Genetic Diversity & Natural Selection =

tityÉ Evolution
different alleles of a
gene
in a
population .

frequency
→ in
:
change allele over time

"E
? factor natural
Genetic diversity is a
enabling selection to occur .

T¥!÷%¥¥!¥%¥Y¥%Y¥S%
1 Random DNA mutations cause
genetic variation within a population .

Selection /
2
pressure change in environment
( differential reproductive success )
Those with
3
advantageous allele ( and
phenotype) are more
likely to survive and reproduce .

4 Passing on the advantageous allele to

offspring .

5 Frequency of advantageous allele ( and

phenotype) increases in the population .

6 Over
many generations

Bottleneck reduces
severely
%

iity
population size and
Genetic Bottleneck
*÷÷¥
Population / genetic bottleneck is the of
→
a
sharp reduction in size a
population .

~
A
genetic bottleneck happens when population is
drastically reduced
-

a
in size

due to a natural catastrophe or

a continual more
gradual change in the
environment .

Former
population New
population
( Higher genetic ( Lower
genetic
The Founder Effect % diversity ) diversity ,
÷÷÷÷

The founder effect occurs when a small number

of individuals colonise a new habitat and star t

a new
,
isolated population .

Since the few individuals will have

only small
•

range of alleles between them ,

the founder

effect is example of bottleneck

an a
genetic .

foggy

Types of Adaptations
%
' "" " " - - e - a- a -
%
"
1- Behavioural "
survival dead)
adaptation - how it acts to increase chance (
e.g playing
survival chance ( bears
2
Physiological adaptation -
processes to increase
e.g . brown hibernating)
Anatomical adaptation -
structural features to increase survival chance ( e.g streamlined shape
3
.

of otters
)
 Types of Natural selections F- more next page
is -
- ha , -- - / creek
t.Directionalselect.io#

Directional selection individuals for characteristics of extreme

is where with alleles type likely
•
an are more

to survive and reproduce .

This could be in response to an environmental change .

2.stabilisingselection.S-abi.li
sing selection is where individuals with alleles for characteristics towards the middle of the
range are more

likely to and reproduce It when the environment isn't and it reduces the of possible
survive .
occurs
changing , range

characteristics .

3.
Disruptive Selection

Disruptive selection is where individuals with for characteristics the middle of the
•

alleles are more

away range
This be
likely to survive and reproduce .
could in response to an environmental change .

Directional " " "" "

:"
selection "" ""

of 8
•
•
9
" \
>
o o

E " E §

ÉÉ % """ "
É ÉÉ
xÉ""¥
of
measure
phenotype

→
P
o i

S i

s
d
>
l

'
mean shifts o
s
o
3 ]
g
I 0
③ 0
↳ 1h 0
4 I ¢
;
I

9 ,
or

É ! É É
:

Measure of
phenotype Éyp