14. Scarcely had he bought I the ticket when the guard I
(C) (D)
(A) (B)
No Error.
(E) showed the flag and I the train started. I No Error.
(C) (D) (E)
3. Nobody else but I you might be declared I responsible for
(A} (B) (C) 15. I don't know I if any of the members I of the party is
' the/ loss of those articles. I No Error. (A) (B) f (C).
(D). (E) conspiring I against the President or not. I No Error.
4. The teacher said I to the students, "Go through the I (D) (E)
· (A) (B)
notes as many times as possible I lest you would fail." I 16. Many of the founding fathers I of our constitution are l so
(C) (D) (A) (B)
No Error. reverend as Ambedkar I if not more. I No Error.
(E) (C) (D) (E)
5. Seldom or I ever· have I tried my I best to defend my 17. This is not such I major problem I which cannot be
(A) (B) (C) (A) (B).. (C)
friends, who are after I all guilty to some- extent. I solved I with a little effort. I No Error.
(D) (D) (E)
No Error. 18. This is perhaps I the same dog which I bit her while she
(E) (A) (B) (C)
6. Seldom or I ever have I turned I a beggar away without I was returning I from market. I No Error.
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
giving him some alms. I No Error.
. (D) (E) 19. He asked me I that why I was I not preparing for the I
7. The officer was doubtful I if some of the clerks I of his
<N ~) (C)
Civil Service Examinations. I No Error.· ·
(A) (B)
(D) • (E)
· office were I involved in bribery./ No Error.
(C) (D) ~) 20. Both Hari I as well as his wife I are determined to bring I
8. Neither the doctor I nor his assistants I were asleep when I CN ~)· ~ (C)
(A) (B) (C) about some changes in the plan. I No Error.
the phone rang up. I No Error. (DL (E)
(D) (E) 21. As he is I a perfectionist, I so he always insists I on
9. Because he has I been ill for a month I so he does not I (A) (B) :· · (C)
(A) (B) (C) regular practice. I No Error.
come to the office. I No Error. (D) (E)
(D) (E)
: 90 A Mirror of Common Errors
....-.
22. Although these rooms I are in need of repair, I but the 33. Dr. Sinha was not only I sympathetic to the rich I patients
(A) (B) (A) (B)
owner does not take I any notice of their condition. I but also I to the poor ones. I No Error:
(C) (D) (C) (D) (E)
No Error.
34. He has lots I of money and I he dare. not start I a factory./
(E)
(A) (B) (C) (D)
23. The teach er asked I the· students to go to I market and buy No Error.
(A) (B) (E)
some fruit I as appels, oranges, guavas, etc. I No Error. 35. The newsman was doubtful I that the man who had been
(C) (D) (E) (A) (B)
24. He suggested to me I that I should I do all the work as I run over I by some vehicles had lain I there for more
(A) (B) (C) (C)
quickly like him. I No Error. than one day. I No Error.
(D) (E) (D) (f)
25. He was so clever I that everybody's attempt I to misguide 36. Becuase he is intelligent, I therefore he gets good I marks
(A) (C) (A) (B)
him I proved to be futile. I No Error. in all the I examinations he takes. I No Error.
(D) (E) (C) (D) (E)
26. No soo-ier did I he find out any solution I tothe problem 37. Both the rich along with I the poor are responsible for a I
(A) (B) (Q (A) (B)
when I another problem appeared. I No Error. great many vices with which our society I as well as
((,j
(D) (E)
country is inflicted. I No Error.
27. Not only has he built I a hospital for the poor I but he has (D) (E)
I· (A) (B)
38. His offence was such I as he was bound · to suffer I and
!'!. also built an I orphanage for orphans. I No Error.
(C) (D) (E)
(A) (B)
ultimately I meet his doom. I No Error.
28. The robt crs had I hardly put the ornaments I in his bag (C) (D) (E)
CN C~ ~) 39. She was too .beautiful I to be rejected by any I youngman
than I the housewife woke up. I No Error. (A) (B)
(D) (E) who whished I to make her his wife. I No Error.
29. Scarcely had he I gone a few steps I that he was told by (C) (D) (E)
(A) .. (B) ,, (C) 40. Since Diwali is Lst approaching, I my teenager son has
someone I that his mother was no more. I No Error. (A) ,.,
(D) (E) bought many fireworks I as rockets, creackers, etc. I all of
(b) (C)
30. Scarcely bad I I walked out of my house I when I saw which cost much. I No Error.
W 00 ~ (D) (EL_
my I friend coming towards me. I No Error. 41. Scarcely had he gone I than a policeman knocked I at the
(D) (E) (A) (B)
door to enquire I about his whereabouts. I No Error.
(C) (E)
31. Mrs. Sen told me that though I .ier son had worked hard
(A) . (B) 42. No sooner had the train I arrived then the crowd rushed I
(A) (B)
but I he failed to make I any mark in the last examination . .'
towards the compartment to greet the leader I who was
(C) (D)
(C)
No Error.
travelling by that train./ No Error.
(E)
(D) (E)
32. Hardly had the speaker I finished speaking, then I the 43. Hardly had the wheels touched I the ground than the ;)ilot
(A) (13) (A) (B)
lights went out and I where was an uproar in the hall. I indicated I with his fingers how many I injured people he
(C) (D) (C) (D)
No Error. was carrying. I No Error.
(E) (5)
,
44. No sooner was the agitation I in Darjeeling silenced, I the· EXPLANATIONS
(A) (B)
Bodo Land activity I in Assam erupted . I No Error. 1. (C) 'that'~ ~ 'as' 'cfiT 1l'mlT m cflil'fcn ciTci<I' 'so ... as'
(C) (D) (E) lR .3TI'1:llftcr t; ~-
45. I cannot confirm I you if he .. has paid /the bill or returned/ (i) He is not so smart as we expected.
(A) (B) (C) ~ so/as as' q;r ~ t (3(f.lT ... ~).
the goods. No Error.
(D) (E)
~. 'so that' ~ so that (mfci;) cfiT 'ITI'. "ll<ITlT mm ti
f.l.:.:ifaf&a cfTcPi\" q;t- ~-
46. Ten years have passed I that I returnetl from I London and
(i) He is so weak that he cannot walk.
W 00 ~
settled I in this part of the country./ No Error. [~ ~ ~ t fc6 ~) ~ ~ ~ tlJ
(D) (E) (ii) He works hard so that he may succeed in the
47. It was almost I ten years ago since he wrote I a letter to examination.
(A) (B) (C) [~ q;ra;r ~ <Rm t fflf.5 cfli ~ 1l ~ -?!"
rr- to I remind me of my lapses. I No Error. ~I]
(D) (E) 2. (B) not only cfiT ~ comlng js ~ m-rIT ~ but also
48. The patient would not I have died/ when the doctor had I <!'>I' ~ going~ ~ ti ~ -ra
fcn' Not only ... but
(A) (B) (C) also I Either .... or I Neither ... nor ~ ~ Subjects I
come in time. !No Error. Objects I Verbs I Gerunds 3lTFc:: q;t- ~ -;;rror t
(D) (E) ~-
. 49. The programme was I almost fixed and· it was I my (i) Not only Ram but also Shyarn is dancing.
(A) (B) (ii) I have invited not onJy Ram but also Shyam.
friend's insincerity that upset the whole I thing and dis-
(C) . (D) (iii) He is not only good but also intelligent.
appointed us. No Error. (iv) He not only reads but also writes
(E) (v) He sits not only here but also there.
50. He did i.ot I succeed in the examination, I yet he had I (vi) She likes not only dancing but also singing.
(A) (B) (C) 3. (E) q"fq<f ~ ti
worked hard./ No Error. 4. (D) 'would'~ ffl 'should' q;r ffl' WJT ~ 'lest'~
(D) (E) <ITG 'should' q;r ~ ~ t; ~-
51. I cannot all ow you to I go out of the class I unless the T (i) Work hard, lest you should fail.
(A) (B) S. (A) or~ ~ if <!'>I' JfllPT mTTT ~ 'seldom if ever' a:rR
teacher comes I and gives me some instructions. I ' 'seldom or never' q;r JfllPT ~ ti ~ 'seldom or q;t-
(C) (D) 'E2ir-r ~ ~ 'ever' q;t- 'never' 1l ~ q;r ffe ~
No Error.
(E)
m~ t. ~ ~ ~ _'llJq ~ 11c!T ~ t f<f;
'ever' <f>T 'never'#~~ ~tq,t<lcfidl ~ t. ~
'or'ci} if~~~ ~lq,t<l&idl ti
ANSWERS 6. (B) 'ever' q;'I" 'never' ~ ~ <fiT 31fq,t<l&idl t ~
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (E) 4. (D) 5. (A) ~ q;r ~ t 1% ~ fci;'m ~ q;)' f.r:rr ~ ~
6. (B) 7. (E) 8. (E) 9. (C) 10. (C)
~~~ ~ q;,n ~ ~ W<IT ti}
11. (B) 12. (A) 13. (C) 14. (E) 15.(B)
7. (E) cflcf<I" ~ it doubtful nt doubt~ <ITT:: whether nt if
q;r ~ -?far t "<l'R cflcf<I" Assertive Affirmative -?f I
16.(C) 17. (C) 18. (B) 19.(B) 20. (B)
~ doubt ~ doubtful ~ ~ that cf;!' ~ -?far t
21. (C) 22. (C) 23. (D) 24. (D) 25. (E) ~ ~ Assertive (Negative) m~
Interrogative -?!";
26. (C) 27. (E) 28. (C) 29. (C) 30. {E) ~:-
31. (B) 32. (B) 33. (A) 34. (B) 35. (B) I am not doubtful that he will come today.
36. (B) 37. (A) 38. (B) 39: (E) 40. (C) Do you doubt that he will come today ?
41. (B) 42. (B) 43. (B) 44. (C) 45. (B) 8. (E) cflcf<I" ~ ti 'Neither ... nor' '&,J" 1l<fPT ffi'\' t,
46. (B) 47.(B) 48. (C) 49. (B) 50. (C) 9. (C) 'so' q;r ffl' ~ ft q:zjl'fcf; because, as, since a,yfu:
51. (C) Conjunctions of Reason l1 ~ ~ so/therefore
3lTR <iii' ffl' ~ "ffi'ciT t; ~-
(i) As he is ill, he will not come out. ~. the same~ ~ 'as'~ "Sl<rr1T mm t <1R Verb
[-;r fcf; so/therefore he will not come out.] ~~;tt-
ie, (C) 'else'·~ ~ 'or' <fiT ~ WIT ~ Part (A) if (i) This is the same book as mine. [is]
either cfiT ~ t afR 'either' ~ ~ 'or' amfT" t, ':!" [Verb~]
fc!; else/not ~I 19. (B) 'that' cfiT "Sl<rr1T ~ n ~ Indirect Narration if
. 11. (B) 'than' cJiT ~ -=rnl' h ~ As soon. as, As long Wh-question ~ ~ ~ Conjunction cfiT 'Sl<IT11' ~
as, So long as % <JR than/then q;r m ':f°iff fcfitn" mmt;~-
-;;mrr t tt- (i) He asked me why I was late.
(i) As soon ashe came, the.peon opened the door. G fci:; that why] .. : ..
[-;i- fcf; than/then the peon opened the door] 20. (B) 'as well as'~~ 'and' cfiT m
miTT ~ 'Both' '
12. (A) not only .q;r ~ 'for shopping' % ~ m;rr ~ ~ ~ 'and' Conjunction cfiT m
mot' ·t ~-
~ but also q;r ~ 'for having'~ ~ !1 (i) Both Sita and Geeta.
NOTE:~~~~~~o (2)*smszrf (ii) Both You and I.
~I 21. <C) so w m- ~ n1
13. (C) then~ ~ 'when' "llT 'before' q;r ~ WlJ ~ NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-~o (9) <fiT ·olffi9!IT
Hardly, Scarcely % ~ 'when' "llT 'before'
'conjunction cfiT m mcrr t; tt-
~I
22. (C) but ~ ~ yet cfiT ~ ~
- ..
~ Although I
(i) Hardly I Scarcely had he come when/before it Though ~ ~ 'yet' cfiT ~ 'ffla1' ! ; ~-
started raining.
(i) Although he is rich yet he is dishonest.
14. (E). ~ ~ lt 'scarcely.•• when' cfiT w:rm- ~ t, (ii) Although he is rich, he is dishonest.
IS. (B) 'if' ~ ~ 'whether' cJiT m~ ~ Part (D) if
[Although~ Clause~ ~ Comma jt ~ ~ yet cit
~ 'or' ~ 'qoT ~ t fcl; Construction
~~~~':51T~t1J •
'whether... or' ~ ~ "tt 23. (D) 'as' ~ ~ 'like' cfiT ~ m1TT ~ 'as' cfiT m
16. (C) 'so'~ ~ 'as' cfiT m ~ ~ 'so ... as' q;r w:rm- Nominative js -mer mm t ~ 'like' cfiT Objective .
i
.l
Negative··~ ir ~- t ~ 'as ... as' <fir
~-mer;~- .
Affirmative "llT Negative~ ir; tt-.
(i) Ram is not so I as good as Mohan. [Negative]
(i) He helps a man like me. [-:r fc!; as meJ l
I
~ ift ~ ~ q,'t lJGG cfi«IT i I)
.1. .1.
~ (ii) He helps a man as I do. [help]
so/as as
(ii) Ram is as wise as Mohan. [Affirmative] ~ ~ ~ q;l" ~ ~ <fi«IT t~ fcl:i ~I)
17. (C) 'which' 1f; ~ 'as' q;r ~-· A <Pilfcf; '$Uch' ~ 24. (D) 'like him'~ ~ 'as he' cfiT m~ W1TT ~ as
~ 'as' cfiT w:rm-
·mcrT t, ':f" fci:; which, that $1'1 ~ ... as cfiT ffl' traT t am:
Comparison 'he' ~ 'I' ~
Nominatives it t; ~-
-ra- (i) He runs as fast as L [-::r fc!; like me]
(~) such+ noun+ as[~ ..... ~~
(i) He is not such a man as I expected.
25. (E) qrcpf ~ ti
26. (C) 'when' ~ ~ 'than' cfiT ffl' h ~ 'No
.1. .1. Sooner••• than' q;r Jl<IT1T ~ t ~ Hardly I
such as scarcey... whenlbefore q;r; tt-
(b) such that (ttm fc!;) (i) No sooner did he leave for Mumbai than his
(i) His behaviour was such that everybody felt hurt. father died.
(C) such+ as + infinitive (ii) Hardly I Scarcely had he left for Mumbai when
(i) His ailment is not such as to cause. us anxiety. his father died.
18. (B) 'which'-~ ~ that cfiT 1flU1T ffll1T ~ 'the 27. (E) ~~t1
same' 1f; ~ 'that' cJiT ffl' t mm *
Verb~ ~; 28. (C) 'than'~ ~ when cfiT m At
tt- NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~o (26) q;l"
(i) This is the same book that was missing. smszrT ~I
J. 29. (C) 'that' ~ ~ 'when' cfiT ffl" WlT ~ 'Scarcely/
Verb Hardly'~~ 'when'~ before cfiT ~ WITT ti
(~) 30. (E) ciTcPi ~ t,
31. (B) 'but'~ ~ 'yet' cfiT JlcWT it'rrrt 'or' q;r ll<fl'lT' t. 3To: (B) if if~~ 'whether' mlfrl'
NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~o (22) ~ ~-
o!ffi9lIT ~I (i) I am not sure whether he will come or not.
32. (B) 'then'~~ 'when'cf;T ffl' ~n (ii) 1 do not know whether he will help you or not.
33. (A) 'not only' cfiT m
'to the rich patients' ~ ~ ~ 46. (B) 'that'~ ~ 'since' cfiT ffl' 'ffl11T ~ since cfiT
~ but also cfiT ~ 'to the poor ones'~ m ti · ~ Conjunction of Time ~ ~ ti' ~ i· ~ ~ if ·
m<YT t ~ -~ ~ ~ Present Perfect + Since +
NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ft;ro: ~ 'tj'~ (2) <fl o!lra!rr
~I
Simiple Past.~ t; ~ :-.
34. (B) 'and'~ ~ 'but' .cf,T 1f<TI'lT WIT ~ <n contrastive . Two months have passed since he came here. .·
. qualities cf>1 eraR ~ ~ 'but'~ ~ cf>1 ~ ~ l . .J,
~t~- Present Perfect Simple' Past
. (i) He is poor but honest. 47. (B) 'since'~~ 'that' _cfif ffl' A~ 'ago'~~
(ii) She is beautiful but proud. 'that' Conjunction cfiT ll<fl'lT' ma,- t, -;; fcf;. since cfiT;
35. (B) 'that'~ ~ 'whether' cfiT ffl' Rt -tt-
36. (B) 'therefore' cfiT ffl' -::rm ~I (i) It was ten years ago that his father died.
NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'tj°o (9) <fl '6!ITTs!lT 48. (C) \when' ~ ~ · 'if' 'EfiT ~ mm- ~
past ~
~I
unfulfilled wish I condition I desire ~ arcRf ~ ~
37. (A) 'along with'~ ~ 'and' cfiT ffl' itrrr ~ 'Both' ~ +·

If + Subject had + V~ 'llT Had + Subject + v3
~ ofTG 'and' 3lrnT t, .. -;; fcfi or, as well as, with, along 'EfiT ~ Conditional Clause if 'ffl<ff t; tt-
with, together with. {i) lfhe had come on time, he would have seen you.
38. (B) 'as'~~ 'that'cfiT WTTI m ~, Had he come on time, he would have seen you, .
NOTE:~~~-~~ ~.o (17) ~ ~ Clause cit m
cl"lT Conditional Clause ~ 'liJIG
~~I if ~~,5(T~t; -tit-
39. (E) q'!cf<f ~ i1 (i) He.would have seen you ifhe had come on time.
40. (C) 'as' ~ ~ 'like' cfiT ~ as q;r n ~ 49. (B) 'and' ~ ~ 'but' cfiT 'lf<WT ~ ~ ~ fclirtra
'SlmlT ~: Nominative Case (<mlf cf;Rq;) ~ mYi qfmt4fd4'f <ffi. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'but' cfiT
n t ~ like cfiT Objective Case ~ qiR<f;) ~ wwr~~t1
~I (i) You are right, but he is wrong.
(i) I do not love a girl like her, (-;;. fcf; as her] SO. (C) 'yet' ~ ~ 'although' 'llT 'though' cfiT ~ ~
[~~~~ium:~~{1] ~. ~ 'although/though' condition ~ t ·
~, ~yet~I
(ii) I am no orator as Brutus is. (;r ~ like Brutus is] (i) Although he worked hard yet he did not succeed.
41. (B) 'than' ~ -~ 'when' <fr 'before' cfiT ~ 'ffl'1lT si. (C) 'unless' ~ ~ 'until' cfiT ~ n ~
luntil'
~ 'Scarcely/ Hardly' ~ ~ -arre: '.when' ~ ~ -:rt\') ~ time (W,lf) cfiT ~ t ~· mm ·.
'before' cfiT ffl' m
ti unless ~ ~) i condition Cffif) cf;T; ~-
42. (B) 'then'~~ 'than'cfil' ffl' WIT~ 'No sooner' (i) You will not succeed u.nless you work hard.
~ ~ 'than'cfiT ffl' ~~ti . .!.
43. (B) 'than'~~ 'when'cf;T'5l<WT ~I Condition
44. (C) 'the'~ ~ than cfiT 1f<TI'lT ml1T ~ No sooner js (ii) I will not go out until he comes.
~ 'than'cf;T~~~t1 .J,
45. (B) 'if' ~ ~ . 'whether' cfiT . ffl' m1TT ~
Time
'whether... or' cfiT ~ mm
t ~ ~ Pan (C) if
***
. .--------~----------~~~----~C-h_a_p_re_r-
VOICES -1-1----~----------------------------~'
_
Verb q;r cffl ~ ~ tjm' ~ t fcfi q;m ~ q;ri:r cfi«IT A. TENSE & VOICE
! ~~ 1R tt ~~mt t Voice~ !1 Active Voice if Tense ~ 12 ~ ! ~ Passive Voice if
tt-(i) John writes a letter. irr:r atra ~ t,
(~ ~ "ff 'tfclT ~ t ~ qi'ijT (Subject) 'John'~ Note : [~ ,fl- Perfect.Continuous ~ FlIDJJ~l!!!I)erf~ct
q;ri:r ~ ti] Tense q;r Passive~ !1J mm
f'q:;{, (ii) A letter is written by Iohn. 1. PRESENT INDEFINITE
[~ cllcFI" "ff 'tfm ~ t ~ q;m (Subject) 'A letter' 1R tt
Active : Is+ v1N5 + oj
~ q;r-q- ~ t11
Passive : I s1 + Ware/am + V3 + (by+ Agent) j
KINDS OF VOICES
Voice~ ~ ~ 'cit "SfcfiR ~ t-
[~ s1 = Passive q;r Subject cll!fT (by+ Agent) optional
t°I]
1. ACTIVE VOICE
~-· II
2. PASSIVE VOICE
(A) Active Voice-Verbq;r ~ ~ ~ cmJT (Subject)
Active : She
T
calls
-r- r.·
~~~;tt-- s VS 0
(i) She helped me. Passive :
T
You are
T
called
~
¥ ''T
;.
her.
(ii) They did all the work.
· (B) Passive Voice-Verb q;r ~ ~ mit cm (Object)
SI are v3 by Agent.
~ Passive q;r Subject t") cfi1. ~ ~;· tt- ~wm,
(i) The letter was posted. Active: John loves Mary.
(ii) The thief was arrested. · . Passive : Mary is loved by John.
NOTE-Voiceq;r ~am~ t f;jra MID-VOICE~ 2. PRESENT L\1PERFECT
QUASI-PASSIVE q;m ~
~ °q' ~ Active~
ti ~ Voice cf;t ~
~ ~ Passive mTT t; tt-
~ t ~
I
Active : S + is/are/am+ V(ing) + oj
(i) Sugar tastes sweet. Passive: I s1 +is/are/am+ being+ v3 +·(by+ Agent)!
(= Sugar, is sweet when it is tasted.) -ft-
(ii) Wood feels hard. Active: Mohini is sin~ng a syng.
(= Wood is hard when it is felt.) . ··
-i- .r
s is V(ing) o.
Active~ Passive~
(i) Active~ Object~
a; ~ General Rules ;
Passive <fiT Subject_~ ~ !1
Passive : A solg is bfng slng
r ¥ Mohini,
l
SI
(ii) Active~ Subject~ Passive cm Object~ ~ t"1 is being sung by, Agent.
(iii) Passive lf ~ Subject ~ ~ ~- fifi<rr cfiT ffl" ~ "SfcfiR,
~ ~ ti <lR ~ ~ ~ To be ::;tr mm~ Active : They are playig cricket.
~ R" ~ ~ To be er ~ ~ ffl" if~~ !1 Passive: Cricket is being played by them.
(iv) To be~ ~ v3 q;r m- fcf;cir ~ ti 3. PRESENT PERFECT
(v) Passive -q oR" Object~ ~ Preposition 'by' cfiT m- Active.: IS+ has/have+ 3 + v ol
~ ~ !1 ~ (by + Object) ~ (by + Agent) ~ ;nlf ~ 'TI
~ ~ t, ~ ~ ~ t ~ (optional) ti
Passive = I S1 + has/have + been+ v3 + (by + Agent) 1 ·
~~qifffl"~-
~- .
Active: Meena has bolght a car.
(i) Sita invited Mira. [Active] -r-- T. T
Mira was invited by Sita. {Passive] s has y3 0
(ii) Mohan has beaten Radha. [Active] Passive: A car has· been
bolght ~ ~-
Radha has been beaten by Mohan,
-!, TT
st has been y3 by Agent
~;rem, ~-
Active : · He will do it.
Active : You have cheated Sohan.
Passive : Sohan has been cheated by you.
TT r 1
S will V1 0
NOTE-Present Perfect Continuous-No~ve. Passive : It will be done !p'.._ him.
4. PAST INDEFINITE 1T J" T ,.. T
I
Active : S + v2 + 0 I s1 will be v3 by Agent.
Passive : Is 1 +was/were+ v3 + (by+ Agent) I ~Wffi.

Active : The C,M. will address the meeting.
~- Passive : The meeting will be addressed by the C.M.
Active : India won the match.
r ry2 :r: NOTE-FutureImpcrfect=-No Passive.
s 0 8. FUTURE PERFECT
Passive ; The match
l
was won
rT ¥~ Active: Is+ shall/will+ have+ v3 + ol
SI was v3 by Agent. Passive:ls1 +sball/will+have+been+ v3 +(by+Agent)!
~ ;rem, ~-
Active He sold the house. Active : ~ ~ ¥ bo?ht a yar.
Passive : The house was sold by him. S will have V3 O
5. PAST IMPERFECT
"'.-ctive : ~IS_+_w_·
_as/_w_e_re_+_V.,_.
(_in_g_)
_+_O-! Passive:¥ 11 ¥ ~~¥ r·
S1 will have been V3 by Agent.
Passive: is 1 +was/were+ being+ v3 +(by+ Agent)! 'J ~ Wffi,
~- was
Active : Soni will have finished the work.
Active : Ho£ey teaching Passive : The work will have been finished.by Soni.
r :r: (B) ACTIVE & PASSIVE OF MODAL VERBS
s was V (ing)
Passive : Jloti T being talght ~ Active : IS+ mod~I + V 1 +O
SI was being v3 by Agent. I
Passive : S1· + modal + be + v3 ·+ (by+ Agent) I
~ ;rem, ~--
Active : Moni was making a doll. Active: You can solve this
Passive : A doll was being made by Moni, r T -r
yl
1oblem.
6. PAST PERFECT s modal 0
I
Active : S + had + v3 + 0 j
Passive : This yroblem T ~ ~ ~ T.
Passive : Is 1 + had_+ been+ v3 + (by+ Agent) I S1 can be V3 by Agent
~- ;
Active : I must do it.
Active : He had phoned her.
TT l T Passive : It must be done by me.
S had v3 0 NOTE-can, could, may, might, shall, should, will,
Passive:~ ¥~ phied p: tu;· would, must, ought to, used to, need not, dare not Modal
Auxiliary Verbs!1
SI had been V3 by Agent. C. ~ OBJECTS~ VERBS c5T PASSIVE-
~~. ~ ~ Verbs l '1fl" ~ Objects~ ~ !; ~-
Active : Dinesh had kilkd a snake. (i) He gave me some money. ,
Passive': _A snake had been killed by Dinesh. (ii) You presented her a ring.
NOTE-Past Perfect Continuous-No Passive. ~ cfrcPn ~ ~-~ Objects ti ~-
gave me some money
7. FUTURJ"INDEFINITE presented her ar7g.
Active: f S +shall/will+ V1 + ol .T
Indirect Direct
Passive: js1 +shall/~+ be+ v3 +(by+ Agent.)) Object Object
.. :,
NOTE--(a) ~ Verbs ~ Object m t. ~ Mono- . · ~ ~ ~ fcf; ~ ~ ~ it Objects t lliT
Transitive Verbs~ l; ~:--- Passive:
. (i) They betrf e~ . T. · (i) Indirect Object~. Subject~ ~ ~ t; -~-
Active : .He lent me .some.money..._.... : ..
. ..
Verb. Object
Passive : I was lent some money by him.
[Mono-Tr.]
(ii) Direct Object cf>1 Subject~; ~-
(ii) Dipu · admires
l Active : He lent some money; me
Verb Object Passive: Some money was lent (to) me by him.
[Mono-Tr.] . . . ·· . ·. ,/ · [NOTE-~ Objects ~ ~- 'ctil' Passive ~ ~ ~
:Sl+li··•rn: Indirect Object cf>1 Subject of.!'RT ~ ~ ~
(b) ~ Verbs ~ Objects ~. t; -~ Di-Tra~sitive Verbs
~t;~- . ~ t. ~
t ~ Direct object cf>1~ ~ ~ ~
· Subject <iR'RT ~ ti ~ ~ ~ -4 Passive ~ Subject cfir
(i) You 12resented me · a golden watch. . S11"4ftli$,(ij !<t>~ ~ ~ t~~
r T -~ ~ "Ira ~ ·,ft ~
l
cfi«IT
t,1
Verb Object Object . . '
· (Di-Tr.) (Indirect) (Direct) . (D) PASSIVE OF INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

Questions~: ~ 'Sl<m: ~ !-
.(iitl offered him· a!b.
·-r- T , . . . (a) Yes/No Questions-~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ m
Verb Object Object t, (tt-does, do, did, has, have, is, are, am, can, could, may,
(Di-Tr.) . (Indirect). (Direct)
might~) ~ ~ ~ (answer) 'm"
(Yes) <IT ';fr' (No) if
~~t:tt~
'QfR' ~ f<fi ';.'i(of fcf;m Verb 'ctil' w:rr1T Di-Transitive tfi ~
if ~ 'ffi" ~ -~ Objects mt t ~ fcf; a"$ ~ if ~ ·Question: Are you ready?
~ !1 ~ Objects ·ii' ·~ ~- <IT ~ t·· ~ What ~ Answer: Yes.(= Yes Larn.)
question q;f.t ~ ~ t ~ Direct Object t ~ -m- ~ t· <IT
<IT ~ ~- 'Whom' ~ question ffl lR P1ffi!T t ~ No. (::: I am not.)
Indirect Object it ~ ~- (b) Wh-Question--srr ~ Interrogative Wordf.·(why,:
(i) He gave me a chance. who, what, how, when, where ~) t ~ m t, ~ m
Question: What did he give ine? cfir ~~(Yes)<IT -;rr (No) ir' W re.7ff ~ 'l!v-n' ~JI'~
Answer : A chance. q;r ~ ~ clTcFf (Sentence)q;r ~ ~ ~ ~ !; ~-
. .
~ ~. 'What' ~ question ~ 'IR ~ 'A chance' (i) Question : Where are you going ?
fiRi'm ti ~ 'a chance' Direct Object ti ·: · · , Answer : I am going to Delhi.
m, . ~ !Pa.s&veofYes/NoQuestionsl~ ~ ~ cf>1 ~-
Question: Whom did he give a chance? (a) Do/does "it ~ ~ Questions iliT Active "it
.Answer : Me. .1 Passive:
~ wm:; 'Whom'.~ question~ ~ ~- 'Me' Prnm it· Active : I Do/Does + S + V + 0 ? ! 1
~ 'Me' Indirect Object ti .
(c) ~ ~ Verbs t; ~·Mono~ Di-Transitive~~ if Passive : I Is/Are/ Am + S1 + V3 + (by + Agent)?!
q;m. ~ t; ~~ . . . tt- .
Active : Does "' he need somemonev ?
(i) He told ~_styn:·_ (~told~ Mono-Tr. tJ --!.- TT l <
0-
object· Does S V1
(ii) He told r a stp. [~m Told~- Di-Trt]
Passive : Is some money needed
T l -r
£i'.
J.
him?
T
ls S1 V3. by Agent
Obj. object
(indirect) (direct) (b) Did~--~ .it~~.~- Questions·?.liT··Active"it Passive:
(d) tell, give, fetch, promise, offer, present, lend, get, .p~y,.
t ~ I
Active : Di<!- + S + v1 + 0 ? I
sell, bring, take, teach, promise ~ ~ ~ Verbs
m · I 3 .,j
Mono~ Di-Transitive~~ ii' CfiTir ~ ti I
Passive : Was/Were+ S. + V + (by + Agent) J
~- ~ Rule-Why, How, When, Where, What 31TR ~ ~

Active: Did he entertain ~ m t'1 ~. Who ~ Whom ~ ~ ~ ~
T 'r r yr?
Questions~ Passive~ ~-
Did SI yl 0 Active : Who wrote the Ramayana ?
Passive: Were entertained ·him? { Passive: By whom was the Ramayana written?
T T :r ~ T ·~
<IT
were S1 V1 by Agent.
Passive : Who was the Ramayana written by ?
(c) Have/Has/Had~ ~ ifl.\Qi~ Questions <ST Active
[Whom was the Ramayana written by ? ~ ~ ti]
;. ~ Passive
\. ~ : " .. :if the preposition comes ~~...J;Ln_cLofthe
I
Active : Have/has/bad + S + V3 + 0 ?I sentence orclause, then use ~" ·
:I
Passive Have/has/had+ S1 +been+ V3 +(by+ Agent)?j Who is that letter from ? [not whom]
~- . .
Who did you give it to ? [not whom)
Active: Has John written a book ? -F.T. Woo!f: A REMEDIAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR
T T ~ ----r FOR FOREIGN STUDENTS (p, 156)
s y3
Has 0 m.
Passive : Has a book Active: Whom have you invited?
T-r ~~ Passive: Who.has been invited by you ? .
1
Has been
S V3 by Agent ?
~[~ Active Wbocf>T Passive Whom~ i'lm
Bl+ll-4<1:
(d) Modal Auxiliary Verbs ~ ~ (l-%cti~ Questions
cr.T Active~ Passive: Active Whom cf>T Passive Who ~j
Active :j Modal + S + V1 + 0 ?j (E) PASSIVE OF IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

Imperative Sentences ~ order, request, suggestion 3lTR cfiT
Passive.: !Modal + s1 + be + V3 + (by + Agent). j
~- -mitim\1 ~~ fV1]~ ~·~t; ~- .
Active : Can he control this situation ? (i) Do it at once.
rr· -r- l (ii) Save my life, please.
Moda1 S V1 0 "llT
Passive : Can this situation be controlled
T r :r: (iii) Please save my life.
Modal 51 be y3 (a) Order~ ~ ~ Passive : ./

him?
T
Active: I V + ol
1
Agent. Passive : I +
Let S1 + be + V3~
(e) Passive of Wh-Questions:
Yes/No Questions cfiT Passive ~ ~ ~
~-
Active : Shut the door.
Interrogative Words~ ~ ~ Wh-Questions ~ ~ i1 j, I
~- vi "'0
\ Active: Have you broken the mirror? Passive : Let the door be shut.
l Passive: Has the mirror been broken by you? ,1. ,1. ,1. i
31-r ~ Yes/No Questions ~ ~ Interrogative Word Let st be
y3
~~- w. 'SfqiR,
Active : Why have you broken the mirror? Active : Bring a glass of water.
Passive: wry has the mirror been broken by you? Passive : Let a glass of water be brought.
. l
(b) Suggestion/ Advice~~ cfiT Passive:
Interrogative · Yes/No.Question
Word Active : I V1 + 0 ]
~ Interrogative Words + Yes/No Questions
Interrogative Questions.
= Passive :I S + sho.uld +be+ V .!
1 3
98 A Mirror ofCommon Errors
Active : Hep' the needy people. W ~ if 'I' Subject 'novel'~ t.

Noun t ~ 'to
l read' W Noun$ G11G ~ Infinitive cfim (I) ~ t, ~.
v' O ~ (read) !1 ara:, W Infinitive cfif Passive -:m' ~ ~ t,
Passive: The needlpeople should be hep,ed.
~ T NO~ ~ if ~ mircr R:<7T 'l'Jcrr t fcfi ~
s1 y3 ~ q;r passive 'to read' ~ 'to be read' ~ fcf;?;(1' ;;irnr t,
should be
... ,.., .....,.' ~ ~ ~~~':ff!' ti~-
~ 1fcm,
J "If the subject of the sentence is the person who has to do
Active. : Love the poor. the action, the active infinitive is used."
Passive : The poor should be loved. I have work to do. (Not: Ihave work to be done) ; ..
Active: Hate the sevendeadly sins. -Michael Swan : PRACTICAL ENGLISH USAGE
Passive : The seven dead_ly_~Jns should be bated. (p. 326)
(c) Request 1!!l1'M ~ i5I' Passive: ~:,
· Request~ (Active Voice~) cflci<il' if ,fi [V1 + 0] cfif tt" (1) I have two shirts to wash. 8 fcfi to be washed)
~ ~ t ~ ~ ~_please~ kindly q;r ~ mar t, (ii) I have a letter to write. 8 fcfi to be written)
~ ~ ~ 'll'R'T if ~ 3Rf if ~ ~ t; ~- . (e) ~ Subject ~ ~ m Noun + Infinitive m -~ ~ m
(i) Please help that old woman. ~ affeRI' ~ 'ffl" cffl' Infinitive Passive if_'mm ti
(ii)' Post this letter, please. · tt-(i) Mahatma Gandhi was a man to be admired.
(iii) Kindly vacate the house. ~! Mahatma Gandhi was a man to admire ~ ··
Doit for me, kindly.
(iv) ~t, .
~ c:flcF.ff <ST Passive : [NOTE-~ "CR~ Problems~~ ti}
You are requested + to + V1 + 0 $ ~ sr:rTllT ~ t; (d) ~ 1fcfiR 'lfR ~ cfif Subject~ ~ Noun 'llT Pronoun
~- "ffl' ~ cfil1f ':m' ~ t~ ~ lR cfil1f it -at' ~ Nouns
(i) You are requested to help that old man.
(ii) You are requested to postthis letter.
~ Pronouns $ G11G Passive Infinitive 'ti' ~ mm t. ~
(iii) You are requested to vacate the house. fcfi Active Infinitive; tt-
(iv) You are requested to do it for me. (i) These sheets are to be washed. 8 fcfi to wash)
, ./ NOTE-You are kindly requested cfif ~ ~ ~ !1 (ii) The letter is to be posted. t-r fcfi to post)
nr "CR ~ Problems~ ;,;yra t't (e) il~e + To be+ Noun + Infinitive j <fiT Passive~- ti
(F) PASSIVE OF INFINITIVE (To+ V1)
I Active: To +_V1 I I Passive : To+ be·+ V3• 1 (i) Active : There is work to do.
.,., -i-r--rTT
(a) (i) I am to do it. 1
There To be Noun · to V
(ii) You are to serve him. (Infinitive)
(iii) They are to buy a car. Passive: There is work to be done.
(iv) She was to sell the watch. -r- T -r rr T-
~~if Infinitive (To+ V1) <fit'~ t't ~ ffl fcfi There to be Noun to be V3.
~
'"'s_+_11_o_be_+_lnfini,,....,.,....,...'ti"'"'v_e_+_o~=.....-;s::-+--:-is/-:a-re/:-:-a-m/-:w~asl-:w~.ere-:- (ii) Active: .Th;.;are six books to write .
. + to· + V1 + 0 tr 'ffl" ~ Passive : S1 + is/are/am/was/ Passive : There are six books to be written.
were+ to+ be+ v3 !~ ~
iA'aT t; tt-
am:, There+ to be% ~ Infinitive cfil' ~ Active·m
(i) It is to be done by me. Passive voice -q mm ti
(ii) He is to be served by you. {G) PASSIVE OF 'HAVFJHASIHAD +TO+ v1
(iii) A car is to be bought by them.
(iv) The watch was to be sold by her. Active : I S + have/has/had + to + V + 0 I 1
.(b) ~. ~ Subject% G11G <Rf. Noun "gt om~ Noun~ Passive :(~1-+ havdbaslhad + to+ be+ V3 (by+ Agent~
8
sr,c: ~ Infinitive-. ~ Subject~ ~ 1fim tlr it ~
tt-
fofinitive 1f.i passive~ 'iRTm ~ t; tt- (i) Active : I have to borrow some money.
(i) I
r
have gOl a novel to read.
-r ~ l T '"! ,_- :r
S have to v1 0
Subject Noun Infinitive
Passive : Some money has to be borrowed · Orr the police.) . [by +Agent~ ~ ~ ~ ~
l T J" T J, r- l
SI has to be V3 by Agent
¥ me.
T
' ~. Passive if ~ JJcfiR ~ ~
Preposition q;\" ~ Problem~ '1fTm t; ~-:-
~ Verb ~ ~ ~
by Agent
(i) He was / laughed by I most of I bis friends. I No Error
~ 31cf«, (A) (B) (q (D) (E)
(ii) Active: You have to choose a bride. [Part (B) :q 'laughed'~~ 'at'~ ffl" ~. ~
Passive : A bride has to be chosen by you. laugh at(=~ ~ somebody cnr m- ~ ·t; ~-
(H) PASSIVE OF STATVE VERBS, etc.
(i) Active : ~ laulhed T T.
~ ~ Verbs -;;n- action -::r ~ 'state of mind <fT feeling S V Prep. 0
~ t ~~by q;r ffl"-: \" ~~(appropriate) Passive : I
r
was laigbed at
T ·J
~
t
him.
T
Prepositions~ t'; ~-
S1 To be V3 Prep. by Agent
(i) Active: I know him. ~ ~ Verbs q;\" ~, m~
~ Preposition ~
Passive: He is known to me. Objectm ti
(ii) Active : The news surprised me. look at
Passive: I was surprised at the news. look after
look down upon + Object
~ ~ Verbs Qiff ~ ~ ~ -q- ~ Prepositions look into
cm~- laugh at
known to, surprised at, amazed at, astonished at, startled smile at
at, vexed at, annoyed with somebody, annoyed at something, deride at
mock at
contained in, embodied in, included in, crammed with,
fire at
decorated with, filled with, ornamented with, thronged with,
a«f:, Passive if ~ Verbs ~ 7ilTG Preposition ~ -ra'T
tired of. '1("raT t,
~-
(i) Active: You annoyed me. PROBLEMS BASED ON VOICES
Passive : I was annoyed with you. 0 fcf; by you) Directions : Find out the error in each of the following
(ii) Active: Your behaviour annoyedme. sentences, if any. If there is no error; your answer is 'E'.
Passive : I was annoyed at your behaviour. 0 fcfi by 1. Any step that the centre I takes to establish I peace and
your behaviour) (A) (B)
fqE111!)'!',101 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Prepositions est harmony in the country I will be appreciate./ No Error.
(C) (D) (E)
~ WI~ WWT ~~Problems~~ !1 2. The policemen I who were on duty in this area I were
(I) PASSIVE OF VERB + PREPOSmON+ OBJECT (A) (B)
~ ~ Verbs t m~ ~ ~
Preposition ~ ooT discovered I two drug addicts. I No Error.
Object 'ffit ti (C) (D) . (E)
~ IS
Active : + Verb + Preposition + Object. I "@ ~the first
(A)
PresidentI of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad I was
(B)
~ construction ~ ~ ~ q;r Passive iRrn" ~
known by all types/of people in the world./No Error.
~ Verb~ m"l!f Preposition est ~ ~ ~ -ra'T si1'raT l1 (C) (D) (E)
~Passive: 4. The P. M. assured I the people that his government I
I S + to be + V + Preposition + (by + Agent), I
1 3 (A)
would do its best I to suppress couununalism. / No Error.
(B)
~- (C) (D) (E)
(i) Active: The 1_rice enguired into the case.
5. The teacher asked I the students whether they could I tell
l T l
(A) (B)
s v Prep. 0
the name of the man I who had been discovered
Passive : The case was enguired into (C) (D)
l T l r America. I No Error.
SI To be v3 Prep. (E)
JOO A Marer of Common Errors
6. The case was I enquired a month ago I but no report I has 19. They were pleased I by the news I which they had
(A) . (B) (C) (A) (B) (C)
come yet. I No Error. received I a day before. I No Error.
(D) (E) (D) (E)
7. She held something I at her side which I was totally 20. A Police Inspector sent I to my house I and all the rooms I
W 00 ~ (A) (B) (C)
hiding I by the folds of her sari./ No Error. were checked. I No Error.
(D) (E) (D) (E)
8. I was surprising I at not having seen I her even though she 21. The dacoits looted I the house and before I the police
(A) (~) (C) (A) . {B)
was standing I just beside my, wife. I No Error.
arrived I the things were taken away./ No Error ..
(D) . (E)
(C) (D) (E)
9. In case you apologise I for having broken your /. promises
22. When the leader I was shot dead, I the followers I were run
(A) (B)
(A) (B) . (C) (D)
you will / certainly be forgave. I No Error.
away. I No Error.
(C) (D) (E)
(E)
10. After every student had I gone away, I the peon locked
(A) (B) (C) · 23. He was said I to have been won I the prize because of I
up I the classroom./ No Error. (A) (B) (C)
(D) (E) the partiality of the judges. I No Error.
(D) (E)
11. Had the police not I reached here I on time, I would I have
(A) . (B) (C) 24. The burgalars were broken I into the house and I took
killed by the robbers. I No Error. (A) (B)
(D) (E) away some cash land many precious things. I No Error,
12; The teacher said, "Years I ago, it believed I that the earth I. (C) (D) (E)
w ~) ~ 25. She advised by I us to meet the Chairman I and. appraise
was fla.t." I No Error. (A) (B)
(D) (E) him of her I subordinate's misconduct. I No Error.
13. We have not been I informed about the I death of our . (C) (D) (E)
(A) (B) (C) 26. The needy man I was approched to the money lender I and
beloved I leader and torchbearer. No Error. (A) (B)
(D) (E) requested him to I lend him some money. I No Error.
14. They were kindly requested I to attend the seminar in (C) . (D) (E)
(A) (B) 27. When the damage has been I done and the future of the I
which I lectures on the evils of communalism were I to be (A) . (B)
(C) (D) people has darkened, I nothing will be of any help. I
'delivered. I No Error. (C) ·---· (D)
(E) No Error.
15. The ·headman advised I the members of the family to I (E)
(A) (B)
28. It was suggested I by the doctor I that the patient I should
inform the police I of the occurence. / No Error. (A) (B) (C)
(C) (D) (E)
be taken care. I No Error.
16. By whom I was he helped I when he seriously wounded I (D) (E)
(A) (B) , (C)
29. The bed has been arranged I for the newly married I
by a terrorist ? I No Error.
(A) (B)
(D) (E) .
couple but it has I not been slept. I No Error.
17. The conclusion will be arrived I but what we need I most (C) (D) (E)
(A) . (B)
is to keep I patience and I to wait. I No Error: 30. The Chief Minister laid I the foundation of a bridge I and
(C) (D) (E) (A) . (B)
was hoped that it would be I completed by January. I
18. We were extremely I surprised by the poor results I of that
(A) (B) . (C)
(C) (D)
No Error.
scholar's son and daughter."! No Error.
(E)
(D) (E)
31. Drawing the attention I of the public, I the leader said I 43. The report says that I a lot of things I including some drugs
w (~ ~ (A) (B) (C)
that he should be listened. I No Error. are I to sell in the shop to be opened shortly. I No Error.
(D) (E) (D) (E)
32. Tile reporter said I that the eminent/ scholar had been run/ 44. An unprecedented I riot was broken out I in this part of
(A) (C) (A) (B) (C)
over by a car. I No Error. the I state this month. I No Error.
(D) (E) (D) (E)
33. My father suggested I to me that I should I be written I to 45. Mr. Gupta disowned I his son only because I he was
(A) (B) (C) (A) (B)
him al least two letters every month./ No Error. married I a schedule caste girl. I No Error. ·
(D) (E) (C) (D) (E)
34. By whom I was Mr. Awdhesh Singh worshipped I as the 46. Accepting I all sorts of challenges I that life offers is I a
(A) (B) (C)
(A) (B) (C)
Gandhi I of our time./ No Error. pleasure to the brave. I No Error.
(D) (E)
(D) (E)
47. Looking into the situation I that prevailed a few years I
35. A new programme I is soon to be I telecast from the (A) {B)
(A) CS) (C)
ago, he was taken I that decision. I No Error.
Delhi I Doordarshan. I No Error.
(C) (D) .(E)
(D) (E)
[Alwar Bharatpur Rural Dev, Bank Exam. '88]
36.She was extremely I annoyed by I her lover's 48. Dogs soon know I the person whom I they are I kindly
(A) (B) (C) (A) (B) . (C)
unreasonable I behaviour./ No Error. treated I No Error.
(D) (E)
(D) (E)
37. Many of the tourists I did not reach the place I because the [BSRB (Jaipur), Clerical.Exam., 1990]
(A) (B) 49. No other leader of India I is hold in so high esteem I as
bus was to detain I by some ruffians. I No Error. . (A) (B)
(C) (D) (E) Mahatma Gandhi, who is I called the Father of the
(q (D)
38. Five persons killed I and a baby was I badly injured in
Nation. I No Error.
(A) (B) (C)
(E)
the I bus accident which took place last night. I No Error.
(D) (E)
50. The names record I in this register deserve I much
(A) (B)
39. A five star hotel I is to build I in the centre I of the town. I attention I of the police officers. I No Error.
(A) (B) (C) (0) (C) (D) {E)
No Error. 51. The lonely traveller puzzled I when he discovered I the
(E) (A) (B) .
foot prints I on the sand. I No Error.
40. Pt. Nehru was I a man to be I admired and I so was Mrs.
(C)' (D) (E)
(A) (B) (C)
Indira Gandhi. I No Error. ANSWERS
(D) (E) l. (D) 2. (C) 3. (C) 4. (E) 5. (D)
41. Some Hindu and some Muslim leaders I are bent on 6. (B) 7. (C) 8. (A) 9. (D) 10. (E)
(A) 11. (D) 12. (B) 13•. (E) 14. (A) 15. (E)
strengthening I cornmunalism to achieve their I political 16. (C) 17. (A) 18. (B) 19. (B) 20. (A)
(B) (C) (D) 21. (D) 22. (D) 23. (B) 24. (A) 25. (A)
goals. / No Error. 28. (0) 29. (D) 30. (C)
26. (B) 27. (C)
(E)
31. (D) 32. (E) 33. (C) 34.-(E) 35. (E)
42. Having found I guilty of murder I they were sentenced I 36. (B) 37. (C) 38. (A) 39. (B) 40. (E)
w (B) ~) 41. (E) 42. (A) 43. (D) 44. (B) 45. (C)
to life imprisonment. I No Error.
. 46. (E) 47. (C) 48. (B) 49. (B) 50. (A)
(D) (E)
51. (A)
102 !-- Mirror of Common Errors
. EXPLANATIONS 6. (b) 'enquired' ~ ~ 'into' q;r· >f<lTT!' Al <rrG: ~ f.f;
I. (D) 'appreciate' ~ ~ 'appreciated' q;r ffl' WTTI

Active Voice 1l' ~ f.f;m ~ Verb q:;r ffl" m~
ciflG ~ Preposition 3Tiffi' t ~ ~ Preposition ~
Passive Voice ii' ~ 'To Be ciflG Object, 'ffi" Passive Voice il' ~ Preposition ~
[is/are/am/was/were/be/being/been}+ v3 [Veth q;r
~~~t;~-
Past Participle~] q;r wttTr '\mlT' t; tt- (i) He laughed at me. [Active]
(i) This book was bol.ght byme. l 1. ""T
T Verb Prep. Obj.
To Be v3
'done by you.
5
(ii) I was lau hed
....
T (bytm). [Passive]
(ii) It should be
J"" -ry3 Verb prep.
(iii) The police enquired
by + Agent
into the case.
To Be
.J, TT
(iii) It is btng ¥ by Mohan Verb Prep. obj.
[Active]
2. (C) 'discovered'~~
To Be v3
'were'<R >f<lTT!' ~ ft; tt-
(iv) The case was en9rired ~ ? the Ji:°lice).
(i) The police discoveredit. ~ ~ ·~ 1«IT ~I J Verb.

prep. by (Agent)
(Passive]
~. 7. (C) 'hiding'~~ 'hidden' q;r mTiT ~ Passivem
(ii) The police were discovered. Voice ir To Be + v3 q;r >f<lTT!' ~I f.:p•.,fof,:gamm-
T l ~~~-
To Be
~
v3
q;r 'Q"ffi' ~ '1l<ITJ
(i) He T comTetely ¥-
a«i:, ~ 117.1' qlcfll' it The police discovered cf;1' ~ To Be Adverb v3
(ii) They were · fu}1y convinced.
~, -::f' fcf; The police. were discovered cf;l'I
3. (C) 'by'~-~ m-
'to' q;r m,rtt
-r- l
To Be · Adverb v3
~ ~ fcl; ~ ~ Verbs~ ! <ill' State of mind 'lfT 8. (A) 'surprising'~ ~ 'surprised' q;r >f<lTT!' mTfft
State of feeling ~ ~ !. ':!' fcl; f.f;m action ~) N. B. : ~ ~ ~ ft;rQ: ~ ~ (2) ~ (7)
<irrl ~ Verbs ~ ciflG Passive Voiceif ~ ~ ~ ~~~I
~ ~ (Appropriate) Preposition q;r ffl'
9. (D) 'forgave' ~ ~ 'forgiven' q;r 'Sl<TI'lT ~ ~
~ '5ITTrr t ';{' fcl; 'by' if;f; ~-
'forgave' forgive rf;f ~ ~ [Past Form] t, ~
(i) I know him. [Active]
forgiven~ ~ [Past Participle Form].
(ii) He is known to me. [Passive] [':f fcl; by meJ
(iii) The news surprised me. [Active] m, ~ ~ Verb (forgave)~ m 'be' [::m- To Be cfiT
(iv) I was surprised at the news. [Passive] [':i fcl; by
~ ~ !J cfiT ffl t, arcr: 'be' ~ ~ v3 (forgiven) cfiT
ffl' m11fl -
the news]
~~t,
,.
. ~ ~
~ (i) ~ Passive ir known~ ~ to~ (ii)~ Passive if
'by' q;r ffl' 1ffi'(f itcrr1

t
·'. surprised ~ ~ at cf;1' ffl" ~ 1'fllT ';5fl' ~ !1 'to' 'lfT 'at'
10. (E)
11. (D) 'have' ~- ~ 'been' q;r >l'lIT7l' m,rt
Voice ii' v3~ ~ ~
Passive
~ ~ ~ -:r ~ To Be
*
4; (E) ql.pf ~ ti ~ t-1 ToBeq;r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ qffi m
~ ~ ~ f.!,ti: ~ t; ~-
5. (D) 'discovered' ~. 'Cfrn 'been' q;r 'S!"<rr1T ~ ~I
by Mr. Sinha.
(i) I am b1ng tauF.ht
f.lC!fctf~o ~ ~ ~- T ....
(i) Who had discovered America? [Active] Aux. Be v3
q;r
(~~~~qi)-l'ft ?)
v4
~. (ii) I have been blamed by my friend.
Who had been discovered? [Passive]
-i-T l
~ fflq;j' 1Tf ~ ?) have be v3
3lcf:, ~ ~ fcii who had been discovered America q;r
~'ITffif!I v3
12. (B) 'it' ~ ~ 'was' q:;r ~ WTTI f:lt.1f<HRlid cl'fcFllT <tit 19. (B) by~ ~ 'with' q;r ~ ~ ~ 'Pleased with
~- something'~ 'Pleased to do something' q;r ~
(i) He believes in God. [Active] mm ti f.:ti:tfcHf'9a clTcFllT CR ~-
~~ 'tf mcrm-~tl) . (i) The news has pleased me. [Active]
(ii) It is believed that God is omnipotent. [Passive] (ii) Ihave been pleased with.the news. [Passive]
~ ~ ~ _;rnrr t~~ ~4:ltf<Mili"f ti) (iii) I am pleased to see you.
13. (E) ~ ~ ti f.lt:j~R§d ~ <tit ~- 20. (A) 'sent' ~ ~ was cf;T m-W11T <Fitfcl; A Police
(i) We have not informed him. [Active]
Inspector sent <iiT 8¢ t ~3ffem ~ ~ ~·
~ 'A Police Inspector was sent' <ti!' 3N ! ~
~~~~~ti) ~ ~~qcR.< w ~ wm·
(ii) We have not been informed. [Passive) 21. (D) 'the things were taken away'~~ 'they took away
~~~~"l'fmtl) the things' q;r m Al
14. (A) 'kindly' q:;r ~ ~ n ~ Active ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~&JU~ it~ fflcfR
Kindly, Please ~ m.:rlr ~ Passive ir 'you are ~ ~ m T-f ~ <tit Active Voice -q ~ ~ ~
requested' q:;r ffl" ~ t-1 f.:ti:tf{1Rsld ~ <tit t; "tt-
~- (i) He took a pen and wrote a letter.
(i) Shut the door. [Active] (~ ~ !) ~ clPPf ii' He~ ~ q;p:r ~ -~ ~ ~ (fflT
~-aiG'cfit~) ~ ~ ~I ~ ~ it ~ Simple cf!cFllT q;r

(ii) Let the door be shut. [Passive] Synthesis ti ~~ !-
He took a pen. He wrote a letter. ~
~ -afG <fit R7.lT ~
(iii) Please/Kindly shut the door. [Active] He [took a pen+ wrote a letter].
(~~t)
am:. ~ (i) <tit ~ f.:ii:tf('ffurn ~ ~ ~
~-
~~-aiG'cfit~I)
He took a pen and a letter was written m ~
(iv) You are requested to shut the door. [Passive]
~
~
-afG ~
a,m fcf;1:n" ~
~ ~ an,:m ~
t r.t; 3TT'Cf ~
f.f;1'f ~
-afG ~ t,)
t 1'T 1R-ffl
~
"I
TIQ; ~ ~ Simple ~ <tit ~ Passive ~
Synthesise fcf;1:n" ,;JT ~ t; tt-
15. (E) ~~ti
16. (C) 'he' ~ ~ 'was' q;r m- n ~ ~ ~ 11W A pen was taken, A letter was written <ti!'
Synthesis-
am Passive ii' t1 ~-
A pen was taken and a letter was written.
(i) He wounded me seriously. ·· [Active]
~ ~ JITT it ~ T('Q; 'q'Jcfil' cfiT ~ ~ ~-
(3Wr ~ "tNR~~ ~ <fit R?.tfl)
The dacoits looted the house ..... The dacoits took
(ii) He was seriously wounded by a terrorist.
away the things. ~ The dacoits [looted the house
[Passive]
+ took away the things].
~~~&JU ffl ~~~<fit~ 1'1ffl)
~ Ilq;I"{ looted wtr took~ Active Voiceit i1
17. (A) 'arrived' ~ ~ 'at' <ti!' 'Sl<IT1T ittJT ~ Active
Voice if 'arrive at a conclusion' q;r 'Sl<IT1T ~ ti 22. (D) 'were run' ~ ~ 'ran' <ti!' WWT ~I· 'run' ~
PASSIVE it arrive~-~ ~ at <tit ~- ft:rltT ;.;rnrr t1 'Intransitive Verb'! • Intransitive Verb q;r Passive
31(1':, :ml' ~ ti 3«1'; 'They were run away <IT He was sat
(i) 'They will arrive at a conclusion. [Active] down.~~~ t, ~ ~ ~ t-They ran
-r "J away tfttT He sat dawn.
arrive Prep. 23. (B) 'been'q;rm~n1 ~-
(ii) A conclusion will be arrived at (by them).
l "l (i) He was said to have been won.
arrive Prep.
TT
q;r v3 . To Be v3 (Passive]
['He' <tit
~ ~ ft.rllT 71'<l'T]
[Passive]
18. (B) 'by'~~ 'at'~mn1
~ ~ ~ ~ t fcf; 'He~ ~ 41Rffi~cti (firu
prize) ~ ~1· a«\":, ~ ~ Activ~ Voice <5i:
Note : mvr ~ ~~ ~ m§!TT (3) 'lit arr8'T
mm•~~-
~I
104 A Mirror of Conunon Errors
(i) He was said to have
-rT
won the first prize. ~.
(ii) I should be written to. ~ ~ ~ ~I]
have V3 [Active]
24. (A) 'were broken' $ ~ 'broke' cfiT m ~I ~ ~
34. (E) qT<R ~ t,
~$~~~- 35. (E) ~~!1
The burgalars [broke into the house and took away ..... J 36. (B) 'by' $ ~ 'at' cfiT ~ m,n1 ~ annoyed with
25. (A) 'advised' $ ~ 'was' cfiT m
A ~ advised somebody ~ annoyed at something cfiT cfrn'r m
$ 1i!R 'by us' cfiT Jt<lTlT t ~ 'QaT ~ t fcfi ~ t;~-
Passive Voice if ti (i) She was annoyed with her husband.
¥· (B) 'approached'$ ~ 'was' cfiT ~ ~ mrTTI ~ J, J, J,
~ if ,ft~ m
ff (The needy man)~ cfillT cfi«l1"
annoyed with somebody
t'-"approached ..... requested ..... "~
o1IfcRr ~
~~-amiw~'i
$ ~ ~ am: ~ ~
"3"f.TR *
\it,t<\<<i4<!.
if; (ii) Iwas annoyed at his sarcastic remarks.
J, J, J,
27. (C) 'has'lf; 1i!R 'been'cfiT "5l<IT1T miITI annoyed at something
28. (D) 'care' if; 1i!R 'of' Preposition cfiT ~ n, 37. (C) 'was to detain' % ~ 'had been detained' q;y Jf?WT
R.:.f~f&a ~ <R ~- "WITI 'the bus was to detain' cfiT ~ t ~ <}q:;~cUffi
(i) They took care of the patient. [Active] 'It' ~ 'the bus had been detained' cfiT 3N t ~
(ii) The patient was taken care of. [Passive] "Uq; "eft lJcft" ~ I '
29. (D) 'slept' if; GfT<!. 'on' cfiT ~ "ffl11T. ~ Subject + 38. (A) 'killed' $ ~ 'were' cfiT 1lmlT" WIT. ~
Verb + Preposition + Object% Passive if Verb if; -mer Five persons were killed (t1Ff arm; 1:IR ~ Passive
Preposition ~ ffl ~ ~ !; ~- if t,
(i) Nobody has slrt T
this bed . [Active] 39. (B) 'to build'$~
Passive Voice q;I' ~
to be built
ti
cfiT ~ mrrt', ~
V Prep. 40. (E) q(cflf ~ l1

(ii) This bed has not been sler on. 41. (E) q(cflf ~ !t
:r T 42. (A) 'found'% ~ 'been' cf;T JilTilT mrrTI Active 'Having
SUB. V. Prep. found guilty of murder' cfiT ~ t ·~ cfiT ~ i:fl"cR'
[Passive) ~ Passive 'Having been found guilty of murder'
3Q. (C) 'was' cfiT Jt<lTlT -:rm m1ITI hoped nq'i Active Voice$~ qif ~ t ~ cfiT ~ ~ '5fR" ~,· ~-
~ cfiT Synthesis ti ~ ~ m<P-n' % ~ t- (i) Having found him guilty of murder, the judge
(i) The Chief Minister laid ..... _. sentenced him to death.
(ii) (the Chief Minister) hoped .....-. ~ qJq<f R.:.ff(,,lfoad. ~ ~ cfil' Synthesis t-
~ (i) The judge found him guilty of murder.
(iii) The Chief Minister laid ..... and hoped •..... (ii) The judge sentenced him to death.
31. (D) 'listened' $ 1i1R 'to' Preposition q;r- Al ~ m lfR cR fci; ~ ~ qJcflf Active Voice if t ~ ~
Active Voice it Wl"m listen % ~ 'to'~ Object Participle cfiT Jnn'lT ~ Synthesis "cfif.t ~ Having
cfiT m ffl ·t ~- found him guilty of murder... ~ ~-
Ci) They listened to me. [Active]
l r T (i) Having been found guilty of murder, he was
sentenced to life imprisonment
listened Prep. Obj.
~ ~ f.ls:tref~a ~ ~ cfil' Synthesis t-
am:. Passive Voice if listen $ ~ to ~ ffl ft.9<rr
;;mrr !1 3ilR ~ ~ ~ cfiT Passive Voice (i) He was found guilty of murder.
f.l.:.ffo1f,&a ~ cf;T ffl1TT- (ii) He was sentenced to life imprisonment.
(i) I was listened to by them. lfr< cfi't fci; ~ ~ ~ Passive it t, 3:fR ~
3.2. {E) q(cflf ~ t1 Participle cfiT Jf?WT ~ Synthesis ffi lf<-
33. (C) 'be written' $ ~ 'write' cfiT "5l<WT m1ITI 'be Having been found guilty of murder....
. written' Passive t, ~ cffcflf if Active Voice cfiJ" 43. (D) 'to sell'~~ 'to be sold' q;y "Sf<UTT n1 ~-
~t, (i) He is to sell a book. [Active)
(i) I should write to him. (~ ~ ~ ~I] ~ l!:cfi ~ ffl cl'R-IT to
i.
<IT
(ii) A book is to be sold by him. [Passive] (ii) I know the man who helped him. {Active]
~ ID"U ~ ~ ~ ~ cm:ft ti) 49. (B) 'hold' ~ ai~ 'held' cfiT 3l'<TI"IT m,n-1 hold Present
44. (B) 'was broken out' ~ ~ 'broke out' cfiT ffl" mrrr1 Tense, Plural Number ii' t ~ v1 t ~ Passive
break out cfi1' ~ t" '~' I ~- if to be (is/are/am/was/were, be, being, been] + .v-' cf;!"
(i) Cholera broke out in this village. m-~t-1
ITT!' lJ'i'q- if ~ ~ lJ<ITI) 'Hold' q;r Past ~ 'held' ~ Past Participle ~ ·~
45. (C) 'was' q;r m ~ w.rr, ~ 'had' cfiT ~ ~I 'held'm~WI
~- 50. (A) 'record'js ~ 'recorded' qiJ' 1l<fi1i ~t 'The names
(i) Ram married a poor girl. [Active] recoreded' = The names which are I were recorded.
(~;)'~~~~ffl"~I) 51. (A) 'puzzled'~ ~ ro
'was' cfiT m1ITI ~-
(ii) You told me that Ram had married a poor girl. (i) He was puzzled. [Passive)
46. (E) ~~t-1 (ii) They were disturbed. [Passive]
47. (C) 'was taken' ~ ~ 'took' q;r WWT n ~ qf<Ff (iii) She was tired. (Passive]
Active Voice ii' !1 ~. (i) He puzzled me. [Active]
48. (B) 'whom'js ~ 'by' q;r ~ n1 ~- (ii) They disturbed us. [Active]
(i) I know the man by whom he was helped. (iii) The work tired her. [Active]
[Passive]
***
Chapter-12
NARRATION
Narration tst ~ t ·~·1 ~
Narrate t 'af':IT J31T ~ t (1) Direct Narration it ~ Inverted Commas (' ') ~
,~ ~ t 'cffiRT' I
Narration ~ 3R" Synonyms- Indirect Narration if ~ ~ ~ t; ~-
Statement, Assertion, Declaration amf; ~ ~ t ~ (1) Direct: He says, 'I am ready'
Narration~ 'Sf<TI"7l' Grammar~~ term~~ if~ <ilTfil ! Indirect : He says that he is ready.
~381"~~~1 :r
KINDS OF NARRATION
(' ')~~~~i,
(2) ~ Reporting Verb Present Tense ~ Future Tense if
Narration~ ~ ~ ~ t-
1. Direct Narration : ~ ~ ~ ~ mu ~ ~
~ m Reported Speech ll:; Verb ~ Tense ii' ~ ~ ~
Statements~. ~) ~ ~-cfil'-~ ~ ~ '5ll1'IT ti
mmt tt- ·
~ Statements cm- ~ Inverted Commas (' ') ~ (" ") ~ (i) Direct: She says, 'Rita comes late.'
3nT"ra mt, l -r
Present Present
·~- Tense Tense
(i) Mira said, "I am late". Indirect: She sFs that Rita comes late.'
~· ~ if .fRT ~ am ~· 1'J"llT Statement "I am late" ti -r-
3ffi:, R<!T ~ Direct Narration -4 ti
q1"q<f Present Present
Tense Tense
2. Indirect Narration : ~ ~ 'o!l'fcRr ll:; mu ~ ~
Statements tst ~ m ~
if ~ t', ~ ~ q;m ~ m (ii) Direct : Mira will say, 'Mohan is always right.'
:i: . l"
~ ~ ~ ll:; am ~ ~ Statements~ 'Wf, ~. ~
~m ~ if ~ m ti tt-(i) Mira said that she was
Future Present
late. ~ q1"q<f it 1ITTT ~ am ~ '11t ~ ~ ~ m~ it Indirect :

Tense Tense
Mira will]ay that Mohan is
~~~ti always right. "!
NARRATION~ ~ ~ !itJ allcl¥4ib \ii1-tl:6tfo,1l : · Future Present
(a) Mohan said to his friends, "We are lucky". Tense Tense
:i: (3) ~ Reporting Verb Past Tense if ~ m Reported
Speech ll:; Verb ll:; Tense it f.11:1f"1f&c1 ~ ~ ~ ~
Reporting Speech/Reporting Reported Speech/ ~t-
Clause Reported Clause/ (a) Present Indefinite ~ Past Indefinite if ~ ~ '5ll1'IT
~ -::iri:r t '5l"AT Reported Statement
~ ti ~';{Ti:f t ~ ~ ti t:~-
(b) Reporting Speech cfiT 'Sf<TI"7l' ~ ll:; ~ ii'~ ~
Direct: You said,
-!,
'I never Sf there'.
3R'f if~ ll:; ~ it m~ t; ~- Past Present
Tense Indefinite
(i) The teacher said, "The school is closed for a month."
Indirect: You said that you never went there.
q1"q<f ~~if T --r
(ii} "Let's go for a walk", she said to. her friends. Past Past
Indefinite Indefinite
'cll'q<f ~ ~ it (b) Present Imperfect cm- Past Imperfect if~~~
(iii) "Jane Austen", said Mala, "was a great novelist."
1 . I
t:~-
Direct: Nita said, 'I am willing to do it'
q')q<j ~:;.fr~ it :i: l
DIRECT NARRATION INTO INDIRECT NARRATION Past Present
t Indirect Narration ffl *~ ~ Tense Imperfect
~
~
Direct Narration
Rules t ~~ ~ *~
(Sentences) 1R ~ ~ ti
Rules ~ General Rules q;m "'1m ti 'it General Rules ~
Indirect: Nita said that she was willing to do it.
T l
'·t, ~ f*ll{:,f&a t- · Past Past
Tense Imperfect
A Mirror of Common Errors 107·
(c) Present Perfect~ Past Perfect if ~ ~ -;;J"loT t; Indirect : Jyoti said that they had been talking
~- T :r
Direct: Dipu said, 'I have bought a red pen.' Past · Past Perfect
T. J: Tense Continuous
Past Present to the Principal.
Tense Perfect (g) ~ ~. can-could ii' shall-should ii' will-would
Indirect: Dipu said that he had bought a red pen. if, may-might if~~ ti
T .!-
NOTE (A) : Past Perfect err Past Perfect Continuous
Past Past
~-ifi-~mt,
Tense Perfect
NOTE (B) : ~ Reported Speech ii' ~ Universal Truth
(d) Present Perfect Continuous ~
Continuous if ~ ~ ~ t; ~-
Past Perfect
err Habitual Truth m cit Reported Speech ~ Tense if ~
~ ;rtt' ~ ~ t; ~-
Direct: Mohan said to me, 'I have been living here for a (i) Direct : The teacher said . 'The earth moves
month'. T -:r·
Indirect : Mohan told to me that he had been living there Past Present
for a month. Tense· Tense
(e) Past Indefinite~ Past Perfect if ~ ~ ~ t; round the sun.'
~- . Indirect : The teacher said that the earth moves
Direct: You said, 'She wrote a letter' T =r:
T Past Present
Past Past Tense Tense
Tense Indefinite round the sun.
Indirect : You said that she bad written a letter. (ii) Direct : My father said, 'The earth is round' ..
T :t: T . r-
Past Past Past Present
Tense Perfect Tense Tense
ffl Fcf; ~ ~ Indirect: My father said that the earth is round.
NOTE: (C) Fcltitllffi!OI ~
~Problems~ ~ !1 ~-
'Q'{ ~
T r
Past Present
(i) He told his servant I that his work I is not satisfactory I Tense Tense
No Error.
(A) (B) (C)
(4) Reported Speech~ Pronouns jt \:ft'~ m tr it
~ f.lC!fctf{gd ~ 'q"{ ~ ~ i,
(D)
[S.S.C. Clerk Grade 1986] '£~
(A) llIIIIJ ~ First Person Subject ~ ~.
[Indirect Narration ~ ~ ~ ~ Part (C) ii' 'is' ~ ~
'was' cfiT ~ m:m. ~
Reporting Verb 'told' Past Tense Second Person Object ~ ~ ~ Third Person No
i\' ti Cbange;~-
(ii) Pressed by his students/the Principal suddenly said I (i) Direct: She said to me, 'I am right but you are wrong.
(A) (B) Indirect : She told me that she was right but I was wrong.
that I am in no way responsible for the quarrel. I ['I' First Person t ;.m- Subject 'She' ~ ~ ~
(C) 'she' W lfclT t. ~ 'you' Second Person t. ~
Object 'me'~
No Error. ~~ 'l'm'lfclTtl]
(D) (ii) Direct: You said to me, "He is handsome".
[L.D.S.B. 1990]
Indirect : You told me that he was handsome.
[Indirect Narration ~ ~ ~ ~ Part (C) i\' 'I am' ~
['He' Third Person t, a«i:; ~ ~ change~ fcfi<fr
~ 'he was' cfiT ~ ~. ~ Reporting Verb 'told' Past
7l<IT !1]
Tense if ti
(t) Past Imperfect ~ Past Perfect Continuous ir ~ ~
(b) <l'R Universal Truth ~ ftw: 'we' <fiT '5l<ITTr mm~
-;;J"loft;~-
'we' Ji- Indirect Narration it ~ ~ ~ t'; ~-
Direct : They said, 'We cannot live without air.'
Direct : Jyoti said, 'They were talking to the Principal'.
Indirect : They said that we cannot live without air.
J, J,
[~ ~ °q' 'we'~ -;rm~ "1J<l'f t, ~ ~ ~
Past Tense Past Imperfect Universal Truth ~ ftw: ~ !1)
(c) ~ ~ Magazine, Newspaper etrfs ~ ~ we, [~ ~ ~ Part(C)# tomorrow'~~ on the morrow

our, us ~ cfiT ~ cRclT m m
Indirect Narration if ~ <IT the next day cfiT ~ WIT, <Ffrfci; tomorrow ~ on the
~: it, its~ it .;:.;
'i 0 ~ =
!C..'il ~ " ~
~; "I<:!- morrow <!T the next davJ if ~ ~ ~ t1]
Direct: The Times of India says, 'We are trying our best m, ~-
to keep you well informed,' (i) Mira said, 'I am responsible for it.'
Indirect : The Times of India says that it is trying its best (ii) Deepak said to Meena, 'You are punctual.'
to keep us well informed. RULES :
[<l'm 'we' om 'our'~: 'it' elm 'its' if~~ TTir ~] (a) said_ said~ ~mt <lT observed, remarked, pointed
. (d) 'tlR
Reporting Verb 'if Object cfiT ~ ~ 'ITT om out, asserted, declared, proclaimed enfa if~~ ti
Reported Speech if 'you' ciiT ,1f<rrlr W m ~ you ~ said to_ said to~ ~ t <lT told/informed/reported to
3ll<H4<r>(\lj~lF( Third Person <IT First Person if ~ ~ t .;, == ~ t,
~- 'i '"""'
{i) Direct: She said, "You are guilty." NOTE (A) : otm: Object cfiT told cfiT ~ ~ mm t
Indirect : She said that he was guilty. ~ 'tell' 'Q;<fi Transitive Verb lR ~ t,WTm ~ Object
(ii) Direct : She said, ''You are all guilty."
cfiT ~ ~ Problem feur mm t; mt-
Indirect : She said that tliey were all guilty. (a) He told I that he I was I hungry./ No Error.
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
(iii) Direct: He said, "You are guilty."
Indirect : He said that l was guilty. ~ ~ -~ Part (A) if 'told' <fir Jl<TilT "1ffia- !; ~
(iv) Direct: He said, "You are all guilty."
~ ~ object·~ 'told'~-~ ~ t, 'said' cfiT WITlT ~
~!]
Indirect : He said that we were all guilty,
(S) Indirect Narration i\' ~ Reported Speech ii' Present
NOTE (B} : m 'said' ~ cW::" ~ 'to' ~ Object cfiT >f<TI"Tr
;im 1%clT '5TffiT t; ~ said i:l:; 1ifl'e: ~ Object q;r ~ ~ '4't"
Tense ~ Past Tense if ~ ~ t 'ITT f-1AR.1ftrn ~ if 'TI' Problem ~ '5iT ~ l; ~-
~~tt
(4) She said me I that she I liked that I young man. I
Now'~ then~~ t Come=-s go it~ t (A) (B) (C) (D)
~~~) No Error,
This~ that Today ~ that day if ~ ti (E)
(~~-:,fr) [~ qJ'q<f i:l:; Part (A) if 'said' ~ ~ 'to' cnf ~ ~
These ~ those ~I ~ 'said me' ~. ~ 'said to me' q;r ~ mTTT <IT
'said'~ ~ 'told'~ ~ q;;:.rr ~!]
Here ~ there (~ fflTT ~) Tonight ~ that
(b) Inverted Commas est W2T ~ ~ t' -3fl"{ Reported
Hence ~ thence
night il' ~
Tomorrow :-"7 the next
!1
Speech~~ '
3ili:l~4cfidlj,~.m. 'that' q;f '3fciTIT ~ -
ci1ciT ~, ...
. {c) Reported Speech ~ Verb ~ Tense 11' 3ilct¥4'**11j*lk
day I on the morrow ·
~~~t,
Thus ~ so Next day ~ the following day
Last night -e the previous night,
(d) a.Rf if Full Stop (.) q;r wn-rr ~ ~ ti
~ ~ cfiT -qn;,., ffl "tR ~ Sentences ~ Indirect
Ago --1before
Narrations f.t.:.ifc1forn m'Tt-
NOTE : This I here I now I today I come 31TR <fir ~
~ ~ ~ I ~ m ~ Speaker
I ~ I 3llre: ~ ~ js
. (i) Mira said that she was responsible for it.
~ ~ ~ m ~%~~mm m ~ #i 'ffiIT ti (ii) Deepak said to Meena that she was punctual.
-qr
1. INDIRECT NARRATION OF ASSERTIVE
(iii) Deepak told Meena that she was punctual.
SENTENCES
~ ~ ~(f PROBLEM~- . 2. INDIRECT NARRATION OF INTERROGATIVE
(i) The lady said that I she should be away I from home SENTENCES
(A) (B) ~-
tomorrow as Malti 's I friend would come to visit (i) He said to me, 'Are you going there ?'
(C) (D)
(ii) She said to me, 'Do you know his name ?'
Mumbai./ No Error.
(E) (iii) You said to me, 'What are you doing ?'
[B.S.R.B., P.O. Examination (Kolkata), 1991] (iv) Mahesh said to Gauri, 'Why were you late?'
...
A Mirror of Common Errors ', 109
RULES: (i) Indirect Narration it Sentence Assertive mm t, a:m: 'do I
want' q;r Assertive 'I want' Wllfl
(a) Say~ ask, enquire (of), want to know (of) ~ if
cl c:.e1 R<fT <ilT'ITT t I (ii)~ Reporting Verb 'asked' Past Tense it' i, am: Indirect
(b) Inverted Commas C ') ~ ~ fe:<rr ~ !1 Narration if 'TI' Past Tense q;r >T<WT W'lTI ~ ~ ! 1%
'I want'$~ 'I wanted' m-rn-1
{c) <l'R Reported Speech ~ Yes I No Question mm
Reported Speech ~
~-
m
if I whether 'q;J" WTI1T ~ ~ !·
.
(iii) 'who' $
'ef>'dfifiF(q,'
~
'q;J" 'G"ID
whom 'q;J"
wrnrr t ~
"S!<TI"ll ~ ~ 'who'
'whom' ifi%t«t> "ififl
~ m.fl' ~ cii\"
'tZfR ~ 00 ~ ~ 'who do I want' ~
Direct: She said to Mohan, 'Can you help me' ?
~ 'whom I wanted' q;r ~~~I
Indirect; She asked Mohan if I whether he could help her.
(f)qfq<f $ ~ ~ Sign of Interrogation (?) ~ ~ Full
(d) ~ ~ Reported Speech jt Wh-Question (-;m who I
Stop (.) 'q;J" ~ t; ~-
what I how I where I when I why 31TR ~ ~ t") if)" m m ~ ~
Direct : Ramesh said to you, 'Whom have you invited ?'

Reported Speech ~ ~ ~ Interrogative word ~ ffi"
Indirect : Ramesh asked you whom you had invited.
~ Conjunction 'q;J" Jf<ITlT ~ ~ ~ t; ~-
Direct You said to your wife, 'What are you doing ?' {~ t fcf; Direct Narration ~ qJq<f ~ ~ ~ Sign of
Interrogation (?) t ~ Indirect Narration ~ qfcFf ~
Indirect : You asked your wife what she was doing.
~~Full Stop(.) ti
NOTE : ~ m' fcf; ~ ~ lR ~ ~ Problem
3r.f ~ ~ q;r ~~~~Topic~~ if~
Interrogative Words ~ ~ 'that' 'llT 'as to' ~ ~ -sira
TTtl: "1RT ~ ~ Indirect Narration cii\" ~-
t';~-
(i) He asked me if I whether I was going there.
(i) He asked me I that how I got I time to write I all these
(A) (8) (C) <IT, He wanted to know if I was going there.
poems. (ii) She asked me if I whether I knew his name.
(D) (iii) You asked me I wanted to know what I was doing.
[B.S.R.B. (Patna), 1990] [":f fol, that what was I doing] ·
[~ qfq<f ~ Part (8) if 'that how I got' ~ ~ 'how I (iv) Mahesh asked Gauri why she had been late.
got' 'q;J" >PWr ~ ~ Interrogative Word 'how'~ ~ [-;, 1% that why had she been late]
'that' Conjunction q;J" ~ '?fRo ti]
[~ ~ fcf; ~ Reporting Verb Past Tense -q' m~
(e) Reported Speech~ Assertive~ R<IT '1fIBT t ~
Verb + Subject ~ Subject + Verb ~ Order if mt ~ ti
ReportedSpeech lf was I were 'q;J" Jf<ITlT mm~
'was I were'
'had been' if ~ -;;irar ti)
~- 3. INDffiECT NARRATION OF IMPERATIVE
(i) Direct : Roma said to me, "What will
-:r.· SENTENCES
(a) Imperative Sentence ~ Order (~), Request
Verb
(~), Advice ~), Negative Command (~cf>I-Otttcf> 3-lffl)
T do today ?" anR lITT!T t,
Sub.
{b) ~ ~ Verb~ ~ war
!; ~-Go, Bring, Make
Indirect : Roma asked me what I would
(c) Negative Command 'Do not <IT Don't~~ %; mor
l -r- ~-
Sub. Verb (i) Ragini said to her servant, 'Bring a glass of water.'
do that day. (ii) Ramu said to his father, 'Please bring me a pen.'
(iii) My friend said to me, 'Join my company.'
NOTE : ~ mxr "tR ~ Problems ~1 ~ ~ ~
!1~~- (iv) She said to her children, 'Don't walk in the sun'.
(i)The receptionist asked me I who do I want I to meet RULES REGARDINGORDER I REQUEST

(A) (B) (a) Say I said cii\" ~'ef ~ ~ order I ordered; request /
in the office I No Error. requested; advise I advised; ask I asked; beg I begged; tell I
(q (D)
told~ -q ~~ti
[S.S.C. CLERK GRADE 1987]
[~~~Part (B) ~ 'who do I want'~~ 'whom I (b)Inverted Commas(' ') q;t" ~~Verb~~ 'to'
wanted' 'q;J" ~ mm1J q;fffl~il
110 A Mirror of Common-Errors
(crReported Speechjs Pronouns Tl' 3.lli:li\'<l<#i:llj*II< ~- (A) Let <:iiT atti ,ff1f ·~ ~,' '"Srtfflcf ~· m~
ffi t:1 Indirect Narration iRR' ~ ~- ''
(d) Kindly, Please~ 311<!.("{i::lcfi ~ cm- ~ ~ t't RULES:
RULES REGARDING NEGATIVE COMMAND (a) say I said cm- propose I proposed; suggest I suggested Tl'
(a)Say I said cm- ask I asked, tell / told, remind I reminded ~ ~ ":5frnT t,
.* 'it ~l!ql(<lcfii:llj*II< ~ R"<lT ~ t, (b)~ Reporting Verb ir Object m m proposed I suggested·
(b) Inverted Commas ~ ~ not + to + v1 'cfif m ~ ~~'to'~ Object'cfif m~ ~ t; ~-
-;,rm ti ~ 'Do not go'~ 'not to go'~ ~ ti ~ (i) suggested to me
· "51'"cfiR, Do not make arar 'not
\
to make'~ ":5frnT t"1 .i J, J,
NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~ Problems m- ~ ~ !; suggested to object
-~--
(ii) proposed to them
(i)l advised him I to do not go I abroad for I further studies.Z J, J, J,
(A) (B) (C) (D)
proposed to object
No Error.
(E) (c)Inverted Commas (' ') cm- ~ Reported Speech ~
[B.S.R.B. (Patna), 1992) ~ that 'cfif m ~ ~ t,
if 'to do not go'~~ 'not to go'
(d)Reportcd Speech~ Subject~ 1if1G slwuki~ m v1
[~~~Part (B) · ~m~~t;tt- ·. ·
'cfif m wrr,1
(i) Direct He said to his friends, 'Let's go to
(c) ~. forbid I forbade+ object + to + V1 'cfif m mm the movies'.
t;~- .... Indirect He proposedto his friends that they
Direct : He said to me, 'Don't go out'.
should go to the movies.
Indirect : He forbade me to 8£ out.
.i r r .i . (ii) Direct I said to the villagers, 'Let's help
forbade obj. to + V1 the injured men.'
Indirect I suggested to the villagers that we
. m, prohibit I prohibited, prevent I prevented + object
+from+ V(ing) 'cfif m mm t; ~- . sheuld help the injured men.
Direct : You said to your son, 'Stop working'. NOTE (A) : Suggest w.TT Propose ~ ~ ~ Object ~
Indirect : You prohibited I prevented mm~ ~ n v4 (V + ing) qiJ" ~ ,ft mm ·t ~-
J, J, Direct: She said, 'Let's go for a walk'.
prohibited I prevented Indirect : She suggested going for a walk.
.your son from ·working.
l ,!.
t J, J, suggested v4
Object form V4
arar, ~ f.:r<l7lT 'cfif im-r-r ~ ~ ~ Topic ~ '5lrt'1' it' ~ (a) Sub: + propose I suggest + to + Object + that +
,rq: Indirect Narration js ~ ~ ~- Sub. + should + V1 + .
(i) Ragini ordered her servantro bring a glass of water. (i) You proposed I suggested to your friends that you
(ii) Ramu requested his father to bring him a pen. should have a walk in the morning.
(iii) My friendasked.metojoin his company. (c) Sub. + propose I suggest+ V(ing) + ...•...•
(iv) She asked her children not to walk in the sun. (i) You proposed I suggested going for a walk in the
'<lT, She forbade her children to walk in the sun.*' morning.
4. LET~ ~ ~ ~ ctil' INDIRECT NARRATION NOTE (B) : propose I suggest+ to + V1 'cfif ffl ~
. 'Let' (i) 'cfif m '~~~· (to suggest), ·~ ~· mmt1
(to propose)~~ ir mm ti am:, He proposed to me to go home~ 1"R,(f ti~
'Let' (ii) 'cfif ~ ·~ ~· (to allow)~ ~ "ti' ~ t"1 · ~ He proposed to me that we should go home WTr I
(B) LETw ~ ~-,~ ~· (to allow)i5 a1Vf -qt '81' ~~~~~~~Topic~~ it ITT~
'it ~ INDIRECT NARRATION ~cir~- ,1
RULES: (i) Mary prayed that God might bless me.

(a) say to I said to~ order I ordered, request I requested~ (ii) He wished I prayed that I might succeed in the
it~$ ~ ~ R-lT ~ ti examination.
(iii) They wished I prayed that the Indo-Russian
(b) Reported Speed}~ to allow t ~ ~ ':iiJ'rnT ti
friendship might live.long.
(c)~ Verb$ m 'to' <fiT m ~ ':5frnT t1 (iv/ We wished I prayed that the P.M. might live long.
(i) Direct: Ranjan said to his boss, 'Let me go
Indirect:
home.'
.
Ranjan requested his boss to allow
6. INDIRECT NARRATION OF EXCLAMATORY
SENTENCES
him to go home.
(ii) Direct : The officer said to the peon, "Let
~-
(i) Raman said, 'What a beautiful sight !'
the man go in".
(ii) You said, 'Well done ! my friends'.
Indirect: The officer ordered the peon to
(iii) She said, 'O that I were extremely beautiful !'
allow the man to come in.
(iv) The old woman said, 'Ah! I am ruined.'
_NOTE : 'let' cir Indirect Speech it to let cfiT m.- ~ (a) Exclamatory~ t ~ I ~ <iir ~- mm t1 ~
~it~~~~!;~.,-- .
~: What I How I Alas I Ah I Oh /Hurrah~ cfiT WWI'
Direct Hari said to Seema, 'Let the children go
~ti
to play'.
Indirect Hari ordered Seema to let the children
(b)~ Assertive (Subject+ Verb)~ ti
go to play. (c)~ Sign of Exclamation Cl) cfiT ~ ~ t"t
~
RULES:
Hari told Seema that the children might be allowed to go
to play. (a) said cir ~/'qlcf $ -~ exclaimed I exclaimed with joy I
exclaimed with sorrow I exclaimed with grief I confessed
with regret I shouted with applause I cried out I eagerly
5. INDIRECTNARRATION OF OPTATIVE
#} SENTENCES wished~ if ~ R<ll' ~ ti
~- (b)Inverted cornmas C' ')~~Reported Speech~~
(i) Mary said, 'May God bless you l' m ~
'that' qi!" ':iiJ'rnT ti
(ii) He said, 'May you succeed in the examination !' (c)aM~<lcf>cllj€1< Verb~ Tense it ~ ~ ':5frnT ti
(iii) They said, 'Long live the Indo-Russian friendship !' (d)~ ~ ~ it Sign of Exclamation(!) ~ ~ Full
(iv) We said, 'God save the P.M. ! • Stop(.) cfiT m ~ ~ t1
Optative Sentence if wish, curse ~ ~ ti ~ ~ ~ f.l"lllTI' q;i- 'tfTffi ~ ~ ~ Topic ~ ~ it ~
cfiT?RT, ~ m i, tro: 'cl'fcP.IT cfiT Indirect Narration~-
RULES: (i) Raman exclaimed that it was a very beautiful sight.
(a) said cir prayed I wished cursed~ it ~ ~ ~ (ii) You shouted with applause that your friends had done
!1 well.
(b) Inverted Commas(' ') ~ ~ Reported Speech$ (iii) She eagerly wished that she were extremely beautiful.
~ rha1q;f m
~~ti (iv) The old woman exclaimed with sorrow that she was
(c) Reported Speech cir ~ Verb + Subject t) ruined.
(Subject + Verb) ~ ~ it ~ ~ t, ~ 7. MUST 'avlT INDIRECT NARRATION
Assertive~ R<IT ~ t"1
(d) aJlq~4cf>clljJi!R might~ q;r >r<WT ~ ~ t ~ (i) He said 'We must love our country'.
~~v!q;rm~~t1 (ii) She said, 'One must do one's dufy~.
(e) cwf4" ~ am it Sign of Exclamation (!) ~ ~ ~ msutt ~ (morality), fq~qajJqi,ficil (universality)
~ ~ Full Stop(.) cfiT >l<rr1T ~ ~ ti . ~ qi!" ~ mm must it ~ ~ ~ mm
ti am:,
ll2 A Mirror of Common Errors
Indirect Narration ~ ~ efiT ~ ~ ~ ~ qJ'cf<IT 8. My friend being ill sent I to his boss an application I
~ Indirect Narration f.:is:.if~f<sct mit- (A) · (B)
explaining why could he I not go to the office. I No Error.
(i) He said that we must love our country.
(C) (D) (E)
(ii) She said that one must do one's duty.
9. When Meena said I that he was coming to see I me the
NOTE : ~Gf must <f>T ~ Present <IT Future ~ ~ ft m (A) (B)
m~ W<;i ~ ~ have to I has to I had to, will have to I next day, I wondered I what problems she witi bring. I
would have to 3flR ~ ~ -;;nm i; ~- (C) (D)
(i) Direct Rana said, 'l must go there at once.' No Error.
(E)
Indirect Rana said that he had to go there
10. I often visited her I and found myself quite I puzzled to
at once.
(A) (B)
(ii) Direct She said, 'I must go to Delhi next . see the dreadful pictures I which she had hung on the
week.' (C) (D)
Indirect She said that she would have to go wall. I No Error.
(E)
to Delhi the following week.
11. I suggested that Ragini should I stay here at night if she I
NOTE:~ ~ ~ ~ t Narration t ~
(A) (B)
Problems~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ q;'I- lft m:ft'-mfti ~I got late but she does I not pay any attention to my
(C) . (D)
r PROBLEMS BASED ON NARRATION suggestion . I No Error.
Directions : Find out the error in each of the following (E) .
sentences, if any. lf there is no erre:1; your answer is 'E' 12. He asked me I why had I gone to the cinema/ late at night
1. He exclaimed with sorrow I that his brother died I just (A) (B)
(A) (B) in spite of I his clear instructions. I No Error.
two I months before. I No-Error. (C) (D) (E)
{C) (D) (E) 13. He informed me I that our college would I remain closed
2. The visitor told me that he had I come from Kolkata I to (A) (B) (C)
(A) (B) tomorrow I on account of Rakshabandhan. I No Error.
discuss some of the I important issues with me. I (D) (E)
(C) (D) 14. On reaching the station I he found that I he let§ the papers I
No Error, (A) (B) (C)
(E) in the drawing room./ No Error.
3. Soma ordered her servant I to bring her some I hot water (D) (E)
(A) ·· _ (B) 15. He requested the teacher I to allow him to go home I as
as she has/ to take some medicine. I No Error. (A) (B)
(C) (D) . (E) he got I a severe headache. I No Error.
4. The father said to his son I that if he wanted to I achieve (C) (D) (E)
(A) (B) 16. Jyoti asked me I what could she do I for me in that I
his goal, I he must work hard. I No Error. (A) (B) (C)
(C) (D) (E) critical situation. I No Error.
5. They proposed to me I to join the party I and work for the {D) (E).
(A) (B) (C) 17. The Director knowing of my I interest in Environmental
welfare I of the downtrodden. I No Error.
(A) (B)
(D) (E)
Science I asked me that I would I like to attend the
6. Instead of going to London I he went to America I and (C) (D)
(A) (B) National Seminar. I No Error.
stays I there for a month. I No Error. (E)
(C) (D) (E)
18. The Government warned the shopkeepers that if I they
7. The prisoners walked slowly I for they knew that as I
(A)
(A) (B)
persist in I charging high prices, their/ licences would be
soon as they cross the gate, I the jailor would ask them to (B) (C) . (D)
(C) . (D)
cancelled. I No Error.
jog./ No Error. (E)
(E)
.A Mirror of Common Errors 113
19. I was surprised I to know why had lie turned I down such 31. Our teacher said to us I that we should not live I beyond
(A) (B)· (C) (A) (B)
a good offer I of marriage. I No Error. our means I if we don't want to invite misery./ No Error.
(0) (E) (C) (D) . (E)
20. My instructor told me I that if I I do the lessons regularly, I 32. The father forbade his son I to walk in the sun I and play
(A) (B) (C) (A) (B) (C)
would I certainly obtain good marks./ No Error. with I his friends on the road./ No Error.
(D) (E) (E)
21. They did not I know why the two I brothers were fighting I
. w ~ ~ 33. When the mother saw la bull coming towards the
(A) (B)
with each other. I No Error.
children I she cried out I and ask them to run away. I
(D) (E)
. (C) (D} .
22. My father wanted to know I that I had done I all the work I No Error.
(A) (B) (C) . (E)
assigned to me. I No Error .
. (D) (E) 34. The teacher said to the students I that a vegetarian I is a
(A) (B)
23. She says, "My cousin studied I hard in order that he I
(A) (B) person who I never eats meat. I No Error.
(C) (E)
may get a good I position in the test" I No Error.
(C) (D) (E) 35. In one of his famous sonnets, I Milton says that I "They
24. The news reporter asked I me that where the accident had (A) (B)
(A) (B) also serve I who only stand and wait" I No Error.
taken I place and how many I persons were injured. I . (C) (D) (E)
(C) (D)
36. The sum and substance I of the speech of the leader was I
No Error.
(A) (B)
(E)
that the country's I future was bleak.} No Error.
25. He was determined to I participate in the car race I even (C) (D) (E)
(A) (B)
37. The minister readily I gave assurance that/ the matter will
though he knew I that he will not succeed. I No Error.
(A) (B)
(C) (D) (E)
be looked into I as soon as possible. I No Error.
26. The traveller asked me I if I could teJI him I the way to (C) (D) (E)
(A) (B) (C)
38. The guide told us I that where the island I was and went
the I nearest railway station./ No Error.
(A) (B) (C)
(D) (E)
on I narrating its history. I No Error.
27. Mohan said that he was going to I the library and wanted (D) (E)
(A) (B)
39. Shyama said apologetically I that "I am not feeling I well
to I know that I could I accompany him. I No Error.
(A) (B)
(C) (D) (E)
and so I cannot I go with you today". I No Error.
28. The youngest princess took I her father's hand in hers I (C) (D) (E)
(A) (B)
40. The Duke expressed I his wish to see his I native land
and simply said that I she loves her more than salt. I
(A) (B)
(C). (D)
again but there I appears no scope. I No Error.
No Error. (C) (D) (E)
(E)
41. Shamim exclaimed I with delight that I they have won the
29. The teacher being very angry I with the pupils asked
(A) (B) (C)
(A) (B)
match I by six wickets. I No Error.
them I why they had made I a noise like this. I No Error.
(D) (E)
(C) (D) . (E)
42. The hermit prayed I that God might I help me in I my
30. She requested her companions I to wait for her I until she I
{A) (B) (C)
W 00 ~
mission . I No Error.
comes back. I No Error. (D) (E)
(D) (E)
43. They exclaimed with delight that it I was a very beautiful Indirect narration it Reported Speech cfi'I' Past Perfect
(A) . . (B) Tense it~~~ !1 ~-~ qfcflf cfiT .Direct
picture I and said that they have never seen I such a Narration~ Indirect Narration ~-
. .
. (C)
Direct : He said, "Oh ! my brother died two months
beautiful picture before. I No Error.
. ~go".
(D) (E)
Indirect : He exclaimed with sorrow that his brother
44. The commander thought I that the gates should I
(A) · . (B) had died two months before.
be locked I as it is eight o'clock.z No Error. NOTE: .TIME & TENSE~ ~ 1R ,fl- ~ ~ cfil"
(C) . (D) (E) ~ qi\- ~ qi\- !1 ~-
";5l'T ~
45. She said that i she would not 'tell/ anything until she I has ~He exclaimed' Past Tense ii' t ~ brother$_ ofiT m
(A) (B) · · (C) ififlf Past ~ ~ Past of the Past it' ~I
s31T, ~
heard the facts./ No Error. ~ ,f$ past ofthe past $ ~ Past P~rfectTense cfiT
(D) (E) ~ t.
iraT are': 'his brother had died'~ m
46. He reminded I me that he. has often I told me not to play I ~I
(A) . - (B) . 2d~) ~ -u;c: ti . .
with fire. I No Error. 3. (C) 'has'~ ~ 'had' ofiT ~ m"l'fT ~ ';S'!1ii Reporting
(D) (E) Speech Past Tense ii' m
<It Reported Speech it ,f\-
47. It was seven o'clock I in the evening I when the train Past Tense cfiT ffl' ~~ti . .
. (A) . (B) (C} . 4. (D) 'must'~ ~ 'had to' cfiT mn ~ ;;i1ii must
steamed i into the station. /No Error.. ofiT m ~ (moral) ~ ~ ~ mm Indirect
(D) (E) Narration ii' must cfi'I' ~ ~ ~ t, ~ ~
48. The issues were complex l and especially the members I must W ffl' suggestion <l'T compulsion ~)
. (A) . . . (B) . -aref.t $ ~ it <It 'must' q;t have to I has to I shall
of the committee I have made them obscure. I No Error. have to I will have to I had to ii' :o:tlcllMcf\dlj~R ~
(C) (D) (E) · -~~t;~.:_
49. The report said J that the Judge acquitted /-them of .all I Direct : He said, "Everybody must be
loyal to his
(A) (B) (G country".
the charges. I No Error, Indirect : He said that everybody must be loyal to
(D) (E)
his country.
$0. I thought that he I would come and give I me the latest ~ should cfi'I' has to it ~ ~ 'l1<lT t ~ Direct
(A) (B) (q
Narration $ ~ ii' 'must' cfiT ~ ~ ffl' ~
information I about the patient./ No Error-.
(D) (E) ~~1Tl!Ttl
ANSWERS
~.
Direct: He said, "I must go now" .
1. (B) 2. (E) 3. (C) 4. (D) . 5.'(B)
Indirect : He said that he had to go then.
6. (C) 7. (C) 8,(C) 9. (D) 10. (E)
13. (C) 14,,(C) 15. (C)
['iffl 'should' q;t 'had to' ii' ~ ~ ~ t cl<ITI%
11. (C) 12. (B)
Direct Narration~-~ ii' must ofiT ffl ~ .
16. (B) 17. (C) 18. (B) . 1?. (B) _20~ (C)
ffl $ ~ ~ 1TlfT t,1
21. (E) · 22. (B) 23. (C). .24. (B) · 25. (D) 5. (B) 'to join' ~ ~ 'that I should join' .j;r m WIT
26. (E) 27.(C) 28. (D)_ 29. (D) 3.0. (D) . cPi'l'f.l; proposed/suggestei:l~ ~ 'that + Subject +
1
31. (E)' 32. (E) 33. (D) 34. (E) 35. (B) should+ V 'cfil' ~ ~ ~ t,. ';!" fcti· to+ V 1 qil;
,. ~.(E) 37. (C) 38. (B) 39. (B) 40. (D) tt-'
-~1. (C) 42. (E) 43. (C) . 44. (D) 45. (D) . Direct : He said, "Let us go to the pictures".
46. (B) 47. (E) 48.'(D) 49.(B) so. (E) Indirect : He proposed that they should go to the
EXPLANATIONS _____ __,

pictures.
R ~ He proposed to go to the pictures]
6. (C) 'stays" ~ ~ W1T ~
i. (B) 'died' • ~W ~ 'bald' Direct C'1f ~ 'stayed' ifiT ~ 'He
Narration 4 Reporting Verb ~ Past 'fense if 11' tlllT went to America' t -qm- ~ t. f<fi ~ Past Tense
Reported Speech Past Indefinite Tet)se ~ ~ <it -qi t,
A Mirror of Common Errors 115 ·
7. (C) 'cross' ~ ~ 'crossed' cf;!' ~ m1TT ~ 'they 18. (B) "persist' ~ ~ 'persist~d'_<fif ~-mm ~ ~ ·
knew' Past Tense if 't am: Reported Speech \ft Past q:;r Reporting Speech 'The government warned' Past .
Tense if WTTI . Tense if t ~ Reporting -Speech. ~ Past Tense ir
8. (C) 'why c~uld he'~ ~ 'why he could' q;r m- m1TT ~ ~ Reported Speech if \ft Past Tense ~ ffl
·~ Indirect Narration if Interrogative Sentence~ nt, · ·
Assertive <Fri: ~ ;.;rrm !; ~_.: 19. (B) 'why bad he' ~ ~ 'why he had" cfil'. ffl' 'ffl'1JT
Direct : He said to me. "Where are you going ?" ~ Indirect Narration if Reported· Speech •
Indirect : He asked me where I was going. Assertive~ t"t . . · ,. , ..
9.·(D) 'will' ~ ~ 'would' cf;T ~ ~ ~ 'I 20. (C) 'do' $ ~ 'did' cf;!' 'Sl<ipt ~. ~ q'J1fcf q;r
wondered' Past Tense 'ti' t am: Reported Speech ,ft Reporting Speech 'The instructor told me' Past Tense
Past.Tenseif min-1 "'· if _t; ~ ~
Reported Speech ~ Pasi 'Tense if
ffl1111 .
10. (E) ~ ~ t-1
11. (C) 'does' ~ ~ 'did' q;r m- ~ ~ Reporting · 21• (E) cncp:r V-S: t1
Speech 'I suggested' Past Tense 'ti' ti am: Reported 22.(B) "that' ~ - ~ 'if' 'llT 'whether' cf;!' ffl' ~ -.p:nfcf;
Speech 'lt Past Tenseii' W,'TITI ~ Direct N~rration if Reported Speech if.·
12, (B) 'why had I' ~ ~- 'why I had' q;r 1l'1Ulr ~ ~ Yes/No-Question mm Indirect Narration tr .Reported
Interrogative. Sentence ~ Indirect Narration · if Speech ~ ~ ·'if' <IT 'whether' q;r m ~ ~
Reported speech Assertive (~ Subject + Verb) · t_ -=I' nii' 'that' cf;l'I
~ti . .· 23•. (C) 'may' ~ ~ 'might' '$T m- -~ ~ ~ ·
13. (C) 'tomorrow'~ ~ 'on the morrow' <IT 'the next day' Reporting Verb Past Tense if ~ m
Reported Speech
q;r m" ~ Indirect Narration it 'tomorrow' if purpoSeffl ~:~ 'might'cfil' ffl ~ U t.-
~ 'on the tomorrow' <IT 'the next day' if ~ ~ -=!' fcfi 'may' ~I
~t, 24. (B) 'that' q;r m- ~ m1lT -~ Indirect Narration if.
t4. (C) 'he left', ~ ~ 'he had left' _q;r >flITlTwrr ~ where/how/when/what if; ~ ~ Conjunction 'l:fiT
· 'he found' Past" Tense if t -~ papers ~ cf;!' q:;rir ·m-~~t;~-
Past~ Past if :sa-ITI ~ Past~ Past ~ Past Perfect (i) 'He wanted to know where I was go1ng. Gr f.f; that ,
if express ~ ~ t. am: 'he had left' ~ m- where I was going)
~I {ii) She asked me when I would go.·t-r ~--th'at when
15. (C) 'he got' ~ ~ 'he had got' cf;!'m- ~ ~ 'He I would go)
requested' Past Tense if ! ant 'headache' m q;r 25. (D) 'will' ~ ~ 'wo~lcJ' q;r m ~ ~
thougli,
· ~ ~ ~ :sa-IT, ~ Past of the Past if ~ ~-~ ~ Clause if. 'he knew'. Past Tense ff
~ ~ Past Perfect q;r m ~ ~ t1 . t, ~ ~ that-clause ir 'TI',.Past Tel)se q;r m
~ ~ Narration ~ ~
~ m~
R'-l~l't!n, ~-
~ ,fl' -~~ c'.fT'!flr ~ ~
Direct Narration afR Indirect Narration "'
26.(E) ~~tr
27,' (C) 'that' ~ -~
ffl -q ~~1'p:IT
. ·.
'if' <IT 'whether' ~
'qflR f.:t.:,f0fti{i:_~
ffl' ~ ~
'lfiT Indirect
. · Direct : He said to the teacher, "Please allow me to
· go home as I have got a headache." . Narration t : .
He
Indirect: requested the teacher to allow him to go . :'Mohan ~d __ to me, '.'I am going \o ·the library. Can
· home as he had got a headache. · you accompany me ?''
.16. (B) 'what could she'~ ~ 'what she could' q;r m ·~ t ~ "Can . you accompany me?"
mirr. ~- Indirect Narration if Reported Speech 'Yes/No-Question' t ~ m
Indirect Narration if
.Assertive~ ti .
'if' 'llT 'whether' <iiF 'ffl'.
~ ti
17. (C) 'that'~~ .mm~
'if' 'llT "whether' cf;!' 2s. cri),-·'.ioves' ~ ~ ·1oved' ~ m- n ~ ~
Direct Narration if ~ Reported Speech if
fif;ln' i ~ m Reporting Speech Past Tense if m m- Reported :
Yes/No-Question [':3lt ~ -~ Speech 'q' ,fl' Past Tense ciiT m- ~ ~ t1 ~ .. ·
m ~m
t1 q;r Indirect narration if Reported
29. (D) 'this' ~ ~, 'that' cf;T -srlffiT ~ ~ Indirect ·
·Speech~ ffl 'If' 'llT 'whether' q';l' ·ffl' ~ ~
t;tt- Narration if 'this'~ 'that'~. ~ ~) if ~ ;
Direct': He said to me, "Will you do it for me ?"
.-.~~t;-tt~ .
Direct : He said to me, '!This book is yours."
Indirect : He asked me if/whether I would do it for
him. Indirect : He told me that that book w~ mine."
I
NOTE : ~ this lR ~ '&ft' ~ ..iT ~

Direct Narration $ statement lR m ~ 11'1' ~
t * ~
40. (D) 'appears' ~ ~
tra=rr Past q,1 t I
'appeared' <t>l' ~
.
m,IT, ~
~ 11'1' ~ R:r 'Sl"lltTT i:t ~ ~; ~- . NOTE : ~ ~ if ~ ~ >l'v:T it' ~ ~

Direct: He said, "I want to take this book". ~ q;r "SflITlT <fit' m~ ~ llRT ~ fcn Duke~
[~ Indirect· Narration il ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ qij ~ PASTi:t t1 ~.*~if '4t ~
~~am:~~* ~ffli:tm11'!'~ scope ':m' mm~ ~ ~ ~ t 'there appears
~ m m 'this' cfi1" ~ 'that' i:f ~ ~I] 'no scope'.
'Indirect : He said that he wanted to take this book. 41. (C) 'have' ~ ~ 'had' cfil' 'ffl m1TT cflITfcf; ~ q:;r
30. (D) 'comes' ~ ~ 'came' ,<t>T .'Sl"lltTT. m1Tl' ~ 'she Reporting Clause 'Shamim exclaimed' Past Tense if
requested her companions' ~ 'lfflT ~ t fcfi ~ ti ~ Reporting Clause Past Tense it Indirect mm
Past .tr ti Narration if 'have' cfi1" 'had' if ~ ~ ~ t;
31, (E) qfcflf Voit ti tt-
\1.l'R W t'$ Part (D) "4 Present Indefinite Tense cJiT Direct: They said, "We have won the match."
~ t ~~Voit t ~ ~ ~ i:t Un1v~ral Indirect : They said that they had won the match.
Trutht1 . 42. (E) ~~l1
32. (E) ~ Voit ti . 4.3. (C) 'have'~~ 'had' q;r ffl' m11T ~ 'said' Past
33. (D) 'ask' ~ ~ 'asked' q;r ~ min cf2l1fcf; she cried · Tense if ti
out 'Past' if ti are-.:·•. 'cried out and asked .them' q;r
~m1T!'I 44. (D) 'is' ~ ~ 'was' cfil' ffl' ftl The commander
34. (E) q'['lfll' ~ ti • A vegetarian .is a person who never eats thought' Past Tense if t, ~ i:rnr ~ t f.f; 'Elc-IT
. .. meat' ~ Uni~ersal Truth t. ~ Verb ~ Tense i:t Past q,1 ti
Indirect Narration i:t '4t' ~ ~ ~ -;;rrnr t; 45. (D) 'has' ~ ~ 'had' q:;r 'ffl WIT, ~ Reporting
tt- Clause 'she said' Past Tense i:t t'r ~ Reporting
Direct : She said, "Honesty is .the best policy". Clause Past Tense if m
Reported Clause i:t \TI Past
Indirect: She said that honesty is the best policy. Tense q;r ~- ~ "3ITm !1
JS., (B) 'that' q;r '5l<n1T ~ m1T1' ~ Direct Narration i:t 46. (B) 'has' ~ ~ 'had' cf;f 'ffl ft ~ Reporting
Reported Speech ~ ffl 'that' q;r 'Sl"lltTT ~ ~ Clause 'he reminded' Past Tense if !1
':5!m t, 47. (E) ~~t,
36. (E) qlcl<I' ~ ti : 48. (D) 'have' ~ ~ 'had' cfil' 'ffl WlTT ~ 'The issues
37. (C) 'will' ~ ~ 'would' cF,T 'Sl"lltTT m1TT ~ 'The were complex'~ -qm ~ t f.f; ~ Past ctr l1
· · . minister readily gave. assurance' Past Tense ~ t 49. (B) 'acquitted' ~ ~ 'had' <t>l' 'ffl m1TT ~ 'the
~ -i:rnr ~ t fcn ~ ~ Past .tr ti ' report said' Past Tense if t a.w: judge t acquit ~
38. (B) 'that' q;r ~ ~ m1Tl'. cf2l1fcf; Indirect Narration i:t
when/where/how -~ ~ ffl 'that' q;r '3fl!tTr ~
q;r qi!"tl' ~ "'Icl <iR' m ~ (~ Past ~ Past i:t
~~~I)
~':ilmil .
39. (B) 'that' q;r m- ~
m1TT ~ Direct Narration i:t SO. (E) qTcPf ~ !1
. · Reported Speech ~- ffl 'that' q;r 1Jm1T ~ ~
":3ITTIT t,
***
Preposition ~ ~ m ~
m~
~ t ~ ~ Noun m
Chapter-13
PREPOSITIONS
(c) ~~(in contravention of)
I
Pronoun ~ ~ ~ Noun m Pronoun ctil' aR" (i!
One must not go against the laws of the country.
~~~~~t;tt- . ~ct,1"~~~~~~~~1)
(i) There is a box under the table.
(ii) There is a table in the comer of the room.
(F) Across q;r m
,fl° ~ ~ if ~ t'-:-
(a) ~ (on the opposite side of)
"qR
tzrr-r ~ ~ ~ (i) ~ under ~' Preposition <lTI' t. (i) My best friend lives across the ri~er.
Definite Noun 'table'~ ~ ~ ~ 'table'~ 'box' cfil'
~ ~ ti ~ -srcm:, ~ (ii) if 'in' 'Zcf> Prepositiont, <lTI' (b) ~ W t ~ 'llR ~ (from one side to another)
Defirute Noun 'comer'~ ffi ~ ~ 'corner'~ 'table' (i) A bridge is laid across the river.
cfiT ~ ~ t, ~ ~ if 'of' m 'Zcf> Preposition t- <lTI' (c) ~ ~ (both sides)
Definite Noun 'room'~ ~ ~ ~ 'room'~ 'corner' (i) He threw the luggage across his shoulders.
cfiT ~-rarart-1 Across$ p ~ 'J1tim.
NOTE : ~ Definition ~ ~ Preposition q;r ~
(d) go across ~ ~ ~) .
fcfim Noun m. Pronoun ~ ~ ~ ti ~. q;m-'cf>"fi (i) Rita and Ravi were going across the field.
Preposition ctil' m Noun 'll'T Pronoun js ~ ~ \ft ~ ~
(e) come across.<~~~)
t~- (i) When I was going to market, I came · across
(i) Who was he talking to ?
Mohan.
(ii) This is the person whom I gave some money to.
NOTE:~~ fcf;.come-across'CR: ~ Jl<fITT: ~ ~l+ti"4tl:
(iii) This is the house I live in.
Problems fen silra t-
I CLASSIFICATIONOF PREPOSITIONS I (i) I suddenly came across him.
(ii) I came across with him.
1. PREPOSITIONSOF DIRECTION ~ (i) 1l suddenly jsr ~ ~ t ~ cl'JcP.l" ·(ii) 'it
to, towards, for, along, against, across, up, down, into.
'with' qiff
USES--
~ t2iR ~ fcti come across ~ ffl -~ ,:ft" suddenly 'l!T
(A) TO cfiT m ~ (destination) ~ ~ ~ -:;nm t; with cf;T ~ ~ mm t, .
~- (G)Up~)
(i) He is going to the station.
· (i) He climbed up the tree.
(B) Towards cfiT 3N t ~ 3iR' (in the direction of);~ ~
(H)Down ~)
alaTm t. -:t" ~ ~; -tt- .
(i) Mani climbed down the tree.
(i) He is going towards the station.
(I) Into cJ;T ll'lTI1T ~ ·~ ~ -~ 'l'rftf ~ ~ (motion·
(C) For q;r m \ft Preposition of Direction ~ ~ if ~
towards inside)~ ~ ~ ~ t; ~-
(destination)~~~ t; tt-
(i) A dog fell into the well.
I
(i) He is leaving for Delhi tonight.
(ii) She went into the room: : .
(D)Aiong~ ~
(i) He walks along the road. (:r ~ on the road) 2. PREPOSffiONS OF PLACF.JPOSmON
at, in, on, above, below, ove~,. wider, between, -~~.
(ii) She walks along the bank of the river.
amongst, amid, amidst, before, behind.
(E) Against cfiT m ~~ ~ t-
(a) ~ (opposite)
(A)At~ ~ m
~~~~~ml; tt-
(i) He lives at Samastipur. ·
(i) It is difficult to sail against current
. {ii) They are at home:
emu ~ mmr ~ w-rr cfifo;; ti)
(b) t ~ (pressing on} . )B)In~ qif m ~~
(i) You live in Kolkata.
* :mff % ffl; tt-
(i) There is a ladder agafnst the wall.
(ii) We live in India.
(ii) He is leaning against the tree.
us A Mirror ofCommon Errors
on ~) m ~ ft:ro:i tt- . (ii) Between the girls. (7:IT between each girl and the
(C) q;r
(i) The books are lying
?;;
on the table.' next) *
q;r ffl m,JTI
(f) Between q;r '5l<IT1T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '!TI ~ t m
(ii) There is a cap on his head.
(D) Above av.rr Below q;r ~ i~;el ~ ~ ·ft:rtt ~ t;
1% ~ q1«4flq; ~ (Reciprocal relationship) m;
tt-
~-
(i) The aeroplane is flying above the clouds.
(i) There is a treaty b~tween these four countries. ·
(ii) There is an alliance between these three
(ii) This work is below my dignity.
-. . companies.
;, -; (iii) His expenditure is above his income ..
{iv) The matter is above suspicion.
~ ~ ~ ~ ?;; ~ f.lqf~f<!ila ~ <R ~-
(i) There does not seem much difference between
(v) He is above thirty.
r .: · {vi) You are belo.w twenty.
the three of them.
(ii) The three children saved over a hundred pounds
--CE) Over a'P.!T Under ~ ~- vertical position .ref.I' ~ ft:ro:
between them.
~!;~- -F.T. Wood ! CURRENT ENGLISH USAGE
(i) There is a fan over your head. (p. 40)
(ii) A cat is sitting under the table.
m~-
· (F) Betweenjs ffl'?;; ~ 'q' Rktf~f~a· oe:zrr q;t- ~I .. ....... between can be usedfor more than two things or
(a) Between q;r JiCl11T m icilfq,ij41. <l'T ~ ~ ~ ~ persons to denote some reciprocal action or relation.
t;tt- -Nesfield : ERRORS IN ENGLIS~ COMPOSITION
(i) Sunita is sitting between Moti andMeera, (G) Among q;r JiCl11T ~ -ey -~ ~ ~ <IT ~ ~
(ii) Distribute the sweets between the two children. ~fttl
(b) Between ~ oITG -~ Objective· Case q;r '51<i11J. ~ · (i) The Chief Minister distributed the blankets among
t; tt-. · thepoor.
(i) Between you and me (=f 1% you and I) (ii) The headmasterdistributed the books among the poor
(ii) Between Sita and him (=f f.Ji Sita and he) students. · .
NOTE : ~ JiCl11T 1R ~ Problems~~~ t, (H) Amongst q;r '5l'miT among?;; a:{if· ~ ~ 't-1 ~ ~ JiCl11T
(c) Between ~ ~ ~ 'and' Conjunction q:;r JiCl11T . ?;;~~~-
.·.-,
~ -;;rrnr t; ~-
(i) · Between Meera and Madhuri .
I
(a) Among I Amongst+ the+ Noun (Plural) o I
(ii) Between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m .. 8 ~ to 4 p.m.)
tt-
. (i) ·Among the boys.
(iii) Between :2000 and 40()0. C:f ~ ro 4000)
<l'T,:
NOTE : ~ 'Sl<IT'tT lR ~ Problems~ ~ ~ ti
(ii) Amongst the boys.
(d) Between~
tt-·
-aflG: Noun~ .Pronoun~ Plurat'~ t;
· ~.* 'the' q;r JiCl11T -~ ~ 'ITT ~: · 'among' cfiT
'Sl<IT'tT Consonant Sound t ~ ~ ~ ~ a'P.!T ~~
(i) Between the boys. ·
· amongst q;r JiCl11T Vowel Sound ~ ~ ~ ~ ?;; ~ .
(iijBetween the girls. mart;·~-
·. (iii) Between these t~~ ~~YS: (i) .among them (~' q;r ~ sound '<!' ~
(iv) Between these two girls. Consonant ti)
p
(v) Between them. (ii) among you ('1i_' q;r ~ s?und "lf' ~ Consonant to
(vi) Between us. . . (iii) among his friends ('fu;sf' <iiT ~ sound '~' ~
(e) Between if;_ ~ ~ ,ft each, every .anf?;. <fir 'Sl<IT'tT ~ ' ' Consonant to
nt;tt- (iv) among your brothe~s (~' q;r ~ sound '<f' l!:'cfi
(i) Between each boy. . consonant ti)
(ii) Between every girl. m,.
~~ (i) amongst us ('aR=r' q:;r ~ s~und ·~· ~ Vowel ti)
(i) Between the boys. (<l'T between each boy and the (ii) amongst our friends<'*' q;r ~ sound 'au' ~
next) Vowel to .
A Mirror of CoDlil.lon Errors . 119
(I) Amid ~ Amidst <fiT w:lT1T ,ft ~ ~ am:1q; ~ ft1rQ: ·inn t1 (i) Manisha is reading for an hour.
~ w:lT1T ~ ~ 3RR t ~ among crerr amongst~ lf1rt1T (ii) You are sleeping for five hours.
~t~~- · t:r ~ 1* Present Perfect "fl' Present Perfect
(i) Raghu is sitting amid his friends. Continuous if ur-JT "ft,rrt
(ii) Ranjan is sitting amidst us. (D) Since W ~ Point of Tune~ ln'f· Im t; tt-
(L) Before (mlR, auit) (i) He
has been absent since May.
(ii) He has been living in America since 1990.
(i) Kalpana is sitting before you ..
NOTE : Since W mPreposition of Tune~ ~ if ~
(ii) He appeared before the judge. ~nt Perfect I Present Perfect Continuous I Pa§t eerrect I
(M) Behind {'m}) PutPerfect Continuous if R t,
(i) She was running behind her brother.
(E) After <f'n' Before : Prepositions *~ if After if>!"
Pa,st Tense if Period of Tune "fl' Point of Tune~ mer
m
mT
(ii) She hid herselfbehind the curtain.
t;tt-
. 3.-PREPOSITIONS OFTIME (i) He married Sangita after Vasant Panchami.
at, on, for, since, before, after, within, in, till, by, (ii) You left London after your result.
during, from. F ~ ~ 'Vasani Panchami' ~ ··Your result' Points of
(A) At cfiT ."Sl<Wr ~· (hour) m- ~ ~ ~ mtf; ~- nmet1 .
. "(i) He came here at ·s o'clock. ~~-
(ii) She was reading !l novel at 9 a.m .. · . (i) Jayant returned this book to me after a·montb.
m. ~.
After ~ .Before .w lf'b1r· future Tense if ~ Point of
at dawn. at day break, at sunrise, at noon, at sunset, at
night, at midnight etc . 1ime ~ ln'f im t; tt.-· .
. (B) On cfiT ~ ~-(day)~ ~- ~ ftlf¥f (date)~-~; (i) I will complete this work betore October.
~~ (ii) I will start some new business after Monday.
(i) You shouldcome here on Monday. NOTE : (i) He will do it after a week.
(ii) He will open the shop on 22nd October. (ii) They will join our company betore a month. .
NOTE : On <fiT "Sl<WT ~:. morning/evening - ~ F ~ 1fPflll :i4' after "fl' before ifii: ,r,ntr 1jm' t ~
-~ ~ ~ t, ~ morning/eveningjs mer ~ · dateiday .,.;r ~ m a week ~ a month • ~ 1'R: ~ 1f'lf1' t. ,it
w:lT1Tm. err~ ffi \fl' 'on' <fit'~~ t; tt....:... Periods of Tune t,
(i) in the morning (F) In cllff within : Preposition of lime ~ ~ ~ Future
(ii) in the evening. Tense if After~ 3llf ff In cllff' Before • 31lf if Within lfiT
~. ~ Period of Tune~ mifflr t: -tt_,
(i) "on the evening pf May the first," (i) She will inform you in a montli.
-A.S.Homby: OXFORD ADVANCED LEARNER'S (ii) We will manage everything within a year.
DICTIONARY OF. CURRENT ENGLISH
. USAGE (G) TUI I until lfiT ~ Point of1ime ~ ~ ~ t; tt-
.~ ~- "Ori is used before morning, afternoon, (i) You are to stay in bed until°/till n~xt Monday~
evening, and night when. these periods are identified by (ii) They will wait for you until I till next Monday.
the day of which they. are a part : On Monday evening,
(H) By 1'ir ~ Preposition of Ttme ~ '{r,'q' if Point of Time ~
On the following evening."
W'f 1l'ffl t; tt-· .
-Geoffrey Leech· & Jan Svartvik : A COMMUNICA· (i) By Sunday I had been exhausted.
TIVE GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH (P. 77) (ii) John will have reached America by next Tuesday.
(C) For cfiT -~ Period of Time~ mer irnT t; -tt- . (I) During 1lif m~ (duration) m -~ ft:l"Q'. ~ ~
. (i) He has. lived here for a month. . t;tt-.·
(ii) They have been working in this office for two years. (i) 'Duiin1 the war, many people suffered hardship.
NOTE : For <m ~ Preposition of Time ~ ~
(ii), What will you do durin1 the summer vacation ?
Imperfect (Continuous) Tense if~ lITTIT t; tt-.
(J) From cfiT ~~ Point of Time ~ m<f Past Tense lfr Future NOTE:~ 'tR ~ Problems~ ft::tt ~ !; ~-
Tense jl ~"?.T ti (i) She is conscious I and engaged I in her I work. I
(i) My friends Jived with me from September to (A) (B) (C) (D)
November. No Error.
(ii) He will start coming here from next month. (E)
[Part (A) -q' conscious if; ~ ofcfif ~ ~ ~I]
4. SOME OTHER PREPOSITIONS (C) about, after, at, before, for, from, in, on, to 3lTR
Prepositions~~ ~ ~ Verb (Main Verb) cfT ;rmiT
about, off, of
mm cm ~ ~ ~ (~ing) ~ if ~ Present
(A) About Participle cv4) ~ it ~ !; ~-
(a) ~ am if (i) All his brothers are addicted to drinking.
(i) He was talking about you. · .!, .!,
(ii) They are always careless about their duties. Prep. V'
(b) about+ Infinitive ~ ~ ~ cf;T 'lfq) (ii)You prevented me from doing it.
(i) I am about to go. .!, .!,
(ii) She is about to sing. 4
Pr ep. V
(B) Off~ fcR.rlTlq (separation) cfiT ~ ~ t; ~- (iii) I take delight in working hard.
(i) He is off duty. J, .!,
(ii) A button has come off. Prep. V'
(C) Ofq;r ~~~if mart- (iv) They were fined for being late.
(a) ma (origin) J,
4
(i) Miss Priyanka comes of a rich family. Pr ep. V
(b) (cause) (D) today, tomorrow, yesterday, the following day, the next
q;roir
(i) He died of cholera.

day 3lTR ~ m
on, at, in ~ Prepositions q;r W1TlT ~
~ ,ffilT t; ~- .
(c) ~ (relation)
(i) He will go there tomorrow. [-::r fcf; on tomorrow]
(i) The plays of Shakespeare.
(E) yesterday evening, yesterday afternoon, last night, this
morning, this afternoon, tonight, tomorrow morning,
I PREPOSITIONS~ m if. !iif a:uct:tQc:fi ~ tomorrow evening ~
Prepositions cfiT ~ ~
~ ffi ,it on, at, in 3lTR
t; ~- mm-
(A) Preposition ~ ~ ~l'lHHI: Objective Case cfiT W1TlT (i) They arrived here yesterday evening.
nt;~- R~ in yesterday evening)
~ ~ lf Pli-!f8Rsd R<Pf q;'!' ~-
(i) I do not depend on him.
T T We almost always leave out the preposition; before
Prep. Objective phrases beginning last, next; this, that; also before today,
Case
yesterday, tomorrow; Did you go to the meeting last
Thursday ? rn mention it next time I see him. Plums are
(ii) She relies on me. more plentiful this year. (The phrases at this I that time, on
TT this I that occasion are however normal)
Prep. Objective
-Geoffery Leech & Jan Svartvik : A COMMUNICA-
Case
TIVE GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH (P. 77)
(B) ~ ~ ~ ~ q;'I' ~ Conjunction (and, or) 3lTR
t ~ m~ ~ 1'l=r-1'R" Prepositions~ t (F) Home~ if; m~ Preposition q;r W1TlT ~ mm t
m ~~if;
~ ~ ~ Prepositions~~
~ ~ ffi RJ..lf("\f~a ~ ~ fcfim m Verb q;r "Sl<rr'T
~~~;~- .~m-
~-Bring,go, get, arrive, reach.
(i) She is conscious of and engaged in her work.
(i) Bring somebody or something home.
(ii) He was surprised at as well as pleased with her [';f fcl> at home ;;ir to home l
performance.
12. Affinity (~) between two things.
(ii) Come home, (iii) Go home, (iv) Get home, (v) Arrive 13. Alliance (ir:rr, ~) with a person or state.
home, (vi) Reach home, (vii) Send somebody I something 14. Allusion ~. mu) to something.
home. (viii) Take somebody I something home. 15. Alternative ~) to a method I something.
NOTE : ~.
Adjective ~
*
home js ~ ~ Possessite Case js
my, your, his, her, our, their) <IT noun ~
16. Analogy (~) of one thing with another.
17. Analogy (~) between things.
ml!!' 's ~ Ram's, Shyam's) • '<f>f me m
'ffi' home~ 18. Animosity ~) against somebody.
™ 'to' '<f>f m' t; mar ~- 19. Antidote (sifdq;1@) against infection.
(i) I went to his home. 20. Antidote ~) to some poison. .
(ii) I decided to go to Ram's home. 21. Apprehension (~. ~) of danger.
(G) Transitive Verbs ~-discuss, describe, reach, order, tell, 22. Approach ~) to (step towards) anything.
demand, attack, resemble, ridicule ~) ~ dfl'G ~ · 23. Arrival (~) iii a country.
Object .q;r me mm
!1 ~ ~ Verbs ~ ~ ~ 24. Arrival (awllR) at a place. ,
Preposition '<f>f me ~Problem re:<fT ~ t; ~- 25. Assault (3rm,Wfffi) on a person or thing.
(i) The poet describes I about the beauty I of Nature I 26. Attack (vt) (~ ~) + somebody.
(A) (B) (C) 27. Attack (n/c) ~) on a country.
in this poem. I No Error. 28. Attraction (~) to or towards a thing.
(D) (E) 29. Authority. (~~) over a person.: '
(~ ~ ~ Part (B) # 'about' cfil" me lfm l1 ~ 30. Authority ~ ~ '<f>f ~ ~) on a subject.
~ ~lqli'lj<f>dl ~ ti] 31. Aversion (fcl5'@di) to a person .or thing.
(ii) He ordered 1 for I two cups I of. tea. I No Error. 32. Candidate (3Ui1c:;_q(<, ~) for a post.
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 33. Care ~) for somebody's safety.
[W ~~Part (B)sq 'for''<f>f ~ 1'R1<f ti~~ 34. Care ~. ~) for his health.
~iqli'll<fidl ~ ti]
35. Charge (~. ~) of murder,
(H) Say I suggest I propose ~ 4flG mr 'to' Preposition '<f>f 36. Charge (a;m,:r, ~) with theft.
~ mar t ~ ~ ~ Object~ ~ #~ ~ q;r
37. Claim (GTqr) on or against somebody.
~m;~-· 38. Claim (zyrr) to property.
(i) You suggested to him that he should leave the place. 39. Compact ~) with a person.
(ii) She said to me that she would help me. 40. Comment (ratl:!Uft).~n something.
(I) speak, reply, explain, complain, talk, listen, write •
~ ~ ~
Object~~
'to' Preposition q;r ~
;i;f ~ o2JfcRr '<f>f ~
t mm*
m; tt--
~ ~ ~ 41.
42.
Comparison ~) of somebody with somebody,
By/in comparison with. ~ ~ ii')
43. Compassion (G<rr, ~) for somebody.
(i) He did not reply to me. 44. Competition (llfd.!ilflidl) with somebody.
(ii) You never write to me. 45. Competition (!i!Rl~fiH11) for something.
46. Complicity. (tjf<:'NHII) in a crime.
SOME NOUNS & APPROPRIATE PREPOSITIONS .I 47. Compliance (~) with a request.
L Abstinence ~. ~) from wine. 48. Condemnation ~ to death.
2. Ability ('lrrl<rdT, ~) for or in some work. 49. Confidence~) in somebody.
3. Abundance~. ~)ofwealth. 50. Conformity (~) with anyone's views.
4. Accession (<13<.11-0~1. "q°G ~) to the throne. 51. Conformity (~) to rule.
5. Access ~. ~) to a person or place. 52. Compensation (~) fol'. a-loss.
6. Accomplice (~~, ~~ with a person in a 53. Connection ~) with a person or thing.
crime. 54. Connivance N\.Jljfc?ldi) at anyone's fault.
7. Accusation (~. <Jqi-041) of forgery. 55. Consciousness ~) of guilt.
8. In accordance with ~. ~) some rule. 56. Consideration ~) for somebody. I:
- L
9. Adherence (f.!444-ilcl, ~) to a rule. 57. Contact ~) with somebody f.scmething."
~
10. Affection ~. m) for somebody. 58. Contempt <fa<~I<) for a person or thing.
l l. Affinity (Wlrq, ~) with something. 59. A contrast ~) between two things.
· 122 A Mirror of Common Errors .
: 60.. A contrast ~, ~) to a person or thing .. · 107. Hope (3lml') of or for better luck .
. 61 .' Controversy~) on or about somethl~g. 108. Hostility ~) to a person or cause .
. · 6Z. C~ntribution ~) to a fund. · . 109. Identity ~.~)with somebody I something.
: 6:3. Contribution ~) towa~s some. project. 1 l 0. Ipunersion ~) into water. ..~
64. Conversation ~) with somebody. · 111. Implication ~) in this crime.
65. Decision ~)-on some case .. 112. Implication ~) on someone.
· -. . 66._ Decision ~) of some ~ispute. · 113. Imputation ~' ~) against somebody.,
~7. Decline (tRA") ofan empire, . . _ 114. Incentive (lflci!:lll:iq,) to a worker. .
. 68. Decline (tRA", flrmte) ii1 moral I price .. 115. Inclination (~, ~) for sport I something.
69. Degradation. (qc;ic:Hfd) fro~ rank, . 116. Indifference (dc;l.(41-ldl) to help others. . .
· 70: Delight.(~) in music I in something. 117. Indulgence (~; ~) to a beautiful woman.
e •• 7 L Descent (ffl-sntr) from ancestors. 118.· Influence (;l'ITiq) over or with somebody. .
72. Desire ~) for wealth. 119. Influence ~) on anyone's action /decision. .
·73_ Desirous (Adj:) ~) of something ... 120. Inquiry ~, ~) into circumstances I acase,
_· 74: Disgust ~) at meanness. -121. Insight ~) into something /somebody's character .
. 75. · Dislike: (~14,t.ic;,n) to aperson or thing. 122 .. Intercession (tlarq"RI') with a superior.
76. Distaste (~) for mathematics I something.
77. Doubt (m) of or about a thing. .
123. Intercession ~
124. Jurisdiction ~
~ 1™'· ~)fora
~ ofiT ~)
friend.
in a lawsuit.
1 I
78. Duty_~) to a person. . 125. Justification (~) of or for crime. !
79. Encroachment (~) on I upon one's rights. ·. 126. · Key ~, ~) .to understanding of the problem.
80 .. Engagement ~, cfq-14l:.t:.(II) with somebody. -127. Liability (~) to an illness.
8.1. Entrance ~) into a.place, 128. Libel (WfitFT, -i:rRm) against his character.
~2. Enmity ~) with somebody. 129: Liking ~) for non-vegetarian/ something.
83. Esteem ~) forsomebody. 130. Longing ~.~)for luxury I something ..
84. Exception (~) to a rule. .131. Lust ~)for life /_something.
85. (Make) an excepetion (3i'tfcn'G) of somebody or 132. Malice ~) against an enemy.
something.' _ . . · · 133°. Neglect (~. ~) of duty.
86.- Excuse (~) for a mistake .. 134. Neglect (3W, ~) in doing a thing ..
87. 'Failure (f,f'fAAdl)of electricity. · , . 135. Nomination ~) of a member.
88. Failure (a:tfltfi(!'Hil, fi:14R:it11) . of . somebody in . ·136. Nomination (14.fWHrto a position.
something. . . . j 137. Opportunity (~) for going abroad I doing
89. Faith ~) in somebody or something. } something. ·~
90. Familiarity ·tm~r~) with a person or thing. 138. Partnership (~) in a thing.
91. Freedom GfcRf) from care something. 139. Power ~·-~)over a person.
92. Freedom ~. ~) ot action. . 140. Precaution ~) against infection.
i at a person orthing.
93. Glance ~ 141. Preface (JF@Wtl, ~) toa book .•.
l~ 94. Glance ~ over a wide surface. 142. Preference (~. ~) for something,
for examinations I something:
lt
~
95. Gratitude ~. amm:) for a thing ..
· 96. Gratitude ~. a:JNR:) to a person.
97. Grief ~:~) at an event.
143.
144,
Preparation ~)
Proof (3JlrrOT) against somebody.
145. Proof ~) of guilt.
.
i
l · 98. Grief ~:~)fora person. 146. Qualification ~)for a post.
'
I 99. Guess (~) at the truth I something ..
ioo. Harmony (Bl+Hl*4) with anything.
147. Quarrel ~)
148. Readiness ~.
with somebody I something ..
mm)
in responding.
lI 101. Hatred ('fiUIT) of or for somebody. 149. Readiness ~. ~)fora journey. .
!
102. Hatred ('fiUIT) of a thing. 150. Reference ~) to a person or thing.
103. Heir (d'tl<lft'lcfif{i) to some property.:
104._ Heir (a'tl<lft'lcfil-0) of somebody.
105. Hindrance ~ to something.
· 151. With regard ~ m,f
152. Regard (~)
153. Relation ~)
it) to that matter.
for a person.
between two things.
l I
;
106. Hint ~) at some reward. 154. Relation ~) with somebody)
. -,-
155. Remonstrance C~) against somebody's conduct: 26. Argue c~ ~) with a person for oragainst a.
156. Remonstrance (3IBITTf) with somebody. . · point.
157: Reply~. ~toaqu~ry/aperson.· 27.·Arrive ~)at a conclusion.
I 58. Request (3IDT~)for a thing. 28. Arrive ~) 'at a station I~ place. ·
159.· Resemblance (~ to a person or thing. . 29. Arrive ~) in a country.
160. In respect of t<1'i ~ it) some quality. 30. Ask (lWFIT) for assistance. 'I.
161. Rivalry (Slrditfc:.dl) with a person.'. . . 31. Ask ~) of somebody. t
162. Rival ~) in something. . 32. Associate ~) with a group.

163. Search ~) fo~ or after wealth. 33. Blame a person ~ 'ffiJRT) for something.
164. In search (ffl) of wealth/ a job etc. · 34. Blame something ~ ~) onsom~body.. \
,165. Share ~) in the property /something.
166. Share ~. 'WT) with somebody.
167. Sin ('qr:r) against God I mankind I humanity.
168. Sympathy ~-with or for somebody.
35. Blush ~ '51'RT) at one's own mistak~.
36. Blush ~ -;;rr:rr) for somebody who is at fa~lt.
·37: Border ~
· 38. Borrow ~
w-rr)· on a place.
~) of or from a friend I somebody,
r
169.· temptation ~. ~) to evil. 39. Breakthenews ·c~ ~) of somebody's death.
170. Temptation ~.~)in diet. 40.·Break ~ -RAT) through restraint.
171. Trespass (~) against the law. 41. Break ill news ~-U ~ ~-;in to a friend I to
172. Warrant (..lli<ll<:i<I q;r 3lT~T) for somebody's arrest. · somebody. . .
173. With a view to. t<l'i ~ ~) 42. Break (~ ~) (dissolve partnership) with ·
somebody.
174. Witness·~) of or to a case.
·43: Bring. cm-;rr) a thing to light.
175. ·Wonder(~) at somebody's behaviour./.
something.· · 44. Bring ~ a thing under notice. · .
45 . ."Burst upon (suddenly invade) (~ ·~ ~) a ·
SOME 'VERBS & APPROPRIATEPREPOSITIONS country. . .
46. BU:~t into laughter: ~ ~)
i". Abound {'il§dl<ld if w-rr) in or with something.
2. Accrue ~ ~ ~ ~ if ~) to somebody.
.4i Burstintotears. (IF-~ u;m
. 48. Call at a place. ~ ~ -"<R ~)
3. Accrue ~ aTIR· ~ ~ if ~) from something.
49. 'Call on a person. (fcl;m ~ ~ ,m '51RT) ·
4. Accuse (~tiil<!Qul ~) somebody of theft.
50. Cali for.(demand, require) ~ cf.vii) something.
5. Acquit ~ ~; iftt <l%IT) a person of all charges.
6, Acquit G<Rf cfivrr,. <iltt ~ a person.. in acrime.
St. Call something in (order or request-the return of).·
. . "(crrq~pwr,:rr) . .. • . . '. .
7. Adapt(~ -RAT) to new surroundings.
52. Canvass for votes. (trr.: +ITTRT)
8. Adhere ~) to a plan I a rule I a principle. 53·, Care for~-~) (attach value to) a person or
9. Agree ~ fl) to a proposal. : thing. ·
10. Agree ~ ~) with a person. · 54. Care about (feel interest, anxiety or sorrow, ~
11. Agree ~ ~) on some matter. ~ ) something. · ·
12. Aim (fmRT ~. ~ oRRT) at a target. 55. Challenge ~ ~ a man to combat/ fight..
13. Aim (f.mRT' ~. ~ iA'RT) at doing something. 56. Charge ~tiiroqo1 ~ a man with a crime: .
14. Alight (3'dvrr) from a bus/ a train etc. 57. Charge ~) payment to a person.
15. Allude ~ q;"{ ~) to a fact · 58. Coincide ~ ~- with one's opinion.
16. Answer (3m ~) to a person. 59. Comeaboµt(happen). ~ m:IT) ·
17. Answer (3m ~ for misconduct I something. 60. Come across
(to meet. suddenly). (~ f1R.RT)
18. Apologize (SJlTT '<l'r<RT 'lfw!T) to somebody. 61. Corrie after somebody (follow). (1fim ~
19.Apologize (@IT~ cfitrr) for.something.· 62. Come into fashion. ~ -q 3lRT)
20. Appeal (a:rtfR;r cfivrr) to the judge I somebody. 63. Come by something (obtainby effort). (lfTtd' ~
21. Appeal (~ q;-vl1) against a sentence.. 64. Come (arr-tr) of a rich family.
22. Appeal (a:rtfR;r · ~ for mercy I something. 65. Commence ~ ~ with a thing.
23. Apply (~ cfivlT) to a person. . 66. Communicate ~ ~) a thing to somebody.
24. Apply (~ 'lfw!T) for some post I something. 67. Communicate ~ ~ withsomebody.
2?· Appoint ~ ~) a person to a post. 68. Compare ~ ~) somebody with somebody,
69. Compare (~~ ~) something with something 113.'Differ (~~)from anything (to be unlike).
(similar). 114. Digress (3l'WT ~~)from the path.
70. Compare ~ ~) to (dissimilar things). 115. Disagree (~ m';j'T) with a person on some
71. Compensate (a:,~ ~ for loss. matter.
72. Compete (~ ~) with somebody for a prize I 116. Disapprove ~ ~) of something.
something. 117. Dispute ~) with a person about something.
73. Complain (~l<hl<HI <R=l'T) to somebody. 118. Dissent ~ ~) from an opinion.
74. Complain {1)1q,14a ~) against somebody. 119. Dissaude ~) from an action.
75. Complain (~l<fillld <R=l'T) of J. about something. 120. Distinguish (.a:RR ~) between two things.
76. Conceal (m'tlRT) facts from somebody. 121. Distinguish ~ ~) one thing from another.
77. Concede (lfR' &-IT) to some demand. 122. Dwell (~) in some place.
78. Concur ~ m;rr) ~ith a person. 123. Embark ~ ~) on the right path.
79. Concur~ ff) in an opinion. 124. Embark ~ <R=l'T) in business.
80. Condemn ~ ~ a person to death. 125. Enlist ('«if~) in the army.
81. Conform ~ ~) to a norm. 126. Enter ('ir '!fcm' ~) a house /a room.
82. Conform ~ m:TI) with one's opinion. 127. Enter (1l ~~ cfirn, mflR.r ~) into a new era I
83. Congratulate ~ ~) somebody on his success. conversation. ·
84. Consult (~.~-~)with (discuss with) one's 128. Enter ('llroT ~) upon a career.
friends. 129. Entrust (m1AT) somebody with something.
85. Consult (~ ~. ~ ~ ~) a person I a 130. En~~t cm,r:rr)something to somebody. .
- lawyer I a map I a dictionary (take advice, get
131. Escape ~ ~ ~) from a cage I from jail.
information etc.)
132. Excell ~ m;rr) in something.
86. Contribute ~ ~) to a fund.
133. Exchange (f~ cfivIT) one thing for another.
87. Converse ~ cfivIT) with a person about a thing.
134. Exchange ~ ~) something with a person.
88. Cope ~1~41) with a situation.
135. Exempt (ore~ a person from a fine.
89. Correspond ~~)with a person (write).
136. Exonerate~~) a person from blame.
90. Corre~pond ~ m;rr) to something (agree).
137. Fail (~~)in an experiment I an examination.
91. Cure ('*11' cfivIT) a man of a disease.
138. Fail (~ ~) in something.
92. Cure (n/u) 0=tTTT, f.rolr) for a disease.
139. Fall {ftrvrr) into a well.
93. Cut ~ a thing in or into pieces.
140. Fall {ftrvrr) among rotten apples.
94. Cut ~) a thing in half. .
141. Fall in with sb/sth. ~. ~ ff)
95. Dash ~) against a wall/ shore I something.
142. Fall on (attack) ~~the e~my.
96. Dash ~ ~ ~ over anything.
143. Fall in love with a person. ~ ~ WT'~ ~
97. Dash into a shop. ~)
144. Feed (int) (~ ~) on milk.
98. Deal in (trade in) (cllc:t,ttlll cf>'v!T) something.
99. Deal (o!rcfm ~) with a person.
145. Feeo up. (3lft1ft<Rr ~ ~)
146. Fight ~) with or against poverty.
100. Deal (cfoR ~) with a subject.
147. Fill ('lm) with anything.
101. Debar ~ cfivIT) from doing anything.
148. Get at ~ f-li:fil,:,HI) (find out) the facts.
102. Decide (f.rorll' ~ the issue in somebody's favour.
149. Get to ~) journey's end.
103. Defer ~ qi'8!) to a later date.
150. Get over (f.R't1T ~) (recover from) an ailment.
104. Degenerate (~ ~) into an obsession I a lower
151. Get on with a person (live or work smoothly with
position.
him).
105. Defraud (~ ~ a person of his money.
152. Get out of ~ ~ ~) trouble.
i06. Demand (mlRT) a thing of a person.
153. Glance ~~)at a picture.
107. Depend ~~)on a person or a thing.
154. Glance ~ ~) at an event.
108. Deprive (<if.:ra ~ a person of a thing.
155. Guess (~ B'1TRT) at something.
109. Desist ~~)from an attempt
156. Hanker (<fief~~) after money.
11 O. Despair (R'mT m:,T') of success.
157. Hear ~) ofan event.
111. Deviate (c'l'i:lf<iia li'RT) from a certain course.
158. Hide (.mttRT) a thing from a person.
112. Differ(~~) with a person on a subject.
159. Hope (a;mr ~) for good. 204. Pass for (lrRT' "1'RT; ~ h) a dawn.
160. Import (3ll<mf ~) goods into a country. 205. Pass over (omit) a passage. (f4cT ~)
161. Import (31flmf cfivff) goods from a country. 206. Pass through by ~) his gate.
162. Impress (.:r,:r 'CR rrsrr ~ sr~) an idea on 207. Pass (suffer} for one's mistake. ('lflRT)
somebody. 208. Penetrate (3ITT:-"tl'R ~. ~~)into something.
163. Impress (tR" 'IR 7mJ '3l"llcr ~ a person with an 209. Perish t-m m
'1fAT) by. the sword.
idea.
210. Perish t-m m
;;rr-rr) with poverty ..
164. Impute (atroi:r ~) blame to a Pfrson. 211. Point(~ ~)at a person.
165. Indorse ~~)with signature.
212. Point ( ,, ) to some result.
166. lnduldge ~~)in undesirable activities.
213. Pray (slTl!RI' ~) somebody for something.
167. Indulge ~ ~) oneself with wine.
214. Pray (slTl!RI' cfiv!T) to God for success.
168. Infer ~ f.lcfi1~:::i1) one fact from another .. 215. Prepare ~ ~) f~r-the test.
169. Inflict ~ ~; ~~)pain on a person.
216. Prepare ~ ~ against disaster.
170. Infringe (~~)on one's rights.
217. Proceed~~ cF,{:ff) against (prosecute) a
171. Inquire ~ cfiv!T) of a person about an event. culprit.
172. Inspire ~ ~) a man with courage. 218. Prohibit ~~)from doing something.
173. Interfere ~ cfiv!T) with a person in his affairs. 219. Protect ~) from disaster.
174. Intersect ~~)with each other. 220. Protest ~ ~) against injustice.
175. Intrigue ~~)with the opposition. 221. Provide (a:tl<llt<lq,df .~'iftf ~) for one's family.
176. Introduce ~ <RRT) a man to others. 222. Provide ~ ~) against the rainy day.
177. Introduce ~, ~ cfiv!T) into a story. 223. Provide ~ ~) oneself with something.
178. Intrude ~. f.RT ~ '11RT) on somebody, 224. Rail ~ f1cf>i("HI) against somebody,
179. Invest (f.rcrn' ~) money in education, 225. Reconcile ~ ~) to situation.
180. Invest ~) a man with authority. 226. Reconcile (-it;ft ~, :I~~ ~) with an
181. Jump at (eagerly accept, ~ ~ ~ <iivlT) an opponent.
idea. 227. Recover 0fllf ~) from ailment.
182. Jump to a conclusion. (~G° ~~~'IR 228. Rejoice ~ R) at the success of a person.
~) 229. Rejoice ~ R) in one's own success.
183. Live c;;ir-rr) by honest means/ labour. 230. Relapse ~-into idleness.
184. Live r,.rr:rr) on somebody's charity/diet/fruit/juice. 231. Relieve G<Rr ~) of or from duty.
185. Live ~) within one's budget I means: 232. Remind (Tr: ~ ~) somebody of something.
186. Look after ~~)(watch) one's children. 233. Repose ~ ~) on a bed.
187. Look into (~~~)(closely examine) a case. 234. Repose (Tr:~ 'cfivrr) confidence in friends.
188. Look for (~) something lost.
235. Reprimand ~) a person for a fault.
189. Look over (examine) an account. $ ~) 236. Result (l1ftura m:::iT) from a situation.
190. Look through (examine carefully) (~ ~ ~
237. Result (tl'ro1lq ~) in a consequence.
cfivrr) a report.
238. Retaliate (3ifa'ffi ~ on upon/against somebody.
191. Look upto. (Fcf;m ~ ~ 3Tim ~ ~ ~ ~)
239. Revolt~~) against authority.
192. Lust ~ ~) for wordly possession.
240. Rob ~ ~) a person of something.
193. Make ~) to (approach) a person.
241. Rule ~ 'cfivrr) over a country.
194. Make some meaning of (3W (.1TTRT) a statement.
242. Stand against ~ ~) (resist) any infiltrator.
195. Marvel (a:tlll'<lf4a R) at some sight or report.
243. Stand by ~ ~) (support) a person.
196. Match (flreR" ~) one thing with another.
244. Stand on ~ ~) formalities.
197. Meditate (~~)on an issue. •
245. Take after ~ ~) somebody.
198. Merge ~ m:rr) into one.
246. Take upon(~ 'tR f...i+ilciil-0 ~) oneself to do a
199. Mortgage ~ ~ land to a person.
thing.
200. Mourn (ll1l<fi lRRT) for the dead.
247. Think ~) of or about a person.
201. Murmur (f~1"'1,rn ~) at or against anything.
248. Think over (consider) (fcfi:fR c:fivIT) a problem.
202. Occur (31RT) to one's mind.
249. Trespass ~ cfivrr) against rules.
203. Pass ~) from one thing into another.
126 · A Mirror of Common Errors
250, Trespass (~ ~ on-somebody's privacy. 38. Apparent (<:.~4liH, ~) to everyone.
25l,.Trespass (3-T-iTt.Tc[~ ~ lT :;;rr;:rr) in a person's 39. Applicable ~ ~ <Unr) to a situation.
· company. 40 .. Apprehensive (~) of resulu
252: Wait ~~)at bus.stop.· 41. Apprised ~). of a matter.
253. Wait (3rate.rr ~)fora person or thing: 42. Appropriate ~) to an occasion.
254. Warn ~ ~) a person of disaster.· 43.· Apt (expert) in a subject. ~. f.Gur)
255. Warn ~ ~) a person against a fault. 44. Apt {mlR, ~) for a purpose.
45. Ashamed ~) of one's conduct
ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES FOLLO~D
. 46. Assiduous ~) in one's studies.
BY PREPOSITIONS
with a person.
4 7. Associated ~)
1. Absorbed ~) in study. 48. Associated ~.:•)in some business.
2. Acceptable ~ to a person. 49. Assured (~) of the truth.
3 .. Accessible ~) to strangers. 50. Astonishing-~ q;f.lqt{"II) to a person.
. 4. Accessory ~) to a crime. 51. Astonished (~) at one's rudeness, misconduct
5. Accomplished ~) in an art. 52. · Averse ~) to hard word.
6. Accountable (3'd<C::14l)'to a person. 53. Bereft (cm:m, ~) of qualities.
7. Accountable (3'tl<c;i4l) for a thing. 54. Born~ ~ofrichparents.
8. Accruing ~ ~) to a person from something. 55. Born ~ s31f) in city.
9. Accurate ~. ~) in his statistics. 56. Charged ~ # fffi!rr) to one's account.
10. Accused (~)·of theft. 57. Charged (\RT g3TI') with anger.
11. Acquainted ~) with a person. 58. Charged (~) with (accused of) forgery.
12. Acquitted (ftm, ~) ofa charge. 59. Close ~) to a person or thing.
13. Addicted (~, am!t) to gambling I smoking/ 60. Clothed ~ pl!') in mist.
drinking. 61. Clothed ~ ~, \RT prr) with shame .
,14. Adequate. ~) to a person's wants. 62: Committed ~ to a course of action.
15. Adverse ~) to a person's interests. 63. Common (~tcf ,,if-icr,) to several persons or things.
16. Affectionate (filer, ~) to a person. 64. Comparable ~ to something.
17. Affection ~. m)
for somebody. (noun) 65. Compatible (~) with one's temper.
18. Afflicted ~. ~:~) with pain. 66. Competent ~, ~ fur certain work.
19. Aggravated (alf} at a thing. et. Composed (oRl' .PTI') of materials.
20. Aggravated ~ ?T) with a person. 68. Commune ~ 'cf,vlT) with one's friends.
·21. Akin ~ ~) to a person or thing. 69. Concerned (ffiTR', fmacr) about something/ some-
22. Alarmed ~ at a: rumour .. · . body. . . .
23. Alien ~) to a person's character. 70. Concerned ~ •. ~)of one's Welfare .:
24. Alienated (~ from the party. 71. Concerned (olm'f) in some business.
·25. Alive ~) to the problems. 72. Conducive ~) to a situatin.
26. Amazed (~!lMPfo, ~ at a person's behaviour. 73. Conscious ~. ~) of a fault.
27. Ambition (llt;fcqtcf>i!fil) for something. (noun) · . 74. Contrary ~. ~) to rule.
28. Ambitious (lil!li(qfcfii!ITT) of something. 75. Covetous.~) of other men's goods.
29. Amused ~) at something. . . 76. Creditable (31'~i<Et.fl4) to one's judgement.
30. Angry ~) at a thing. 77: Cured ($Tr, f.ro1r) of a disease.
31. 'Angry ~) with aperson. 78. Customary ~) for. a person ..
32. Annoyed c=m:r-;r) at a remark. 79. Deprived ('cff.ra) of rights. ·
33. Annoyed ~) with a person for saying or doing 80. Derogatory (314'lH'iaf) to one's character.
· · · something. . · · 81. Designed ~ ~ s3lJ' -::rirrr) for a purpose.
34. Answerable (3'd{C::tlfl) to a person for something. 82. Desirous ~) of success.
35. Anxious ~. tt':f) for his safety.
36. Anxious ~) about the result. . · 84. Dexterous ~) in or at doing something .
. 37. Appalled (~) at the sight. . 85. Disappointed (Rml)' in a thing. obtained.
A Mirror: of Common Errors · 127
86. Disappointed ~}with a person. .- 134. Introduced ~ ~ 1Tirf) to a person.
87. Disgusted ~, ~) with a thing. 135. Invested (~) wi~ full powers.
88. Disgusted f~ ~ 'IRT saTI') at or with a person. 136. Invested (f.)~~id) in business.
89. Disqualified (~)for a post. 137. Involved ~) in crime,
90. Disqualified (~) from competing. BS. Irrelevant ~. ~.:i41<RI)to a topic.
91. Doubtf~l or dubious (~e.\!iR-Qi;.) of intension. 139. Jealous ~) of somebody ...
92. Eager· ~) for result. 140. Liable ('1ic:41d:le;~) for payment.
93. Eager ~) in the pursuit of knowledge. 141. Liable ('114Idie,~) to.error,
94. Effective ~) for a purpose. 142. Moved ~) to tears.
95. Eligible ~) for a post. . 143. Moved ~) at the sorry sight.
96. Eminent (mr.[, ~) for one's writing. 144. Moved .~) with pity.
97. Endowed {WJ:Fr) with natural ability. 145. Moved ~) by reciuests.
98. Engaged ~) in some work. 146. Neglectful ~14{cfli!D of one's interests.
99. Engaged.~ salJ') to someperson, 147. Negligent (di%:IIE;) of duty ..
100. Envious ~) of another's achievement of success. 148. Negligent (t-114«:tl~) in one's work.
101. Essential (~) to hapiness. 149. Obliged ~. a:Jl'Tm) for some help.
102: Estranged ~, ~) from a friend. 150: Obliged ~. ~) to a person.
103 .. Exempted ~. <Rt) from a.fine. 151. Oblivious (fq:@l{Oj,ltTid) of the past.
104. Exhausted (~ saTI') with running. 152. Obnoxious ~.- ~) to a person,
1_05. Exonerated G<Rf, <'l"U) from blame .. 153. Occupied ~) with one's. clients.
106. Exposed ~) to light. 154. Occupied ~) in writing a story.
107. Faithful (fcl~c:11€1) to a person. 155. Offended ~ with a person at sometime. '
108. Familiar ~) with a problem. 156 .. Offensive {~) to a person,
109. Familiar (lmf,:rcr) (well known) to a person. 157. Overwhelmed (~) with grief.
110. Favourable ~) to one's prospects. 158. Overcome ~) with sorrow. .
111. Fearful (~) of consequences, 159. Painful ~) to one's feeling.
112. Fertile (3cm, ~) in resources. 160 .. Peculiar ~) to a person· or thing.
113. Fit ~.~)for a job. 161. Pertinent (Slt-Eifllcfi) toa question I a topic.
."114. Free G<F.f) from.errors. . '
· 162. Polite t-nf, fcFl';f, f'ffl!) in manners .
115. Fruitful (~, °3<fu) in resources. 163. Polite. t-nf, ~. nm!') to all.
116. Fruitless ~) of results. J64. Profitable ~) to a company.
117. Gifted ~) with qualities. 165. Prodigal (~) o~expenditure ..
118. Glad (~) of one's success. 166. Profuse ~. ~),in one's offers.
119. Grateful~. ~)for kindness. ·167. Profuse ~. ~) with one's money.
120. Greedy ~, ~) of or after or for wealth. . 168. Ready ~. ~) at action. .
121. Guilty ~) of murder. · 169. Ready ~.~)with excuses.
122. Honest ({l-lH<!.t<) in.one's dealings, 170. Ready ~. ~, in one's response.· ·
123. Horrified (~) ·at a sight. 171·. Related ~talf~)"to a person: ..
124. Hostile ~) to conducive situatiori. . 172. Relevant (SIFSfilcfi) to the statement.
125. Ignorant (~) of something .. 173. Replete ('IRT s3U) with examples.
126_ lll (-ifllR) with fever. 174. Requisite (~) to success,
127:_ Impertinent (~) to something. 175. Requisite.(~) for a purpose.
· 128. Incumbent c~~-0. ~) on a person. 176. Resolved~) into its elements.
129. Indebted (a:it'liro, ~) to a person. · 177. Resolved (tjcfifc.:.ld) on completing the work.
130. Indebted (~. ~) for some goodness. 178. Responsible (3tt<G141) for an incident I something.
131. Indebted ~)in huge sum. 179 .. Responsible (3*1«141) to a person.
132. Interested ~ m "qfffi) in a person or thing. 180. Sanguine (~) of success.
133. Introduced ~ ~ Tf<l'T) into a place. · 1_81. Satiated ~. qt<r) with pleasure.
182. Satisfactory ~d't•NH<fi) to a person. 7. The students complained I to the principal against I the
· 183. Satisfied~. ~)of(concerning)afact. (A). (B)
184. Satisfied ~,~)with one's work. warden and the I poor management 'of the hostel.
185. Secure ~. f-fl-*11!:jck\) from harm. (C) (D)
186. Secure ~. f-.:4'*115<Rl) against an attack. 8. Without considering I for a moment he I entrusted me in I all
187. Sensitive «i<=l<·Wfi~) to criticism. (A) (B) (C)
188. Shocked ~e,+lll.l,l,{I) at the sad· news. the important work. I No Error.
(D) ' (E)
189. Shocking (~ $Ft cITT.91') to all.
190. a
Silent (~) about matter. 9. Somebody reported to me I that Suman had fallen in I the
. (A) (B)
191. Similar cwrr.;, ~) to a person or thing ..
well and nobody had I tried to save him. I No Error.
192. Solicitous ~) of a reply.
(C) (D) (E)
193. Solicitous (RRra) for somebody's safety.
10. There are certain animals I that can live without I any
194. Startled (~) at somebody's behaviour.
(A) (B)
195. Strange ~. ~) to a person. effort both I in water and land. I No Error.
196. Subject ~) to change. (C) (D) (E)
197. Suited ~. ~) to the occasion.
11. The plan was to go for I the cinema but I owing to certain
198. Suitable (cWf;, ~) for one's income. (A) (B)
199. Suitable ~.~)to the occasion. hindrances I it failed. I No Error.
200. Suited~.~) fora post. (C) (D) (E)
201. Thankful (a:J~~Hti<) for past favours.
12. The angry boatman I threw the cracked oar I into the
202. Vexed (tITTTR) at a thing.
(A) (B) (C}
203. Vexed (mTR) with a person for doing something. river I and returned home. I No Error.
204. Worthy (<rrnf) of praise. (D) (E)
13. My friends proposed me I that we should go to I the

PROBLEMS BASED ON PREPOSffiONS (A) (B)
Directions : Find out the error in each of the following movies and then have I dinner at a hotel . No Error.
sentences, if any. If there is no error, your answer is 'E' (C) (D) (E)
1. Nobody can deny I that Gandhi's ideas I are different 14. She became able I to free herself I with her debts by I
w ~) ·~ (A) (B) · (C)
than I Lenin's./ No Error. working day and night. I No Error.
(D) (E) . . (D) (E)
2. He was very much engaged I in his work when the
(A) (B)
15. My brother said that I he preferred the white I shirt than
thieves I entered into his house I and took away a lot of
(A) . (B)
(C) (D)
things. I No Error. the black one I which I usually wore. I No Error.
(C) (D) (E)
(E)
3. While she was returning I from college, I a ruffian
16. He always insists I that he prefers I to go home I to stay
(A) (B) (A) .. (B) (C)
attacked I on her with a dagger. I No Error.
anywhere at night. I No Error.
(C) . (D) (E)
4. The decline of his moral I was caused by a lot I of factors (D) (E)
.(A) . (B)
. that were./ once fascinating to him. I No. Error. . 17. Glimpses to I the religious side of his I nature appear in I
(C) . (D) (E) (A) (B) (C)
5. Two of my intimate friends I called on me I on yesterday the majority of his plays. I No Error.
(A) (B} (C) (D) (E)
when I was I away from home. I No Error.
(D) (E)
18. Hardly had we settled down I for the night's rest when I
(A) (B)
6. Simmi took me to a hotel f and ordered for I two cups of we were startled I by the loud noise being made outside
(A) (B) .
(C) (D)
coffee I which the waiter brought in no time. I No Error.
the house. I No Error.
(C) (D) (E)
(E)
;.. ...
A Mirror of Common Errors 129.

19. There appears I to be very little / liasion among I the two 31. Rakesh Sharma. the Indian space I hero, is much sought l
(A) (B) (C) (A) (B)
wings of the party. I No Error. after by college students and I is invited for various
(D) (E) (C) (D)
20. Sedimentary rocks I largely -comprised of I minute frag- functions. I No Error.
(A) (B) (E)
ments derived from I the disintegration of existing rocks. I 32. His father is I sick but I he does not I look for him. I
(C) (D) (A) (B) (C) (D)
No Error. No Error.
(E) (E)
21. Found guilty I on murder. the accused I men were 33. I advised I him to consult with a doctor I but be refused I
(A) (B) (~ (B) (C)
sentenced I to life imprisonment I No Error. to do so. I No Error.
(C) (D) (E) (D) (E)
22. Today be revealed I the fact that he was I angry on me 34. Ordinarily when in difficulty I Renu prefers keeping
(A) (B) (A) (B)
because I I had not helped him. I No Error. · her counsel I rather than going about here and I there
(C) (D) (E) (C)
23. He looked upon me I level eyed for a I few moments for advice. I No Error.
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
beforehe I started speaking. I No Error.
35. Those who are I suffering from diabetes I are advised to ·
(D) (E)
(A) (B)
24. The girl said I that she preferred I the blue gown than I substitute I saccharine by sugar. / No Error.
(A) (B) (C} (C} (D) (E)
the black one. / No Error.
(D) {E) 36. This book deals I in the burning probelms I our country is
25. The smuglar yielded I for the temptation I and fell into the (A) (B) (C)
(A) (B) facing I at present. I No Error.
(D) (E) .
police trap from I which escape was impossible. I
(C) . (D) 37. The debacle of the Party I admits no other explanation I
No Error. (A) (B)
(E) than its I poor performance. I No Error.
26. Numerous people in India I are dying from hunger I but (C) (D) (E)
. . (A) . (B)
the Government seems I to be ignorant of this fact. I 38. In spite of being very I busy at domestic work, I she saves
(C) (D) (A) (B)
No Error. time I to the visitors. I No Error.
(E) (C) (D) (E)
Tl. The man who I was blind with the right I eye was a I 39. My father has the reputation for I being the sort of i
(A) (B) (C} (A) (B)
notorious criminal of this area. I No Error. manager who is at least willing to listen to I anyone who
(D) (E) (C)
28. Some persons I get jobs even if I they are not worthy I for wants to raise a point./ No Error,
(A) (B)· (C) - (D) (D) (E)
them. I No Error. 40. Despite of the best efforts I made by the Government I
(E) (A) {B)
29. The poet describes about I the beauty of a landscape I in a the condition of the. country is I going from bad to
(A) (B) . • (C) (D)
very I attractive way./ No Error. worse. I No Error.
(C) (D) (E) (E)
30. During his tour I to the north· he visited I not only to 41. The captain distributed /. the sweets among our I friends
(A) (B) (C) w -(B} ~
Delhi /but also Agra./ No Error, who I had invited him. I No Error.
(D) (E) . (D) (E)
130 A Mirror of Conunon Errors .
42. The bride said I that she would not I marry the man over I ANSWERS
(A) (B) (C) 1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (A) s. (C)
thirty- five./ No Error.
6. (B) 7.(C) 8. (C) 9.(9) 10. (D)
(D) (E)
11. (A) 12. (C) 13. (A) 14. (C) 15. (C)
43. The invitation card I says that Satish I marries with I 16. (D) 17. (A) 18. (D) 19. (C) 20. (B)
(A) (B) (C)
21. (B) 22. (C) 23. (A) 24. (C) 25. (B)
Sunita next month. I No Error.
(D) (E) 26. (B) 27. (B) 28. (D) 29. (A) 30. (C)
31. (D) 32. (D) 33. (E) 34. (C) 35. (D)
44. The constitution of India comprises of I three wings- the
. (A) 36. (B) 37. (B) 38. (D) 39. (A) , 40. (A)
\
legislature, the judiciary I and the executive, and each is I 41.(B) 42. (C) 43. (C) 44. (A) 45. (C)
(B) (C) 46. (C) 47. (A) 48. (B) 49. (A) 50. (E)
independent in its own way. I No Error. 51. (0)
(D) (E) j
45. The council does I not hold itself responsible I for the loss
(A) (B)
EXPLANATIONS -
.;
or damage I to any article./ No Error. 1. (C) 'than'%;~ 'from' q;r 1i<UlT ~ ~ 'different'
(C) (D) %; ~ <ilR 'from' q;r Jrlll7T ~ ti
46. When he was I under house arrest I he was debarred to ~ ra' fct; different js <ilTG 'than'~ ~ ~ ft t
(A) (B) (C) ~ cIGf ;;r.r different~ <ilTG ~ Noun ~; ~
send I a letter even to his wife. I No Error. (i) I have read a different book than this.
(D) (E)
-rT
Noun than
4.7. We may have to await for I a new political order to 2. (C) 'into' q;r Jl'1ITTT -:;tr ft ~ enter q;r a:tYf t' i:t
(A) . (B)
~ ~· 'come into I go into';·~-:-
restructure I our economy by adopting a modal of I
(i) He went into the class.
(C)
development closer to our needs. I No Error. 'lfl', .
(D) (E) (ii) He entered the class .
48. Governments should refrain I to associate themselves . ~.

(A) (B) enter into some business I enter into a conversation I
with anything I that tends to affect the I secular character enter upon a career~ q;r 'll<WT ~ ti
(C) 3. (D) 'on' q;r "5f<U1T ~ n
cprrfct; 'attack' cfif 'Sl<IT1T ~
of our state./ No Error. Verb~~ if~ <ft~ G(R ~ Object 3lrnT t;
(D) (E) .-tt-
49. It was apparent for I everyone present that if I the patient (i) China attacked India in 1962.
(A) (B) .!. .!.
did not receive medical I attention fast, he would die. I Verb Object
(C) (D) ~ atack q;r 1i<Ulr ;;r.r Noun ~ ~ if moT t cff
No Error. ~ 'iil'R on q;r 'Sl<IT1T ~ t; ~-An attackon my
(E)
life, two attacks on my life.
· 50. She looked very I different from I the photograph I I had ~. l make an attack + on + Object! cfif ~ fcF.<IT
(A) (B) (C) '1fraT t; ~-
of her. I No Error. (i) China made an attack on India in 1962.
, . (D) (E) .!. .J,
on Obj.
SI. In his concluding I remarks, he said I almost nothing I
(A) (B) (C) 4. (A) 'of' ~ ~ 'in' ~ ffl' ~ ~ decline or an
worthlistening to. I No Error, empire I decline of a party I decline of a man -* ~
(D) (E) lPn1T ft 't ~ decline in moral I decline in prices
~~~mt,
A Mirror of Common Errors .131
S •. (C) yesterday ~ ~ 'on' cfiT ~ ';fffl' m7TT ~ ~ ~ : ..with verbs of motion or change, 'in' is
Yesterday, two days before yesterday, the day before used:-
yesterday, today, tomorrow, two days after tomorrow, He put the letter in his pocket.
the day after tomorrow ~ ~ ~ on, in ~ cfiT She cut it in half.
~ ~ ~ -;simr ti She i.hrew the letter in the fire. ·
6. (B) ordered ~ ~ 'for' ~ ~ ';fffl' m7TT ~ order -Nesfield : (New E.cfition) ENGLISH GRAMMAR,
~ Transitive Verb t 3ITT ~ ~ m Object 3lraT . . COMPOSITION AND USAGE'(P.187)
t;~- 13. (A) proposed js fflG. 'to' Preposition q;r ~ n- ~
. (i) He ordered a cup of tea. r=r fcf; for a cup of tea] Proposed to somebody I suggested to somebody I
(ii) He ordered me to go'out of the room. reported tosomebody ~ '<f?r ~ ~ !; ~-
~. order + somebody + for.+ something <fiT (i) She suggested to her friends that they should start
~mmttt- dancing.
(i) He ordered the shopkeeper for a shawl. (ii) He reported to me that the wall had fallen down.
m, <!R order <fiT ~ Noun ~ ~ if ~ m~ 14. (C) 'with' ~ ~ 'from; cliT ~ h ~ free
tree
~ for q;r ~mart; tt-He gave order for a . somebody from something ~ from something
of
cup tea. <fil~W..t;~-
(i)
..
Rita tried to free herself from all liabilities.
:
mTTT ~
, .7: (C) the poor~ ~ 'about'~ 'of' cfiT ~
(i) Complain to somebody. ·
- -r --r-·0 - l
free somebody from ·· something
(ii) Complain against somebody. (ii) . Minu was free from all blames.
(iii) Complain about/of something cfil" ~ ~ ti TT l
8. (C) 'in'~ ~ 'with' <fir ~ m7Tl', ~ entrust+ free from . something
somebody + with + something <fir WftTr ~ t: 15. (C) than~ ~ 'to' c1'if ~ ~ ·~ Prefer~ ~ ~
tt- Nouns ~ Gerunds ~· ~ ~ ·<fr Prefer ~ iflG 'to'
(i) He entrusted me with some work. Preposition <fiT ffl' t; ~-mm

(i) She prefers milk · !£ tea.
cifq,-l entrust + something + to + somebody cfiT J. J. T
~mmt:~- Noun to Noun
(ii) He entrustedsome work to me. (ii) She preferred · playing to goss1pmg.
9. (B) 'in' ~ ~ 'into' cfiT w:itTT mtTI' ~ fall into a . J. ·.r :J.
wen I into the river I into certain division I into line Gerund · to Gerund
~ cf>i' WftTr
~. fall in <fiT 3N
mm ti
mm t 'collapse' 'ftR: "3!F!T';
~ ~ Prefer ·i ~ Infinitives
Prefer ~ alR 'rather than' ~- ~
*~ ~ ~
mm
ti
tt-
(i) Tne roof fell in. ~ flR "ll<rrl)
~-
(i) We preferred to read ·. rather than write.
10. (D) 'land' ~ ~ 'on' cfiT ~ m7TT ~- ~ ~ ~ . . ---r-. . l: ' -r--
~ 'and'~~~~ N=r-fir-=f Prepositions~ t Infinitive rather than Infinitive
m~ ~ ~~ ~ if ~ ~ Prepositions 16. (D) 'to'~ ~ 'rather than' qi!' ffl' itmt
~~~~~;tt- NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "tj°o (15) ~
(i) in water and. on land. ~~1·
(ii) desirous of and loving to ~' 17. (A) 'to' ~ ~ 'of' qi!' WTI1T m~ 'glimpse of'
11. (A) ·for'~~ 'to' cfiT ~ ~ ~ go to the 'get I catch a glim:p.se of'~ <fiT m ~ t; ~-
cinema/go to the theatre/go· to the circus/go to the (i) He caught a glimpse of her.
station~ q:;r ~ mm t, 18. (D) 'by' ~ ~ 'at' ~ Wfl1T ~ ~ startled I
surprised I astonished I amazed 3Tift ii; ~ ~
12.' (C) 'into' ~ ~ 'in' q:;r mn ~ 'in' t static Preposition ~ 'Sl<TI1T ~ i, :=r fcf> 'by' Preposition-
condition (f~Hlej~f) <fir ~ mm t, ~ into ~
<fil; ~-
motion (llftr) cfiT; ~- .
(i) They are amazed at her_ beauty.
(i) He is in the room. ~ ~ if to 19. (C) · 'among' ~ ~ 'between' ~ '!l"f:il1T ~ ~ "!..J'
(ii) He fell into the well. ~ ~ ~ fiR ~I) ftrq; ~ ~ (Two wings)'* ti .~ Tif fcf; ~
26. (B) 'from' ~ ~ 'of' cf;f Jf<TI'll' ft ~ 'die of a
disease", 'die of hunger', die from a wound I over
(i) There is a great dispute between these two boys. eating I over drinking I food poisoning' ~ cf;f
(ii) There is a great enemity between Ram and Mohan. m-~t;~-

(i) Dr. Sinha died of cholera/cancer/diabetes.
~~)
~. <tr -4 ~
~~t;~-
* ~ ~ ffl 'among' q;r m (ii). The old woman died of hunger.
(iii) He died from food poisoning. .
27. (B) 'with'~ ~ 'in' cf;f Jl7IT1T ~ ~ 'blind in the
(i) Distribute the coal among the three I five I ten
. right eye/the left. eye' ~· q'jJ" WWf t ~ mr
members.
20. (B) 'comprised' ~ 4flG 'of' <fiT ~
,
~ ~ ~
. 'blind with both the eyes' qi!' m- mr t,
28. (D) 'for' ~ ~ 'of' q;r Jf<TI'll' ~ cfcITfcf; 'worthy of
comprise= consist of. a«r:,
· something' ~ 'qualified for a post' 'competent
(i) The book comprises five chapters. Pf f.t. compri- for something'~ cfil' ffl" ~ t; ~- ·
ses of]
(i) He is not worthy of this job.
<IT, (ii) The book consists of five chapters.
(ii) He is not qualified for this post.
21. (B) 'on'~ ~ 'of' <ti1' ~ h ~ 'be guilty of.a
(iii) He is not competent for this team.
crime'cfil' ffl" ~ ~ t; ~-
29. (A) about cfil' ~ ~ 'ffl'TTT ~- describe/ -disc-
(i) He is guilty of theft.
uss/explain + something <fir Jfclt1T WIT t; tt-
22. (C) 'on'*~ 'with' <R ffl' n ~
'angry with
(i) He explained this Tm.
somebody' ~. 'angry at something' W fcAr m- :r
~t~- . explain Something.
(i) He is ~ with lou. cfiT y2
"'T
angry with somebody
~.(i) Describe something to somebody.
(ii) He is ~ at your. behaviour.
J, "l l , (ii) Expi~ something to somebody.
angry at something (iii) Discuss something with somebody cfiT
23. (A) 'upon'~~ 'at' cf;f ~ m~ 'look at ~t;tt-
(= ~ somebody I something' cf;f m ~ ~ (i) He described the event to me,
t~- :r l 'r T
(i) You looked at her. describe something to ·somebody
--:r-- "l T cfil" y2
looked
(ii) You looked
at somebody
at the picture.
30. (C) 'to' "<firm~ WIT~- visit cfiT ffl' ~ Verb if;
-r 1 l .. ~ i\' it ffl ~ 1f1G ~. Object am!T t; ~- ·
looked at something. (i) He visited me.
~ Look· somebody in the eye(s) I face ~ ~ (ii) He visited Kashmir ..
W1l1T ~ t; tt- ~ make a· visit to somebody I some place.
. (i) She looked him in the eyes.
-r-- T . . .
Verb Noun ·
24. (C) 'than'~ ~ 'to' q;f ffl h1 ll'1fPT mm t; tt-
NOTE : ~ ~ *~ ~ ~ (15) ~
• ·ifjf
 He made a visit to me.
~~I
25. (B) 'for' ifi ~ 'to' <fiT ~
.
· ~-- ~ yield to
T ·T.r- r
Make Noun to Object
somebody I something ~ q!JfcRr en:· ~ ~ at11\' · :cf;f Past~
3lTclf ~ ~) qif ffl 'fflaT t; tt.- ~
(ii) He made a visit to Kashmir.
(i) He yielded to his enemr -J,-
l l T. T J,.
yielded to Somebody , . make Noun to Object
~ aw. ~ ~ awl" 3tlti1~'1'i0i ~- ~I) cfil" y2
(ii) She yielded to her husband's will .
. ,l. . . l
31, (D) 'for'
place I a
* ~party 3llfG 'to' cfiT .wfllr ~ <Pfffcf; tie invited to a
cfiT '5llffTT irm' l; ~-
yielded to ". something . , .
~ 3t'IR ~ * ~ * 3tJ1t 3tl<'l41itcful ${ ~I)
(i) I was invited to lunch.
32. (D) 'for'~ ~ 'after' 1fiT ~ mTJT ~ 'Look for' cfil' (ii) He suggested to me that I should save for a rainy
~ t ~· ~ 'Look after' 1fiT ~ t ·~&"licl day.~ ~ ~ ~ fcf; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~-ii' ~ ~ ~ ftror aftlfR t· a«J: ~ ~I) .
~· q;l' sRicflPli:f>dl t, ~ fcf; ~ ~· <RI (iii) They have saved me from being drowned.
~ W fcf; look ~ mei- fcr1'R Prepositions ~ ffl' . -J.- J. ,!. J.
~~ 31'f ~ t; :tt-
(i) look~)
save q;i- V 3 some- from something
(ii) look at ~) body
(iii) look after (~&illcl <firn) ~ff~~~~to
(iv) look into ~ ~) 39. (A) 'for' $ ~ 'of' 1fiT ~ ~ ~ 'have the
(v) look for~) reputation of doing something' cfiT ·JrlWT "ffifT !1
(vi) look down upon (fa<m< q;l' ~ ~ ~) ~. 'have a reputation for something' ~ 'make a
33. (E) ~~ti reputation for something' "i:f>l" ~ "ffifT !; ~-
34. (C) 'rather than'~~ 'to' 1fiT ~ n, (i) You have the reputation of being a miser.
NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (15) q;l' (ii) He has a reputation for honesty.
oZfR9?fr ~I (iii) She made a reputation for herself:
35. (D) 'by' ~ ~ 'for' cfil' ~ WIT ~ Substitute ~ w~ q'1'cpf (iii) ir .has'. 'have' "i:f>l" Singular~
something for something' ~ 'Replace something t~ ~ (iii) if 'made' make "i:f>l" Past~ t,
by something' <fir ~ A t,
~-(i) Substitute saccharine for sugar. 40. (A) Despite ~ il'TG" 'of' cfil' ~ ~ m-irr ~ Despite
·~. (ii) Replace a Noun by a Pronoun.
=In spite of. a«r:,
36. (B) 'in' ~ ~ 'with' cfif ffl' ~ ~

'deal in' qi!' (i) Despite his good performance, he was not
3!Yf t ~ selected.
31'f t 'fcf;m ~
a subject' 1fiT
cfi<=rr' ~
3W t ~
~ ~ ~
'deal with somebody' cfil'
~· ~ 'deal with
~ 1fiT ffl ~·;
~.
(ii) In spite of his good performance, he was not
~- selected.
(i) You deal in rice.(¥~ 1fiT cll'l1l"R ~ ltl)
(ii) You do not deal with him. (? ~ mrf 1fflfq
41. (B) 'among'~ ~ 'amongst'~~ m-in-1 ~ W ~
'among' err 'amongst' 1'iT ~ -ey t ~ ~~
~~mo A t, mrf 1t 'the'~ ~ among ut amongst 1fiT
(iii) This poem deals with the beauty of Nature. ~
ffl(U ~ ~ ~ <fiT ffl ~ ,,o ~~~·. ~~
~
'the'~tm 'among'jsr
Consonant sound ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
37. (B) 'admits' ~ il'TG" 'of' <fiT ~ mTJT ~ 'admit of' <l'-lT 'amongst' ~ Vowel sound ~ ~ m:t ~ ~
1fiT ~~ t 'can have' cm ~) ~ 'ad~it ~ ffi ·f.Rr ~ t; tt-
somebody info a house/some place' ~ liqffli cR
fcf,-tjl' ~. ~ ~ ii'~~·; tt- Among
~the boys .
(i) The words admit of other meanings. ~ ~ . Amongst..,..,-
3!Yf w~t) ~. (i) Among them ~ cfiT ~ sound ·~·
~. Consonant "t]
(ii) He admitted me into the house. ~ ~ If< -q ~, Amongst us I our friends [ '~· <fiT ~ sound
~ ~ I Glftrn fct;lrr'1) 'at' Vowel t1 m 1f'cfir<, 'atfcR' cfiT ~ sound
~ ·~· Vowel ti]
(iii) I was admitted to this institution. Ciro ~ ~
if ~!311'1) 42. (C) ·over ~ ~ 'above' 1'iT ~ WIT ~ 'over I
38. (D) 'to' ~ ~ 'for' 1fiT ~ "save n ~ under age' 1'if ~ mat" t ~
above I below
something for something', 'save for something' ~ twenty, thirty, forty 3l1f<::: 1fiT ~ ~ t; ~-
'Save somebody from something' ~ ~ ~ l«IT (i) She is·below sixteen. R fcl; under sixteen]
't~- .. (ii) They are under age. [~ fcf; below age]
(i) He has sared some 1oney ~
saved something
thisf!rposc.
for something
~.
(iii) They are under I above the age of thirteen.
~~~~~~~~t,).
·. ·43. (C) marries js ofl'G 'with' <fi1' ~~~I ~ W fcf; 47. {A) await~ ofTG 'for' q;r ffl" 11ff m1TT ~ 'await' =
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'marry' 3,'.f!R ~ ffl Object~ 'wait for'. ar<f:
t;~- (i) He is waiting for the result.
(i) Ram married Sita. pr ~ married with Sita] ?tr, (ii) He is awaiting the result.
<IT (ii) Sita married Ram. [-:f ~ married with Ram] 48. (B) 'to associate' ~ ~ 'from associating' cfiT ~
~. I I
be + married+ to+ Object q;r 'lflITlT ~ WTTI
t, NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~o (46) ~
~-(i) Ram is married to Sita. ~~I
~~. 49. (A) for~ ffi 'to' cfiT 1l<IT1T mm ~
obvious to somebody cfiT W1T m-aT ·t ~-
apparent I cle~ I
(i) Deepa weds Mohan. [-f fcf; weds with Mohan)
(ii) Mohan weds Deepa. [-:f fcf; weds with Deepa) (i) It is apparent I clear I obvious to me.
44. (A) comprises js ~ 'of' <iiT WWT ~ ~ ti
50. (E) cfT<R ~ t-1 .
, 45. (C) loss ~ ofl'G. 'of' cfiT "Sl<rr7T n ~ 'loss of 51. (D) 'to' <tiT '5fllTlT 11ff WIT ~ listen to somebody I
something ~. 'loss of blood I prestige I health I listen to the radio anfG cnT ~ m-aT t"1 ~.
money' ~ q;i- m- mr am
t '2iR' ~ f<t; 'the loss worthlistening~ 'iilTG 'to' q;r ri-r 11ff ~ !1
. of or damage to any article' ~ Phrases <iiT Synthesis NOTE : 'listen' Intransitive Verb~ Transitive Verb
!1 it w-if Phrases t' 'the loss of any article', 'the ~ ~ ~ 'qiJlf ~ t"t ~ ~ ffl" Intransitive
damage to any article' ~ zyn' Phrases <R" or~ ~ Verb ~ ~ ~ 'm err ~ ~ 'to' q;r Jl<TI'1T -::nfi' ma,-
"lR t1 ~ ~ 'listen' ~ ~ ~ Object~ m err
the loss of:> ·
~ ofl'G 'to' .,ft- ~mm t; ~-
or any article (i) We listened but heard nothing.
the damage to (ii) Please listen carefully for the telephone while I'm
~ 'the loss of or damage to any article' upstairs.
NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <ITT:: 'ra' fcfi '5fif ~ ~ -A. S. Hornby : OXFORDADVANCED LEARNER'S ·
and, or~ ~ ~ ~ a"el'T ~ ~~ Prepositions DICTIONARY OF CURRENT ENGLISH USAGE
~ ~m~ Prepositions~ ~ ~~~I ~, ~ listen cfiT ~ Transitive Verb ~ ~ -q ~ m
NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~o (11) ~
~ GfTG to cfil" "5l<nTr ~~Object cfiT ~ Ffi'llT ~ ti
~~I ~
46. (C) 'to send' ~ ~ ·'from sendin 'q;r ~ m~ listen + to + object
l
., ! debar I abstain I refrain+ from+ V(ing) q;r ~ ~-

P; (i) Listen to what he says.
(i) He abstains from smoking. (ii) I listened to him.
T l
from Verb (ing)
***
Chapter-14
1
SUPERFLUOUS EXPRESSIONS & SLANG
Superfluous Expressions : ~ ~ ~ ~ oi-!lqlil!i:fi 9. suppose if~ ~ 'if superfluous ti '4T 'ffi suppose cfi1'
~ cfi1' ffl' ~ ':.i'r Expressions ffl' ~ t ~ mn "4T ucfil'; tt.- - · ·
Superfluous Expressions~ t; tt- Suppose you won the first prize, what would you do? '4T
(i) for a long period of time. If you won the first prize, whatwouldyou do?
~ Expressions if 'for a long period' ~ ~ 'oftime' qif 10. during the period of war '4T during the war period ~
ffl' 31-llcl!loff; t~ 'period'cfi1' ~ ti' t ·~· '4T ~ ~ during the war q;r m m1fT ~ during.~ ~ ~
cfi1' 'TI1T ' I qiJ' 'aiN mffl t I
a«r:, for a long period '4T for a long time qif ffl' n1 11. Return back ii' pack ~ '3i<WT 31-il~:i<ltfi t, ~
Slang : fcf;m ~ qlf ~ ~ s;:ru 1l<nl1' if ~ ~ ~ return= go/ come back=·~ ~/31'RTI
~ (words), qfcfcjffi (phrases) '4T ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ 12. Reimburse back ~ back qiJ' m 3!4iq!l<lq, t; ~
Standard English jl 1l<nl1' ~ ~ -'il'Tffl ti reimburse= pay back= ffl ~I .
SOME IMPORTANT SUPERFLUOUS

13. Retreat back if .,ft back cfi1' m- 311ici!ll!c:fi t cf<Tifct;
EXPRESSIONS & SLANG
retreat= go back= tiT0 ~, ~ ~, ·
14. Recede back if ,ft back qiJ' ~-tlciit <lcfi t; ~ m
I. 'freeship', lecturership' cfi1' l'{iil' m- iifl<.9,,m?1 fcf; ~ if recede = go back from the observer or from an earlier position
~ ~ ti ~ 'freeship' qif ~ ~ 't 'freestodentship' =~ ~
,:fi'0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ tl'm <il'RTI
'lecturership'<l>I' ~ ~ t 'lectureship'. ~- The tide receded. (= went back)
2. 'cousin brother'/'cousin sister' if 'brother', 'sister' 15. Recall back ir -ift back qif m ~.Jlq!t,;j$ t; ~
superfluous t ~ 'cousin' cfi1' 3li ti' ,:nf/ ~ t- ·~ recall = summon back, recollect, take back ~I
~·1
16. Recapitulate = repeat = ~I a«r: recapitulate
a«r:, (i) He is my cousin brother ~ 11m ti ~ qfl'flf
back, repeat back~ cfi1' m. ;rm' ~ ~ ~ ti
cfi1' -w;: ~ t-He is my cousin.
17. Recast= rewrite=~· ~1 a«r: recast, rewrite
(Note-'cl'Tcfll' if ~ He, She, Geeta, Ram, Shyam ~
~ ~™ ,ft back cl>I' m
3.l.:jjq!(ljq,i t-1
~ ti' ~ ~ t Ff; cousin q:;r m ~ ~~ fcf;,u '1T4T t 18. Reborn, rebuild, regain, reiterate, recast, recall,
'41'~~~1)
recede~~~ again qiJ' m ~.Jlcl!l4q, t,
opinion' if 'opinion' 31..fiq!ll!¥
3. 'consensus t ~ 19. over-ride = prevail over
'consensus'= collective opinion': ~ ~ I
overturn= tum over
4. 'consort husband' I 'consort wife' if husband, wife cfi1'
overshadow= throw a shadow over
'Sl'<lTTT 31-llcl!l4$ t; ~ consort = husband or wife
especially of a ruler = ~ ~ cfi1' 'lftr ll'T ~I overshoot =·Shoot over
5. final conclusion if final q:;r m ~..flclli<lij; t, ~ overtop = rise over
conclusion~ final ~ ti 3ttl':, over-ride, overturn, overshadow, overshoot, overtop

6. funeral service if service qiJ' m 3141clli<lc:fi t; .p.:n'fcf;
~ ~ o1'TG 'over',qif ffl ~ n1
funeral~~ if service ti - 20, equally as good as if equally 'i::fiT ~ 31-lWM$ ti
7. kindly requested if kindly cfi1' m 3,j..jjq!(ljq,, t ~ ~-
active if ~ kindly/please ~ ~ ft:rQ; ti'
passive if (i) Ram and Shyam are equally good.
'requested' ~ qiJ' m ~ t't [~ Active/Passive if '4T
request ~ ~ cfi1'. Passive.] (ii) Ram is as good as Shyam. t-f fcf; equally ·as good as
kindly q:;r m
requested ~ ffi' -::rtl' ~ q:;r ~ ~ Shyam). . .
~ ~ t fcf; kindly~ Adjective t, ':.i'r Verb 'requested' fcf; 21. mutual agreement ir mutual qiJ' m 3!.jjq~4q; t;
~~~~t, ~ agreement~ ~ i ~ ~ ·~ (parties) ~ accept
Adjectives~ Noun '4T Pronoun cit' ~ 11' ~ ~ mt, !,
t't ~-a kindly smile, a kindly thought '4T a kind thought, a 22. mutual friend ~ ~ti ~ ~ ~
kindly manner, a kindly way 3TIRI common friend q;r ffl m ir ~ ~. mutual interest~
8. supposing ifil' if cfi1' ~ a:l4icl!l4q; t"t ~ ~ col,1llllon interestffl t,
23. mutual dislike of each other# 'of each other' 'cfiT ~ =

36. an English teacher a teacher who is an English man.
~-tl"F~14cfi ti ~ =
a teacher of English a teacher who teaches English.·
24. await= wait for, a:to: ~ at2r "1'r ~ -q ~ ~ ~ cfiBT ~I
comprise ;;,, consist of -;tit-
despite = in 'spite of (i) My brother is an English teacher.
·-- r""
investigate·; enquire into [~ ~ sq. an English teacher ~ ~ a teacher of
English q;r ~ ~ ~]
.. a«r: ,await~-~ for, comprise is ~ of, despite <fi ~
6f.. investigate ~· ~ into 'cfiT ~ ~ ti 37. passing marks~~ pass marks 'cfiT ~ m'fil i,
·.- .. 25. two ~ins. -q two , divide into four quarters -q quarters linking language I linking road ~ 'if<ffi link language / link
~ q;r >l<lT1T <>H icH' <!cf> t1 ' road ~ ctiT ~ 'fflm t,
26. reason because cfiT ~ ~ ~ ~ lITTIT t; reason PROBLEMS BASED ON SUPERFLUOUS
why q';f ~ mm t ~ reason that cfiT; ~- EXPRESSIONS & SLANG
(i) This is the reason why he does not come. Directions : Find out the error in each of the following
27. until, unless, forbid, prohibit, prevent, dissuade, setuences, if any. If there is no error, your answer is 'E'
deny, refuse, Jest "q' 'not' cfiT ~ ~ ti am: ~ am:: 'not'. 1. All the members I of the Board are I kindly requested to
~ >l<lT1T ~ m-a-T t; ~-(i) He forbade me not to go out. (i\' w $) ~
'not 'cfiT ~ ~=tlq)i <l<h to appear I in the next meeting. I No Error.
28. coward man -q man <f>T Jl<ll'1T ~
· t'; ~ coward (D) (E)
~ ~ Noun t
31R ~ 3N tl' t ~ 3lJGlft'1 ~ a 2. Pakistan's support I to the terrorists of India I should be
cowardly.man.~ ·cowardly-~ Adjective ti (A) (B) .
ant'; a coward= a cowardly man. . universally condemned I by all./ No Error.
29. flee = run away = 'lflT ";5fRTI a:to: flee away ~ ~ (C) (D) (E)
ti 3. Within an hour's I journey we I will approach near I
30.'Relative Pronouns who, which, that ~ ~ 'and' cfiT (A) (B) (C)
Patna. I No Error.
~ <>!41qli lj!f, t; ~-
(D) (E)
Q) He is Raman. and who.is my friend. .
4. Supposing if I ali your problems I had been solved, I what
[~ ~ if 'who' ~ ~ 'and' <fir ~ ~-flqlillcfi ii] (~ $) ~
31. Relative Pronouns who.which, that~ am:: ~ ~ would you have done ? I No Error.
~ Antecedents js ~ it, them 'cfiT m- ~41<:llt<lcfi l:JRT (D) . (E)
~t;~- 5. When he lent me I some books, he asked I me to return
(i) This is the book which Ibought it for you. w ~ ~
[~ ~ if bought~ ~ 'it' <fir ~ ll-ll<li- t1]
~--11=q.... them back I by the end of the month. I No Error.
32. Relative Pronouns ~ ~ crert" cfT<R ~ 3"Rr "q' ~
(D) (E)
~~'IR~~ Preposition 'cfiT 1f1tlTr ~ ~I R 6. He denied I that he was not I present at the spot of I
~- w ~ ~
occurrence. I No Error.
(i) This is the man to whom I was talking to.
(D) (E)
~~~aRrif tocfiT~~t1
. 7. The C.M. said I that it was his I decision and that nobody
33. Suddenly come across if suddenly q;r l1<n'1T 31:Mli 4cfi (A) (B) (C)
t ~ come across= meet suddenly. could I get it changed. I No Error.
m come across~ iflG with CfiT ~ ~ ti (D) (E)
34. with bag and baggage jt with q;r_ ~ 3141clli<lcfi t; 8. My father asked me I if I had I sufficient enough money I
~ bag and baggage = with all belongings =~ ~ ~ (A) (B) (C)
mer. ~-~ ~ mer, ~ bag and baggage ~ with cfiT to pay the fees./ No Error.
~~ti (D) (E)
35. my family member js ~ a member of my family, 9. The candidate I requested the Chairman I to repeat the I
/
all my family members ~ · ~ all the members of my (A) (B) (C)
family 'cfiT ~ ~; ~ family member Slang ti question again. / No Error.
(D) (E)
23. The reason why most I of the people commit crime 1 is

B. The -Principal forbade I the students not .to I stage a I (A) . (B)
(A) (B) (C)
because they have not been I properly educated. 1
walk out I No Error. (C) (D)
(D) (E)
No Error.
1. "The patient is comparatively better I today and I hope I (E)
(A) (B) 24. Many people don't hardly know I about the real factors I
that he will recover soon", I said the doctor./ No Error. (A) (B) .
(C) (D) {E) that have led the state I to so many crises. / No Error.
2. A cousin sister I of the Chairman said that she would I (C) (D) (E)
(A) . (B) 25. They were quite all right I when they started arguing I
like to succeed him I when his term expired. I No Error. {A) (B)
(C) (D) · (E) with the I so called officer. I No Error.
3. Yesterday in the night I he came to dinner but ate I very (C) (D) (E)
(A) (B) 26. They stayed in Kashmir I for a very short I period of time
little because he I was emotionally disturbed. I No Error. (A) (B) (C)
(C) (D) (E) and then I they returned home. I No Error.
.4. This is the new I book which my father I bought it I for (D) (E)
· (A) (B) (C) 27. She reimbursed back I the money which I bad I spent
· you. I No Error. (A) (B)
(E) . during our I journey to Kathmandu. I No Error.
(C) (D) (E)
.5. The thing what/you like/ is not available I here./ No Error.
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) 28. Please remember that I Dr. Sharan, who is a surgeon, I is
(A) (B)
l6. She asked me politely I where I was going to I and what I my cousin brother and I must be shown due respect I No
(A) (B) (C) (C) (D)
would I bring for her. I No Error. Error.
(D) (E) (E)
l7. In Delhi, he I came across with many I of his friends I who 29. I took a day's leave to attend I a dear departed friend's I
(A) (B) (C) (A) (B)
had settled there. I No Error. funeral service which. was I to be conducted by his family
(D) (E) {C) (D)
l8. Probably by the end I of the year he will I leave for the priest. I No Error.
(A) (B) (C) (E).
USA I with bag and baggage. I No Error. - 30. Unless you do not I go through your books I you cannot
(D) (E) (A) (B)
19. This 'idea of I the Chief Minister's I has surprised the I .get through the examination./ No Error.
(A) (B) (C) (C) (D)
intellectuals to a great extent I No Error. 31. The last project of I the company was I equally as
(D) (E) (A) (B) (q.
20; Two recent incidents I amply illustrate about I the present successful I as the first project. I No Error.
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
political I condition of the country. I No Error. 32, He wanted to know I whether it was I the right and
(D) (E) · (A) (B) (C)
21. Perhaps we must wait for I quiter times before the claims proper I thing to do. I No Error.
(A) (B) (D) (E)
of civilization I can again over-ride over I the claims of 33. The English teacher said I that we should work I regularly
(C) (A) (B)
the party spirit./ No Error. if we wanted I to improve our English. I No Error.
(D) .(E) (C) (D) (E)
22. Throughout the whole year I there was not I a single day I 34. He wishes to join / lecturership because I be thinks that
(A) (B) (C) (A) (B) (C)
without some violence. I No Error. this I is a peaceful profession. I No Error.
(D) (E) (D) (E)
'
: 138 . A.Mirror of Common Errors
35. One of my best friends I is in the teaching line I but he 47. He put his sign I at the foot of the I letter and posted it I
(A) (B) (A) (B) (C)
'lives I abroad. I No Error. without delay./ No Error.
(C) (D) (E) (D) (E)
36. Now-a-days he I is living in foreign I but his parents I still 48. The officer asked me I to talk to the I concerned clerk
(A) (B) (C) (A) {B) (C)
live in India. I No Error. for I any difficulty in payment. I No Error.
(D) (E) (D) (E)
37. According to me I every student of English literature I 49. He was I very friendly enough I to help me when I I was
(A) ' (B) · (A) (B) (C)
must read all the best I tragedies of Shakespeare. I in distress. I No Error.
(C). (D) (D) (E)
No Error. SO The old man asked me I if there was any I place in / the
(E) (A) (B) (C)
38. To what has always puzzled me I is why we had to wait compartment. I No Error.
(A) (B) , (D) (E)
for I the British to promote the. development I of our hill 51. I have learnt I that a lot of I students have applied I for
(C) . (D) (A) (B) (C)
stations. I No Error. freeship. I No Error .
. (E) (D) (E)
39. At! his family members I are working on I some of the I
(A) (B) (C) ANSWERS
prestigious posts. I No Error,
1. (C) 2. (D) 3.(C) 4. (A) 5. (C}
(D) (E)
6. (B) 7.(C) 8. (C) 9. (D) 10. (B)
40. In spite of his insincerity I he was awarded I cent-percent
(A) (B) . (C)
11. (A) 12. (A) 13. (A) 14. (C) 15. (A)
marks I in mathematics. I No Error: 16. (B) 17. (B) 18. (D) 19. (B) 20. (B)
(D) (E) 21. (C) 22. (A) 23. (C) 24. (A) 25. (A)
41. The passing marks I in this paper are thirty I three but you 26. (C) 27. (A) 28. (C) 29. (C) 30. (A)
(A) (B) (C) 31. (C) 32. (C) 33. (A) 34. (B) 35. (B)
have got I just thirty. I No Error. 36. (B) 37. (A) 38. (A) 39. (A) 40. (C)
(D) (E) /, 41. (A) 42. (A) 43. (D) ~.(A) 45. (A)
. I'
42. Many pupils of this department I are working as. teachers I 46. (E) 47. (A) 48. (C) 49. (B) 50. (C)
,(A) (B)
51. (D)
in different public schools I of the city./ No Error.
(C) (D) (E)
43. Each competitor I tried his best I to defeat I the one
(A) (B) (C)
.
EXPLANATIONS
1. (C) 'kindly' cfiT 'l!<lPT -:rt!' ~ ~ 'kindly' ~
another. I No Error.
(D) (E)
'requested' cfiT m- ~ ~ ~ mar t, 'kindly' <IT
'please' cfiT m- Active Voice if ~ (request) if.
44. As my neighbourers I are very co-operative
(A) (B)
I I do not I
(C)
~ ~ t am ~ kindly <IT 'please'~ ~
Passive Voice if 'requested' cfiT ffl' ~ ';5fToT t;
feel any difficulty .. / No Error.
(D) (E)
tt-
Active : Please I kindly help me.
45. He ran as fastly I as he could to I win the tece-! but
(A) (B) (C) Passive: You are requested to help me.
ultimately he lost. I No Brror, 2. (D) 'by all' cfiT ffl' superfluous t ~ universally inI'
(D) (E) 3f4 tt' t 'fq,tqoqlcfl ~ ~·1 am:, universally
accepted by all <IT universally acknowledged by all
46. Both of them have I not turned up I in this I court I
(A) (B) (C) (D) ~~~~ti
No EJ1or. 3. (C) 'near' q:;r m. superfluous i·~ 'approach' cfiT
(J!j 3f4 ~ t ·~ arr,:rr' I ,
4. (A) 'supposing' oeir 'if' cfiT ~ ~ ,:ft -q:q; ~ ~ Degree ~ Adjective cfiT 'SPWT ~ -mm t, -:; ~
~ ~ t ~ ~ cfiT ~ 'ltRT I *' \1 a«f, Comparative Degree js Adjective q;rr .
<if err 'supposing' cfiT ~ n <if 'if' 'q;f; ~- 12. (A) 'sister' cfiT ~-:m' m~ 'cousin' q;r ~ ~ t
(i) Supposing he comes late, what will you do ? ·~ ~ 1 ffl ow-r·1 am mi~~~~ tm
<if (ii) H he comes late, what will you do ? WiR ~. ~ .;im ~ -qm ~ ~ ~ Subject jt mT
5. (C) 'back' cfiT ~ 'superfluous' t ~ return <R ~ l;~-
mt "come back" <if "give back''. ~ JlqiR afR" (i) H~ is my cousin. ['He'~ 'qof ~ t ~ am
ra ~ Retreat/Recede/Reimburse· ~ ~ ~ . ·~· <fil ~ ~ ~ !1 ] .
'back' cfiT Jl<ITlT ~ mm t; ~--:- (ii) She is my cousin. ['She' ~ -qm ~ t fcf;_ 3lTG'
(i) He reimbursed the money I had spent on his part.' ~·~~~~ti]
[;, fer; "reimbursed the money back".) 13. (A) 'yesterday in the night' ~ ~ 'last night' cfiT wrrrT
6. (B) 'not' cfiT ~ ;rtl' n ~
'deny' cfiT .3¢ mt m1IT ~ ~ 'yesterday night' <if yesterday in the
~ ~-·, ~ ~ t:2iR ra ~ night cfiT wrrrf ~ ~ \1 ~ last night, last week,
refuse/forbid/prevent/until/unless ~ i!fTG' li'IT 'not' last month- <R 'SPWT ~ t; ~-
cfiT~~~t;~- (i) He came here last week/last month/last year, etc.
(i) You will not succeed, unless you will not work [;, ~ in the last month I in the last year] .
hard. 14. (C) 'it' cfiT · ffl' superfluous t'. ~
'bought' cfiT
<fiR 1'fffif tr ~~~b- Object which t°; ~-
(ii) You will not succeed unless you work hard. (i) This is the man whom I have invited.
7. (C) 'that' cfiT ~ superfluous t ~ Part (B) ~ ~ ;, fc:I:;,
'that' m~ t1 -~ 'TI" Narration~~~~ (ii) This is the man whom I have invited him.
q'T<Ff~ ~- 15. (A) <if m '..be thing' cm- ~~-mm 'what'~~
(i) Direct : The P.M. said, "It is my decision and 'which' m 'that' cfiT 'SPWT ~ ~ cf<lifcf; 'what'~
nobody can get it changed". Relative Pronoun~ ~ ~ ~ mnT t m~ ~
(ii) Indirect : The P.M. said that it was his decision lITTlT t [The thing which m the things which). 3lo:
and nobody could get it changed". 'what' ~ antecedent fwlr ~ ti iti f<f;m ~
'Indirect Narration' it ~ 'll'Q; ~ t ~ 'qof ~
Antecedentq;t refer~~ t; ~-
t fcf; "liv-i it ~- 'll'Q; cflq<f if; PART (C) it 'that' ~ , (i) What you like most is this book.
)'
'Sf2TI"1T ~ ~ ~l<l~<Jq;ar ;rtl' ti
8. (C) sufficient am: enough cfiT ~ ~ 'TI" -q:q; ~ ;rtl' (ii) The thing which I that you like mo!>t is this book.
mm t ~ m cfiT ~ t ·~·, m:.
~ <iT err 16. (B) 'to' q;r ~ superfluous t ~ ~ fcfim oZifcRr ~
sufficient <if err enough cfiT ~ n; ~- ~ WR ~ t "Where are you going ?" ;, fc:i:;
(i) I have enough time to do this work. "Where are you going to?"
17. (B) 'with' W. ~ superfluous ! ~ 'come across'
<if,
'q;f 31'f m t "to meet suddenly'' ·~. ~
(ii) I have sufficient time to do this work. m;rr' am: ~ ~ 'a!Tc:: ~ Object~ !; ~-
9. (D) 'again' cfiT ~ superfluous t ~ repeat cfiT -~
(i) I came across Mohan while I was going to
mt 'say or do again',~~. 3+0<3:RI cf;vITI · college.
3lo:, repeat again~~ t, f':f ~. 'came across with' <if suddenly came across
10. (B) 'not' cfiT ~ ~ ~ ~ 'forbade'·~ ofR 'not' with]
q;r ~~mar ti 'Forbade', forbid cfiT past~ t 18. (D) 'with' cfiT ~ ~Hic1~4<h t ~ 'bag and baggage'
~ aN 'tr! 'not allow'(~ -:r ~. ?AT cf;vIT, ~ idiom t oYfT ~ ~ ~ qi,fi ~ 'with' B'i'IT :m
~)13«r:, \;~-
(i) He forbade me to. walk in the sun. R ~ He < (i) He returned from Delhi bag and baggage.
forbade me not to walk in the sun.] [-:r ~ with bag and baggage]
ll. (A) <if m 'comparatively' <@' 6eT ~ ~ <if ~ 19. (B) 's [Apostrophe's'] cfiT ~ superflupus t ~ [A
. 'better' q} good 'if ~ ~ ~ +Noun+ of +N's] <R ~ ~ t, ~.
'comparatively' cfiT ~ ~ t
',g{,HfMfi ~ ~·, a«r:,
[this/that/these/those + Noun + of + N] cfiT ~ mot
m err
'better' <if err
'comparatively good' 'q;f ~ t;~-
~ ~I ~ 'lfcfiR relatively$ ~ 'lft' Positive
(i) A friend of Ram's[= one of the friends of Ram]
:,-40 A Mirror of Common Errors
31. (C) 'equally' cfiT ~ superfluous t ~ 'as mn:D-":8l· -:::!
(ii) The life of Ram.[= Ram's life] as' ~ ·-gt "q<!T ~ ~. t fcf; '3tRT ~ - -
20. (B) 'about' cf;T lPnlT superfluous t ~ illustrate f-'41{:jf~a ~ ~ ~ .......
describe I discuss ~ ~ ~ Object (something) (i) Ram and Shyam are equally successful.
atm t -;r fcfi 'about+ Object'. 'llT.
~- (ii) Ram is as successful as Shyarn.

(i) He discussed it. pf fcf; about it] 32. (C) ~ m
right <fiT ~ n ~
m proper q;r ~
(ii) He described it (;r fcfi about it) 'right' 31R 'proper' cfiT ~ 11.:'n m'lf ~ P 't;
21. (C) 'over' cf;T Jl<TI'lT superfluous
overcome ~ ~ ~ 'over' ciiT ~
t ~
~
over-ride I
fif;ztr ~
~-
(i) This is the right way to talk to him.
t;tt- (ii) This is the proper way to help the needy.
(i) He overcame you. pf fcf; overcame over you) 33. (A) 'The English teacher'~ ~ 'the teacher of English'
22. (A) ~ m throughout the year ~ ~ the whole year q;r cfiT mT ittrr ~ 'the English teacher' cf;T ~ t
~ n ~ ey;rr cf;T ~ ~ ~ "fflaT t ~ ·~ ~· ~ 'the teacher of English' cf;T ~ t
'R' I a«r:, throughout the whole year ~ ~ '3ilt3ft' ~ ~·1 f.ti.if<:'lf~d ~ ~ ~-
llmtl (i) Mr. Jones is an English teacher.
23. (C) 'because' ~ ~ · 'that' <fiT l1<fflT ~ ~ 'the
[firo ~ ~) ~ t't)
~
reason' ~ 'because' cJil' ~ ~ ~ ~ i\'TJr;
(ii) Mr. Rakesh is a teacher of English.
tt-
[firo ~~~~ti]
(i) The reason of his absence is that he is ill.
;r fcf;,
34. (B) 'lecturership' .% ~ 'lectureship' q;r '5l<n1T n
~ 'lecturership' ~ ~ ~ ti '9tR W fcf;
(ii) The reason of his absence is because he is ill. · 'teachership' ~ ~ ~ m1f 'lecturership'·<R ~ .
24. (A) 'don't' q;r ~~fl~ hardly I scarcely ~ ~ l ~ 'lectureship'~ !1
~ ·lJG Negative !1 a«f: ~
tt ~
~ 35. (B) 'line' ~ ~ 'profession' cfir JflnlT n. ~
don't/doesn't/didn't/hasn't/haven't ~ 'teaching' ~. profession ti a«f:, 'in the leaching
Negative q;r WWT ~ ~ ';;i(rnT t; ~- profession'~ t,
(i) He hardly comes. pf fcf; doesn't hardly come] 36. (B) 'in foreign' ~ ~ abroad cfiT lPnlT 'ffl'T1T ~
25. (A) ~ m
quite~~~ ~ fq;:( all~ ~ 'quite Standard English if ~ it ~· 'live abroad' cf;T
all' qi!' 'SPfflT ~ ~ ~ -iITTfT t I ~ ffiW t, ~. in a foreign country cf;T ~ ~ ~
26. (C) 'of time' q;r Jl<TI'lT superfluous t ~ 'for a short ~ti .
period'~ 'for a short time'~~~ ;:;mrr t; 37. (A) 'According to me' ~ ~ 'In my opinion' q;r ~
tt- ~ ~ according to <R ~ First Person ~ ~
(i) He stayed here for a short period. 3r,!ffl ~ ~ '1fTllT t,
~-According to me ~
1ff ~ In my opinion, According to us~ ~ In our
(ii) He stayed here for a short time.

opinion cfiT '5l<n1T fcf;trr ~ ~ ~ ~ t,
tff.
· 27. (A) 'back' qi!' ~ superfluous t ~ reimburse js ~ According to you I According to him I According to
'back' cf;)' ~ ~ ti mar them I According to the Bible ~ cfiT ~ fct;lfr
NOTE:~~~~~'tjo (5)~~ ~ti

·~I
38. (A) To cfiT 'SPfflT superfluous t ~ 'what' q;r Jfln'lT 73fif
Relative Pronoun ~ ~ if it ~ ~ ~ ~
28. (C) 'brother' cf;T m superfluous ti Antecedent./ Preposition ~ cfiT WWT ~ ~ ~
· NOTE:~~~~.~ 'tjo (12) ~
~~I
t,tt-
29. (C) ·~ervice' q;r m
superfluous t ~ 'funeral' ~
(i) What has always disturbed me is your
insincerity .
.a1N 1)' 'service' ti -gf, 'a funeral procession', 'a
funeral march, 'a funeral pyre', 'a funeral pile' 39. (A) 'All his family members'~~ All the members of
~ qif ~ irar ti his family ~ ~ it11T ~ a family member I
30. (A) 'do not' q;r Jlm'tT ~ 'IDlTTI family · members cfiT '5l<fl'1T TTm lfRT ~ !1 A
member of his family I A member of your family~
NOTE·:~~~ ~ ~ 'tjo (6) ~ oqraqr
~I
<fiT wwr ~ ~ ti
· A Mirror of Common Errors· 141
40. {C) 'cent-percent' ~ ~ 'hundred-percent' qiT' ~ (ii) He runs fast.

fl,
~
~ cent-percent~
t, ~.
'mi'-'5ITTl"fflf' qiT' .afW;ft
arr-, ffl ~'cent-percent'~~
T
Verb *Adv.
~ Standard English -q- ~ ti 46. (E) qJcR ~ t,
41. (A) 'passing marks' ~ ~ 'pass marks'~ ~ il'TTT, 47. (A) 'sign'~ ~ 'signature' q;r 1f1ITlT ~ ~ 'sign'
~ 'passing marks' ~ ~ ~ ffl' -q- ~
~ ~ 3lef 'it) Verb t. ~ 'signature' Noun ti
~;;mrrt1 .
anf:~-
42. (A) 'pupils; ~ ~· 'students' qiT' ~ WIT ~
'pupils' '!fil"· ~ t, 'ft'r!izr I ~· ~ ~ fffiTI' ~ (i) He si8£ed the letter.
~ t ~ ' 'students' q;r aN t
'fcmreff' it m Verb
3'ITT: ~ cfiT ·~ ~ ~ ti ~. 'pupil teacher'
q;r m ~ '1l"RlT t ~ a;ef "ffl'ffl t - ~·. (ii) He put his signature to the letter.
~~~~~%faQ'.~~ J:
'1l"RlT t, Noun
43. (D) 'one another'~ ffi 'the other' <if ~ A ~ 48. (C) 'concerned' ?fiT ffl' 'clerk' ~ "'1G n ~ 'the
'Each' s 1fR{ 'other' q;r ~ ~ t ';r fcfi 'one concerned clerk' cfiT ~ t ~ fci;u:ft' ~ the
another' ?fiTI clerk concerned qi!' 3lef t ~ ~· 1
·44. (A) 'neighbourers' ~ ~ 'neighbours' cfiT ffl' ft 49. (B) 'very' qi!'. ffl' superfluous t~ 'Positive Degree
~ 'neighbourers' ~ ~ ~ ':Jtl' ti 11' Adjective+ enough' q;r ffl' 'ffl"ffi' t; ~-
'neighbour'~ t~ aN t ~·1 . (i) lucky enough
45. (A) 'fastly' ~ ~ 'fast' cfiT ft~ m ijiq1:::qa1,1: (ii) tall enough
Adjective 'q' '-ly' ~ Adverb~ '3ITTIT t; tt- (iii) rich enough
Adjective Adverb [-r f.fi, very lucky enough ~ luckier enough ~
J, J, luckiest enough.] ·
(i) careful carefully

so. <C) 'place' % ~ 'roo~· <fir m ~ cPnfcf; q, t:r
~ if ~. ~·~~.'room' cfiT ~ ~
(ii) doubtful doubtfully
~t. ~fct; 'place'lR; tt-
(iii) real · really (i) There is no room in the bus. [';f fcfi no place]
~. 'fast' Adjective \ft' t ~ Adverb \ft't ~:. 51. (D) 'freeship' ~ ·~ 'free-studentship' w JPit1T
~ me!' '-ly' ~ 'fastly' ~ iR11lf ~ ti "ffl'1IT ~ 'freeship' cfiT m Standard English if ~
·~- ~ ~~t1 ~ Slanglt
(i) He is a fast runner .
. T -r
.Adj. Noun
***'
'.JI::====================================:-~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~~""':'""~~--'
. . PROBLEMS I QUESTION:S I
B.S.R.B.CLEid~~L EXAM.; 1986
2. (C) 'to' $ ffi 'how' cfiT 'm ~ ~ bow % ~
how I when I where I what ~ if ~ 3lvi % ~
Direction : Find ouuhe error, if any. 1)
fcl:;tjy . ~ cfil" JlcIT1T ~ INFINmVE (to + V ~ lT<llTl
1. Make haste I lest I you should not miss I the train. I ~~t;~-
(A) (B) . (C) (D)
(i) Ido not know how to siig ..
No Error. .--rTT
(E)
know how to V1
2. Many of us I do not know I to swim I at all./ No Error.
[~ 1T'AT ~ ~ {.]
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
(ii) I do not know what to sifg .
3. At last I he was married I with I a poor girl. I No Error. . --rTT
(A} (B) (C) (D) (E) know what to yl
4. She said I that I she will help me I whenever I was in
(A) (B) (C) (D)
. ~ ·-:rtf ~ t~ "lJRT t]
3. (C) 'with' ~ ~ 'to' ~ >l<WT' WIT ~ Subject + to
difficulty. I No Error.
(E) be+ married+ to+ Object <fiT WWT I ~ ·
(i) Ram is married to Sita.
5. Being a I fine day, we went out I for picnic I at Okhla. I
_(A) (B) (C) (D) . ~, j Subject+ marry+ Oltject !
No Error. J,
(E) (Verb)
6. Many a man I have been I working I under me. I No Error.
(A) (B) (C) . . {D) (E)
~-
(i) Ram married Sita. [~ fcn married with Sita <IT
married to Sita}
7. Your flat is. superior I than I that of mine I in all respects.z
/ (A) (B) (C) (I)) 4. (C) 'will'~ ~ 'would' <f;j 'iW1T ~ -m ~ ~
No Error. ~ Indirect Narration if t ~ Reporting clause
(E)- 'She said' Past Tense if !1
8. I told him the story I in details I to make him understand/ 5. (A) 'Being'~ ~ 'It' cfi!' >l<WT' ~nrn
(A) . (B) (C) NOTE : ~ ~ %~ _Yerbs ~ Chapter it
. I it fully. I No Error . ~I
(D) (E) · 6. (B) 'have'~ ~ 'has'·q;r ~ WIT~ 'Many a'$
9. Catties I were grazing I in the meadows I near our farm./ ~ Singular Countable Noun cfiT w:rl'TT moT t am
(A) (B) (C) (D) Singular Verb q';'f; ~-
No Error.
(E)
(i) Many a T ~
on the table.
10. You are really I senior than I me I in age. I No Error. Noun Verb (Singular]
(A) (B) (C} (D) . (E) [Countable Singular]
7. (B) 'than' $ ~ 'to' ~ -m n ~
superior,
ANSWERS inferior, anterior, posterior, prior, junior, senior ~
1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (C) 4. (C) 5. (A) ~ 'to'~ 'ffl' ~ t.
':f ~ 'than' ~I
6. (B). 7. (B) 8. (B) 9. (A) 10. (B) 8. (B) in details $ ~ 'in detail'~ 'in -m m ~
detail' ~ idiomatic use t atR ~ idiomatic use
cfit 61:f· aw.ft ~ t ~
<fir w:im -:rt!' ~ t,
tt...:...in
confusion, in
trouble, in danger, in debt
EXPLANATIONS ~ fr fc!. in a danger <IT in dangers ~] 1
-m -::m' n ~ 9. (A) 'catties' ~ ~ the 'cattle' ~ -m ~ ~ .
. 1. (C) 'not' cfiT 'lest' ~ ~ 'not' cfiT 'cattle' ~ ~ plural noun ti a«r:, The cattle
-m ~ Tm t, Lest ~ 3lvi ~ ~ ! ~ ~~ are grazing [':f ~ some catties "l!T the cattles]
~·, .mr: 10. (B) 'than'~~ 'to'~-mm1
(i) Work hard, lest you should fail. r,; ~ Lest you NOTE : ~ ~ ~ ~ am:-msirr (7) "cfil'
should not fail] ~~'

Mirror of Common Errors

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Mirror of Common Errors

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PART(A)

TEXT, PROBLEMS, ANSWERS & EXPLANATIONS

Chapter Page No.

1-t SUPERFLUOUS EXPRESSIONS & SLANG

IA,°An ~ The <N Articles q;m ~ t ~ ~ wwr

~ ~ ~ ~ ffiIT {1 2. Some Idiomatic uses of Al An :

The Noun (Uncountable)

(i) In a mountaineering expedition I higher you go from

(A) (B) (C) 8. (D) a cf.T ~ ~ WIT ~ News ~ Uncountable

creatures living I on earth. I No Error ..

31. (D) 32. (E) 33. (D) 34. (D) @CD)

mm il" ,m-;t mer article~ ·t; ~-

(i) He leads a happy life.

. Participle t', -=r fci; Gerund I ~ W fci; Participle ~

~t;~~.~am,~~ ~ ffl f.f; ""' dignified natural objects ~

(2) ~ ~ Nouns ~ Singular ~ Plural ~ if ~

l· (a) series, species (>IT'JIT) deer, sheep, fish(~.

man servant men servants Singular~ t; ~-

7 elf elves ~ "31<fiR, (i) a ten-mile walk

18 A Mirror of Common Errors

(ii) One of the book rrnf book~ ~ books tWT1]

20 · A Mirror of Common Errors

5. (B) 'cupsful' ~ ~ 'cupfuls' ~ ~ ~ Nouns 12. (E) ~~t1

urgent~ ffi" 'an' cfiT ~

~ ~· mmlr (iv) bacterium-bacteria, etc.

I· (i) louse lice NOUN (collective)

(vii) woman women

(ii) The headquarters of the Anny & the Navy.

(i) A dozen mangoes ~ m 3Wl') 35. (B) offsprings ~ ~ offspring ~I 'Offspring' ~

~. am ''l=rnR'' t Singular am:

Sub. Verb ~ (5) *-~

(i) My friend I were I not present I there. I No Error.

[f<!:°Q: lfQ: cfrCR ~ Part (B) it 'were'~ ~ 'was' q;r '5l"mrT

A Mirror of Common Errors 25

. [GRAMIN BANK 1991]

26 A Mirror of Common Errors

Singular mnT 't; ~- Pro. and Pro. Verb

Directions : Find out the error in each of the following

8. (B) is ~ ~ are cfiT ~ m,rr ~ <Im m ~ ~~~~~Singular Verb~ t': ~-

~' m ofR ~ Uncountable Noun m- m Verb

25. (E) ~~t1 mmt.1

1. PRESENT INI>EFlNITE I SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

2. PRESENT IMPERFECT I CONTINUOUS TENSE

Uses: (A)~ ri ~~ ~ Past if sQ:; ~~ ·

NOTE : ~: Past ~ ~ -era::rr ~ ~ Past Perfect I

A Mirror of Common Errors 35

.. you will become able I to finalise. the project. I No Error

(C) (D) (E) you need not fear.

* . (A) Present Indefinite

(ii) You are happy because you have got a job. ~I

~ ~ ~ know, mean,.suppose, understand Clause Past Perfect if t

37. (A) 'told'

sometimes used. (i) He said that he would write to me.

Verb Reflexive Adverb of place

~ than~ ~ Objective Case Pronoun cfiT JlcITlT mT t to the D.M.

(B) Either, Neither~ m ~ ~ ~; ~- t1 ~ Object cm ~ ~ -:m' t a«r: ~ a:JtR ~ ~

(B) ,Which q;r ~ ~ ~ ft:!ts; ~- NOTE : m~ q;t ~ if ~ ~ "ll<IT1T <R ~ '

/ ~ t. ~ ~ ~ lf ;;m, ~cfrcf<f if which q;r "A.=.

Pronoun q;r 1l<ITTT ~ ~ ti ~-<JR First Person r

You and I~ us, our, ourselves 1. Subject "The Vice-President and

~ ~ Nominative Case ~ ~) cfif Pronoun Subject Everybody t ~ ~ Possessive his ~

~ t, f~. 'that' cfiT "5l<n'1T ~ ~ ~ fcf;m ~ . si s2 v2

~(ii)~ V3 t ~ S3 ~ t'1 3i<'f: whom~~ Every~~ Each q;r ~~~~~~~;it

~(ii)~ V3 t ~ S3 ~ t'1 3i<'f: whom Every Each q;r ~~~~~~~;it

if 'had') fs!;crr- t, ~ Subject 'he'% never M.V.

EXPLANATIONS ___ ,