Unit 6

Implementation of E-Governance in Land Reformation in Nepal

In Nepal, where over 75% of the population is involved in agriculture, land is an important
resource. But, for centuries, unequal distribution of land has been characteristic of Nepali
society. Therefore, the issue of land reform, whereby the available land is justifiably distributed
to the population, has been an important agenda after democracy replaced autocracy in 1951.
Different governments attempted to implement land reform programmes, but without much
success.
The Ministry has the following functions as mentioned in the work division regulation, 2064 of
the Government of Nepal
 Implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the policies, plans and programmes.
 Land administration and Revenue collection.
 National and International issues related to land.

 Establish and maintenance of Geodetic control networks, production of topographic

maps, aerial survey and Geo-informations.

 Management of Guthi Corporation and trust land.

 Implementing Land reform programmes.

 Human resource development through professional trainings in land survey and

mapping and land management.

 Administration and management of human resources within the ministry

Delivering transparent, efficient, and effective land related services to the citizens is the main
objective of any Government. In 21st Centrury, this can be easily achieved through e-service. In
this course, ADB Granted ICT Development Project entitled Land Records Information
Management System(LRIMS) is on the way that automates the land administration's functions
of fourteen land revenue offices, namely Dillibazar, Chabahil, Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, Kalanki,
Kavre, Dhading, Kaski, Baglung, Banke, Chitwan, Makwanpur, Parsa, Morang-Biratnagar. The
main objective of this project is to provide citizen centric land related services through a web-
based application installed in Government Integrated Data Center (GIDC) and Department of
Land Reform and Management (DOLRM) (as standby backup) and to make the information
easily accessible to land owners and related authorities

This newly launched responsive website contains all required information which can be easily
viewed on electronic devices like computer, laptop, mobile, ipad etc. It is a great pleasure to
mention that Nepal is ranked 1st in South Asia Region in Land Administration
Service(Registering Property) and 21st out of 185 countries in the world according to Doing
Business 2013 Report, IFC, World Bank. Moreover, Registering Property is ranked as 1st among
10 services provided in Nepal.

Human Resource Management Software

A HRMS (Human Resource Management System) or HRIS (Human Resource Information
System) is a combination of systems and processes that connect human resource management
and information technology through HR software.

The function of the human resources department involves tracking employee histories, skills,
abilities, salary and their accomplishments. When an organization takes care to reduce the
manual workload an organization performs, they choose to replace those processes with
various levels of HRMS systems. Executives within a HR department either rely on internal IT
experts or third-party vendors to develop and implement an integrated system. Each module
performs a separate function within the HRMS. The functions current HRMS systems can
perform include:

 Payroll
 Database for employee information
 Attendance records
 Performance evaluation
 Benefits administration
 Learning and recruiting management
 Employee self-service
 Employee scheduling
 Tracking of employee absenteeism
 Analytics
Human resource management is concerned with the development of both individuals and the
organization in which they operate. HRM, then, is engaged not only in securing and developing
the talents of individual workers, but also in implementing programs that enhance
communication and cooperation between those individual workers in order to nurture
organizational development.

The primary responsibilities associated with human resource management include: job analysis
and staffing, organization and utilization of work force, measurement and appraisal of work
force performance, implementation of reward systems for employees, professional
development of workers, and maintenance of work force.

Human Resource Development for e-Governance will not only include building training
Programs in e-Governance but should start up with building strategy for IT qualified manpower.
A complete framework with performance based promotion needs to be incorporated in
Government Services.
National Informatics Centre Network (NICNET)
National Informatics Centre (NIC) was established in 1976, and has since emerged as a "prime
builder" of e-Government / e-Governance applications up to the grassroots level as well as a
promoter of digital opportunities for sustainable development. NIC, through its ICT Network,
"NICNET", has institutional linkages with all the Ministries /Departments of the Central
Government, 35 State Governments/ Union Territories, and about 625 District administrations
of India. NIC has been instrumental in steering e-Government/e-Governance applications in
government ministries/departments at the Centre, States, Districts and Blocks, facilitating
improvement in government services, wider transparency, promoting decentralized planning
and management, resulting in better efficiency and accountability to the people of India.
"Informatics-led-development" programme of the government has been spearheaded by NIC to
derive competitive advantage by implementing ICT applications in social & public
administration. The following major activities are being undertaken:

 Setting up of ICT Infrastructure

 Implementation of National and State Level e-Governance Projects
 Products and Services
 Consultancy to the government departments
 Research and Development
 Capacity Building

During the last three decades, NIC has implemented many "network centric" application
software for Programme implementation in various ministries and departments, using state-of-
the-technology software tools. During 1980s and early part of 1990s, the policy thrust was on
creating "Management Information System (MIS)" and "Decision Support System (DSS)" for
development , planning and responsive administration in governments which led to the genesis
of present day "e-Governance" / "e-Government". "Bridging the Digital Divide", "Social and
Financial Inclusion through ICT" and "Reaching- the-Unreached" concepts were tried and made
operational in the late nineties. NIC has vast expertise and experience in the design,
development and operationalisation of various e-Government projects in the areas of Public
Administration and Governance like Agriculture & Food, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries, Forestry
& Environment, Industry, Health, Education, Budget and Treasury, Fiscal Resources, Transport,
Water Resources, Court Management, Rural Development, Land Records and Property
registration, Culture & Tourism, Import & Exports facilitation, Social Welfare Services, Micro-
level Planning, etc. With increasing awareness leading to demand and availability of ICT
infrastructure with better capacities and programme framework, the governance space in the
country witnessed a new round of projects and products, covering the entire spectrum of e-
Governance including G2C, G2B, G2G, with emphasis on service delivery.

NIC has set up state-of-the-art ICT infrastructure consisting of National and state Data Centres
to manage the information systems and websites of Central Ministries/Departments, Disaster
Recovery Centres, Network Operations facility to manage heterogeneous networks spread
across Bhawans, States and Districts, Certifying Authority, Video-Conferencing and capacity
building across the country. National Knowledge Network (NKN) has been set up to connect
institutions/organizations carrying out research and development, Higher Education and
Governance with speed of the order of multi Gigabits per second. Further, State Government
secretariats are connected to the Central Government by very high speed links on Optical Fibre
Cable (OFC). Districts are connected to respective State capitals through leased lines.

The NIC offers a host of services including:

 Computer-aided design (CAD)
 Digital-signature certification
 Geographical-information system (GIS)
 Domain-name registration for gov.in and nic.in
 Informatics
 Biomedical informatics
 Patent informatics
 Rural informatics
 Internet data centre (IDC)
 Mathematical modeling and simulation
 Computer networking
 Office-procedure automation (OPA)
 Training
 Cyber Security
 Videoconferencing
 Website hosting & website development

Various initiatives like Government eProcurement System(GePNIC), Office Management

Software (eOffice), Hospital Management System (eHospital), Government Financial Accounting
Information System (eLekha), etc. have been taken up which are replicable in various
Government organizations.

Thus, NIC, a small program started by the external stimulus of an UNDP project, in the early
1970s, became fully functional in 1977 and since then has grown with tremendous momentum
to become one of India's major S&T; organizations promoting informatics led development.
This has helped to usher in the required transformation in government to ably meet the
challenges of the new millennium.
Computer-aided Administration of Registration Department (CARD)
Computer-aided Administration of Registration Department (CARD) project has brought about
computerized counters at land registration offices throughout Andhra Pradesh. The state had a
flourishing business of brokers and middlemen who exploited citizens selling or buying
property. The CARD project is an attempt to reform this system through the use of IT. With the
introduction of CARD, citizens now complete registration formalities within a few hours. The
CARD project illustrates some of the key implementation issues the state and national
governments may face in their efforts to use IT to improve citizen-government interfaces and
serves as a best practice to be replicated by them.

The manual system in all the activities caused long delays, red-tape and corrupt practices. The
project aimed at altering the antiquated procedures that had governed the registration system
of the state, which included the laborious copying, and indexing of documents as well as their
unscientific space consuming preservation in ill-maintained backrooms. The CARD project is an
attempt to reform this system.

The CARD project aims at providing improved quality of services at the registration department
by providing a computer interface between citizens and government. The tedious procedures
that took weeks have been replaced by a system that can be accomplished in just a few
minutes. The market value assistance and issue of the Encumbrance Certificate (EC) takes five
minutes each. The sale of stamp papers, document writing and registration of the documents
takes ten minutes, thirty minutes and one hour respectively.

Goals of CARD
• To simplify the registration procedure.
• To enhance the speed, reliability and consistency of the system.
• To provide transparency in valuation.
• To replace copying/filing systems with imaging.
• To preserve documents on CDs.
• To automate all back-office functions.
• To enable a system that enables setting time and quality standards.
• To smoothen the government-citizen interface
National Reservoir Level and Capacity Monitoring System
Reservoir Storage Monitoring System is the software application developed as website for
monitoring water storages in major and medium reservoirs of Andhra Pradesh. Irrigation &
CADA Department has the overall responsibility of storing and maintaining such information of
the status of Reservoirs. Mobile technology is integrated into the software enabling faster
communication from the field engineer to the data base of website. SMS update from the field
engineer is once in a day during normal situation. During alarming situations, the field engineer
will be asked to send SMS and update the database even on hourly basis

Monitoring of reservoir level and its storage capacity has a significant importance in evaluation
of water utilization, crop production, hydropower generation and an instrument in planning
process. The parameter could be an early warning indicator to the crop production and Hydro
power generation of the country. Any significant deviation from the norms could attract
attention of the planner and administrator of the country. Covering this aspect under e-
governance and dissemination of information over NICNET/Internet is being discussed as an
information technology component under the current prevailing technology of Internet.

Water is the key Element in social and economic development of the country, which is
becoming a scares resource due to over-increasing demands of the growing population,
Agriculture , Hydropower and Industrial Users. Thus emphasizing the need of monitoring and
specific utilization of water resource with appropriate communication technology for it's
availability, monitoring and management in the real / near-real-time environment. National
Informatics Center , Ministry of Information Technology has been providing support to central
water commission to monitor the reservoir over the NICNET through its district center and has
been monitoring the reservoir and storage capacity of 63 to 70 reservoirs on a weekly/day-to-
day basis over NICNET for the last more than 12 years and providing technical support to the
various departments engaged in water resources planning including Union Ministry of
Agriculture in the strategic crop planning process as an early warning indicator.

Over the period of time better effective technology has come and the model has been revised
to provide the complete informatics and administrative control to the state govt. under the
CUG of NICNET/Internet. With the current available technology of Internet and GUI
environment, it has become possible under JAVA and DB2 environment as an Web-Enabled
application to evolve a new version to provide support to the state govts., with complete
administrative and management control. The information thus collated from the various states
can be placed on Internet for general viewing of the various departments of Centre and state
govt., and of Planning Commission.

Features & Benefits:

 Trend of reservoir filling/ depletion
 Comparison with the data of previous years
 Basin wise comparison of storage built up from time to time
 Analytic tables bringing out the maximum, minimum and average of annual carry over.
 Storage utilization on annual basis and for the last ten years
 Total live storage

Ekal Sewa Kendra

The project “e-DISHA Ekal Seva Kendra (Common Service Centers)” is an effort towards creating
a Citizen Services Network, a way to take the governance to the citizens at their doorstep and
hence make it available even at the grass-root level. The key objectives are to improve the
quality of life of the people, upgrading the standard of administration, especially in social and
public services, and to provide public centered efficient and cost effective governance. The
project is seen as a trendsetter in the State and will ensure delivery of services with efficiency,
effectiveness and transparency.

Broad Objectives
• To make governance transparent, thereby maximizing citizen interaction with government,
• Improve relationships with citizens by enabling online transactions, and feedback to
administration and legislation,
• Reduce the costs of service delivery through reduced duplication of efforts by individuals and
departments.
• Improve the quality of delivery of public services; take local knowledge to the world,
• Set-up information kiosks owned and run by local entrepreneurs financially sustainable,
• Extensive percolation of functional as well as IT Literacy,
• Provide effective, efficient, timely, transparent, hassle free services to the citizens at their
doorsteps,
• Eliminate corruption and middlemen from the process,
• Create knowledge based jobs in the district and extend benefits of ICT to the masses.

Haryana government has established the DLeDCs (District level e-DISHA Centers) in all district
mini secretariats in Haryana. These DLeDCs are providing the services, which are strictly in
government domain. These services include issue of various certificates, driving license, vehicle
registration, birth and death certificates, passport, and services related to arms licenses etc.
The time bound service delivery has resulted in improving the efficiency of delivery of the
services and elimination of corruption and middlemen from the process. By providing a wide
spectrum of services at a single place has helped in saving citizens from the trouble of running
around various departments. These centers are also expected to help in integration of
databases of Government departments and organizations. This integration can also force the
user departments to carry out process reengineering and standardization in delivery of services.
Besides, these centers are creating jobs in the districts for the local IT savvy youths and
spreading the utility of Information Technology among the masses. This has also helped in
improving the financial health of District Red Cross / IT Societies. The project has been found as
one of the best self-sustainable model.

Sachivalaya Vahini
Sachivalaya Vahini is a suite of Letter Monitoring System, File Monitoring System, Court Cases
Monitoring System, Document Management System and Disciplinary Enquiry Cases Monitoring
System. The objective of this project is to automate all major Office procedures followed in all
the departments of Karnataka Government Secretariat.

Letter Monitoring System (LMS): This is a useful package to manage the bulk of letters received
in any department. The letters can be moved from desk to desk and even across the
departments for actions to be taken, till the letters are filed or disposed. Status of letter like
where the letter is pending and for what reason can be known without any time delay. The
entire movement of the letter can be traced and action taken at each section or department is
made available.

File Monitoring System (FMS): It is a decision support system to monitor, track and help in the
speedy disposal of files. Electronic files can be moved from desk to desk and across the
departments. Status of file can be known instantaneously all the letters in the file can be
viewed. Individually. Section-wise, and department-wise Pendency of files can be obtained.

Court Cases Monitoring System (CCMS): This package is used to manage efficiently the number
of cases received, petitioner/respondent details, court orders, cases having hearing date the
next day etc. Integration between CCMS and FMS enables case related files to be tracked and
status known whenever required.

Document Management System (DMS): This package is an essential tool to track the
documents like Circulars, Notification and Government Orders. The system consists of a friendly
interface where the users can create the Documents, move the document for approval, scan
and upload it. Content search and the specific search provided by this system enable the user to
reduce the delay in search the required documents.

Disciplinary Enquiry Cases Monitoring System (DECMS): This package is an essential tool to
monitor various enquiry cases initiated by the Department on the government employees. The
system consists of a friendly interface where the users can input the details of all the case
details, officer details and enquiry details. This application is integrated with the File Monitoring
System.

Bhoomi Project
Bhoomi (meaning land) is the project of on-line delivery and management of land records in
Karnataka. It provides transparency in land records management with better citizen services
and takes discretion away from civil servants at operating levels.

The Revenue Department in Karnataka, with the technical assistance from National Informatics
Centre (NIC), Bangalore, has built and operationalized the BHOOMI system throughout the
state. The BHOOMI has computerized 20 million records of land ownership of 6.7 million
farmers in the state.

BHOOMI has reduced the discretion of public officials by introducing provisions for recording a
mutation request online. Farmers can now access the database and are empowered to follow
up. In the BHOOMI project, a printed copy of the RTC can be obtained online by providing the
name of the owner or plot number at computerized land record kiosks in 177 taluk offices, for a
fee of Rs.15. A second computer screen faces the clients to enable them to see the transaction
being performed. A farmer can check the status of a mutation application on Touch Screen
Kiosks. If the revenue inspector does not complete the mutation within 45 days, a farmer can
now approach a senior officer person with their grievance.

Now, mutation requests are being handled strictly on a first-come-first-served basis eliminating
preferential treatment and discretionary powers of the civil servants.

Operators of the computerized system are made accountable for their decisions and actions by
using a bio-login system that authenticates every Login through a thumbprint. A log is
maintained of all transactions in a session.

The new system has brought about a sea change in the way land records are maintained and
administered in the state. The system has not only simplified the process of record keeping but
has also provided many collateral benefits. This governance model has proven to be financially
self-sustainable. It has become a trendsetter for e-Governance projects in the state as well as
other parts of the country.
In the next phase of BHOOMI, the ‘LAND RECORDS ON WEB’ has be established wherein, all the
taluk databases are getting uploaded to a web-enabled central database so as to allow the
private agencies to set up the village – level kiosk to download the land records documents at
the village and issue to the farmers. In this Private Public Participation (PPP) model, all the
stakeholders will be benefited in land records delivery.

Benifits of Bhoomi
 Farmers
+ Farmers can quickly get their land records from Kiosks and are protected from
harassment and extortion.
+ Reduction in processing time for mutation.
+ Online tracking of mutation status.
+ Easy access to Farm Credit.
+ Ease in case of legal matters.
 Administrators
+ Ease of maintenance and updation of land records documents.
+ Quick and easy access to Land records.
+ Quick and easy access to Land records for analysis purpose.
+ Ease of monitoring Government Lands.
 Others
+ For Financial Institutions, Online Farm credit related activities.
+ Information availability for Private Sector.

E-governance in USA
In the last 15-20 years we have seen an enormous boom in technology, the way we
communicate and interact, and the way that business gets done. As technology enabled private
businesses to improve their operations in the U.S. and around the world, thereby making them
more efficient and effective, public sector slowly began to do the same. As local, state and
federal governments began to provide more information and services to constituents using the
Internet, the concept of e-government was born. While various definitions of e-government
exist, a very general explanation is, “using information and communication technology (ICT),
and especially the Internet, to improve the delivery of government services to citizens,
businesses, and other government agencies”.
The idea of e-government in itself is exciting and empowering for citizens. In theory, it
eliminates some of the bureaucratic red tape that people often complain about. E-Government
serves as a way to provide information and services to citizens nationwide.

A successful e-government system could be defined as one that has the dual benefit of
providing greater accessibility and efficiency for citizens while attempting to decrease the costs
of service delivery for the government. However, while e-government has improved the online
delivery of some government services in the United States, there are unique costs, threats, and
challenges that must be addressed in order to advance its success, as defined above. In
unveiling such issues, this paper will also analyze e-government systems and strategies from
around the world to discover the best practices for an efficient, effective system. Using this
information, recommendations will be made for how the U.S. can tackle the e-government
challenges that it currently faces in achieving the dual objectives of better citizen service and
more efficient government.

Strategy Objectives
The Digital Government Strategy sets out to accomplish three things:

 Enable the American people and an increasingly mobile workforce to access high-quality
digital government information and services anywhere, anytime, on any device.
Operationalzing an information-centric model, we can architect our systems for
interoperability and openness, modernize our content publication model, and deliver
better, device-agnostic digital services at a lower cost.
 Ensure that as the government adjusts to this new digital world, we seize the opportunity
to procure and manage devices, applications, and data in smart, secure and affordable
ways.
Learning from the previous transition of moving information and services online, we now
have an opportunity to break free from the inefficient, costly, and fragmented practices of
the past, build a sound governance structure for digital services, and do mobile “right” from
the beginning.
 Unlock the power of government data to spur innovation across our Nation and improve
the quality of services for the American people.
We must enable the public, entrepreneurs, and our own government programs to better
leverage the rich wealth of federal data to pour into applications and services by ensuring
that data is open and machine-readable by default.
E-governance in China

Although China is not among the top 50 in the United Nation’s 2012 ranking of national e-
government performance—it ranks 78th—Chinese leadership has increasingly encouraged e-
government programs, which have outpaced China’s economic and demographic peers. In
2012, a UN survey labeled China’s e-government gains “impressive.”

Chinese e-government may also help address the staggering disparity between rural and urban
Chinese. Many commentators argue that the large gaps between rural and urban income,
services and infrastructure in China—some of the world’s most drastic—can be addressed by
closing the “digital divide” between the two regions.

Central government is employing the Internet as an instrument to assist or accelerate the

process of reformation and to efficiently implement some political measures. The e importance
of e-government in China is now acknowledged. By introducing a rational and transparent e-
government, the Chinese government has taken a significant step towards technical legitimacy,
even if the government’s fate cannot be predicted.

E-government services are now available in more than 90 percent of China's cities and 80
percent of its towns, Vice President of the Chinese Academy of Governance Hong Yi said
Thursday.

All central government departments and provincial-level governments have established

websites and 99.1 percent of municipal governments have done the same. Over 90 percent of
core central government services, such as those relating to customs, taxation, public security
and social security, are now offered online.

Chinese e-government services have seen progress in terms of networking, infrastructure,

digitalization, sharing and security over the last decade

Despite several efforts in recent years, weak infrastructure and poor education levels of the
rural population have continued to hamper the promotion of the Internet in the countryside,
Therefore, the Chinese Government was now exploring different and more pragmatic methods
to improve e-governance in these areas, rather than merely trying to spread the use of the
Internet.

.
E-governance in Brazil
The electronic government in Brazil had a shy beginning in 2000, with the launch of official
websites of a few governmental agencies and institutions, containing only their basic
information, static links and very little interaction with the users.

After more than a decade of existence, the Brazilian electronic government evolved to the point
of becoming an example on how the governments can better interact with citizens and
[companies](, improve the efficiency of internal management, cut costs and provide
information and public services in a much more organized platform.

Services provided by the government on internet

Accountability and transparency
Provision of public expenditure data and documents, financial transactions, disclosure of
budgets, bids, closures and cancellations and signing of contracts. This allows citizens and
businesses to be aware of the government's activities as well as supervising the use of public
money.
Requests
Tools that allow the citizens to make requests for public services, complain about poor and
incomplete services and check schedules for public works. Because it provides the direct
contact between the citizen and the public entities, this tool eliminates the need for an
intermediary person, like a politician for example, who can subject the information to his
interests, as a representative in the legislature.
Space for discussion
Forums in which citizens can publish their feedback about public services and campaigns,
discuss or propose ideas and projects for the executive and legislative, or use of public funds. It
is a way to open discussions that were restricted to the public sphere to those most interested,
and also permits to achieve democratic and economic farther from public discussions of public
affairs and once again, eliminating the need for intermediaries.
Registration and online services
Use of software programs and online registration for data services or perform mandatory or
optional. This tool reduces cost for the public shift, manpower and time. At the same time,
when only shows the alternative on-line can be exclusive. Examples of services:
 Declaration of income
 Renovation of voter card
 Issuance of criminal background check
 Police report for burglary or theft
 Police report for loss of documents
 Check of lawsuits
 Check of debts related to taxes
 Check of traffic fines
 Inscription for public jobs
 Reading the state and federal official gazettes
 Issuance of passport
 Check of grades of students from public schools
 Online library
 Public courses
 Job advertisement
E-governance in Srilanka
The Government Information Centre (GIC) was established as Sri Lanka’s first one-stop
Government call centre under the Re-engineering Government Programme in August, 2006 to
enable citizens to obtain Government information and services in an efficient, effective and
friendly manner. The GIC was launched as a public / private sector partnership and it is
a single, electronic, trilingual, online knowledgebase of over 1,500 services available from more
than 120 key Government organizations

By using GIC (call centre), general public can obtain accurate information immediately. It is
easy, time saving and the information about many services can be obtained from one place.
There is no need to visit Government institutes to get information, no need to wait and waste
time in institutions to obtain information; hence it saves time and expenses during the visits.
Ultimately the GIC helps people to make their day to day work easier by minimizing the burden
of obtaining information on Government services

The Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) launched “e-Sri Lanka”, a national development initiative in
November 2002, with the aim of enhancing growth and equity through: (1) improved access
and use of information and communication technology; (2) access to and use of public services
on-line by businesses and citizens; and (3) enhanced competitiveness of the private sector and
in particular of knowledge industry and small and medium enterprises (SMEs).

e-Sri Lanka is a roadmap with the objective of harnessing ICTs towards achieving socio-
economic development in the country. It is comprised of six core programmes: Re-Engineering
Government, e-Society, ICT Policy, Leadership and Capacity Building, Information Infrastructure,
and ICT Investment and Private Sector Development.

Specifically the project work supports (1) establishing an effective, citizen centered and
business friendly government; (2) empowering the rural poor, disadvantaged groups, women
and youth through increased and affordable access to information and communication tools
developing leadership and skills in ICT; and (3) creating employment in the ICT industry and ICT
enabled services, and enhancing the competitiveness of user industries and services.

The project comprises the following component Programmes:

- ICT Policy, Leadership and Institutional Development Programme
- ICT Human Resource Development and Industry Promotion Programme
- Backbone Communications Infrastructure
- Tele-Centre Development Programme
- Re-engineering Government Programme
- e-Society Programme

Government Organizations are the main stakeholders of GIC project. At present over 120
Government Institutes are linked with GIC and the information on services of those
organizations are available in GIC knowledgebase. GIC activities in Government Organizations
are coordinated through a “GIC Coordinator”, who is appointed by the organization.

After the introduction of GIC, positive changes have been observed in providing Government
services to general public. Other than public awareness on Government Organizations and its
services, other changes have not been very significant but still the changes show a positive
impact on the Government Sector