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SY 2021-2022

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Content Standard
The learner understands the nature and elements of oral
communication in context.
Most Essential Learning Competency
1. Uses principles of speech delivery focusing on :
(EN11/12OC-IIcj-26)
• Articulation (EN11/12OC-IIcj-26.1)
• Modulation (EN11/12OC-IIcj-26.2)
• Stage Presence (EN11/12OC-IIcj-26.3)
• Facial Expressions (EN11/12OC-IIcj-26.4)
• Movements/ Bodily Action (EN11/12OC-IIcj-
26.5)
• Gestures (EN11/12OC-IIcj-26.6)
• Audience Rapport (EN11/12OC-
IIcj-26.)
Performance Standard
The learner designs and performs effective controlled and
uncontrolled oral communication activities based on context.

Lesson Proper
WEEK 5-6

Lesson 12 Principles of Speech Delivery

Objectives
Here are the things that you are expected to learn at the end of
this lesson:
1. Use the principle of speech delivery focusing on articulation,
modulation, stage presence, facial expression .
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 PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH DELIVERY

Speaking in public is something that is not new to you. I’m sure

that you experienced being asked lead a spontaneous prayer in the
class, requested to read a particular paragraph aloud by your teacher
or encouraged to speak your idea on a pressing issue. All of those
tasks demand you to deliver your words in front of an audience. How
did you feel about it?

Although speaking in front of the public might not be one of your

favorites, having the skill to deliver speeches or discussions will open
doors of opportunities for you to beef up your academic performance
in school. For instance, when you are good at speaking, you don’t
have any psychological barriers in answering questions in an oral
recitation. With that, you have a clear edge over those who don’t
speak their ideas at all.

In the context of public speaking, competence in speech delivery

or your skill in presenting ideas either memorized or manuscript-
guided not only gives your credibility and personality a boost, but it
makes the idea of your speeches understood as intended. Speech
delivery pertains to the act of presenting the speech before an
audience. It includes both verbal and physical elements.
Principles of Speech Delivery

ARTICULATION
Verbal Elements

MODULATION

STAGE PRESENCE

FACIAL EXPRESSION Physical Elements

AND GESTURES

AUDIENCE RAPPORT

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1. ARTICULATION.

When the Speaker’s words cannot be understood because of

poor articulation, the Speech might as well not have been delivered
at all. Word choice and grammatical correctness are necessary in
writing the Speech, but it is articulateness in pronouncing the words
and speaking with clear diction that effectively transmits the
Message of the Speaker. It is highly important to know the correct
way of saying a word, whether they are familiar or unfamiliar.

Articulation refers to the speaker’s skill in pronouncing the

words of the speech since clear diction effectively transmits the
message . Proper breathing techniques together with the correct
molding of sounds that make up words contribute to efficient
articulation.

Articulation also mean the act of vocal expression; utterance

or enunciation. The first act of speech is breathing, in which you get
air into a storage chamber; second is phonation, the process by
which you force air into vibration by the action of the vocal folds; third,
resonation, in which your mouth, nose and throat cavities amplify the
sound so you can hear it; and finally there is articulation, in which
you modify the sound by movement of the teeth, tongue, and lips into
recognizable patterns.

Here are some tips :

• Practice to make sure you are not submitting or omitting when
you say a word, or adding sounds such as departamental for
departmental, rent for went and poems for poem.
• Pay attention to common sound substitutions such as t for th
‘torn for thorn and d for th so that you don’t have to say dem but
them’.
• Practice reading and recording passages with the sounds you
are having a problem with. Listen to the practice recording with
someone who can help you.
• Practice the sounds that you find them hard to produce. If you
find a certain word or sound that causes you to stutter the best
thing to do is practicing it correctly.

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 • Speak slowly so that the words and sounds do not end up
running together causing a challenge to listener to separate the
sounds that they hear.

2. MODULATION

There are pleasant-sounding voices, quite soothing to the

ears, just as there are unpleasant voices that sound flat, are high
pitched, or screeching. People like to listen to voices that are well-
modulated, meaning the capability to adjust or manipulate the
resonance and timbre of the vocal tone.

Modulation refers to the speaker’s ability to adjust or

manipulate the resonance and timbre of one’s voice.

This also means the fine-tuning of the pitch or tone of voice

that helps the audience clearly hear and understand the lecture,
presentation, and speech delivered by a speaker. Proper modulation
gives life to a talk, stirs emotions, and motivates to action. Lack of
modulation may give the impression that you have no real interest in
your subject.

Consider the following components under modulation

a. Pitch refers to the highness or lowness of a voice. A speaker
should vary the pitch to reinforce the message. Using the same pitch
can be quite boring and monotonous for the audience.

b. Power is the vocal energy or intensity exerted by a speaker. The

speaker should create power or intensity in his or her voice to
emphasize points without being loud.

c. Pace, also called rate, is the speed of a speaker’s utterance.

Complex or important ideas are usually said slowly (but not too
slowly that the audience loses concentration or becomes impatient),
while light or exciting matters are often said rapidly (but not too fast
that words become slurred or unintelligible).

d. Volume refers to softness or loudness of voice. If you speak in

front of the public, you must identify the proper intensity of the volume
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of the voice that you use. With that, you are heard by them and
message that your speech contains is understood. Speakers who fail
to this principle leave their audience irritated with the assaulting tone
of the voice.

Here are some tips :

• Always convey your message with the variation in the pitch and
tempo. Never deliver your speech in a monotone as it will not
only bore but also send your audience to sleep.
• Speak at a rate so that your audience can understand you
because fast delivery betrays a lack of confidence.
• Speak normally at about 125 to 150 words per minute. Check
your speed and try to bring it within this range.
• Pronounce words properly, putting stresses at the right
syllables.
• Speak loud enough so that everyone in the audience can hear
you clearly.
• Pause for a moment in between sentences to control your speed
and approach better.
• Refrain from vocalized pauses and nasalization such as 'er', 'ah',
'unh', 'umm', etc.
• Take care that you do not repeatedly use such phrases as 'you
see', 'I mean', 'What I meant,' 'Understand?, 'Have you
understood,' 'Clear?', 'Is it clear?', 'Was it clear?', etc.

3. STAGE PRESENCE

This refers to the speaker’s ability to “own” the stage, filling it

with one’s personality and projecting it to the audience or group of
listeners. This also means the sum total of all the qualities that keep
the audience engaged while delivering a speech.

• Appearance and comfort is our first sphere. You must be

dressed to the occasion.
• Body posture and attitude is the second sphere. Right from the
moment you step on that stage your body language matters. The
way you stand, your speaking posture, use of hand gestures etc.

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 everything counts and hence must be well noted and taken care
of.
• The third sphere is the tone of the speech. You can play with
different styles, as is suitable to the topic of your speech. Voice
modulation, use of examples, a peck of humor, etc. all this is
important in engaging the audience.
• The fourth sphere is the use of stage space. It is a smart move
on the part of a speaker to choreograph his speech, that is, he
must plan a speech to be delivered using different parts of the
stage at different levels.

4. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS

Facial Expressions are meaningful visible symbols of speech.

This reflects the speaker’s thinking and emotional attitudes.

• Facial expressions help set the emotional tone for a

speech, and it is important that your facial expressions stay
consistent with your message. In order to set a positive tone
before you start speaking, briefly look at the audience and
smile. A smile is a simple but powerful facial expression that
can communicate friendliness, openness, and confidence.

• Facial expressions communicate a range of emotions and

are also associated with various moods or personality traits.
For example, combinations of facial expressions can
communicate that a speaker is tired, excited, angry,
confused, frustrated, sad, confident, smug, shy, or bored,
among other things. Even if you aren’t bored, for example,
a slack face with little animation may lead an audience to
think that you are bored with your own speech, which isn’t
likely to motivate them to be interested. So make sure your
facial expressions are communicating an emotion, mood, or
personality trait that you think your audience will view
favorably.

• Also make sure your facial expressions match with the

content of your speech. When delivering something
lighthearted or humorous, a smile, bright eyes, and slightly
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 raised eyebrows will nonverbally enhance your verbal
message. When delivering something serious or somber, a
furrowed brow, a tighter mouth, and even a slight head nod
can enhance that message. If your facial expressions and
speech content are not consistent, your audience could
become confused by the conflicting messages, which could
lead them to question your honesty and credibility.

SUM UP

Remember these key points:

➢ Articulation refers to the speaker’s skill in pronouncing the words

of the speech since clear diction effectively transmits the
message .
➢ Modulation refers to the speaker’s ability to adjust or manipulate
the resonance and timbre of one’s voice.
a. Pitch refers to the highness or lowness of a voice.
b. Power is the vocal energy or intensity exerted by a speaker.
c. Pace, also called rate, is the speed of a speaker’s utterance.
d. Volume refers to softness or loudness of voice.
➢ Stage presence refers to the speaker’s ability to “own” the stage,
filling it with one’s personality and projecting it to the audience
or group of listeners.
➢ Facial Expressions are meaningful visible symbols of speech.
This reflects the speaker’s thinking and emotional attitudes.

Note: You are provided with a separate

worksheet.

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 WEEK 7-8
Objectives

Here are the things that you are expected to learn at the end of
this lesson:
1. Give the importance of following the principles of speech
delivery focusing on :
• Movements
• Gestures
• Audience Rapport

PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH DELIVERY

According to Stephen Lucas (2011), author of The Art of Public

Speaking, a good delivery means that you are capable and able to
present your message in a clear, coherent, and interesting way. He
also say, “Good delivery….conveys the speaker’s ideas clearly,
interestingly, and without distracting the audience.

Most audiences prefer delivery that combines a certain degree

of formality with the best attributes of good conversation- directness,
spontaneity, animation, vocal and facial expressiveness, and a lively
sense of communication.”

As a student of public speaking, you should know that public

speaking is not simply reading your speech or talking about your
topic. It requires making connections with your audience and
presenting yourself formally to the public.

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 So let us continue , discussing the different principles of speech
delivery that we have started in our previous module.

5. MOVEMENTS / BODILY ACTIONS are supplements to good

speech with its being transformed into actual replacement for the
audible code. Its uses include:

(a) adjusting to the speaking situation;

(b) securing and maintaining interest and attention;
(c) clarifying meaning and
(d) attaining emphasis in speech.

• Common Mistakes in the Use of Movements

a. Statue / stone - The speaker appears incapable of movement.
b. Pacer - The speaker paces and walks from one side of the
platform to the other and back.
c. Swayer - The speaker rhythmically moves his body from side to
side or forward and backward followed by the shifting of weight

6. GESTURES are purposive movements of some parts of the body,

but not the entire body. These include movements of heads,
shoulders, arms and occasionally feet. These are all physical
movements that represent concretely the ideas and emotions of the
speaker. These are also the products of the inner impulses and
forces of thoughts of a speaker.

• Classifications of Gestures
a. Descriptive gestures indicate the meaning literally or by
suggestion
b. Symbolic gestures are representative or figurative rather than
literal.
c. Locative gestures refer to pointing a place, position or direction.
d. Emphatic gestures are used when words or ideas need to be
stressed or reinforced.
e. Transitional gestures are used to move your audience from one
idea to the next or to enumerate things
f. Dramatic / imitative gestures convey impersonation of another
person’s action

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 • Uses of Gestures
a. to point the location of objects usually in the sight of the
audience but they may be in the imagination
b. to give emphasis to statements or to ask questions
c. to entreat/plead for something
d. to picture an object
e. to stimulate the imagination

• Parts of a Gesture
a. Preparation consists of taking the hand to the point where the
stroke or emphasis occurs.
b. Stroke is a definite action to emphasize, supplement, describe
or suggest the thought being expressed.
c. Return brings the arm and the hand easily back to the resting
position

• Common Sins in the Use of Gesture

a. Random action includes fidgeting with pencils, button, bracelets,
beads, pockets, coat lapels, wiggling; doing dance strokes with
heels or soles; rubbing chin and nose; running fingers through
the hair; taking eyeglasses off and putting them on
b. Perpetual motion is a constant and continued use of hands will
hinder reinforcement of meaning.
c. Abortive gesture is an incomplete or not adequately executed
movement.

OPEN GESTURES CLOSED GESTURES

open hands hand covering mouth
palms up making fists
peering over top of
unbuttoning jacket glasses
spontaneous eye contact glancing at exit
smile frown
leaning forward leaning back
relaxed rigid
hands away from face looking at floor
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 standing straight moving away
legs, crossed, shaking
feet apart foot
shoulders squared fidgeting
uncrossed legs locked ankles
welcoming handshake folded arms
touching cold shoulder
patting open palm tapping
rubbing palms together hand wringing
affirmative head nods head lowered
calm use of facial
movements staring or eyes closed
stalling for time
seating arrangement with (writing, cleaning
no barriers glasses, etc.)

7. AUDIENCE RAPPORT - "Building rapport" is the name given to

the process of creating an understanding and harmonious bond
between yourself and someone else. Good rapport ensures that the
message will be actively listened to.

Rapport builders include:

• dressing and grooming appropriately for the occasion
• being organized, ready with suitable content
• demonstrating in your opening statements that you know who
you're talking to because you've done your homework
• using inclusive language - "we" rather than "I"
• identifying and emphasizing your common ground respectfully
and sincerely
• avoiding jargon unless everyone knows what you're talking
about
• showing that you're human too by sharing personal experience
in the stories you tell
• being mindful of body language and making eye contact
• appearing confident, positive, in control and open
• understanding the impact of your vocal delivery
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STAGE FRIGHT is a fear of speaking in front of a group of people.
This is often called “performance anxiety”. Actors call it “flop sweat”.

Symptoms
- dry mouth
- tight throat
- sweaty hands
- shaky hands
- nausea
- fast pulse
- trembling lips
- shaky knees
- cold hands
- any out-of-the-ordinary outward or inward feeling occurring
before or during a presentation

How to Manage Stage Fright

• learn and practice diaphragmatic breathing
• learn to be grounded in your physical body
• give yourself permission to feel the nervous tension
• use the right joke at the right time
• involve your listeners
• concentrate on what you’re saying, not on how you’re saying it
• prepare, prepare, prepare

More tips :
In public speaking, rapport is considered when everything in
your speech is in harmony. The audience receive you well as you
enjoy delivering your speech. But all of this requires a tremendous
effort. Keep the following details in mind.

• Know your audience.

As what we have learned the previous module, audience analysis
creates a big difference. You can connect with them if you have an
idea of their age, gender mix, ethnicity, cultural values, religious or
group affiliations, primary language and education level.
Shape your speech to meet the audience.

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• First impressions last.
The first 5-10 seconds of your speech is the foundation of the entire
presentation. It is crucial that you connect with them early on to keep
them engage the entirety of your speech. Include them, use “we”
rather than “I”. Identify your common grounds.

SUM UP

Remember these key points:

➢ . MOVEMENTS / BODILY ACTIONS are supplements to good

speech with its being transformed into actual replacement for
the audible code.
➢ . GESTURES are purposive movements of some parts of the
body, but not the entire body. These include movements of
heads, shoulders, arms and occasionally feet.
➢ AUDIENCE RAPPORT - "Building rapport" is the name given to
the process of creating an understanding and harmonious bond
between yourself and someone else. Good rapport ensures that
the message will be actively listened to.
➢ STAGE FRIGHT is a fear of speaking in front of a group of
people. This is often called “performance anxiety”. Actors call it
“flop sweat”. Psychologists call it “topophobia”.

Note: You are provided with a separate

worksheet.

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References:

1. Fernandez, Ana Marie S. (2016 ) Speak and Listen in Context.1st

Edition. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House Inc.
2. Flores, Ramona S. (2016). Oral Communication in Context. 1st Edition.
Manila: Rex Publishing
3. Oral Communication in Context Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 –
Module 2: Communication Models First Edition, 2020, Region IV A.
4. Oral Communication in Context Alternative Delivery Mode
First Edition, 2020, Region 10,12
5. https://www.coursehero.com/file/43639297/Module-4pptx/
6. https://www.elcomblus.com/principles-of-speech-delivery/
7.https://link.quipper.com/en/organizations/547ff9ddd2b76d0002001df7/cu
rriculum#curriculum
8. https://www.scribd.com/document/360132154/Principles-of-Speech-
Delivery
9. https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/chapter/10-4-physical-delivery/

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