MADE EASY Bored SY CONTENTS BOOK PACKAGE MECHANICAL VAIL ENGINEERING Objective Practice Sets Heat Transfer 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts... 2. Steady State Heat Conduction .. 3. Steady State Conduction with Heat Generation... 25 - 31 4. Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces (Fins) ........32 - 40 5. Transient Conduction 6. Forced Convection 52 - 68 7. Natural Convection 69 - 76 8. Heat Exchanger ... 77-92 9. Radiation Heat Transfer 93-110, W-14 10. Boiling and Condensation ... Note:This book contains copyeght subject matter to MADE EASY Pubications New Deh Noort ofthis book may bereprodced Stored inavetevalsystem or wansmited nny frm orb any ears Vilators table tbe legal prosecutedTras Rr en aa az as a4 as Consider the following materials: 4. Carbon 2. Mica 3, Bakelite 4. Fibre glass Which of these materials are good conductors of heat, but bad conductors of electricity (@) 1 only (0) 2only (©) 2and3 (d) Banda Heat transmission is directly linked with the transport of medium itself, ie., there is actual or bulk motion of heated particles during (@) conduction only (b) convection only (©) radiation only (d) conduction as well as radiation Choose the correct statement @) Thermal conductivity for metals decreases with increase in temperature (b) Thermal conductivity for gases and insulating material decreases temperature (6) Thermal conductivity is not a function of temperature (d) Thermal conductivity increases with increase intemperature irrespective of material with increase in Arrange the following substance in increasing order of thermal conductivity. 1. Copper 2. Aluminium 3. Water 4 Air Which one of the following sequence is correct? (@) 4324 (b) 434-2 (©) 3424 (a) 344-2 The inner surface of a plane brick wall is at 50°C and the outer surface is at 25°C. The rate of heat transfer per m? of the surface area of the wall which is 220 mm thick is (the thermal conductivity of the bricks is 0.51 Wim K). (@) 20.65 Wim? (b) 32.75 wim? (©) 47.62 Wim? (d) $7.95 Wim? ae a7 as ag ee Introduction and Basic Concepts All the three modes of heat transmission are involved in (a) melting of ico (b) cooling of a small metal casting in a ‘quenching bath (0) heat flow through the walls of a refrigerator (d) automobile engine equipped with a thermo syphon cooling system A stool plate of thickness § cm and thermal conductivity 20 WimK is subjected to a uniform heat flux of 800 Wim? on one surface A’ and heat transfer coefficient of 80 Wim?K from the other surface ‘B into the ambient air at T, of 25°C. The temperature of the surface ‘B' transferring heat bby convection is (@) 25° (b) 35°C (©) 45° (a) 8 For a composite wall made of three layers, of three layers, A, B and C of different material wall thickness and temperature difference across the wall faces of layer A, Band Care 20cm and 100°C, 15cm and 180°C, 25cm and 100°C respectively Which one of the following is correct? (assume area of each layer is same) (@)_ Layer Ahas highest thermal conductivity (k) (b) Layer Bhas highest thermal conductivity (k) (©) Layer Chas highest thermal conductivity (k) (d) Alllayers have equal thermal conductivity The heat conducted through a wall of thickness 6 is given by (8) which amongst the following is not a correct statement? (a) the term (8/kA) is called thermal resistance (b) the torm (kA/8) is called thermal conductance (0) the factor (JA) is called thermal loading (d) the temperature gradient (dT/cx) is positivemape ens = BA 2004 aincotttent] Q.10 Heat conduction in gases is due to (@) electromagnetic waves (b) motion of electrons (6) mixing motion ofthe citferent layers of the gas () elastic impact of molecules Q.11 Arrangement of silver, air, aluminium and lead in order of increasing thermal conductivity at room tomperature yiolds (@) Air, Aluminium, Sitver, Lead (b) Air, Aluminium, Lead, Siiver (6) Lead, Ait, Aluminium, Sitver (@) Ait, Lead, Aluminium, Silver Q.12 Thermal diffusivity is (@) dimensionless parameter (©) function of temperature (©) a physical property of the mat (a) none of these Q.13 Your finger sticks to an ice tray just taken from the refrigerator, Which factor has more effect on this phenomenon? (@) The inside temperature of the freezer (Suppose it's working properly) (b) The humiaity of the ait (©) The heat capacity of both your finger and the tray (d) The thermal conductivity of the tray Q.14 Which of the following is used to measure the temperature inside a furnace (@) Gas thermometer (©) Optical pyrometer (6) Alcohol thermometer (@) Mercury thermometer Q.45 A old liquid is stored in spherical vessel in order to (@) reduce rate of heat transfer (b) increase rate of heat transfer (©) prevent the liquid from freezing (d) none of these .16 Which one of the following is correct, in context of thermal diffusivity of liquid and gas (2) Ogu5> Shas (0) Agus < Shas (©) O05= Shoat (a) Depend on other factors Q.17 The unit of thermal diffusivity is (@) mec (b)_kuim?hr (©) mbre (a) mehr Q.18 The ratio of thermal conductivity to electrical conductivity is equal to (2) Prandt! number (©) Lorentznumber (b) Schmidt number (2) Lewis number Q.19 Hot cotfee in a cup is allowed to cool, ts cooling rate is measured and found to be greater than the value calculated by conduction, convection and radiation measurement. The difference is due to (@)_ properties of cottee changing with temperature (b) currents of airflow in the room (6) underestimation of emissivity of coffee (d) evaporation .20 The Fourier law of heat conduction is valid for (@) One dimensional only (©) Two dimensional only (6) Taree dimensional only (d) None of these Q.21 Match the property with their units Property Units A. Buk modulus 1.Wis B. Thetmal conductivity 2. Nim? C. Heat transfer coefficient 3, Nim? D. Heat flowrate 4.w 5. Wimk 6. Wim? Codes: ABCD @1265 25 64 (2641 (15 3 2 Q.22 Inacase of one dimensional heat conduction in a medium with constant properties, Tis the non OF temperature at position x, at time Then S> is ar proportional to , @t oF eT er © sat ® 3Mechanical | os Engineering He mackace PAILS MADE EASY CTs ok eo) Q.28 Match List-1 with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: List- A. Momentum transfer B. Mass transfer C. Heattransfer List-Il 4. Thermal diffusivity 2. Kinematic viscosity 3. Diffusion coefficient Codes: A BC @ 2 3 1 ) 13 2 @ 3 2 4 @ 1 2 3 Q.24Heat is mainly transferred by conduction convection and radiation in (@) insulated pipes carrying hot water (b) refrigerator freezer coil (@) boiler furnaces (d) condensation of steam in a condenser Q.25 Assertion (A): Cork is a good insulator Reason (R): Good insulators are highly porous. (@) Both A and Rare individually true and Ris the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A (6) Ais true but Ris false (@) Ais alse but Ris tue Q.26 A long glass cylinder of inner diameter = 0.2m and outer diameter = 0.4 m carties hot fluid inside. If the thermal conductivity of glass = 1.00 Wim, the thermal resistance (K/W) per unit length of the oylinder is Q.27 Heat is being transferred conductively from a cylindrical nuclear reactor fuel rod of 60 mm diameter to water at 75°C, under steady state ontition, the rate of heat generation within the fuel elements 2000 kWim® and the convective heat transfer cosfficientis 1 KWim?K, the outer surface temperature of the fuel element would be_K. as az9 a.30 ast An electric hot plate is maintained ata temperature of 350°C and is used to keep a solution boiling at 95°C, The solution is contained in a cast iron (k= 50 Wimk) vessel of wall thickness 25 mm, which is enameled to a thickness of 0.8mm, The heat transfer coefficient for the boiling solution is 5.5 Wim? and thermal conductivity of enamel is 1.05 Wimk. Which of the following is(are) correct? (@) The overall heat transfer coefficient is 692.65 wimek. (b) The overall heat transfer coefficients 1059.63 wink. (©) The rate of heat transfer per unitareais 176.63 KWim?. (d) The rate otheat transter per unit area is 270.2 kwjim? Which of the following statements is/are correct with respect to conduction heat transfer? (a) Heat transfer takes place by molecular lattice vibrational energy and due to free electron transfer in solids. all other factors remains same (ie. area, temperature gradients same), then conduction heat transfer by brass will be more than copper, (©) Allelecttically good conductor are in general good conductors of heat also. (d) Diamond is having the highest thermal conductivity among all known materials. (©) Which ofthe following statements is/are correct? (@) Thermal conductivity is a thermophysical property of a material (0) Heat conduction occurs in gases by molecular momentum transfer (c) With increase in temperature conductivity of gases decreases (@) Liquids are better conductors of heat than gases thermal Which of the following statements is/are correct about a black body? (a) A black body is considered as an ideal emitter,(b) A black body is considered as a perfect absorber. (c) Ablack body is considered as non-diffusive innature. (d) Snow and Ice are also considered as black body. Q.32 Which of the following statements is/are correct? (@) In free convection heat transfer the motion of the fluid occurs naturally due to buoyancy forces EEEEEEER introduction and Basic Concepts 4@ 260) 3@ 4@ 5 9%) 10) 1. @) 12, 13. 17.) 18.) 19. @) 20. @) at. 25. (a) 26. (0.055) 27. (878) 28. (a.c) 29. [ESERIES troduction and Basic Concepts LD) Mica, Bakelite and fibre glass are insulator malerial and carbon in the form of diamond is the good conductor of heat but bad conductor of electricity. ® Eo For gases kincreaseswithincreasein temperature and decrease with increase in molecular woight Ee he medium is Substance k(wim-K) Copper 386 Aluminium 1756 Water 051 Air 0.022 Be AT _ 0.81x25 qk = O22 57.95 Wim? Pe 2024 Heat Transfer Objective Practice Sets 5 (b) Radiation heat transfer does not require any material medium for its propagation. (©) All bodies at all temperature omit thermal radiation except the body at 0K. (d) Radiation heat transfer dominates over conduction and convection when the temperature difference is sufficiently large. (a) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (0) (14, (b) 15. (a) 16. (2) () 22. (@) 23. (a) 24. (c) (a.c,)80. (a,b.d) 81. (a,b,d) 82. (ab,c,d) Ee In syphon cooling system all modes conduction convection and radiation takes place. Since thas high temperatures therefore radiation heat transfer is also significant Aw AT Q= ka = naa 200 = 80(T,~ 25) Ty = 35°C le ge HAhth _ keAaty _ haAdte 7 an oO =A Ko Aty _ ky Aly & Gq = M100) _ ky (180) __ (100) “2005 158 25 12k, = 4kMechanical Engineering Co 6 Ew 8 = inthermal resistance KA Sn thermal A inthermal loading dx (a) Heat conduction in gases is due to collision of gases molecules. Itis due to its elastic impact of molecules. (a) ‘According to their thermal conductivity for Air, k = 0.022 Wim for Aluminium, k= 205 Wimk for Silver, k = 407 WimK Hence correct sequence is Air, Lead, Aluminium, Silver Cc) Thermal diffusivity (a) is a physical property of the material @ Dus to high temperature dltference between your finger and the tray, some heat will be transferred tothe tray, depending on its capacity for thermal conductivity Since the surface of your skin is naturally moisturized (its not a function of the air humidity), the loss of heat will cause a thin layer of ice to form on the skin which in turn sticks to the tray. No matter how dy is the air and how cold is the freezer, your finger will not stick to a wooden tray whose thermal conductivity is low. So the most important factor is the thermal conductivity of the tray. ) Optical pyrometers are non-contact type mperature measuring instruments. Hence, they are used to measure temperature inside a furnace. Ee ‘Spherical vessel to reduce heat transfer as it offers the maximum thermal resistance is negative in the direction of heat flow 2024 \CKAGE Since thermal diffusivity, Poheuia > (P)gas (pms > (hag @ ke yank Hence its unit = m?/hr or m/sec. (o The ratio of thermal conductivity to electrical conductivity is always constant for all the conductors at the given temperature, This is know as Wideman and Frange law. ie. constant The constant is known as Lorentz number (Lo) whose value is equal to 2.045 x 10 * Wisk? (a) ‘Some heatis also lostin evaporation. The vapours of water is not accounted in these 3 modes of heat transfer. @ While deriving Fourier law of heat conduction some assumptions are made, which are 1, Steady state condition 2. One-directional heat transfer 3, Noheat generation 4, Material is homogeneous and isotropic Ew Bulk modulus (&) = Ni hermal conductivity (k) = Wimk Heat transfer coefficient (h) = Wim?K Heat flow rate (q) = Watt (W) Ew The equation of heat transfer in Cartesian coordinates without heat generation is 2 PT er _ Pop aT ar ar az k at For one dimensional heat transfer,aT _ Popar a? kat ar &T ren at” ae Ege Momentum transfer — Kinematic viscosity Kinematic viscosity: v = 5 Mass transfer — diffusion coefficient Molecular diffusion is governed by Fick's law where, N, = mass flux of species A iffusion coefficient Dre = concentration of gradient for species A Heat transfer — Thermal diffusivity k ermal diffusivity: e = Po, Edw Because for radiation to be comparable the magnitude of temperature difference should be large enough. Convection & conduction is also predominantin boiler furnace Ea In porous cavities available in insulating materials, the ambient air may go and gets entrapped. Air being bad conductor of heatit may ofter insulation. EE (0.055) Given data: d,= 0.2m d_02 sas tm 202 ° d,=0.4m b= oe 04 oom 2 2 2 wimk Thermal resistance, = Fagg ee 1 (22) = poe is. [2% 2x3.taxaxt hO4 = 0.055 KW Pe 2024 Heat Transfer Objective Practice Sets 7 78) Given data: d = 50 mm = 0.06 m T,= 75°C: dg = 2000 kWim? f= 1 kwim?k Applying energy balance equation, Rale ofheat generation = Rete of convective heal vanser qxVolume of fuel rod = h,ACT, T,) gx x! = h,xmdl(T,-T,) dd 280 - h,(T,-T) 0.062000 7 4 j= 105°C = 378K Elec Let overall heat transfer coefficient is U. Tj = 95°C Solution oa mf Eranel 1 _ oy , Kaname, 1 Te” Kevan: Praaton 4 (2028) 20m 1 u V0 1.05 5500 U= 692.65 Wimek Heat transfer rate per unit area, g= UT, T,,) 692.65 x (350-95) 176.625 kWine. (acd) 1, 30% of conduction heat transfer takes place by molecular latice vibrational eneray transfer and 70% of conduction heat transfer takes place by free electron transfer in solids. 2, Thermal conductivity of pure metal is more than its alloys. 3. Allelectrically good conductors are in general good conductor of heat also because of the presence of abundant number of free electrons,Mechanical | os 8 Engineering He mackace PAILS MADE EASY 4. Thermal conductivity of diamond = 2300 Wink. Tne highest thermal conductivity of diamond is due toils perfect crystalline molecular lattice arrangement (abd) 1. Thermal conductivity is a thermophysical property of a material which tells about the ability of the material to allow the heat energy to get conducted through the material more rapidly, 2. Heat conduction occurs in gases by molecular momentum transfer. In general gases are very bad conductor of heat. With increase in temperature thermal conductivity of gases ncreases because at higher temperature greater molecular activity may result in more number of collisions per unit time and hence more momentum transfer rate. 3. Liquids are better conductors of heat than gases. Among all liquids Hg has highest thermal conductivity (aba A black body is the body which absorbs all the thermal radiation incident or falling upon the body Ablack body is an ideal emitter, perfect absorber and diffusive in nature. Snow and oe are examples of black body. A thermally black body may not appear black in colour to the human eye. 32. a In free convection heat transfer the motion of the fluid occurs naturally due to buoyancy forces arising out of density changes of fluid because ofits temperature change, Radiation heat transfer does not require any material medium for its propagation and hence occurs by electromagnetic wave propagation travelling with the speed of light. Radiation heat transfer completely preciominates over conduction and convection particularly when. the temperature difference is sufficiently large. Allbodies at all temperature emit thermal radiation except the body at 0 K.