‫جامعة الفراهيدي‬

‫هندسة تقنيات االتصاالت‬

‫المرحلة األولى ( مسائي (‬

‫ربط التوالي‬

‫اعداد الطلبة‬
‫باقر علي دعير) ‪( D‬‬
‫عبد هللا خميس دهام) ‪( D‬‬

‫اشراف‬
‫د‪ .‬هبه‬

‫‪2024-2023‬‬
Table of Contents

Contents page
introduction 1
NODES, PATHS, LOOPS, 2
AND BRANCHES
Series Circuit 3
Series circuit rules 5
Conclusion 7
Reference 8
Introduction

Connecting circuits in series is a fundamental concept in electrical engineering

that involves linking various electrical components along a single pathway. In a
series circuit, the current flows through each component consecutively, creating
a continuous loop. This arrangement establishes a unique characteristic: the
same current flows through all components.

Imagine a simple series circuit comprising resistors and a power source. When
connected in series, the resistors share the current, causing a cumulative effect
on the overall resistance. The total resistance in a series circuit is the sum of
individual resistances. This relationship is governed by Ohm's Law, stating that
the current (I) equals the voltage (V) divided by the total resistance (R).

One of the key advantages of connecting circuits in series is the precise control
it offers over the flow of electricity. Components can be strategically placed to
regulate the current, making it a valuable configuration in applications like
Christmas lights or appliance circuits. Additionally, series circuits facilitate the
sequential operation of devices. For example, in a string of decorative lights, if
one bulb fails, the entire circuit breaks, interrupting the flow of current and
causing all bulbs to go out.

However, this interconnected nature also poses a potential drawback. As the

same current passes through each component, the failure of one element
disrupts the entire circuit. This contrasts with parallel circuits, where each
component has an independent connection to the power source. Despite this
vulnerability, series circuits remain fundamental to electronics, providing a
structured approach to current flow regulation and offering insights into the
complex interplay of electrical components.

1
NODES, PATHS, LOOPS, AND BRANCHES

A node is a junction of connecting wires. Every point on a node is at the same

potential (same voltage).A branch is another name for any circuit element
between two nodes. A loops is a closed path that begins and ends at the same
Node.

Figure (1) NODES, PATHS, LOOPS, AND BRANCHES

2
Series Circuit

• Series Circuits are the simplest to work with.

• Here we have three resistors of different resistances.

They share a single connection point. When added together the total resistance
is 90 Ω.

IT = I1 = I2 = I3 … = In

VT = V1 + V2 + V3 + … Vn

RT= R1+R2+R3

RT= 20+30+40

RT= 90 ohm.

Figure (2) Series Circuit

Two components are in series if they share a common node and if thesame
current flows through them. Here's an example circuit with three series resistors:

3
 Figure (3) Flow current

There's only one way for the current to flow in the above circuit. Starting from
the positive terminal of the battery, current flow will first encounter R1. From
there the current will flow straight to R2, then to R3, and finally back to the
negative terminal of the battery. Note that there is only one path for current to
follow. These components are in series.

Example schematic with four uniquely colored nodes.

That's half the battle towards understanding the difference between series and
parallel. We also need to understand how current flows through a circuit.
Current flows from a high voltage to a lower voltage in a circuit. Some amount
of current will flow through every path it can take to get to the point of lowest
voltage (usually called ground). Using the above circuit as an example, here's
how current would flow as it runs from the battery's positive terminal to the
negative:

4
Current (indicated by the blue, orange, and pink lines) flowing through the same
example circuit as above. Different currents are indicated by different colors.

Notice that in some nodes (like between R1 and R2) the current is the same
going in as at is coming out. At other nodes (specifically the three-way junction
between R2, R3, and R4) the main (blue) current splits into two different ones.
That's the key difference between series and parallel.

Series circuit rules

For a series circuit, we are in the situation of the figure below, in which two (or
more) resistors with resistances (R1) and (R2) are connected in series over a
voltage (V).

Figure (4) a series circuit

5
The rules of series circuits are:

1- The total resistance over all of the resistors is the sum of the resistances of
the individual resistors. Thus, the total resistance (R-total) in the circuit above is
(R-total) = R1 + R2.

2- The current (I) is the same through all of the resistors. With this knowledge,
we can now calculate this current using Ohm's law.

As a result of the previous point, we can calculate the voltage over the
individual resistors (V1) and (V2) to be V1=I * R1 and V2=I * R2. Thus, the
voltage over the resistors is proportional to their resistances, and the sum of the
individual voltages is equal to the total voltage.

Example:

Suppose the two resistors are actually two lamps. The power over a component
in an electrical circuit can be calculated by P = V * I, so the power over lamp 1
is:

And we can do a similar calculation for lamp 2. We see that the lamp with a
larger resistance uses more power from the series circuit.

6
Conclusion

Connecting circuits in series increases the total resistance, reduces current

variability, and ensures that the same current flows through each component
sequentially. This configuration is vital for specific applications, such as voltage
dividers, but it's essential to consider potential drawbacks like decreased overall
system reliability.

7
Reference

[1]- Hofer, P., Karrer, N., Gerster, C.: `Paralleling intelligent IGBT power
modules with active gate-controlled current balancing', 27thAnnual IEEE Power
Electronics Specialist Conf., June 1996, 2, p. 1312–1316.

[2]- Hong, S., Lee, Y.-G.: `Active gate control strategy of series connected
IGBTs for high power PWM inverter', Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Power
Electronics and Drive Systems, 27–29 July 1999, 2, p. 646–652.

[3]- Nakatake, H., Iwata, A.: `Series connection of IGBTs used multi-level
clamp circuit and turn off timing adjustment circuit', IEEE 34th Annual Power
Electronics Specialist Conf., 15–19 June 2003, 4, p. 1910–1915.

[4]- Palmer, P.R., Githiari, A.N., Leedham, R.J.: `A comparison of IGBT

technologies for use in the series connection', Sixth Int. Conf. on Power
Electronics and Variable Speed Drives, 1996, p. 236–241, Conf. Publ. No. 429.