Mathematical Ideas 13Th Edition Miller Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF

Mathematical Ideas 13th Edition Miller
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Chapter 9
9.1 Exercises 180  x  90  x
180  90
1. The sum of the measures of two
complementary angles is 90 degrees. This equation has no solution, so there is no
such value of x, and no such angle.
2. The sum of the measures of two
supplementary angles is 180 degrees. 15. It is false that there is no angle that is its
own supplement. A 90 or right angle is
3. The measures of two vertical angles are
supplementary to a 90 angle.
equal.
16. It is false that the use of the degree as a unit
4. The measures of two right angles add up to
of measure of an angle goes back to the
the measure of a straight angle.
Egyptians. It dates back to the Babylonians.
5. It is true that a line segment has two
endpoints. 17. (a) AB
6. It is true that a ray has one endpoint. (b)
7. It is false that if A and B are distinct points

on a line, then ray AB and ray BA represent 18. (a) BC
the same set of points. The initial point of
(b)
ray AB is point A; the initial point of ray BA
is point B.
19. (a) CB
8. It is true that if two lines intersect, they lie
in the same plane. (b)
9. It is true that if two lines are parallel, they
lie in the same plane. 20. (a) AD
10. If two lines are neither parallel nor (b)
intersecting, they are skew, and do not lie in
the same plane. True.
21. (a) BC
11. It is false that if two lines do not intersect,
they must be parallel. Skew lines do not (b)
intersect and are not parallel; skew lines do
not lie in the same plane.
22. (a) AD
12. It is false that there is no angle that is its
own complement. A 45 angle is the (b)
complement of itself.
13. It is true that segment AB and segment BA 23. (a) BA

represent the same set of points. A and B are
the endpoints of the line segment and can be (b)
named in either order.
24. (a) CA
14. It is true that there is no angle whose
complement and supplement are the same. If (b)
x is the measure of an angle, then 180 − x is
the measure of its supplement, and 90 − x is
the measure of its complement. If they are 25. Letter F; line segment PQ is the same as line
the same, then segment QP.
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

282 CHAPTER 9 GEOMETRY
26. Letter A; half-line QR names the same set of 44. 90  45 = 45
points as half-line QS. The initial point is Q,
and the set of points passes through both R 45. 90  x = (90  x)
and S.
46. 90  (90  x)  90  90  x  x
27. Letter D; ray QR names the same set of
points as ray QS. The initial point is Q, and 47. 180  132 = 48
the set of points passes through both R and
S. 48. 180  105 = 75
28. Letter G; line PQ is the same as line RS. 49. 180  26 = 154
29. Letter B; ray RP is the same as ray RQ. The
50. 180  90 = 90
initial point for both is R.
30. Letter C; half-line SQ is the same as half- 51. 180 − y = (180  y)
line SR.
52. 180  (180  y)  = 180  180 + y = y
31. Letter E; line segment PS is the same as line
segment SP. 53. Let x represent the measure of the angle.
180  x  measure of the supplement
32. Letter H; half-line PS does not match. 90  x  measure of the complement
Then the given description leads to the
33. MN  NO names the same set of points as following equation.
MO . The union symbol joins the two line 180  x  2  90  x   40
segments. 180  x  180  2 x  40
x  40
34. MN  NO is the same as point N. The angle measure of the angle is 40.
35. NP  OM indicates the intersection or 54. Let x represent the measure of the angle.
overlap of two rays. The intersection is the 90  x  measure of the complement
line segment NO. Then the given description leads to the
following equation.
36. MO  OM is the same set of points as x  2  90  x   15
MO . x  180  2 x  15
3x  165
37. OP and O have no points in common x  55
because point O is not part of the half-line
The measure of the angle is 55.
OP . Therefore, the intersection is the
empty set, symbolized by . 55. Let x represent the measure of the angle.
180  x  measure of the supplement
38. OP  O indicates the union of the half-line 90  x  measure of the complement
with the point. The final result is a ray: OP . Then the given description leads to the
following equation.
39. NP  OP indicates the same set of points 1
180  x   2  90  x   12
as OP. 2
180  x  4  90  x   24
40. NP  OP indicates the same set of points 180  x  360  4 x  24
as NP. 180  3 x  336
3 x  156
41. 90  28 = 62 x  52
42. 90  32 = 58 The measure of the angle is 52.
43. 90  89 = 1

9.1: POINTS, LINES, PLANES, AND ANGLES 283
56. Let x represent the measure of the angle. 3  10 + 45 = 75, and the other angle
180  x  measure of the supplement measure is 7  10 + 5 = 75.
90  x  measure of the complement
Then the given description leads to the 64. The angles are vertical, so they have the
following equation. same measurement. Set the algebraic
180  x  2  90  x   25 expressions equal to each other.
180  x  180  2 x  25 5 x  129  2 x  21
x  25 3 x  108
x  36
The measure of the angle is 25. Then one angle measure is
5  36  129 = 51, and the other angle
57. ABE and CBD; ABD and CBE
measure is 2  36  21 = 51.
58. TQR and PQS; TQS and PQR
65. The angles are vertical, so they have the
same measurement. Set the algebraic
59. (a) 52; they are vertical angles.
expressions equal to each other.
(b) 180  52 = 128; they are 11x  37  7 x  27
supplementary angles. 4 x  64
x  16
60. (a) 126; they are vertical angles. Then one angle measure is
11  16  37 = 139, and the other angle
(b) 180  126 = 54; they are measure is 7  16 + 27 = 139.
supplementary angles.
66. The angles are vertical, so they have the
61. The designated angles are supplementary; same measurement. Set the algebraic
their sum is 180. expressions equal to each other.
(10 x  7)  (7 x  3)  180 10 x  45  8 x  15
17 x  10  180 2 x  30
17 x  170 x  15
x  10 Then one angle measure is
Then one angle measure is 10  15  45 = 105, and the other angle
10  10 + 7 = 107, and the other angle measure is 8  15  15 = 105.
measure is 7  10 + 3 = 73.
67. The designated angles are complementary;
62. The designated angles are supplementary; their sum is 90.
their sum is 180. (5k  5)  (3k  5)  90
( x  1)  (4 x  56)  180 8k  10  90
5 x  55  180 8k  80
5 x  235 k  10
x  47 Then one angle measure is 5  10 + 5 = 55,
Then one angle measure is 47 + 1 = 48, and and the other angle measure is
the other angle measure is 3  10 + 5 = 35.
4  47  56 = 132.
68. The designated angles are complementary;
63. The angles are vertical, so they have the their sum is 90.
same measurement. Set the algebraic (8 x  9)  3 x  90
expressions equal to each other. 11x  9  90
3x  45  7 x  5 11x  99
4 x  40 x9
x  10 Then one angle measure is 8  9  9 = 63,
Then one angle measure is and the other angle measure is 3  9 = 27.

69. Alternate interior angles have equal angle to 120.

measures. m(6) = 180  60 = 120; supplementary
2 x  5  x  22
x  27 angle to 8.
Then the measure of each angle is m(7) = 60; vertical angle to 8.
2  27  5 = 49, and 27 + 22 = 49.
m(5) = 60; alternate interior angle to 7.
70. Alternate exterior angles have equal m(3) = 60; vertical angle to 5.
measures. m(2)  180  (55  60)
2 x  61  6 x  51
 180  55  60  65.
4 x  112
Angles 2, 3, and 55 all add to 180.
x  28
m(4)  180  (55  60)
Then the measure of each angle is
 180  55  60  65;
2  28 + 61 = 117, and 6  28  51 = 117.
straight angle composed of 4, 5, and 55.
71. The angles are supplementary; their sum is
m(10) = 55; alternate interior angle to the
180.
( x  1)  (4 x  56)  180 55 angle.
5 x  55  180 m(9) = 55; vertical angle to 10.
5 x  235 75. (a) m(1) + m(2) = 180. They are
x  47 supplementary.
Then one angle measure is 47 + 1 = 48, and
the other angle measure is (b) m(2) + m(3) = 180. They are
4  47 + 56 = 132.
supplementary.
72. Alternate exterior angles have equal
(c) Subtract the equation in part (b) from
measures.
the equation in part (a) to get
10 x  11  15 x  54
5 x  65 [m(1) + m(2)]  [m(2) + m(3)]
x  13 = 180  180.
Then the measure of each angle is
10  13 + 11 = 141, and (d) m(1) + m(2)  m(2)  m(3)
15  13  54 = 141. = 0
73. (a) Measure of 2 = measure of 3, since (e) m(1)  m(3) = 0

they are vertical angles.
(f) m(1) = m(3)
(b) Measure of 3 = measure of 6, since
they are alternate interior angles. 9.2 Exercises
(c) Measure of 6 = measure of 7, since 1. A segment joining two points on a circle is
called a chord.
they are vertical angles.
2. A segment joining the center of a circle and
(d) By the results of parts (a), (b), and (c),
a point on the circle is called a radius.
the measure of 2 must equal the
measure of 7, showing that alternate 3. A regular triangle is called an equilateral or
equiangular triangle.
exterior angles have equal measures.
4. A chord that contains the center of a circle is
74. Some of the unknown angles must be solved
called a diameter
before other unknown angles. Here is one
order in which they can be solved. 5. False; a rhombus does not have equal angle
m(1) = 55; vertical angle to 55. measures.
m(8) = 180  120 = 60; supplementary

9.2: CURVES, POLYGONS, CIRCLES, AND GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTIONS 285
6. True; an isosceles triangle has two sides 30. Acute; isosceles

with the same measure. A scalene triangle
has all three sides of unequal measure. 31. Right; scalene
7. False; the sum of the angle measures of a 32. Obtuse; isosceles

triangle always equals 180. If a triangle had
two obtuse angles, then the sum of the 33. Right; isosceles
measures of the angles would exceed 180
34. Right; scalene
which is impossible. Therefore, a triangle
has at most one obtuse angle. 35. Obtuse; scalene
8. True; a square has opposite sides parallel, so 36. Acute; isosceles
it is a parallelogram. A square also has four
right angles, so it is a rectangle. 37. An isosceles right triangle is a triangle
having a 90 angle and two perpendicular
9. True; a square has four sides of equal
sides of equal length.
length.
38. No
10. False; a square must have four 90 angles; a
rhombus does not have this requirement. 39. The sum of the measures of the three angles
of any triangle is always 180.
11. Writing exercise; answers will vary.
( x  10)  (2 x  50)  x  180
12. A STOP sign has the shape of an octagon. 4 x  60  180
4 x  240
13. Both; it is closed, and there are no x  60
intersecting curves. The measure of angle A is 60  10 = 50;
angle B is 2  60  50 = 70; angle C = 60.
14. Simple
40. ( x  15)  ( x  5)  (10 x  20)  180
15. Closed
12 x  180
16. Both x  15
The measure of angle A is
17. Closed 10  15  20 = 130; angle B is
15 + 15 = 30; angle C is 15 + 5 = 20.
18. Not simple; closed
1 
19. Neither 41. ( x  30)  (2 x  120)   x  15  180
2 
20. Neither 1
3 x  135  180
2
21. Convex 7
x  315
2
22. Not convex 2 7 2
 x  315 
23. Convex 7 2 7
x  90
24. Convex The measure of angle A is 90  30 = 60;
angle B is 2  90  120 = 60; angle C is
25. Not convex 1
 90  15  60.
2
26. Not convex
42. This exercise can be done algebraically or
27. Right; scalene by analysis. If each of the angle measures is
the same, divide 180 by 3 to obtain 60.
28. Obtuse; scalene
29. Acute; equilateral

43. Let x = the angle measure of A (or B), 48. Label angle measures w and z as shown.
x + 15 = the angle measure of C.
x  x  ( x  15)  180
3 x  15  180
3x  165
x  55
Angles A and B both measure 55; the
measure of angle C is 55 + 15 = 70.
The sum of the measures of the interior
44. Let x = the angle measure of B (or C), angles of any triangle is 180. ABD yields
x + 3 = the angle measure of A. the following equation.
x  x  ( x  3)  180 w  z  130  180
3x  3  180 w  z  50
3 x  177 We see from ABC that
x  59 x   w  38    z  17   180
Angles B and C both measure 59; the x   w  z   55  180
measure of angle A is 59 + 3 = 62. x  50  55  180 [ w  z  50]
x  105  180
45. The measure of the exterior angle of a
x  75
triangle is equal to the sum of the measures
of the two opposite interior angles. Thus x = 75.
10 x  (15 x  5)  20 x  35
49. (a) The center is at point O.
25 x  5  20 x  35
25 x  20 x  5  20 x  20 x  35 (b) There are four line segments that are
5 x  5  35 radii: OA , OC , OB , and OD .
5 x  5  5  35  5
5 x  30 (c) There are two diameters: AC and BD .
x6
Then (20  6) + 35 = 155. (d) There are four chords: AC , BD , BC ,
and AB .
46. 13x  (10 x  15)  26 x
23 x  15  26 x (e) There are two secants: AB and BC
23 x  23 x  15  26 x  23x
15  3x (f) There is one tangent: AE
5 x
Then 26  5 = 130. 50. See the isosceles triangle in Exercise 30.
9 9 6
47. Label the remaining angles as shown.
That is, 3  3  6.
51. With the radius of the compass greater than

one-half the length PQ, place the point of
the compass at P and swing arcs above and
We know that the sum of the measures of below line r. Then with the same radius and
the point of the compass at Q, swing two
the interior angles of any triangle is 180.
more arcs above and below line r.
Since there are three triangles in the figure,
Locate the two points of intersections of the
the sum the measures of all nine interior
arcs above and below, and call them A and
angles must be 3 180  540. But the three B. With a straightedge, join A and B. AB is
angles (labeled 7, 8 and 9 in the figure the perpendicular bisector of PQ.
above) form a straight angle, so the sum of
their measures is 180. Therefore, the sum 52. With radius of the compass greater than
of the measures of the six labeled angles is one-half the length PQ, place the point of
540  180  360. the compass at P and swing arcs to the left
and right of line r. Then with the same

9.3: THE GEOMETRY OF TRIANGLES: CONGRUENCE, SIMILARITY, AND THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM 287
radius and the point of the compass at Q, With the same radius used earlier, place the
swing two more arcs to the left and right of point of the compass at A and swing an arc
line r. Locate the two points of intersections intersecting the working line at B. Return
of the arcs to the left and right, and call to angle A, and set the radius of the compass
them A and B. With a straightedge, join A equal to BC. On the working line, place the
and B. AB is the perpendicular bisector of point of the compass at B and swing an arc
PQ. intersecting the first arc at C. Now draw
53. With the radius of the compass greater than line A C . Angle A is equal to angle A.
the distance from P to r, place the point of
the compass at P and swing an arc 58. Using a radius of arbitrary length, place the
intersecting line r in two points. Call these point of the compass at P and swing an arc
points A and B. Swing arcs of equal radius intersecting the sides of angle P at two
to the left of line r, with the point of the points. Call the point of intersection on the
compass at A and at B, intersecting at point horizontal side Q and call the other point of
Q. With a straightedge, join P and Q. PQ is intersection R. Draw a horizontal working
the perpendicular from P to r. line and locate point P on this line. With
the same radius used earlier, place the point
54. With the radius of the compass greater than of the compass at P and swing an arc
the distance from P to r, place the point of intersecting the working line at Q. Return
the compass at P and swing an arc to angle P, and set the radius of the compass
intersecting line r in two points. Call these equal to QR. On the working line, place the
points A and B. Swing arcs of equal radius point of the compass at Q and swing an arc
above line r, with the point of the compass
at A and at B, intersecting at point Q. With a intersecting the first arc at R. Now draw
straightedge, join P and Q. PQ is the line P R . Angle P is equal to angle P.
perpendicular from P to line r.
55. With any radius, place the point of the
compass at P and swing arcs to the left and 60. Writing exercise; answers will vary.
right, intersecting line r in two points. Call
these points A and B. With an arc of 9.3 Exercises
sufficient length, place the point of the
compass first at A and then at B, and swing 1. STATEMENTS REASONS
arcs either both above or both below line r,
1. AC = BD 1. Given
intersecting at point Q. With a straightedge,
join P and Q. PQ is perpendicular to line r 2. AD = BC 2. Given
at P.
3. AB = AB 3. Reflexive
56. With any radius, place the point of the property
compass at P and swing arcs above and 4. SSS Congruence
4. ABD  BAC
below, intersecting line r in two points. Call Property
these points A and B. With an arc of
sufficient length, place the point of the
compass first at A and then at B, and swing 2. STATEMENTS REASONS
arcs either both to the left or both to the 1. AC = BC 1. Given
right of line r, intersecting at point Q. With
a straightedge, join P and Q. PQ is 2. AD = BD 2. D is the midpoint
perpendicular to line r at P. of AB.
57. Using a radius of arbitrary length, place the 3. CD = CD 3. Reflexive

point of the compass at A and swing an arc property
intersecting the sides of angle A at two 4. SSS Congruence
points. Call the point of intersection on the 4. ADC  BDC
Property
horizontal side B and call the other point of
intersection C. Draw a horizontal working
line and locate any point A on this line.

3. STATEMENTS REASONS 4. ABO = FEO 4. Both are right

angles by
1. BAC = DAC 1. Given definition of
perpendicularity.
2. BCA = DCA 2. Given
5. AOB = FOE 5. Vertical angles are
3. AC = AC 3. Reflexive equal.
property
6. AOC  FOE 6. ASA Congruence
4. ABC  ADC 4. ASA Congruence Property
Property
7. If B measures 40, then the sum of A and

4. STATEMENTS REASONS
C is 180  40 = 140. Because the triangle
1. BC = BA 1. Given
is isosceles, A = C, so each of these
2. 1 = 2 2. Given angles measures 70. Then BCD measures
3. DBC = DBA 3. Supplements of 180  70 = 110, because C and BCD
equal angles are are supplementary.
equal to each
other.
8. Because C = 52, A = 52 because the
4. DB = DB 4. Reflexive angles opposite the equal sides are also
property equal in measure. Then, because the sum of
5. SAS Congruence the three angles is 180,
5. DBC  DBA
Property 180  (52 + 52) = 76.
9. If B measures 46, thenA measures 67

and C measures 67. In an isosceles
1. DB is 1. Given
perpendicular triangle, the angles opposite the equal sides
to AC are also equal in measure. thus, A = C.
The sum of the angles of the triangle is 180.
2. AB = BC 2. Given
Then 180  46 = 134 and 134  2 = 67.
3. ABD = CBD 3. Both are right
angles by 10. If BCD measures 100, then C measures
definition of
perpendicularity. 180  100 = 80 because BCD and C are
supplementary. Then A measures 80
4. DB = DB 4. Reflexive
property because the triangle is isosceles and
A = C. So B = 180  (80 + 80) = 20.
5. ABD  CBD 5. SAS Congruence
Property

13. Sometimes it is helpful to sketch the
1. BO = OE 1. Given triangles, drawing them side by side. It is
2. OB is easier to determine the corresponding sides.
2. Given
perpendicular to Corresponding angles are equal in measure.
AC . HGK and FGE because they are vertical.
3. OE is H and F
3. Given
perpendicular to K and E
DF . Corresponding sides are proportional in

length. R  B  180  (90  42)

HK and FE  180  132
GH and GF  48
GK and GE because the sum of the angle measures must
equal 180.
14. Sometimes it is helpful to re-sketch the
triangles. It is easier to determine the 19. T = P = 20
corresponding sides. Corresponding angles
are equal in measure. V = Q = 64
ABE and CBD because they are vertical. U  R  180  (20  64)
 180  84
A and C
 96
D and E because the sum of the angle measures must
Corresponding sides proportional in length. equal 180.
AE and CD
AB and CB 20. N = Y = 90 (This is given.)
BE and BD P = Z = 38 (This is given.)
M  X  180  (90  38)
15. Corresponding angles are equal in measure.
 180  128
A and P
 52
B and Q because the sum of the angle measures must
C and R equal 180.
Corresponding sides are proportional in
length. 21. T = X = 74
AB and PQ V = Y = 28
AC and PR W  Z  180  (74  28)
CB and RQ  180  102
 78
16. Corresponding angles are equal in measure. because the sum of the angle measures must
C and R equal 180.
B and Q
22. B =K = 106
A and P
Corresponding sides are proportional in C = N = 30 (This is given.)
length. A  M  180  (106  30)
AB and PQ  180  136
AC and PR  44
CB and RQ because the sum of the angle measures must
equal 180.
17. P = C = 76
23. Corresponding sides must be proportional.
M = B = 48 a 15 b 15
 and 
N  A  180  (76  48) 8 10 6 10
 180  124 10  a  8 5 10  b  6 5
 56 10a 120 10b 90
 
because the sum of the angle measures must 10 10 10 10
equal 180. a  12 b9
18. P = C = 90
Q = A = 42

24. Corresponding sides must be proportional. 30. Corresponding sides must be proportional.
a 75 b 75 y 40
 and  
10 25 20 25 60 160  40
25  a  10  75 25  b  20  75 y 40

25a 750 25b 1500 60 200
  200  y  60  40
25 25 25 25
a  30 b  60 200 y 2400

200 200
25. Corresponding sides must be proportional. y  12
x 9

4 6 31. Corresponding sides must be proportional.
6 x  49 In the third step, reduce the fraction on the
6 x 36 right to lowest terms to make computations
 easier.
6 6
x6 c 10  90

100 90
26. Corresponding sides must be proportional. c 100

a 3 100 90

6 9 c 10

9  a  3 6 100 9
9a 18 9  c  100 10

9 9 9c 1000

a2 9 9
1
27. Corresponding sides must be proportional. c  111
9
a 6

12 12 32. Corresponding sides must be proportional.
a  6 because denominators are equal m 75  5

b 6 80 75
and  m 80
15 12 
12  b  15  6 80 75
12b 90 75  m  80  80
 75m 6400
12 12 
6 15 75 75
b 1
62 m  85
15 3
b .
2
33. The two right triangles in the figure are
28. Corresponding sides must be proportional. similar, so corresponding sides are
m 21 proportional. Write and solve a proportion
 to find r.
12 14
14  m  12  21 7 11  7

14m 252 6 r
 7 r  6(11  7)
14 14
m  18 7 r  6(18)
7 r  108
29. Corresponding sides must be proportional. 108
r
x 330 7

75 150
150  x  75  0 34. The two triangles in the figure are similar,
150 x 24, 750 so corresponding sides are proportional.

150 150
x  165

Write and solve a proportion to find k. further computations easier.

9 9  12 h 300
 
6 k 15 40
9k  6(9  12) h 15

9k  6(21) 15 2
9k  126 2  h  15 15
k  14 2h 225

2 2
35. Let h = height of the tree. h  112.5 ft
h 4
 40. Let h = height of Robert Wadlow.
45 3
3  h  45   h 6

3h 180 35.7 24
 24  h  35.7  6
3 3
h  60 m 24h 214.2

24 24
36. Let h = height of the tower. h  8.925 ft
h 9 Also, 0.925(12) = 11.1. This means Robert
 Wadlow was about 8 feet 11 inches tall.
80 5
5  h  80  9
41. The graph shows similar triangles. The fact
5h 720 that ratios of corresponding sides of similar

5 5 triangles must be equal yields the following
h  144 feet proportion.
37. Let x = length of the mid-length side. y 40

5 4 1.5 6
 6  y  1.5  40
x 200
4  x  5  00 6 y  60
4 x 1000 6 y 60
 
4 4 6 6
x  250 m y  10
Now let y = the longest side. The chef will need 10 cups of flour.
7 4
 42. The graph shows similar triangles. The fact
y 200 that ratios of corresponding sides of similar
4  y  7  00 triangles must be equal yields the following
4 y 1400 proportion.

4 4 y 3250 13
y  350 m  
8 500 2
The lengths of the other two sides are 2  y  8 13
250 meters and 350 meters. 2 y  104
2 y 104
38. Let h = height of the lighthouse keeper. 
h 14 2 2
 y  52
3.5 28 The treatment will require 52 ounces of the
28  h  3.5 14
chemical.
28h 49

28 28
h  1.75 m
39. Let h = height of the building. In step 2 the

fraction on the right is reduced to make

43. Use the Pythagorean theorem a 2  b 2  c 2 282  b 2  1002

with a = 8 and b = 15. 784  b 2  10000
2 2 2
8  15  c b 2  9216
2
64  225  c
b 2  9216
289  c 2 b  96 km
289  c 2
17  c 49. Use the Pythagorean theorem a 2  b 2  c 2
with b = 21 and c = 29.
44. Use the Pythagorean theorem a 2  b 2  c 2 a 2  212  292
with a = 7 and c = 25. a 2  441  841
2 2 2
7  b  25 a 2  400
2
49  b  625
a 2  400
2
b  576 a  20 in.
b 2  576
b  24 50. Use the Pythagorean theorem a 2  b 2  c 2
with b = 120 and c = 169.
45. Use the Pythagorean theorem a 2  b 2  c 2 a 2  1202  1692
with b = 84 and c = 85. a 2  14400  28561
2 2 2
a  84  85 a 2  14161
2
a  7056  7225
a 2  14161
a 2  169 a  119 ft
a 2  169
51. The sum of the squares of the two shorter
a  13
sides of a right triangle is equal to the square
of the longest side.
46. Use the Pythagorean theorem a 2  b 2  c 2
with a = 11 and c = 61. 52. Use a right triangle with a = 6, b = 8, and
112  b 2  612 c = 10. Although it is true that
121  b 2  3721 62  82  102 , it is not true that 6 + 8 = 10.
b 2  3600 53. Given r = 2 and s = 1,
b 2  3600 a  r 2  s 2  22  12  4  1  3
b  60 b = 2rs = 2  2  1 = 4
c  r 2  s 2  22  12  4  1  5
47. Use the Pythagorean theorem a 2  b 2  c 2 The Pythagorean triple is (3, 4, 5).
with a = 14 and b = 48.
142  482  c 2 54. Given r = 3 and s = 2.
196  2304  c 2 a  r 2  s 2  32  22  9  4  5
2500  c 2 b = 2rs = 2  3  2 = 12
c  r 2  s 2  32  22  9  4  13
2500  c 2
The Pythagorean triple is (5, 12, 13).
50 m  c
55. Given r = 4 and s = 3,
48. Use the Pythagorean theorem a 2  b 2  c 2 a  r 2  s 2  42  32  16  9  7
with a = 28 and c = 100. b = 2rs = 2  4  3 = 24
c  r 2  s 2  42  32  16  9  25

56. Given r = 4 and s = 2, m2  1 92  1 80

2 2 2 2
a  r  s  4  2  16  4  12 62. When m = 9,    40,
2 2 2
b = 2rs = 2  4  2 = 16
m2  1 92  1 82
2 2 2 2
c  r  s  4  2  16  4  20    41.
2 2 2
The Pythagorean triple is (12, 16, 20). The Pythagorean triple is (9, 40, 41).
57. Substitute the expressions in r and s for a
and b. 63. Replace a 2 with m 2 , replace b 2 with
2
a 2  b 2  (r 2  s 2 ) 2  (2rs ) 2  m 2  1
  , and show that their sum
 r 4  2r 2 s 2  s 4  4r 2 s 2 2 
 r 4  2r 2 s 2  s 4 simplifies to c 2 .
2 2 2
 (r  s )  2 
2
2 a 2  b 2  m2   m  1
c  2 
m 4  2m 2  1
58. Let x = 3 and y = 5. The original  m2 
Pythagorean triple is (x, x + 1, y) = (3, 4, 5). 4
2
Another triple can be found by 4m m  2m 2  1
4
 
3x + 2y + 1 = 3  3 + 2  5 + 1 = 20 4 4
3x + 2y + 2 = 3  3 + 2  5 + 2 = 21 m 4  2m 2  1
4x + 3y + 2 = 4  3 + 3  5 + 2 = 29 
4
The triple is (20, 21, 29).
Use this triple to generate another. (m2  1)2

3x + 2y + 1 = 3  20 + 2  29 + 1 = 119 4
2
3x + 2y + 2 = 3  20 + 2  29 + 2 = 120  2 
  m  1
4x + 3y + 2 = 4  20 + 3  29 + 2 = 169  2 
The triple is (119, 120, 169).
Use this triple to generate another.  c2
3x + 2y + 1 = 3  119 + 2  169 + 1 = 696
64. Consecutive even numbers take the form x,
3x + 2y + 2 = 3  119 + 2  169 + 2 = 697 x + 2, and x + 4 where x is an even number.
4x + 3y + 2 = 4  119 + 3  169 + 2 = 985 For the Pythagorean triple (x, x + 2, x + 4),
The triple is (696, 697, 985).
x 2  ( x  2)2  ( x  4)2 .
m2  1 32  1 8 Solve for x to find the possible consecutive
59. When m = 3,    4, even numbers that are Pythagorean triples.
2 2 2
x 2  ( x 2  4 x  4)  x 2  8 x  16
m2  1 32  1 10
   5. 2 x 2  4 x  4  x 2  8 x  16
2 2 2
The Pythagorean triple is (3, 4, 5). x 2  4 x  12  0
( x  6)( x  2)  0
60. When m = 5, x  6  0 or x  2  0
m2  1 52  1 24 x6 x  2
   12, Pythagorean triples must be positive
2 2 2
numbers, so (6, 8, 10) is the only
m2  1 52  1 26 Pythagorean triple consisting of consecutive
   13.
2 2 2 even numbers.
65. For n = 2, 2n = 2  2 = 4, n 2  1  22  1  3,
2 2
m  1 7  1 48 n 2  1  22  1  5.
61. When m = 7,    24,
2 2 2 The Pythagorean triple is (4, 3, 5).
m2  1 7 2  1 50
   25.
2 2 2

66. For n = 3, 2n = 2  3 = 6, n 2  1  32  1  8, 3a  3 = the length of the longer leg, b.

Substitute these expressions into the
n 2  1  32  1  10.
Pythagorean theorem, a 2  b 2  c 2 , and
solve for a.
67. For n = 4, 2n = 2  4 = 8, a 2  (3a  3)2  (2a  3) 2
2 2 2 2
n  1  4  1  15, n  1  4  1  17. a 2  9a 2  18a  9  4a 2  12a  9
The Pythagorean triple is (8, 15, 17). 10a 2  18a  9  4a 2  12a  9
68. For n = 5, 2n = 2  5 = 10, 6a 2  30a  0
Now solve for a by factoring.
n 2  1  52  1  24, n 2  1  52  1  26.
The Pythagorean triple is (10, 24, 26). 6a 2  30a  0
6a  a  5   0
69. Replace a with 2n and b with n 2  1 in the 6a  0 or a  5  0
Pythagorean theorem, and show that the a0 a5
expression simplifies to c 2 . If a  0, then 3  0  3  3, which is not
reasonable. Therefore, the lengths of the
a 2  b 2  (2n)2  (n 2  1)2
sides are 5 cm, 3  5  3 = 12 cm , and
 4n 2  n 4  2n 2  1 2  5 + 3 = 13 cm.
 n 4  2n 2  1
73. Let h = the height of the tree, one of the legs
 (n 2  1)2 of the triangle, 2h − 6 = the hypotenuse of
 c2 the triangle. Substitute these expressions
into the Pythagorean theorem,
70. No; if the integer a is the length of one of a 2  b 2  c 2 , and solve for h.
the equal sides, then a 2 must be the
242  h 2  (2h  6)2
length of the hypotenuse, and a 2 is not an
integer. Let a = the integer length of one of 576  h 2  4h 2  24h  36
the equal sides. Then by the Pythagorean 576  h 2  h 2  4h 2  h 2  24h  36
theorem, 576  3h 2  24h  36
2 2 2
a a c 576  576  3h 2  24h  36  576
2 2
2a  c 0  3h 2  24h  540
2a 2  c 2 0  h 2  8h  180
a 2  c. 0   h  18  h  10 
h  18  0 or h  10  0
71. Let b = length of longer leg,
b + 1 = length of hypotenuse c, h  18 h  10
7 = length of shorter leg, a. A negative height is not meaningful. The
Substitute these expressions into the height is 18 feet.
Pythagorean theorem, a 2  b 2  c 2 , and 74. Let w = the width of the rectangle, one of
solve for b. the legs of the triangle.
7 2  b 2  (b  1) 2 2w  2 = the length of the rectangle, another
leg of the triangle.
49  b 2  b 2  2b  1 The hypotenuse is 5.
49  b 2  b 2  b 2  b 2  2b  1 Substitute these expressions into the
49  2b  1 Pythagorean theorem, a 2  b 2  c 2 , and
48  2b solve for w.
24  b
The longer leg is 24 m.
72. Let a = the length of the shorter leg,

2a + 3 = the length of the hypotenuse, c,

w2  (2 w  2)2  52 77. Let c = the length of the diagonal.

w2  4w2  8w  4  25 122  152  c 2
5w2  8w  4  25 144  225  c 2
5w2  8w  4  25  25  25 369  c 2
5w2  8w  21  0 369  c 2
(5w  7)( w  3)  0 19.21  c
5w  7  0 or w  3  0 Then 0.21(12) = 2.52, which is 3 inches to
7 w3 the nearest inch. The diagonal should be
w  19 feet, 3 inches.
5
A negative width is not meaningful. The 78. Let c = the length of the diagonal.
width is 3 inches, and the length is
142  202  c 2
2  3  2 = 4 inches.
196  400  c 2
75. Let h = the height of the break, 596  c 2
a = 3 ft, one leg of the triangle,
c = 10  h, the hypotenuse of the triangle. 596  c 2
Substitute these expressions into the 24.41  c
Pythagorean theorem, a 2  b 2  c 2 , and Then 0.41(12) = 4.92, which is 5 inches to
the nearest inch. The diagonal should be
solve for h.
24 feet, 5 inches.
32  h 2  (10  h)2
9  h 2  100  20h  h 2 79. Let c = the length of the diagonal.
9  h 2  h 2  100  20h  h 2  h 2 162  242  c 2

9  100  20h 256  576  c 2
9  100  100  100  20h 832  c 2
91  20h
832  c 2
4.55  h
28.84  c
The height of the break is 4.55 feet.
Then 0.84(12) = 10.08, which is 10 inches
76. The image creates a right triangle with the to the nearest inch. The diagonal should be
length of the reed as the hypotenuse. The 28 feet, 10 inches.
radius of the circle is one leg and the depth
of the pond is the other leg. A sketch might 80. Let c = the length of the diagonal.
help. 202  322  c 2
Let d = the depth of the pond. 400  1024  c 2
another leg = 5, the radius.
Thus, d + 1 = the hypotenuse because the 1424  c 2
reed projects 1 foot. 1424  c 2
Substitute these expressions into the 37.74  c
Pythagorean theorem, a 2  b 2  c 2 , and Then 0.74(12) = 8.88, which is 9 inches to
solve for d. the nearest inch. The diagonal should be
37 feet, 9 inches.
d 2  52  (d  1) 2
d 2  25  d 2  2d  1 c b
2 2 2 2 81. (a) By proportion, we have  .
d  d  25  d  d  2d  1 b j
25  2d  1
24  2d c a
(b) By proportion, we also have  .
12  d a k
The depth of the pond is 12 feet.
(c) From part (a), b 2  cj. Cross multiply
to obtain this equation.

(d) From part (b), a 2  ck . Again, cross 1 1

BOC  (ABC )  (ACB )  180
multiply to obtain this equation. 2 2
1
BOC  (ABC  ACB )  180
(e) From the results of parts (c) and (d) and 2
factoring, a 2  b 2  c( j  k ). But since Substitute 130 for (ABC + ACB).
1
j + k = c, it follows that a 2  b 2  c 2 . BOC  (130)  180
2
Obtain the first underlined statement
BOC  65  180
from a 2  b 2  cj  ck  c( j  k ). BOC  115
82. Online exercise. 85. Because XY is parallel to VW , triangle VWZ

is similar to triangle XYZ, so corresponding
83. Right triangle ABC had AD = DB + 8, side lengths are proportional.
AC = 12 and AB = 20. By the Pythagorean VZ WZ
theorem 
XZ YZ
( AC )2  ( BC )2  ( AB )2 10 WZ

122  ( BC )2  202 8 WZ  4
10(WZ  4)  8(WZ )
144  ( BC )2  400
10(WZ )  40  8(WZ )
( BC )2  256 2(WZ )  40
BC  16. WZ  20
Therefore, CD = CB  DB = 16  DB. We Then ZY = WZ  4 = 20  4 = 16.
may also apply the Pythagorean theorem to
right triangle ACD. 86. AC = 3 ft and BC = 4 ft so AB = 5 ft using
( AC )2  (CD)2  ( AD)2 the fact that ABC is a right triangle and the
Substitute 12 for AC, 16  DB for CD, and Pythagorean triple (3, 4, 5). Let x = CR, then
DB + 8 for AD in the preceding equation. BR = 4  x, and AR = 4  x since AR = BR.
Use the Pythagorean theorem to solve right
122  (16  DB )2  ( DB  8) 2 triangle ARC.
144  256  32( DB )  ( DB )2  ( DB ) 2 32  x 2  (4  x )2
 16( DB )
9  x 2  16  8 x  x 2
 64
9  16  8 x
336  48( DB )
7  8 x
DB  7
7
CD + DB = CB, so CD = CB  DB, or x
DC = 16  7 = 9. 8
7
So CR  ft.
84. Since A = 50, 8
50  ABC  ACB  180
ABC  ACB  130 87. BAC  ABC  ACB  180
Since OB bisects ABC and OC bisects 20  90  ACB  180
ACB, in OBC, ACB  180  20  90
BOC + OBC + OCB = 180. ACB  70
Because CD is the bisector of ACB,
1
Substitute
2
(ABC ) for OBC and 1
2
1
 
BCD  ACB  70  35. The sum
2
1
(ACB) for OCB.
2

9.4: PERIMETER, AREA, AND CIRCUMFERENCE 297
of the interior angles of BCD is 180. 90. We are given

AB + AD = BC + DC = 8 + 10 = 18, so
CDB  90  BCD  180 AD = 18  AB. Using the Pythagorean
CDB  90  35  180 theorem,
CDB  180  90  35 ( AC )2  ( DC )2  ( AD) 2
CDB  55 ( AC )2  ( AD) 2  ( DC )2
(8  AB )2  (18  AB ) 2  (10) 2
88. Because triangle CDE is equilateral and DA
64  16( AB )  ( AB )2  324  36( AB )
is perpendicular to CE , A is the midpoint of
 ( AB ) 2  100
CE so 52( AB )  160
1 1 1 160 40
CA  (CE )  ( DE )  (60)  30 units. AB  
2 2 2 52 13
Triangle DCA is a right triangle, so use the
Pythagorean theorem to find AD. 91. Answers will vary.
2 2 2
60  30  ( AD) 92. Answers will vary.
2
3600  900  ( AD)
93. Answers will vary.
2700  ( AD) 2
2700  AD 94. Answers will vary.
30 3  AD 9.4 Exercises
B is the midpoint of AD, so 1. The perimeter of an equilateral triangle with
AB  AD   30 3   15 3. Now
1 1 side length equal to 24 inches is the same as
2 2 the perimeter of a rectangle with length
triangle CAB is a right triangle, so use the 20 inches and width 16 inches. The
Pythagorean theorem to find CB. perimeter of the rectangle is
(CB )2  (CA)2  ( AB )2 2  20 + 2  16 = 72. The perimeter of the
triangle is also 72. If all three sides must
(CB )2  302  15 3 
2
have the same length, then one side has
(CB )2  900  225  3 length 72  3 = 24 inches.
(CB )2  900  675 2. A square with an area 49 square cm has
2
(CB )  1575 perimeter 28 cm. The area of a square is
CB  1575 found by the formula A  s 2 . If the area is
49, the length of one side is 7 cm. Perimeter
CB  15 7
is found by P = 4s; then P = 4  7 = 28 cm.
89. The sum of the angles in the figure having A
3. If the area of a certain triangle is 40 square
as a vertex is 360 and two of the angles inches, and the base measures 8 inches, then
 BAF and CAE  are right angles. Thus the height must measure 10 inches. The
formula for the area of a triangle is
EAF  180  BAC . Similarly, 1
A  bh. Substitute the given values into
DCJ  180  ACB , and 2
GBH  180  ABC . the formula and solve for h.
1
Thus, the sum of the three angles is 40   8h
2
EAF  DCJ  GBH 40  4h
 
 3 180   BAC  ABC  ACB  h  10
 540  180
 360

4. If the radius of a circle is tripled, then its 1

area is multiplied by a factor of 9. The 13. A  bh
2
formula for the area of a circle is A   r 2 . 1
A   22  38
Replace r with 3r and compute the new 2
area: A   (3r ) 2    r 2  9 r 2 . 1 22 38
A  
2 1 1
5. perimeter A  418 mm 2
6. (a) area 1
14. A  bh
(b) area 2
1
A  53
(c) perimeter 2
1 5 3
(d) perimeter A  
2 1 1
15
(e) area A
2
(f) area A  7.5 m 2
(g) area 1
15. A  h(b  B )
2
(h) area 1
A   2(3  5)
2
7. A  lw
A  1(8)
A  8
A  8 cm 2
A  48 cm 2
1
8. A  s 2 16. A  h(b  B )
2
A  42 1
A   3(4  5)
A  16 cm 2 2
3
A   (9)
9. A  lw 2
1 27
A  3  A
3 2
A  10 cm 2 A  13.5 cm 2
10. A  lw 17. A   r 2
A  1 3 A  (3.14)(1)2
2
A  3 cm A  3.14 cm 2
11. A  bh 18. A   r 2
A  42
A  (3.14)(15) 2
A  8 in 2 A  (3.14)(225)
12. A  bh A  707 cm 2
A  3 1.5
19. The diameter is 36, so the radius is 18 m.
A  4.5 cm 2
A   r2
A  (3.14)(18) 2
A  (3.14)(324)
A  1017 m 2

20. The diameter is 12, so the radius is 6 m. P  abc

A r 2 54  a  (a  18)  (a  18)
A  (3.14)(6) 2 54  3a  36
A  (3.14)(36) 18  3a
6a
A  113 m 2 Side a is 6 in.; the other two equal sides
each have a length of 6 + 18 = 24 inches.
21. Let s = length of a side of the window. Use
the formula P = 4s. Replace P with 7s  12 25. One formula for circumference is C = 2r.
and solve for s. Translating the second sentence of the
P  4s problem, C = 6r + 14. Equate these two
7 s  12  4 s expressions for C and solve for r.
7 s  7 s  12  4 s  7 s 6r  14  2 r
12  3s 6r  14  2(3.14)r
12 3s 6r  14  6.28r

3 3 6r  6r  14  6.28r  6r
4s 14  0.28r
The length of a side of the window is 4 m. 14 0.28r

22. Use the formula P = 2l + 2w and l = 18 + w. 0.28 0.28
50  r
Replace P with 180, and replace l with
The radius is 50 ft.
18 + w. Solve for w.
P  2l  2 w 26. Use the formula C = 2r. Translating the
180  2(18  w)  2w problem indicates C = 3r + 8.2. Set these
180  36  2 w  2w expressions equal to each other and solve
180  36  4 w for r.
144  4w 3r  8.2  2 r
144 4 w 3r  8.2  2(3.14)r

4 4 3r  8.2  6.28r
36  w 3r  3r  8.2  6.28r  3r
The width is 36 inches; the length is 8.2  3.28r
18 + 36 = 54 inches. 8.2 3.28r

23. The formula for perimeter of a triangle is 3.28 3.28
2.5  r
P = a + b + c. Translating the problem, let a
be the shortest side. Then b = 100 + a and The radius is 2.5 cm.
c = 200 + a. Replace a, b, and c in the
27. The formula for the area of a trapezoid is
formula with these expressions; replace P
with 1200 and solve for a. 1
A  h(b  B ). Substitute the numerical
P  abc 2
1200  a  (100  a)  (200  a ) values given in the problem and compute to
1200  3a  300 find the area.
1
900  3a A  h(b  B )
300  a 2
1
Side a is 300 ft; b = 100 + 300 = 400 ft; A  (165.97)(115.80  171.00)
side c = 200 + 300 = 500 ft. 2
1
A  (165.97)(286.8)
24. Let a = the length of the shorter side of the 2
triangle. Then the other two sides each have 47600.196
A
a length of a + 18. Substitute these values 2
into the formula for the perimeter of a A  23,800.098
triangle; P = 54 inches. Rounded to the nearest hundredth, the area
is 23,800.10 sq ft.

28. The formula for the area of a trapezoid is 62 r  20, 000
1 62 r 20, 000
A  h(b  B ). Substitute the numerical 
2 31 31
values given in the problem and compute to 2 r  645 mi
find area.
1 31. d = 2r = 2  6 = 12 in.
A  h(b  B ) C = 2r = 2  6 = 12 in.
2
1
A  (165.97)(26.84  82.05) A   r 2    62  36 in 2
2
1 32. d = 2r = 2  9 = 18 in.
A  (165.97)(108.89)
2 C = 2r = 2  9 = 18 in.
18072.4733 A   r 2    92  81 in 2
A
2
A  9036.23665 1
33. r  10  5 ft
Rounded to the nearest hundredth, the area 2
is 9036.24 sq ft. C = d =   10 = 10 ft
29. Use the circumference formula C  2 r to A   r 2    52  25 ft 2
find the radius of the flight pattern.
1
34. r   40  20 ft
2 r  471 2
471 C = d =   40 = 40 ft
r
2 A   r 2    202  400 ft 2
471
r
2  3.14  C 12
35. d    12 cm
r  75 mi  
The inner boundary of the search area is a 1
circle of radius r1  75  15.5  59.5 mi, and r 12  6 cm
2
the outer boundary is a circle of radius
A    62  36 cm 2
r2  75  15.5  90.5 mi. To find the search
area, subtract the area of the smaller circle C 18
from the area of the larger circle. 36. d    18 cm
2 2
 
A   r2   r2 1
2 2 r 18  9 cm
 3.14  90.5   3.14  59.5  2
 14, 600 mi 2 A    92  81 cm 2
30. Let r represent the radius of the circular A 100

flight path of the plane. Then the area 37. r 2    100
 
searched is given by
2 2
Then r  100  10 in.
A    r  15.5     r  15.5  . d = 2r = 2  10 = 20 in.
This expression simplifies to 62 r : C = 2r = 2    10 = 20 in.
2 2
  r  15.5     r  15.5  
A 256
  
 r 2  31r  240.25   r 2  31r  240.25   38. r 2 



 256
 r 2  31 r  240.25   r 2  31 r  240.25 Then r  256  16 in.

 62 r d = 2r = 2  16 = 32 in.
Set this area equal to 20,000 and solve for C = 2r = 2    16 = 32 in.
the circumference, 2 r.

A 400 /  400 44. Use the formula P = 2l + 2w, replacing l and

39. r 2    w with the expressions in x and P with 278.
  2

278  2(5 x  1)  2( x)
400 20 40 278  10 x  2  2 x
Then r   yd, d  2r  yd,
 
2  278  12 x  2
40 276  12 x
and C   d     40 yd . 276 12 x
 
12 12
40. 2 r  C x  23
2 r  60
60 30 45. Use the formula A  s 2 , replacing s with x
r  m,
2  and A with 32.49.
30 60 32.49  x 2
d  2r  2   m, and
 
2 32.49  x 2
 30  900 2
A   r2      m . 5.7  x
  
46. Use the formula A = lw, replacing l and w
41. Use the formula P = 4s, replacing s with x with the expressions in x and replacing A
and P with 58. with 28.
P  4x 28  x( x  3)
58  4 x 28  x 2  3 x
58 4 x
 0  x 2  3 x  28
4 4 Now factor the trinomial and set each factor
x  14.5 equal to zero.
42. Use the formula P = a + b + c, replacing a, 0 = (x + 7)(x  4)
b, and c with the expressions in x and x7  0 or x  4  0
replacing P with 42. x  7 x4
42  x  ( x  2)  ( x  7) The solution 7 is not meaningful because
42  3x  9 length or width of a rectangle must be
positive numbers. The answer then is 4.
33  3x
33 3x 1
 47. Use the formula A  bh, replacing b and
3 3 2
x  11
h with the expressions in x and replacing A
43. Use the formula P = 2l + 2w, replacing l and with 21.
w with the expressions in x and replacing P 1
21  x( x  1)
with 38. 2
38  2(2 x  3)  2( x  1) 2 1
2     x( x  1)
38  4 x  6  2 x  2 1 2
38  6 x  4 42  x ( x  1)
42  6 x 42  x 2  x
42 6 x 0  x 2  x  42

6 6 Now factor the trinomial and set each factor
x7 equal to zero.
0 = (x + 7)(x  6)
x7  0 or x  6  0
x  7 x6
The solution 7 is not meaningful because
the base of a triangle must be a positive
number. The answer then is 6.

48. Use the formula A 

1
h(b  B ), replacing 52. Use the formula A   r 2 , replacing A with
2 18.0864 and r with x.
h, b, and B with the expressions in x and
18.0864  3.14 x 2
replacing A with 30.
18.0864 3.14 x 2

1 3.14 3.14
30  3[ x  ( x  4)] 2
2 5.76  x
2 1
2  30   3[ x  ( x  4)] 5.76  x 2
1 2
60  3[ x  ( x  4)] x  2.4
60 3[ x  ( x  4)]
 53. (a) A  4  5  20 cm 2
3 3
20  [ x  ( x  4)]
(b) A  8 10  80 cm 2
20  2 x  4
16  2 x
(c) A  12 15  180 cm 2
8 x
(d) A  16  20  320 cm 2
49. Use the formula C = 2r, replacing C with
37.68 and r with the expression in x. (e) The rectangle in part (b) had sides twice
37.68  2(3.14)( x  1) as long as the sides of the rectangle in
37.68  6.28( x  1) part (a). Divide the larger area by the
37.68 6.28( x  1) smaller (80  20 = 4). By doubling the

6.28 6.28 sides, the area increased 4 times.
6  x 1
x5 (f) To get the rectangle in part (c) each side
of the rectangle of part (a) was
50. Use the formula C = d, replacing d with multiplied by 3. This made the larger
area 9 times the smaller area
3x  5 and C with 54.95.
(180  20 = 9).
54.95  (3.14)(3 x  5)
54.95 3.14(3 x  5) (g) To get the rectangle of part (d) each

3.14 3.14 side of the rectangle of part (a) was
17.5  3x  5 multiplied by 4. This made the area
22.5  3x increase to 16 times what it was
x  7.5 originally (320  20 = 16).
(h) In general, if the length of each side of

51. Use the formula A   r 2 , replacing A with a rectangle is multiplied by n, the area
28.26. The diameter is 4x, so this expression
must be divided in half for r. is multiplied by n 2 .
28.26  3.14(2 x)2 54. If the height of a triangle is multiplied by n

28.26 3.14(2 x)2 and the base length remains the same, then
 the area of the triangle is multiplied by n.
3.14 3.14
Only one dimension is multiplied by n, so
9  (2 x)2
the area is multiplied by n only once.
9  4 x2
9 4 x2 55. If the radius of a circle is multiplied by n,
 then the area of the circle is multiplied by
4 4
9 2 n2 .
x
4
9 56. Because each measurement is multiplied by
 x2
4 2, the area will increase by 22  4. Then
3 4  60 = $240.
x   1.5
2

57. Because each measurement is multiplied by 1

2 Trapezoid A (6)(6  8)  42
2, the area will increase by 2  4. Then 2
4  200 = $800.
Shaded area 98  42  56 cm 2
58. Because each measurement is multiplied by
3, the area will increase by 32  9. Then 65. Find the area of the rectangle that surrounds
the triangles. Subtract the areas of the
9  8 = 72 oz.
triangles. The length of the rectangle is
59. Find the area of the parallelogram and the 48 + 48 = 96.
area of the triangle. Then add the two area Rectangle A = 74  96 = 7104
values. 1
One triangle A  (48)(36)  864
Parallelogram A = 6  10 = 60 2
Triangle
1
A  (10)(4)  20 Shaded area 7104  2(864)  5376 cm 2
2
Total area 60 + 20 = 80 66. Find the area of the rectangle that surrounds
the semicircle. Subtract the area of the
60. Find the area of the triangle, rectangle, and semicircle. The diameter is 21; therefore, the
parallelogram. Then add the three area radius is 21  2 = 10.5.
values. Rectangle A = 21  23 = 483
1 1
Triangle A  (10)(9)  45 Semicircle A  (3.14)(10.5) 2
2 2
Rectangle A = 4  10 = 40  173.0925
Parallelogram A = 10  3 = 30 Shaded area 483  173.0925 = 309.9075
Total area 45 + 40 + 30 = 115 Rounded to the nearest hundredth, the
shaded area is 309.91 ft 2 .
61. There are 2 semicircles or equivalently
1 full circle with radius of 3. Find the area 67. Find the area of the square that surrounds
of this circle and of the rectangle. the circle. Subtract the area of the circle.
Rectangle A = 8  6 = 48 The diameter is 26; therefore, the radius is
Circle A  (3.14)  32  28.26 26  2 = 13.
Total area 48 + 28.26 = 76.26 Square A  262  676
Circle A  (3.14)(13) 2  530.66
62. The four semicircles create two full circles,
each with a radius of 4. Find the sum of the Shaded area 676  530.66  145.34 m 2
areas of the two circles and the square.
Square A = 8  8 = 64 68. Find the area of the large circle that
2 surrounds the two smaller circles. Subtract
Circle A  (3.14)  4  50.24
the area of the smaller circles. The radius of
Total area 64 + 2(50.24) = 164.48 each of the smaller circles is 4; the radius of
63. Find the area of the trapezoid that surrounds the large circle is 8.
the triangle. Subtract the area of the triangle. Large circle A  (3.14)(8) 2  200.96
1
Trapezoid A  (12)(18  11)  174 Small circle A  (3.14)(4) 2  50.24
2
Shaded area 200.96  2(50.24)
1
Triangle A  (12)(7)  42  100.48 cm 2
2
Shaded area 174  42  132 ft 2
64. Find the area of the triangle that surrounds
the trapezoid. Subtract the area of the
trapezoid.
1
Triangle A  (14)(14)  98
2

69. The best buy is the pizza with the lowest 16” pizza A  (3.14)(82 ) = 200.96 in 2
cost per square inch or unit price.
25 $0.124
10” pizza A  (3.14)(52 )  78.5 in 2 Unit price 
200.96 in 2
10 $0.127 The best buy is the 16” pizza.
Unit price 
78.5 in 2
72. The best buy is the pizza with the lowest
12” pizza A  (3.14)(62 )  113.04 in 2
14 $0.124
Unit price  10” pizza A  (3.14)(52 )  78.5 in 2
113.04 in 2
18 $0.229
14” pizza A  (3.14)(7 2 ) = 153.86 in 2 Unit price 
78.5 in 2
17 $0.11
Unit price  12” pizza A  (3.14)(62 )  113.04 in 2
153.86 in 2
22.50 $0.199
16” pizza A  (3.14)(82 ) = 200.96 in 2 Unit price 
113.04 in 2
20 $0.10
Unit price  14” pizza A  (3.14)(7 2 ) = 153.86 in 2
200.96 in 2
26 $0.169
The best buy is the 16” pizza. Unit price 
153.86 in 2
70. The best buy is the pizza with the lowest 16” pizza A  (3.14)(82 ) = 200.96 in 2
29.50 $0.147
10” pizza A  (3.14)(52 )  78.5 in 2 Unit price 
200.96 in 2
11.50 $0.146 The best buy is the 16” pizza.
Unit price 
78.5 in 2
12” pizza A  (3.14)(62 )  113.04 in 2 1
73. A  (a  b)(a  b)
2
15.75 $0.139
Unit price 
113.04 in 2 1
2 2 74. Area of PWX  ab
14” pizza A  (3.14)(7 ) = 153.86 in 2
19 $0.123 1
Unit price  Area of PZY  ab
153.86 in 2 2
1
16” pizza A  (3.14)(82 ) = 200.96 in 2 Area of PXY  c 2
2
22.25 $0.111
Unit price 
200.96 in 2 1 1 1 1
75. (a  b)(a  b)  ab  ab  c 2
The best buy is the 16” pizza. 2 2 2 2
71. The best buy is the pizza with the lowest 1 2 1

cost per square inch or unit price. 76. (a  2ab  b 2 )  ab  c 2
2 2
10” pizza A  (3.14)(52 )  78.5 in 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
a  ab  b  ab  c
15 $0.191 2 2 2
Unit price  1 2 1 2 1 2
78.5 in 2 a  b  c
2 2 2
12” pizza A  (3.14)(62 )  113.04 in 2  1 2 1 2 1 
2  a  b   2  c2 
19 $0.168 2 2  2 
Unit price 
113.04 in 2 a 2  b2  c2
14” pizza A  (3.14)(7 2 ) = 153.86 in 2
77. The key is to construct OB and to realize
22 $0.143 that the diagonals of a rectangle are equal in
Unit price 
153.86 in 2 length. So by inspection, OB = AC = 13 in.
OB is a radius. Therefore, the
diameter = 2  13 = 26 inches.
78. In the figure, EF = ED and FB = BC. the Let x = area of BCE , y = area of ACE ,
perimeter of AEB is z  area of BDE , and w  area of ADE.
AE + EB + AB = AE + (EF + FB) + AB. Then y  z  w x
Because EF = ED,
yzw x
AE + EF = AE + ED = AD = 20 in.
Also because FB = BC, 10  16  20  x
FB + AB = BC + AB = 34 in. 6 cm 2  x
By substitution, the perimeter of AEB is 10
20 + 34 = 54 in. 82.
6
4
79. The key is to construct TV and UW to create y
more triangles. By inspection, all the small x
triangles are equal. PQRS has 8 triangles. Let x be the height of the left side of the
TUVW has 4 triangles. Therefore TUVW has trapezoid, and let y be the height of the right
half the area of PQRS, which is 625 ft 2 . side of the trapezoid. Use similar triangles
Otherwise, find the area by first solving for to write proportions, and solve for x and y.
the length of one side using the Pythagorean x y 10 1
theorem.   
4 10 20 2
x2
80. In rectangle ABCD,   2 w. Since the y5
perimeter of ABCD is 96 inches,
The area of the trapezoidal shaded region is
P  2  2w
1 1
96  2(2 w)  2 w  x  y   6   2  5  6  21.
96  6w 2 2
16  w and   2w  32.
83. The key is to construct a square using two
A midpoint divides a segment into two parts
radii from O and bounding the shaded
of equal length. Since P, Q, R, and S are
midpoints of the sides, AP, PB, DR, and RC region. The area of the small square is r 2 ,
1
are each equivalent to , which is 16. r2
and the area of the quarter circle is .
2 4
Also, AS, SD, BQ, and QC are each Therefore, the area of the shaded region is
1
equivalent to w, which is 8. r2    (4   )r
2
2 r2   r 2 1    .
4  4 4
The area of rectangle ABCD is given by:
ABCD  w  32 16  512 inches 2 . 84. Since PQ = QR = RS = ST = PT and PQRST
Notice that the triangles are right triangles, is a square, all line segments in the figure
so the legs can be used as their bases and 80
heights. have the same length,  16. The area of
5
1
Area of APS (16)(8)  64 the square is 162  256. For the area of the
2
triangle, we need to determine the height h,
1
Area of PBQ (16)(8)  64 or the altitude from R to . This altitude is
2
the perpendicular bisector of , so
1
Area of SDR (16)(8)  64 1 
2
2 h 2   16  162
2 
1
Area of QCR (16)(8)  64 h 2  64  256
2
The area of quadrilateral PQRS is equal to h 2  192
the area of ABCD minus the sum of the h8 3
areas of the four triangles.
The area of the triangle is
512  4(64)  256 in 2
(16)  8 3   64 3, so the area of the
1
2
81. BCE is shaded, and this is the area where
ACE and BDE overlap. pentagon is 256  64 3.

85. Draw the segment BD to divide the figure ( AC )2  ( BC )2  ( AB ) 2

into two right triangles.
62  82  ( AB ) 2
Area of DAB 
1
(8)(6)  24 36  64  ( AB ) 2
2 100  ( AB ) 2
2 2 2
( DB )  ( AD )  ( AB ) 10  AB
( DB )2  62  82 The radius is half the length of the diameter
1
( DB )2  36  64 , so the radius is (10)  5 in.
2
( DB )2  100
88. is a diameter of the circle, so ACB is a
( DB )2  ( DC )2  ( BC )2 right angle. Then
100  ( DC )2  22 ( AB) 2  ( AC )2  ( BC )2
2
96  ( DC ) 132  ( AC )2  ( AC  7) 2
4 6  DC 169  ( AC )2  ( AC )2  14( AC )  49
1
Area of DCB   4 6  (2)  4 6 0  2( AC )2  14( AC )  120
2
0  ( AC )2  7( AC )  60
The area of the quadrilateral is 24  4 6. 0  ( AC  5)( AC  12)
86. First find the area of the given triangle. To AC  5  0 or AC  12  0
do so, we need to find the height of the AC  5 or AC  12, which is
triangle. Draw the altitude h from the vertex impossible.
between the two sides of length 13 to the AC = 5 cm, BC = AC + 7 = 5 + 7 = 12 cm
base of length 24. This altitude bisects the
base, so we have a right triangle. 9.5 Exercises
2
1  2 2 1. True; if the volume is 125 cubic inches, one
 2 (24)   h  13 side of the cube is 5 inches because
122  h 2  132 5  5  5 = 125. Then the area of one face is
144  h 2  169 5  5 = 25. A cube has six faces so that
6  25 = 150 square inches is the total
h 2  25 surface area.
h5
So the area of the given triangle is 2. True; a tetrahedron has 4 faces and
1 4 vertices.
(24)(5)  60. Now any other isosceles
2
triangle with equal sides of 13 must have a 3. True; the formula for the volume of a sphere
height and a base such that 4
is V   r 3 , and the formula for the
1  3
 (base), height, 13 is a Pythagorean
2 surface area is S  4 r 2 . If r = 1, then
triple. The only triple of this form is 2 4 3 4
(5, 12, 13). The given triangle has base A  4 1  4 , and V   1   .
3 3
2(12) = 24, so the other possible base is Therefore, the sphere has three times as
2(5) = 10. The height of this triangle would many units of surface area as it has units of
be 12, and the area would then be volume.
1
(10)(12)  60 as required. So the base
2 4. False; each face of an octahedron is a
must be 10. triangle.
87. is a diameter of the circle, so ACB is a 5. False; the new cube will have eight times
the volume of the original cube.
right angle. Then
6. True; a dodecahedron has 12 faces.

9.5: VOLUME AND SURFACE AREA 307
7. (a) V  lwh (b) S  4 r 2

1 1
 4   4(3.14)(7.4)2
2 4  4(3.14)(54.76)
5 9
 4   687.79 cm 2
2 4
45
 11. (a) V   r 2 h
2
1
 22 m3  (3.14)(5) 2 (7)
2  (3.14)(25)(7)
 549.5 cm3
(b) S  2lh  2hw  2lw
9 9 5 5
 2  2   2 (b) S  2 r 2  2 rh
4 4 2 2
45  2(3.14)(5) 2  2(3.14)(5)(7)
 18   20  2(3.14)(25)  2(3.14)(5)(7)
4
1  157  219.8
 18  11  20
4  376.8 cm 2
1 2
 49 m
4 12. (a) V   r 2 h
3
 (3.14)(12) 2 (4)
8. (a) V  lwh  6  5  3  90 in  (3.14)(144)(4)
(b) S  2lh  2hw  2lw  1808.64 m3
 2  63  2 35  2  65
 36  30  60 (b) S  2 r 2  2 rh
 126 in 2  2(3.14)(12)2  2(3.14)(12)(4)
 2(3.14)(144)  2(3.14)(12)(4)
4 3  904.32  301.44
9. (a) V  r
3  1205.76 m 2
4
 (3.14)(40)3
3 1
4 13. (a) V   r 2 h
 (3.14)(64000) 3
3 1
 (3.14)(3)2 (7)
 267,946.67 ft 3 3
1
 (3.14)(9)(7)
(b) S  4 r 2 3
 4(3.14)(40)2  65.94 m3
 4(3.14)(1600)
 20, 096 ft 2 (b) S   r r 2  h 2   r 2
 (3.14)(3) 32  7 2  (3.14)(3) 2
10. The diameter is 14.8 cm, so the radius is  (3.14)(3) 9  49  (3.14)(9)
7.4 cm.
 (3.14)(3) 58  28.6
4 3  9.42 58  28.6
(a) V  r
3  100.00 m 2
4
 (3.14)(7.4)3
3
4
 (3.14)(405.224)
3
 1696.54 cm3

1 cylinder.
14. (a) V   r 2 h
3 V   r 2h
1  (3.14)(1) 2 (40)
 (3.14)(4)2 (6)
3  (3.14)(1)(40)
1
 (3.14)(16)(6)  125.6 in 3
3
 100.48 cm3 21. First find the radius by taking half of the
1
diameter: r  (9)  4.5. Then use the
(b) S   r r 2  h 2   r 2 2
 (3.14)(4) 42  62  (3.14)(4)2 formula for volume of a right circular
cylinder.
 (3.14)(4) 16  36  (3.14)(16)
V   r 2h
 (3.14)(4) 52  50.24
 (3.14)(4.5)2 (8)
 12.56 52  50.24
 (3.14)(20.25)(8)
 140.81 cm 2
 508.68 cm3
15. Remember that B represents the area of the
22. First find the radius by taking half of the
base.
1
1 1 504 diameter: r  (3)  1.5. Then use the
V  Bh  (8  9)  7   168 in 3 2
3 3 3
formula for volume of a right circular
16. Remember that B represents the area of the cylinder.
base. V   r 2h
1 1
V  Bh  (12  4) 10 
480
 160 ft 3  (3.14)(1.5)2 (4.3)
3 3 3  (3.14)(2.25)(4.3)
 30.38 cm3
2
17. V   r h
 (3.14)(6.3)2 (15.8) 23. Remember that B represents the area of the
 (3.14)(36.69)(15.8) base.
1
 1969.10 cm3 V  Bh
3
1
18. V   r 2 h  (220)2 105
3
 (3.14)(3.2) 2 (9.5) 1
 (48, 400) 105
 (3.14)(10.24)(9.5) 3
 305.46 cm3 
5, 082, 000
3
19. First find the radius by taking half of the     m3
1
diameter: r  (7.2)  3.6. Then use the
2 24. V   r 2 h
cylinder.  (3.14)(7)2 (25)
 (3.14)(49)(25)
V   r 2h
 3846.5 m3
 (3.14)(3.6)2 (10.5)
 (3.14)(12.96)(10.5) 1
 427.29 cm3 25. Change to the decimal value 0.5 for ease
2
of computation.
20. First find the radius by taking half of the
1
1 V   r 2h
diameter: r  (2)  1. Then use the 3
2

1 4
 (3.14)(0.5) 2 (2) V   r3
3 3
1 32 4
 (3.14)(0.25)(2)    r3
3 3 3
1.57 32 4 4 4
      r3  
3 3 3 3 3
 0.52 m3 32 3 3
 r
3 4
1 8  r3
26. V   r 2 h
3 2r
1
 (3.14)(4)2 (12) S  4 r 2  4 r 2  4 (2) 2  4 (4)  16
3
1
 (3.14)(16)(12) 30. Use the formula for the volume of a sphere
3 to solve for r, by replacing V with the given
602.88
 256
3 value, .
3
 200.96 in 3
4
V   r3
Table for Exercises 2732 3
256 4 3
  r
r V S 3 3
256 4 4 3 4
288 in 3 144 in 2     r  
27. 6 in. 3 3 3 3
256 3 3
28. 9 in. 972 in 3 324 in 2  r
3 4
29. 2 cm
32  cm3 16 cm 2 64  r 3
3
4r
30. 4 cm
256 
3
cm3 64 cm 2 S  4 r 2  4 (4) 2  4 (16)  64
31. 1m
4
3
m3 4 m 2 31. Use the formula for the surface area of a
sphere to solve for r, by replacing S with the
32. 6m 288 m3 144 m 2 given value, 4.
S  4 r 2
27. V 
4 3 4 4
 r   (6)3   (216)  288 4  4 r 2
3 3 3 4
 r2
S  4 r 2  4 (6)2  4 (36)  144 4
1  r2
4 3 4 4 1 r
28. V   r   (9)3   (729)  972
3 3 3 4 4 4 4
V   r 3   (1)3   (1)  
S  4 r 2  4 (9) 2  4 (81)  324 3 3 3 3
29. Use the formula for the volume of a sphere 32. Use the formula for the surface area of a
to solve for r, by replacing V with the given sphere to solve for r, by replacing S with the
given value, 144.
32
value, .
3

S  4 r 2 4 4 32
(b) V   (2)3   (8)   m3
144  4 r 2 3 3 3
144
 r2 32 4 32 3
4 (c)     8 times
3 3 3 4
36  r 2
6r 4 4
4 4 4 (d) V   (3)3   (27)  36 m3
V   r 3   (6)3   (216)  288 3 3
3 3 3
4 108 3
33. Volume is a measure of capacity. (e) 36      27 times
3 3 4
34. Surface area
(f) In general, if the radius of a sphere is
35. The tank is comprised of a rectangular solid multiplied by n, the volume is
with l = 10, w = 5, and d = 5, along with two multiplied by n3 .
circular cylinders with r = 1.25 and h = 2.
Thus the volume is 39. If the new diameter is 3 times the old
V  l  w  d  2  r 2h diameter, then the new volume will be 33 or
2
 10  5  5  2  3.14 1.25   2 27 times greater. Therefore, the cost will
also be 27 times greater, or
 250  19.625
27  300 = $8100.
 270 ft 3
40. If the new diameter is 4 times the old
36. The volume of concrete needed will be the
difference between the volumes of the diameter, then the new volume will be 43
“outer” semi-sphere and the “inner” semi- or 64 times greater. Therefore, the cost will
1 4 1 4
sphere. V    R3    r 3 64  300 = $19,200.
2 3 2 3
2
  R r
3
3
 3
 41. If the new diameter is 5 times the old
diameter, then the new volume will be 53 or
2

  3.14  203  183
3
 125 times greater. Therefore, the cost will
2
  3.14  8000  5832  125  300 = $37,500.
3
2 42. If the radius of the sphere is 1 cm, the
  3.14  2168 
3 surface area is S  4 (1) 2  4 cm 2 .
 4538 ft 3 If the radius is multiplied by n,
r = n  1 = n cm, so the new surface area is
37. The volume of the original cube is x3 . Let
S  4 (n)2  4n 2 cm.
the length of the side of the new cube be
represented by y. Then y 3  2 x3 . Solve for Then 4n 2  4  n 2 .
If the radius of a sphere is multiplied by n,
y by taking the cube root of both sides of the
then the surface area of the sphere is
equation.
multiplied by n 2 .
y 3  2 x3
3
3
y 3  2 x3 43. The radius of the sphere is decreased by
3 3 30%, so the new radius is 70% of the
y  2x original radius. Thus the new volume will be
y  x3 2  3 2 x
 0.7 3  0.343  34.3%
of the original
4 3 4 4 volume, which is a decrease of
38. (a) V   r   (1)3   m3 100%  34.3%  65.7%.
3 3 3

44. The length of each edge is decreased by 49. Look at the figure and try some values for
40%, so each edge is 60% of its original the edges of each side that will create the
length. Thus the surface area will be given areas. One side has edges 6 in. and 5
in.; the adjacent side has edges 5 in. and
 0.6 2  0.36  36.0% of the original
7 in.; and the third side has edges 7 in. and
surface area, which is a decrease of 6 in. Write these values on the edges of the
100.0%  36.0%  64.0%. rectangular box to verify that it can be done
to create the given areas. The three
45. V  lwh dimensions of the box, then, are 6, 7, and 5.
60  6  4  x The volume of the box is 6  7  5  210 in 3 .
60  24 x
2.5  x 50. Let VT  volume filled with tennis balls,
VE  volume of empty space, and
1
46. V Bh VC  volume of cylindrical container.
3
1 If r is the radius of a tennis ball, then the
450  x( x  1) 15 height of the cylindrical container is h = 6r.
3
4
450  5 x( x  1) VT  3   r 3  4 r 3
3
450  5 x 2  5 x
VC   r 2 h   r 2 6r  6 r 3
0  5 x 2  5 x  450
VE  VC  VT  6 r 3  4 r 3  2 r 3
0  x 2  x  90
Now the ratio of VT to VE is
0  ( x  9)( x  10)
x9  0 or x  10  0 VT 4 r 3 2
  , or 2 to 1.
x  9 x  10 VE 2 r 3 1
The first value of x is not meaningful. The
value of x is 10. 51. Assuming that Volarea is a spherical planet,
4 3
47. In this exercise x = the diameter of the  r  4 r 2 , where r is the radius of the
3
x
sphere. Therefore r  . planet in volars. Solve this equation for r.
2
4 4 3
V   r3  r  4 r 2
3 3
4  x 3 4 r 3  12 r 2
36    
3  2 r  3 volars
4 x3
36   Since the diameter of Volarea is 1800 miles,
3 8 its radius is 900 miles, which equates to 3
4 x3 volars. Thus one volar is 300 miles.
36 
3 8
x3
36 
6
216  x3
6 x
1
48. V   r 2h
3
1 2
245   x 15
3
245  5 x 2
49  x 2
7x

52. Suppose h = 2 ft and d = 2 ft. Then r = 1 ft.

V1   r 2 h   (1) 2 (2)  2 ft 3
If the height is halved and the diameter is tripled,
2
h   1 ft
2
d = 3(2) = 6 ft
6
r   3 ft
2
Then V2   (3) 2 (1)  9 ft 3 .
Compare the volume of the second cylinder with that of the first.
V2 9 9
   4.5
V1 2 2
The volume is multiplied by 4.5.
53. Rotate the inscribed square 45 so that one of its diagonals is horizontal and the other vertical. Notice
that the length of the diagonal is the same length as the side of the circumscribed square. This length is
2r. That means that the area of the circumscribed square is A  4r 2 . Returning to the inscribed square,
the length 2r is the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle. Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the
length of a side of this square.
Let x = the length of each leg.
x 2  x 2  (2r )2
2 x 2  4r 2
x 2  2r 2
Because the area of this square is equal to x 2 , the ratio of the two areas can be determined.
area of the circumscribed square 4r 2 2
 2 
area of the inscribed square 2r 1
The ratio is 2 to 1.
54. Since ABC is a right angle and is inscribed in the circle, arc ABC is a semicircle. Hence AC is a
diameter with a length of 8 inches. In right triangle ABC, ( AB )2  ( BC )2  82.
Since AB = BC, 2( AB) 2  64
( AB) 2  32
AB  32
AB  16  2
AB  4 2
The sides of the square are equal in length so, P  4s  4  4 2   16 2 in.
55. Draw a line connecting one diameter RT; draw a line connecting another diameter QS. Recall from
section 9.2 that any angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle, which means that RPT and S are
both right angles. From the Pythagorean theorem, PR 2  PT 2 equals the square of the diameter, 122.
Also, PQ 2  PS 2 equals the square of the diameter. Finally,
PR 2  PT 2  PQ 2  PS 2  122  122
 288.

56.
Label the endpoints of the diameter through side HS, A and B. Draw chords at AJ and JB. Angle AJB is a
right angle because it is inscribed in a semicircle. Angle JHB is a right angle because it is an angle of
square JOSH. Angle AHJ is a right angle because it is the supplement of a right angle. Angle JBA in
DAJB is the same angle as JBH in DJHB. These right angles all have equal measure. Angle JAB in
DAJB is the same angle as HJB in DJHB. Thus, DAJB is similar to DJHB because of the angle-angle
similarity property. Likewise DAJB is similar to DAHJ and their corresponding sides are proportional.
x x y

y x
x 1 5
In chapter 5 we found that this is the golden ratio or  .
y 2
58. Let S represent the slant height of each triangular face of the pyramid, as shown in the figure. Since the
2
side length of the base is 2x, the area of the base is  2 x   4 x 2 square units. Use the Pythagorean
theorem.
2
S 2  x2   2 x 
S 2  x2  4 x2 S
2x
2 2
S  5x
S  5x2 x
Sx 5 2x
1
Each triangular face of the pyramid has area  2 x  S  xS  x  x 5  x 2 5 .
2
The entire surface area is the sum of the areas of the square base and the four triangular faces.
A  4 x2  4  x2 5
4 x2  4 x2 5
The ratio of this surface area to the area of the base is  1 5 .
4 x2
Polyhedron Faces Vertices Edges Value of

(F) (V) (E) F+VE
59. Tetrahedron 4 4 6 2
60. Hexahedron 6 8 12 2
(Cube)
61. Octahedron 8 6 12 2
62. Dodecahedron 12 20 30 2
63. Icosahedron 20 12 30 2
64. F + V  E = 2

9.6 Exercises 9.
Exercises 18 represent reflection transformations.
There is a one-to-one correspondence between
each point in the original figure and each
corresponding point in the image figure. The
original figure and image figure are congruent 10.
hence preserving collinearity and distance.
The answers are given in gray for this section.
1.
11.
2.
12.
3.
Exercises 1320 represent the composition or
product transformations of rm followed by rn , or
rn  rm .
13.
4.
5.
14.
6.
15.
7. The figure is its own reflection image.
8. The figure is its own reflection image.
Exercises 912 represent figures that are their own

reflections across the lines of symmetry.

9.6: TRANSFORMATIONAL GEOMETRY 315
16. 23. T
17.
24. rm  rm
18.
25. T  T
19.
26. R p  R p
20.
27. T  R p
21. rm
28. T  rm
22. R p

29. rm  T (b) Yes, because a glide transformation

preserves the size of the original figure.
37.
30. R p  rm
38.
39.
31. rm  R p
40.
32. R p  T
41.
33. No, T  rm is not a glide reflection since a

reflection is not preserved. 42.
34. No, T  rm  rm  T . See Exercises 28 and 29

above.
43.
35.
44.
45.
36. (a) Yes, because a glide transformation
preserves the shape of the original
figure.
9.7: NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY AND TOPOLOGY 317
46. 7. Riemannian
8. Riemannian
9. Euclidean
47. A composition of 6 clockwise rotations of
60° (for a total of 360°, the identity rotation) 10.
results in an identically oriented
quadrilateral.
48. We can change the order (commute)

rotations and contractions, so the given
transformation can be expressed as
11.
CP 6  RP 6 . But RP 6 is the identity rotation,
so CP 6  RP 6  CP 6 , and has the magnitude
6
4 4096
is    .
5 15, 625 12.
49. Quadrilateral 1 is transformed into

Quadrilateral 6n + 3 by the transformation
 CP  RP 6n 2  CP 6n 2  RP 6n 2
 CP 6n  2  RP 6 n  RP 2
 CP 6n  2  RP 2 ,
13. Yes; any two distinct lines have at least one
since RP 6n
 
 RP 6 n n
 I  I , the identity
point in common.
rotation. 14. Yes; no two distinct lines have more than

one point in common.
50. Quadrilateral n is transformed to
Quadrilateral n + 1 by CP  RP . Two more 15. Yes; any two points in a plane have at least
one line of the plane in common.
repetitions of this transformation will yield
Quadrialteral n + 3. That is, Quadrilateral n 16. Yes; there is at least one point on a plane.
is transformed to Quadrilateral n + 3 by the
3
transformation  CP  RP  , which is 17. Yes; every point is contained by at least
three lines of the plane.
equivalent to CP3  RP3 .
18. Yes; not all of the lines contain the same
9.7 Exercises point.
The chart in the text characterizes certain 19. No, both have no holes. They are of genus
properties of Euclidean and non-Euclidean 0.
geometries. Study it and use it to respond to
Exercises 110. 20. A mixing bowl has no holes and a colander
has many holes, so they do not have the
1. Euclidean same genus. A topologist would know the
difference between them.
2. Riemannian
21. Yes, the slice of American cheese is of
3. Lobachevskian genus 0, and the slice of Swiss cheese is of
genus 1 or more.
4. less than
22. A compact disc has one hole and a
5. greater than phonograph record has one hole. A
topologist would not know the difference.
6. Lobachevskian

23. C; both are of genus 2, meaning they have 38.

two holes.
24. A needle has one hole. It is topologically

equivalent to the ring in B and to the CD in
D.
25. A carrot has no holes. It is topologically

equivalent to the ruler in A and to the nail in 9.8 Exercises
E.
1. The least number of these squares that can
26. A and E; all are of genus 0, having no holes. be put together edge to edge to form a larger
square is 4.
27. A nut like the one shown has one hole. It is
topologically equivalent to the ring in B and 2. If the original square has size 1, the new
to the CD in D. square has size 4.
28. A and E; all three are of genus 0, having no 3. The length of each edge of the new square is
holes. 2.
29. A coin has no holes. It is topologically 4. The scale factor between two similar figures
equivalent to the ruler in A and to the nail in new length
is . The scale factor between the
E. old length
30. None of them 2
large square and the small square is  2.
1
31. A compact disc has one hole, so it is of
genus 1. new size 4
5.  4
old size 1
32. A phonograph record is of genus 1.
new length 3
33. A sheet of loose-leaf paper made for a three- 6. The scale factor is   3.
ring binder has three holes, so it is of genus old length 1
3. new size 9
The ratio of   9.
old size 1
34. A sheet of loose-leaf paper made for a two-
ring binder has two holes, so it is of genus 2. new length 4
7. The scale factor is   4.
35. A wedding band has one hole, so it is of old length 1
genus 1. new size 16
old size 1
36. A postage stamp has no holes, so it is of
genus 0.
8. Scale factor Ratio of new
37. (a)(g) size to old size
2 4
3 9
4 16
5 25
(h) Suppose that a hexagon is inscribed in 6 36

an angle. Let each pair of opposite sides 10 100
be extended so as to intersect. Then the
three points of intersection thus
obtained will lie in a straight line. 9. Each ratio in the bottom row is the square of
the scale factor in the top row.

9.8: CHAOS AND FRACTAL GEOMETRY 319
10. The least number of equilateral triangles that 20. Old size = 1, new size = 4
can be put together edge to edge to form a
similar larger triangle is 4. 21. 3d  4
Use trial and error:
Ratio of new
11. Scale factor 315  5.196...
size to old size
3125  3.948...
2 4
3126  3.992...
3 9
3127  4.036...
4 16 31261  3.996...
5 25 31262  4.001...
6 36 31263  4.005...
d = 1.262 to three decimal places, or solve
10 100 using logarithms.
3d  4
12. Each ratio in the bottom row is again the
square of the scale factor in the top row. ln 3d  ln 4
d ln 3  ln 4
13. Some examples are: 3d  9 and d = 2; ln 4
d
ln 3
4d  16 and d = 2; 5d  25 and d = 2.
d  1.262 to three decimal places.
14. The least number of cubes that can be put
together face to face to form a larger cube is 22. In stage 1, length = 1.
8. In stage 2, length = 2.
new length 2
Scale factor:  2
15. The scale factor between these two cubes is old length 1
new length 2
  2.
old length 1 23. Old size = 1, new size = 3
new size 8 24. Between 1 and 2
old size 1
25. 2d  3
16. Scale factor Ratio of new Use trial and error:
size to old size
215  2.828...
2 8
216  3.031...
3 27 2155  2.928...
4 64 2158  2.990...
5 125 2159  3.010...
6 216 21584  2.998...
21585  3.000...
10 1000
d = 1.585 to three decimal places
Or solve using logarithms.
17. Each ratio in the bottom row is the cube of
2d  3
the scale factor in the top row.
ln 2d  ln 3
18. Since 23  8, the value of d in 2d  8 must d ln 2  ln 3
be 3. ln 3
d
ln 2
19. The scale factor between stage 1 and staage d  1.585 (to three decimal places)
3
2 is  3.
1

26. y = kx(1  x); k = 3.25 and x = 0.7 The eight attractors are 0.540, 0.882, 0.370,
Begin with x = 0.7 and iterate with a 0.828, 0.506, 0.887, 0.355 and 0.813.
calculator to produce the following
sequence. The numbers here are rounded to Chapter 9 Test
three decimal places, but keep all digits in
the calculator for each next step. Stop when 1. (a) The measure of its complement is
value are repeated at least twice. 90°  42° = 48.
0.683, 0.704, 0.677, 0.711, 0.668, 0.721,
0.654, 0.735, 0.633, 0.755, 0.601, 0.779, (b) The measure of its supplement is
0.559, 0.801, 0.517, 0.812, 0.497, 0.812, 180°  42° = 138.
0.495, 0.812, 0.495, ...
The two attractors are 0.812 and 0.495. (c) It is an acute angle because it is less
than 90.
27. Given k = 3.4, x = 0.8 and formula
y = kx(1  x). 2. The designated angles are supplementary;
Note that rounded values are used below. their sum is 180.
y  3.4(0.8)(1  0.8)  3.4(0.8)(0.2)  0.544 (2 x  16)  (5 x  80)  180
7 x  96  180
y  3.4(0.544)(1  0.544)
7 x  84
 3.4(0.544)(0.456)
x  12
 0.843
y  3.4(0.843)(1  0.843) Then one angle measure is 2  12 + 16 = 40
and the other angle measure is
 3.4(0.843)(0.157)
5  12 + 80 = 140. A check is that their sum
 0.450
is indeed 180.
y  3.4(0.450)(1  0.450)
 3.4(0.450)(0.550) 3. The angles are vertical so they have the
 0.842 same measurement. Set the algebraic
y  3.4(0.842)(1  0.842) expressions equal to each other.
 3.4(0.842)(0.158) 7 x  25  4 x  5
 0.452 3 x  30
y  3.4(0.452)(1  0.452) x  10
 3.4(0.452)(0.548) Then one angle measure is 7  10  25 = 45
 0.842 and the other angle measure is
y  3.4(0.842)(1  0.842) 4  10 + 5 = 45.
 3.4(0.842)(0.158)
 0.452 4. The designated angles are complementary;
The attractors are evidently 0.842 and 0.452. their sum is 90.
(4 x  6)  10 x  90
28. y = kx(1  x); k = 3.55 and x = 0.7 14 x  6  90
Begin with x = 0.7 and iterate with a 14 x  84
calculator to produce the following x6
sequence. The numbers here are rounded to Then one angle measure is 4  6 + 6 = 30
three decimal places, but keep all digits in and the other angle measure is 10  6 = 60.
the calculator for each next step. Stop when
values are repeated at least twice. 5. The designated angles are supplementary.
0.746, 0.674, 0.781, 0.608, 0.846, 0.462, (7 x  11)  (3x  1)  180
0.882, 0.368, 0.826, 0.511, 0.887, 0.356, 10 x  10  180
0.813, 0.539, 0.882, 0.369, 0.827, 0.509,
10 x  170
0.887, 0.355, 0.813, 0.540, 0.882, 0.370,
0.827, 0.508, 0.887, 0.355, 0.813, 0.540, x  17
0.882, 0.370, 0.827, 0.507, 0.887, 0.355, One angle measure is 7  17 + 11 = 130 and
0.813, 0.540, 0.882, 0.370, 0.828, 0.506, the other angle measure is 3  17  1 = 50.
0.887, 0.355, 0.813, 0.540, 0.882, 0.370, A check is that their sum is indeed 180.
0.828, 0.506, 0.887, 0.355, 0.813, 0.540,
0.882, 0.370, 0.828, 0.506, 0.887, 0.355,
0.813, ...

CHAPTER 9 TEST 321
6. These are alternate interior angles, which 1 2

are equal to each other. A r
2
13 y  26  10 y  7 1
3 y  33  (3.14)(10)2
2
y  11 1
Then one angle measure is  (3.14)(100)
2
13  11  26 = 117 and the other angle  157
measure is 10  11 + 7 = 117. Now find the area of the triangle.
1 1
7. Writing exercise; answers will vary. A  bh   20 10  100
2 2
8. Letter C is false because a triangle cannot Finally, 157  100  57 cm 2 .
have both a right angle and an obtuse angle.
A right angle measures 90 and an obtuse 17. Replace A in the formula for the area of a
angle measures greater than 90; however, circle and solve for r.
the sum of all three angles of any triangle is A  r2
exactly 180. 144   r 2
9. The curve is simple and closed. 144 r2

 
10. The curve is neither simple nor closed. 144  r 2
11. The sum of the three angle measures is 12  r
Now replace r in the formula for the
180.
circumference.
(3x  9)  (6 x  3)  (21x  42)  180
C = 2r = 2  12 = 24 in.
30 x  30  180
30 x  210 18. Use the formula for the circumference
x7 C = d.
Then one angle measure is 3  7 + 9 = 30, a C = (3.14)  630  1978 ft
second angle measure is 6  7 + 3 = 45, and
the third angle measure is 19. STATEMENTS REASONS
21  7  42 = 147  42 = 105. A check is
that their sum is indeed 180. 1. CAB = DBA 1. Given
2. DB = CA 2. Given
12. A  lw  6 12  72 cm 2
3. AB = AB 3. Reflexive
13. A  bh  12  5  60 in 2 property
4. DABD  DBAC 4. SAS Congruence
1 1 Property
14. A  bh  17  8  68 m 2
2 2
20. Let h = height of the building.
1 h 8
15. A  h(b  B ) 
2 40 5
1 5  h  40 
  9(16  24)
2 5h 320
9 
 (40) 5 5
2 h  64 feet
 180 m 2
16. Subtract the area of the triangle from the

area of the semicircle. First, the area of the
semicircle is:

21. Use the Pythagorean theorem to find c. 26. (a) V   r 2 h

2 2 2
a b  c  (3.14)(6)2 (14)
2 2 2
20  21  c  (3.14)(36)(14)
400  441  c 2  1582.56 m3
841  c 2
(b) S  2 r 2  2 rh
841  c 2
29  c  2(3.14)(6) 2  2(3.14)(6)(14)
The length of the diagonal is 29 m.  2(3.14)(36)  2(3.14)(6)(14)
 226.08  527.52
22.  753.60 m 2
27. Writing exercise; answers will vary
28. (a) A page of a book and the cover of the

same book are topologically equivalent
because they both have no holes; they
23. are of genus 0.
(b) A pair of glasses with the lenses

removed and the Mona Lisa are not
topologically equivalent. The glasses
have two holes, but the Mona Lisa has
none.
4 3 29. No. A line segment on a plane corresponds

24. (a) V  r to part of a great circle on the projective
3
4 sphere. Since the sphere is this case has
 (3.14)(6)3 radius 1 cm, any part of a great circle must
3 have a length of less than 2 cm, thus
4
 (3.14)(216) certainly less than 7 cm.
3
 904.32 in 3 30. y = 2.1x(1  x): Begin with x = 0.6 and
iterate with a calculator to produce a
(b) S  4 r 2 sequence of numbers. Eventually, the
number 0.5238095238 will repeat on the
 4(3.14)(6)2 calculator. Thus the only attractor is
 4(3.14)(36) approximately 0.524.
 452.16 in 2
25. (a) V  lwh  12  9  8  864 ft 3
(b) S  2lh  2hw  2lw

 2 12  8  2  8  9  2 12  9
 192  144  216
 552 ft 2

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“So will I,” said William. “I want to see my lawyer.”
“That will be nice,” said Anastatia, after a pause.
“Very nice,” said Jane, after another pause.
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not till four.”
“I should love it,” said Jane. “My appointment is at four, too.”
“So is mine,” said William.
“What a coincidence!” said Jane, trying to speak brightly.
“Yes,” said William. He may have been trying to speak brightly,
too; but, if so, he failed. Jane was too young to have seen Salvini in
“Othello,” but, had she witnessed that great tragedian’s performance,
she could not have failed to be struck by the resemblance between
his manner in the pillow scene and William’s now.
“Then shall we all lunch together?” said Anastatia.
“I shall lunch at my club,” said William, curtly.
“William seems to have a grouch,” said Anastatia.
“Ha!” said William.
He raised his fork and drove it with sickening violence at his
sausage.
So Jane had a quiet little woman’s lunch at a confectioner’s alone

with Anastatia. Jane ordered a tongue-and-lettuce sandwich, two
macaroons, marsh-mallows, ginger-ale and cocoa; and Anastatia
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chocolate. And, while getting outside this garbage, they talked
merrily, as women will, of every subject but the one that really
occupied their minds. When Anastatia got up and said good-bye with
a final reference to her dressmaker, Jane shuddered at the depths of
deceit to which the modern girl can sink.
It was now about a quarter to three, so Jane had an hour to kill
before going to the rendezvous. She wandered about the streets,
and never had time appeared to her to pass so slowly, never had a
city been so congested with hard-eyed and suspicious citizens.
Every second person she met seemed to glare at her as if he or she
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The very elements joined in the general disapproval. The sky had
turned a sullen grey, and faraway thunder muttered faintly, like an
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when at length she found herself at the back of Rodney Spelvin’s
house, standing before the scullery window, which it was her
intention to force with the pocket-knife won in happier days as
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handicaps above eighteen.
But the relief did not last long. Despite the fact that she was about
to enter this evil house with the best motives, a sense of almost
intolerable guilt oppressed her. If William should ever get to know of
this! Wow! felt Jane.
How long she would have hesitated before the window, one
cannot say. But at this moment, glancing guiltily round, she
happened to catch the eye of a cat which was sitting on a near-by
wall, and she read in this cat’s eye such cynical derision that the
urge came upon her to get out of its range as quickly as possible. It
was a cat that had manifestly seen a lot of life, and it was plainly
putting an entirely wrong construction on her behaviour. Jane
shivered, and, with a quick jerk prised the window open and climbed
in.
It was two years since she had entered this house, but once she
had reached the hall she remembered its topography perfectly. She
mounted the stairs to the large studio sitting-room on the first floor,
the scene of so many Bohemian parties in that dark period of her
artistic life. It was here, she knew, that Rodney would bring his
victim.
The studio was one of those dim, over-ornamented rooms which
appeal to men like Rodney Spelvin. Heavy curtains hung in front of
the windows. One corner was cut off by a high-backed Chesterfield.
At the far end was an alcove, curtained like the windows. Once Jane
had admired this studio, but now it made her shiver. It seemed to her
one of those nests in which, as the subtitle of “Tried in the Furnace”
had said, only eggs of evil are hatched. She paced the thick carpet
restlessly, and suddenly there came to her the sound of footsteps on
the stairs.
Jane stopped, every muscle tense. The moment had arrived. She
faced the door, tight-lipped. It comforted her a little in this crisis to
reflect that Rodney was not one of those massive Ethel M. Dell
libertines who might make things unpleasant for an intruder. He was
only a welter-weight egg of evil; and, if he tried to start anything, a
girl of her physique would have little or no difficulty in knocking the
stuffing out of him.
The footsteps reached the door. The handle turned. The door
opened. And in strode William Bates, followed by two men in bowler
hats.
“Ha!” said William.
Jane’s lips parted, but no sound came from them. She staggered
back a pace or two. William, advancing into the centre of the room,
folded his arms and gazed at her with burning eyes.
“So,” said William, and the words seemed forced like drops of
vitriol from between his clenched teeth, “I find you here, dash it!”
Jane choked convulsively. Years ago, when an innocent child, she
had seen a conjurer produce a rabbit out of a top-hat which an
instant before had been conclusively proved to be empty. The
sudden apparition of William affected her with much the same
sensations as she had experienced then.
“How-ow-ow—?” she said.
“I beg your pardon?” said William, coldly.
“How-ow-ow—?”
“Explain yourself,” said William.
“How-ow-ow did you get here? And who-oo-oo are these men?”
William seemed to become aware for the first time of the presence
of his two companions. He moved a hand in a hasty gesture of
introduction.
“Mr. Reginald Brown and Mr. Cyril Delancey—my wife,” he said,
curtly.
The two men bowed slightly and raised their bowler hats.
“Pleased to meet you,” said one.
“Most awfully charmed,” said the other.
“They are detectives,” said William.
“Detectives!”
“From the Quick Results Agency,” said William. “When I became
aware of your clandestine intrigue, I went to the agency and they
gave me their two best men.”
“Oh, well,” said Mr. Brown, blushing a little.
“Most frightfully decent of you to put it that way,” said Mr.
Delancey.
William regarded Jane sternly.
“I knew you were going to be here at four o’clock,” he said. “I
overheard you making the assignation on the telephone.”
“Oh, William!”
“Woman,” said William, “where is your paramour?”
“Really, really,” said Mr. Delancey, deprecatingly.
“Keep it clean,” urged Mr. Brown.
“Your partner in sin, where is he? I am going to take him and tear
him into little bits and stuff him down his throat and make him
swallow himself.”
“Fair enough,” said Mr. Brown.
“Perfectly in order,” said Mr. Delancey.
Jane uttered a stricken cry.
“William,” she screamed, “I can explain all.”
“All?” said Mr. Delancey.
“All?” said Mr. Brown.
“All,” said Jane.
“All?” said William.
“All,” said Jane.
William sneered bitterly.
“I’ll bet you can’t,” he said.
“I’ll bet I can,” said Jane.
“Well?”
“I came here to save Anastatia.”
“Anastatia?”
“Anastatia.”
“My sister?”
“Your sister.”
“His sister Anastatia,” explained Mr. Brown to Mr. Delancey in an
undertone.
“What from?” asked William.
“From Rodney Spelvin. Oh, William, can’t you understand?”
“No, I’m dashed if I can.”
“I, too,” said Mr. Delancey, “must confess myself a little fogged.
And you, Reggie?”
“Completely, Cyril,” said Mr. Brown, removing his bowler hat with a
puzzled frown, examining the maker’s name, and putting it on again.
“The poor child is infatuated with this man.”
“With the bloke Spelvin?”
“Yes. She is coming here with him at four o’clock.”
“Important,” said Mr. Brown, producing a note-book and making an
entry.
“Important, if true,” agreed Mr. Delancey.
“But I heard you making the appointment with the bloke Spelvin
over the ’phone,” said William.
“He thought I was Anastatia. And I came here to save her.”
William was silent and thoughtful for a few moments.

“It all sounds very nice and plausible,” he said, “but there’s just
one thing wrong. I’m not a very clever sort of bird, but I can see
where your story slips up. If what you say is true, where is
Anastatia?”
“Just coming in now,” whispered Jane. “Hist!”
“Hist, Reggie!” whispered Mr. Delancey.
They listened. Yes, the front door had banged, and feet were
ascending the staircase.
“Hide!” said Jane, urgently.
“Why?” said William.
“So that you can overhear what they say and jump out and
confront them.”
“Sound,” said Mr. Delancey.
“Very sound,” said Mr. Brown.
The two detectives concealed themselves in the alcove. William
retired behind the curtains in front of the window. Jane dived behind
the Chesterfield. A moment later the door opened.
Crouching in her corner, Jane could see nothing, but every word
that was spoken came to her ears; and with every syllable her horror
deepened.
“Give me your things,” she heard Rodney say, “and then we’ll go
upstairs.”
Jane shivered. The curtains by the window shook. From the
direction of the alcove there came a soft scratching sound, as the
two detectives made an entry in their note-books.
For a moment after this there was silence. Then Anastatia uttered
a sharp, protesting cry.
“Ah, no, no! Please, please!”
“But why not?” came Rodney’s voice.
“It is wrong—wrong.”
“I can’t see why.”
“It is, it is! You must not do that. Oh, please, please don’t hold so
tight.”
There was a swishing sound, and through the curtains before the
window a large form burst. Jane raised her head above the
Chesterfield.
William was standing there, a menacing figure. The two detectives
had left the alcove and were moistening their pencils. And in the
middle of the room stood Rodney Spelvin, stooping slightly and
grasping Anastatia’s parasol in his hands.
“I don’t get it,” he said. “Why is it wrong to hold the dam’ thing
tight?” He looked up and perceived his visitors. “Ah, Bates,” he said,
absently. He turned to Anastatia again. “I should have thought that
the tighter you held it, the more force you would get into the shot.”
“But don’t you see, you poor zimp,” replied Anastatia, “that you’ve
got to keep the ball straight. If you grip the shaft as if you were a
drowning man clutching at a straw and keep your fingers under like
that, you’ll pull like the dickens and probably land out of bounds or in
the rough. What’s the good of getting force into the shot if the ball
goes in the wrong direction, you cloth-headed goof?”
“I see now,” said Rodney, humbly. “How right you always are!”
“Look here,” interrupted William, folding his arms. “What is the
meaning of this?”
“You want to grip firmly but lightly,” said Anastatia.
“Firmly but lightly,” echoed Rodney.
“What is the meaning of this?”
“And with the fingers. Not with the palms.”
“What is the meaning of this?” thundered William. “Anastatia, what
are you doing in this man’s rooms?”
“Giving him a golf lesson, of course. And I wish you wouldn’t
interrupt.”
“Yes, yes,” said Rodney, a little testily. “Don’t interrupt, Bates,
there’s a good fellow. Surely you have things to occupy you
elsewhere?”
“We’ll go upstairs,” said Anastatia, “where we can be alone.”
“You will not go upstairs,” barked William.
“We shall get on much better there,” explained Anastatia. “Rodney
has fitted up the top-floor back as an indoor practising room.”
Jane darted forward with a maternal cry.
“My poor child, has the scoundrel dared to delude you by
pretending to be a golfer? Darling, he is nothing of the kind.”
Mr. Reginald Brown coughed. For some moments he had been
twitching restlessly.
“Talking of golf,” he said, “it might interest you to hear of a little
experience I had the other day at Marshy Moor. I had got a nice drive
off the tee, nothing record-breaking, you understand, but straight and
sweet. And what was my astonishment on walking up to play my
second to find—”
“A rather similar thing happened to me at Windy Waste last
Tuesday,” interrupted Mr. Delancey. “I had hooked my drive the
merest trifle, and my caddie said to me, ‘You’re out of bounds.’ ‘I am
not out of bounds,’ I replied, perhaps a little tersely, for the lad had
annoyed me by a persistent habit of sniffing. ‘Yes, you are out of
bounds,’ he said. ‘No, I am not out of bounds,’ I retorted. Well,
believe me or believe me not, when I got up to my ball—”
“Shut up!” said William.
“Just as you say, sir,” replied Mr. Delancey, courteously.
Rodney Spelvin drew himself up, and in spite of her loathing for
his villainy Jane could not help feeling what a noble and romantic
figure he made. His face was pale, but his voice did not falter.
“You are right,” he said. “I am not a golfer. But with the help of this
splendid girl here, I hope humbly to be one some day. Ah, I know
what you are going to say,” he went on, raising a hand. “You are
about to ask how a man who has wasted his life as I have done can
dare to entertain the mad dream of ever acquiring a decent
handicap. But never forget,” proceeded Rodney, in a low, quivering
voice, “that Walter J. Travis was nearly forty before he touched a
club, and a few years later he won the British Amateur.”
“True,” murmured William.
“True, true,” said Mr. Delancey and Mr. Brown. They lifted their
bowler hats reverently.
“I am thirty-three years old,” continued Rodney, “and for fourteen
of those thirty-three years I have been writing poetry—aye, and
novels with a poignant sex-appeal, and if ever I gave a thought to
this divine game it was but to sneer at it. But last summer I saw the
light.”
“Glory! Glory!” cried Mr. Brown.
“One afternoon I was persuaded to try a drive. I took the club with
a mocking, contemptuous laugh.” He paused, and a wild light came
into his eyes. “I brought off a perfect pip,” he said, emotionally. “Two
hundred yards and as straight as a whistle. And, as I stood there
gazing after the ball, something seemed to run up my spine and bite
me in the neck. It was the golf-germ.”
“Always the way,” said Mr. Brown. “I remember the first drive I ever
made. I took a nice easy stance—”
“The first drive I made,” said Mr. Delancey, “you won’t believe this,
but it’s a fact, was a full—”
“From that moment,” continued Rodney Spelvin, “I have had but
one ambition—to somehow or other, cost what it might, get down
into single figures.” He laughed bitterly. “You see,” he said, “I cannot
even speak of this thing without splitting my infinitives. And even as I
split my infinitives, so did I split my drivers. After that first heavenly
slosh I didn’t seem able to do anything right.”
He broke off, his face working. William cleared his throat
awkwardly.
“Yes, but dash it,” he said, “all this doesn’t explain why I find you
alone with my sister in what I might call your lair.”
“The explanation is simple,” said Rodney Spelvin. “This sweet girl
is the only person in the world who seems able to simply and
intelligently and in a few easily understood words make clear the
knack of the thing. There is none like her, none. I have been to pro.
after pro., but not one has been any good to me. I am a
temperamental man, and there is a lack of sympathy and human
understanding about these professionals which jars on my artist
soul. They look at you as if you were a half-witted child. They click
their tongues. They make odd Scotch noises. I could not endure the
strain. And then this wonderful girl, to whom in a burst of emotion I
had confided my unhappy case, offered to give me private lessons.
So I went with her to some of those indoor practising places. But
here, too, my sensibilities were racked by the fact that unsympathetic
eyes observed me. So I fixed up a room here where we could be
alone.”
“And instead of going there,” said Anastatia, “we are wasting half
the afternoon talking.”
William brooded for a while. He was not a quick thinker.
“Well, look here,” he said at length, “this is the point. This is the
nub of the thing. This is where I want you to follow me very closely.
Have you asked Anastatia to marry you?”
“Marry me?” Rodney gazed at him, shocked. “Have I asked her to
marry me? I, who am not worthy to polish the blade of her niblick! I,
who have not even a thirty handicap, ask a girl to marry me who was
in the semi-final of last year’s Ladies’ Open! No, no, Bates, I may be
a vers-libre poet, but I have some sense of what is fitting. I love her,
yes. I love her with a fervour which causes me to frequently and for
hours at a time lie tossing sleeplessly upon my pillow. But I would not
dare to ask her to marry me.”
Anastatia burst into a peal of girlish laughter.
“You poor chump!” she cried. “Is that what has been the matter all
this time! I couldn’t make out what the trouble was. Why, I’m crazy
about you. I’ll marry you any time you give the word.”
Rodney reeled.
“What!”
“Of course I will.”
“Anastatia!”
“Rodney!”
He folded her in his arms.
“Well, I’m dashed,” said William. “It looks to me as if I had been
making rather a lot of silly fuss about nothing. Jane, I wronged you.”
“It was my fault!”
“No, no!”
“Yes, yes.”
“Jane!”
“William!”
He folded her in his arms. The two detectives, having entered the
circumstances in their note-books, looked at one another with moist
eyes.
“Cyril!” said Mr. Brown.
“Reggie!” said Mr. Delancey.
Their hands met in a brotherly clasp.
“And so,” concluded the Oldest Member, “all ended happily. The
storm-tossed lives of William Bates, Jane Packard, and Rodney
Spelvin came safely at long last into harbour. At the subsequent
wedding William and Jane’s present of a complete golfing outfit,
including eight dozen new balls, a cloth cap, and a pair of spiked
shoes, was generally admired by all who inspected the gifts during
the reception.
“From that time forward the four of them have been inseparable.
Rodney and Anastatia took a little cottage close to that of William
and Jane, and rarely does a day pass without a close foursome
between the two couples. William and Jane being steady tens and
Anastatia scratch and Rodney a persevering eighteen, it makes an
ideal match.”
“What does?” asked the secretary, waking from his reverie.
“This one.”
“Which?”
“I see,” said the Oldest Member, sympathetically, “that your
troubles, weighing on your mind, have caused you to follow my little
narrative less closely than you might have done. Never mind, I will
tell it again.”
“The story” (said the Oldest Member) “which I am about to relate
begins at a time when—”
THE END
Transcriber’s Notes
Punctuation errors and omissions have been corrected.
Page 139: “reviewed the the” changed to “reviewed the”
Page 171: “broke of the” changed to “broke off the”
Page 188: “dozed ecstasy” changed to “dazed ecstasy”
Page 212: “rocheting pheasant” changed to “rocketing pheasant”
Page 222: “extraordinary fine” changed to “extraordinarily fine”
Page 280: “much to far over” changed to “much too far over”
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Mathematical Ideas 13th Edition Miller

6. It is true that a ray has one endpoint. (b)

7. It is false that if A and B are distinct points

13. It is true that segment AB and segment BA 23. (a) BA

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43. 90  89 = 1

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69. Alternate interior angles have equal angle to 120.

73. (a) Measure of 2 = measure of 3, since (e) m(1)  m(3) = 0

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6. True; an isosceles triangle has two sides 30. Acute; isosceles

7. False; the sum of the angle measures of a 32. Obtuse; isosceles

29. Acute; equilateral

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51. With the radius of the compass greater than

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57. Using a radius of arbitrary length, place the 3. CD = CD 3. Reflexive

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3. STATEMENTS REASONS 4. ABO = FEO 4. Both are right

7. If B measures 40, then the sum of A and

9. If B measures 46, thenA measures 67

12. Writing exercise; answers will vary.

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length. R  B  180  (90  42)

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Write and solve a proportion to find k. further computations easier.

39. Let h = height of the building. In step 2 the

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43. Use the Pythagorean theorem a 2  b 2  c 2 282  b 2  1002

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56. Given r = 4 and s = 2, m2  1 92  1 80

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66. For n = 3, 2n = 2  3 = 6, n 2  1  32  1  8, 3a  3 = the length of the longer leg, b.

72. Let a = the length of the shorter leg,

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w2  (2 w  2)2  52 77. Let c = the length of the diagonal.

9  h 2  h 2  100  20h  h 2  h 2 162  242  c 2

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(d) From part (b), a 2  ck . Again, cross 1 1

82. Online exercise. 85. Because XY is parallel to VW , triangle VWZ

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of the interior angles of BCD is 180. 90. We are given

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4. If the radius of a circle is tripled, then its 1

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20. The diameter is 12, so the radius is 6 m. P  abc

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30. Let r represent the radius of the circular A 100

 r 2  31 r  240.25   r 2  31 r  240.25 Then r  256  16 in.

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A 400 /  400 44. Use the formula P = 2l + 2w, replacing l and

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48. Use the formula A 

(h) In general, if the length of each side of

28.26  3.14(2 x)2 54. If the height of a triangle is multiplied by n

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57. Because each measurement is multiplied by 1

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71. The best buy is the pizza with the lowest 1 2 1

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85. Draw the segment BD to divide the figure ( AC )2  ( BC )2  ( AB ) 2