Mathematical Applications For The Management Life and Social Sciences 10Th Edition Harshbarger Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Mathematical Applications for the
Management Life and Social Sciences

10th Edition Harshbarger Test Bank
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Harshbarger/Reynolds, Mathematical Applications for the Management, Life, and Social Sciences, 10e
Chapter 10 Applications of Derivatives
1. Use the graph of y  f ( x) to identify at which of the indicated points the derivative
f ( x) changes from positive to negative.
A) (1, 5)
B) (-1,2)
C) (5,6)
D) (-1,2), (5,6)
E) (-1,2), (2,4)
Ans: A
f ( x) changes from negative to positive.
A) (-1,2)
B) (-1, 2)
C) (2,4)
D) (-1,2), (5,6)
E) (2,4), (5,6)
Ans: B
©2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Page 775

f ( x) does not change sign.
A) (5,6)
B) (-1,2), (5,6)
C) (-1,2), (2,4)
D) (2,4), (5,6)
E) (2,4)
Ans: E
4. Use the sign diagram for f ( x) to determine all critical values of f (x), where
A  –9 and B  8.
A) x8
B) x8
C) x  –9 and x  8
D) x  –9
E) x8
Ans: C
5. Use the sign diagram for f ( x) to determine the largest interval on which f (x)
increases, where A  –2 and B  8.
A) x8
B) x8
C) –2  x  8
D) x  –2
E) x  –2
Ans: A

6. Use the sign diagram for f ( x) to determine the largest interval on which f (x)
decreases, where A  8 and B  9.
A) x9
B) x9
C) 8 x9
D) x8
E) x8
Ans: B
7. Use the sign diagram for f ( x) to determine x-values at which relative maxima occur,
where A  –6 and B  4.
A) x4
B) x4
C) x  –6 and x  4
D) x  –6
E) no relative maxima
Ans: B
8. Use the sign diagram for f ( x) to determine x-values at which relative minima occur,
where A  –9 and B  –8.
A) x  –8
B) x  –8
C) x  –9 and x  –8
D) x  –9
E) no relative minima
Ans: E
9. Make a sign diagram for the function and determine all x-values at which relative
maxima occur.
y  x 3  9 x 2  48 x  4
A) x0
B) x4
C) x8
D) x  –2
Ans: D

10. Make a sign diagram for the function and determine all x-values at which relative
minima occur.
y  x 3  3x 2  72 x  1
A) x0
B) x 1
C) x6
D) x  –4
Ans: C
11. For the given function and graph, estimate the coordinates of the relative maxima by
observing the graph, where A  21.
y  7 x  73 x3
A) 1, 23 
B) 1, 143 
C)  1,  143 
D)  1,  23 
Ans: B
12. For the given function and graph, estimate the coordinates of the relative minima by
observing the graph, where A  15.
y  5 x  53 x 3
A) 1, 23 
B) 1, 103 
C)  1,  103 
D)  1,  23 
Ans: C

13. For the given function and graph, determine all critical value(s), where A  24.
y  8 x  83 x 3
A) x0
B) x 1
C) x  1
D) x  1 and x  1
E) x  1 and x  0 and x  1
Ans: D
14. For the given function and graph, determine all critical point(s), where A  21.
y  7 x  73 x 3
A)  0, 0 
B) 1, 143 
C)  1,  143 
D)  1,  143  and 1, 143 
E)  1,  143  and  0, 0  and 1, 143 
Ans: D
15. For the given function, find y  f   x  .

y  x 3  9 x 2  81x  1
A) 3x 2  18 x  81
B) x 2  18 x  81
C) x 2  36 x  81
D) 3x 2  36 x  81
E) 3x 2  36 x  81
Ans: A

16. For the given function, find all critical values.
y  x 3  3x 2  105 x  3
A) x0
B) x  –7 and x  –5
C) x  –7 and x  5
D) x  –5 and x  7
E) x  5 and x  7
Ans: D
17. For the given function, find the critical points.

y  x 3  3 x 2  45 x  6
A)  –3,87  and  5, –169 
B)  –3, –169  and  5,87 
C)  –3, –129  and  5,31
D)  3, –129  and  5, –169 
E)  –3,87  and  –5,31
Ans: A
18. For the given function, find all intervals of x-values where the function is increasing.
y  x 3  6 x 2  96 x  3
A) –4  x  8
B) x8
C) x  –4 or x  8
D) x  –4
E) x0
Ans: C
19. For the given function, find all intervals of x-values where the function is decreasing.
y  x 3  9 x 2  81x  5
A) –3  x  9
B) x9
C) x  –3 or x  9
D) x  –3
E) x0
Ans: A

20. For the given function, find y  f ( x).
x 4 x3
y  5
4 3
A) x3  x
B) x4  x2  5
C) x3  x 2  5
D) x 4  x3
E) x3  x 2
Ans: E
21. For the given function, find the critical values.

x 4 x3
y   3
4 3
A) x  0 and x  1
B) x  0 and x  3
C) x  0 and x  –3
D) x  0 and x  1
E) x  1 and x  1
Ans: A
22. For the given function, find the critical points.

x 4 x3
y   4
4 3
 0, 0  , 1,  
A) 49
 12 
 0, –4  , 1,  
B) 49
 12 
 0, –4  , 1, 
C) 49
 12 
 0, 4  , 1, 
D) 49
 12 
 0, 4  , 1,  
E) 49
 12 
Ans: B
23. For the given function, find intervals of x-values where the function is increasing.
x 4 x3
y   3
4 3
A) x 1
B) x 1
C) x0
D) x0
E) 0  x 1
Ans: A

24. For the given function, find intervals of x-values where the function is decreasing.
x 4 x3
y   8
4 3
A) 0  x 1
B) x0
C) x 0
D) x 1
E) x 1
Ans: E
25. For the given function, classify the critical points as relative maxima, relative minima,
or points of inflection. In each case, you may check your conclusions with a graphing
utility.
x 4 x3
y   3
4 3
A)  37 
(0, –3) is a relative minimum and 1,   is point of inflection.
 12 
B)  37 
(0, –3) is a point of inflection and 1,   is a relative minimum.
 12 
C)  37 
(0, –3) is a point of inflection and 1,   is a relative maximum.
 12 
D)  37 
(0, –3) is a relative minimum and 1,   is a relative maximum.
 12 
E)  37 
(0, –3) is a relative maximum and 1,   is a relative minimum.
 12 
Ans: B
26. For the given function, use the graph to identify x-values for which y  0 . You may
use the derivative to check your conclusion.
y  12 x 2  4 x  1
A) x0
B) x0
C) x4
D) x4
E) 0 x8
Ans: C

27. For the given function, use the graph to identify x-values for which y  0 . You may
y  92 x 2  36 x  9
A) x0
B) x0
C) x4
D) x4
E) 0 x8
Ans: D
28. For the given function, use the graph to identify the x-value for which y  0 . You may
y  12 x 2  4 x  1
A) x0
B) x4
C) x8
D) x  7
E) x7
Ans: B
29. For the given function, find the relative minima.

y  x 3  9 x 2  48 x  11
A)  –2, 63
B) 8, –437 
C)  –2, –113
D)  –8, –693
Ans: B

30. For the given function, find the relative maxima.
y  x 3  3x 2  45 x  13
A)  –3,94 
B)  5, –162 
C)  –3, –122 
D)  –5,38
Ans: A
31. For the given function, find the horizontal points of inflection.
y  x 3  6 x 2  63 x  10
A)  –3,118
B)  7, –382 
C)  –3, –206 
D)  –7, –186 
E) no horizontal points of inflection
Ans: E
32. For the given function find the relative maxima, and sketch the graph. You may check
your graph with a graphing utility.
y  181 x 6  13 x 4  4
A)  0, 4 
B)  20 
 2, 
 9 
C)  20 
 –2, 
 9 
D)  20 
 –2,  
 9 
E)  0, –4 
Ans: A

33. For the given function find the relative minima, and sketch the graph. You may check
your graph with a graphing utility.
y  181 x 6  13 x 4  2
A)  0, 2 
B)  2  2
 –2,  and  2, 
 9  9
C)  2  2
 –2,   and  2,  
 9  9
D)  2
 –2,  
 9
E)  2
 2, 
 9
Ans: B
34. Both a function and its derivative are given. Use them to find all critical values.
x 2 ( x  9)3 dy x( x  9)(5 x  18) 2
y 
3 dx 3
A) x0
B) x  0, x  18 5
C) x  0, x  9
D) x  9, x  18 5
E) x  0, x  9, x  18 5
Ans: E
35. Both a function and its derivative are given. Use them to find all critical points.
x 2 ( x  8)3 dy x( x  8)(5 x  16) 2
y 
13 dx 13
A)     
0, 0 , 8, 0 , 16 5, 0 
B)  0, 0  , 16 5, 0  , 8, –87.112 
C)  0, 0  , 8, 0  , 16 5, –87.112 
D)  0, 0  , 8, 0  , 16 5,87.112 
E)  0, 0  , 8, 0  , 8,87.112 
Ans: C

36. Both a function and its derivative are given. Use them to find intervals on which the
function is increasing.
x 2 ( x  8)3 dy x( x  8)(5 x  16) 2
y 
17 dx 17
A) x  0 or 16 5  x  8 or x  8
B) 0 x8
C) x  0 or x  8
D) x  0 or x  16 5
E) 16 5  x  8
Ans: A
37. Both a function and its derivative are given. Use them to find intervals on which the
function is decreasing.
x 2 ( x  4)3 dy x( x  4)(5 x  8) 2
y 
13 dx 13
A) x0
B) 0 x4
C) 0 x8 5
D) x  0 or x  8 5
E) 8 5 x4
Ans: C
38. Both a function and its derivative are given. Use them to find the relative maxima.
x 2 ( x  8)3 dy x( x  8)(5 x  16) 2
y 
17 dx 17
A)  0, 0  8, 0 
B)  0, 0 
C) 8, 0 
D) 16 5, –66.615
Ans: B
39. Both a function and its derivative are given. Use them to find the relative minima.
x 2 ( x  9)3 dy x( x  9)(5 x  18) 2
y 
19 dx 19
A)  0, 0 
B) 18 5, –107.407 
C)  9, 0 
D)  0, 0  ,  9, 0 
Ans: B

40. Use the derivative to locate all critical points. Use a graphing utility if desired.
f ( x)  x 3  5 x 2  100 x  100
A)  –4.34, –509.93 ,  7.68,358.08
B)  –509.93, 7.68  ,  358.08, –4.34 
C)  7.68, –509.93 ,  –4.34,358.08
D)  0,100  ,  7.68, –4.34 
E)  0,100  ,  358.08, 7.68
Ans: C
41. A graph of f ( x) is given. Use the graph to determine all critical values of f (x).
f ( x)  6 x 2  6 x  12
A) x  1
B) x 1
C) x2
D) x  1, x  2
E) x  1, x  0, x  2
Ans: D
42. A graph of f ( x) is given. Use the graph to determine where f (x) is decreasing.
f ( x)  2 x 2  2 x  4
A) x  1
B) x2
C) x2
D) x  1 or x  2
E) 1  x  2
Ans: E

43. A graph of f ( x) is given. Use the graph to determine where the graph of f ( x ) has a
relative maximum.
f ( x)  3x 2  3 x  6
A) x  1
B) x0
C) x 1
D) x2
Ans: A
44. A graph of f ( x) is given. Use the graph to determine where the graph of f ( x ) has a
relative minimum.
f ( x)  9 x 2  9 x  18
A) x  1
B) x0
C) x 1
D) x2
Ans: D
45. Suppose that a chain of auto service stations, Quick-Oil, Inc., has found that its monthly
sales volume y (in thousands of dollars) is related to the price p (in dollars) of an oil
160
change by y  , p  30 . Is y increasing or decreasing for all values of
p2
p  30?
A) increasing
B) decreasing
Ans: B

46. Suppose the average costs of a mining operation depend on the number of machines
1944
used, and average costs, in dollars, are given by C ( x)  6 x  , x  0 , where x is
x
the number of machines used. Find the critical values of C ( x) that lie in the domain of
the problem.
A) –18
B) 18
C) –18, 18
D) 18, 28
E) 28
Ans: B
9000
used, and average costs, in dollars, are given by C ( x)  10 x  , x  0 , where x
x
is the number of machines used. Over what interval in the domain do average costs
decrease?
A) x0
B) x  30
C) 0  x  30
D) x  30
E) x  –30
Ans: C
3087
x
the number of machines used. Over what interval in the domain do average costs
increase?
A) x0
B) x  21
C) 0  x  21
D) x  21
E) x  –21
Ans: B
8788
used, and average costs, in dollars, are given by C ( x)  13x  , x  0 , where x
x
is the number of machines used. How many machines give minimum average costs?
A) Using 26 machines gives the minimum average costs.
B) Using zero machines gives the minimum average costs.
C) Using 36 machines gives the minimum average costs.
D) Using 52 machines gives the minimum average costs.
E) Using 57 machines gives the minimum average costs.
Ans: A

4500
x
the number of machines used. What is the minimum average cost?
A) $0
B) $30
C) $300
D) $150
E) $4505
Ans: B
51. The number of milligrams x of a medication in the bloodstream t hours after a dose is
1000t
taken can be modeled by x(t )  2 t  0 . For what t-values is x increasing? Round
t 8
answers to two decimal places.
A) t0
B) t  2.83
C) t  2.83
D) –2.83  t  2.83
E) 0  t  2.83
Ans: E
4000t
taken can be modeled by x(t )  2 t  0 . Find the t-value at which x is
t  18
maximum. Round your answer to two decimal places.
A) 0 hours
B) 4.24 hours
C) 471.40 hours
D) 6.24 hours
E) 10.35 hours
Ans: B
5000t
taken can be modeled by x(t )  2 t  0 . Find the maximum value of x. Round
t  14
your answer to two decimal places.
A) 3.74 mg
B) 668.15 mg
C) 1469.94 mg
D) 11.60 mg
E) 1875.50 mg
Ans: B

54. Determine whether the given function is concave up or concave down at the indicated
point.
y  8 x3  7 x 2  4 at x  0
A) concave down
B) concave up
Ans: A
55. Use the indicated x-values on the graph of y  f ( x) to determine intervals over which
the graph is concave up.
A)  c, d  and  e, f 
B)  c, d 
C)  d, e 
D)  a, c 
E)  e, f  and  b, c 
Ans: A
56. Use the indicated x-values on the graph of y  f ( x) to find all the intervals where
f ''( x)  0 .
A)  a, c 
B)  a, c  and  d, e 
C)  d, e 
D)  e, f 
E)  a, f  and  c, d 
Ans: B

57. Use the indicated x-values on the graph of y  f ( x) to find the x-coordinate of any
horizontal point of inflection.
A) a
B) c
C) b
D) e
E) f
Ans: D
58. A function and its graph are given. Use the second derivative to determine intervals on
which the function is concave up. Check these results against the graph shown.
y  8 x 4  24 x 2  16
A) 2
x
2
B) 2
x
2
C) 2 2
 x
2 2
D) 2 2
x or x 
2 2
E) x0
Ans: D

59. A function and its graph are given. Use the second derivative to determine intervals on
which the function is concave down. Check these results against the graph shown.
y  14 x 4  42 x 2  28
A) 2
x
2
B) 2
x
2
C) 2 2
 x
2 2
D) 2 2
x or x 
2 2
E) x0
Ans: C
60. A function and its graph are given. Use the second derivative to locate all x-values of
points of inflection on the graph of y  f ( x) . Check these results against the graph
shown.
y  6 x 4  18 x 2  12
A) 2
x
2
B) x0
C) 2
x
2
D) 2 2
x , x
2 2
E) 2 2
x , x 0, x 
2 2
Ans: D

61. Find all relative maxima of the given function.
y  x 4  8 x3  16 x 2  10
A)  0,10 
B)  2, 26 
C)  4,10 
D)  0,10  ,  4,10 
Ans: B
62. Find all relative minima of the given function.

y  x 4  8 x 3  16 x 2  7
A)  0, 7 
B)  2, 23
C)  4, 7 
D)  0, 7  ,  4, 7 
Ans: D
63. Find all points of inflection of the given function.

y  x 4  8 x3  16 x 2  10
A)  0,10  ,  4,10 
B)  0,10  ,  2, 26 
C)  0.8453, 17.1111 ,  4,10 
D)  3.1547, 17.1111 ,  2, 26 
E)  0.8453, 17.1111 ,  3.1547, 17.1111
Ans: E
64. A function and its first and second derivatives are given. Use these to find all critical
values.
f ( x)  x 5  10 x 4  13
f ( x)  5 x3 ( x  8)
f ( x)  20 x 2 ( x  6)
A) x0
B) x6
C) x8
D) x  0, x  6
E) x  0, x  8
Ans: E

65. A function and its first and second derivatives are given. Use these to find the relative
maxima.
f ( x)  x5  a x 4  b
f ( x)  5 x 3 ( x  4 / 5*a)
f ( x)  20 x 2 ( x  3 / 5*a)
A)  0, b 
B)  3 / 5*a,inf 
C)  minx, miny 
D)  minx, – miny 
Ans: A
66. A function and its first and second derivatives are given. Use these to find all relative
minima.
f ( x)  x5  a x 4  b
f ( x)  5 x 3 ( x  4 / 5*a)
f ( x)  20 x 2 ( x  3 / 5*a)
A)  0, b 
B)  3 / 5*a,inf 
D)  0, b  ,  minx,miny 
Ans: C
67. A function and its first and second derivatives are given. Use these to find all points of
inflection.
f ( x)  x5  a x 4  b
f ( x)  5 x 3 ( x  4 / 5*a)
f ( x)  20 x 2 ( x  3 / 5*a)
A)  0, b 
B)  3 / 5*a,inf 
D)  0, b  ,  3/5*a,inf 
E) no points of inflection
Ans: B

68. A function and its graph are given. From the graph, estimate where f ( x )  0 .
f ( x)  13 x 3  2 x 2  12 x  20
A) x  2
B) x  2
C) x2
D) x2
E) x2
Ans: A
69. A function and its graph are given. From the graph, estimate where f ( x)  0 .
f ( x)  73 x 3  14 x 2  84 x  140
A) x  2
B) x  2
C) x2
D) x2
E) x2
Ans: B

70. A function and its graph are given. From the graph estimate where f ( x) has a relative
maximum.
f ( x)  43 x 3  8 x 2  48 x  80
A) x  3
B) x  2
C) x 1
D) x  2.5
Ans: E
71. A function and its graph are given. From the graph estimate where f ( x) has a relative
minimum.
f ( x)  73 x 3  14 x 2  84 x  140
A) x  3
B) x  2
C) x 1
D) x  2.5
Ans: B

72. In this problem, f ( x) and its graph are given. Use the graph of f ( x) to determine
where f (x) is concave up.
f ( x)  3 x 2  3 x  6
A) x  1
B) x  1
C) x  12
D) x  12
E) x2
Ans: D
where f (x) is concave down.
f ( x)  9 x 2  9 x  18
A) x  1
B) x  1
C) x  12
D) x  12
E) x2
Ans: C

where f (x) has a point of inflection.
f ( x)  8 x 2  8 x  16
A) x  1
B) x0
C) x  12
D) x2
E) no point of inflection
Ans: C
75. Use the graph shown in the figure and identify points from A through I that satisfy the
given condition.
f ( x)  0 and f ( x)  0
A) E
B) F
C) G
D) A
E) B
Ans: D

given condition.
f ( x)  0 and f ( x)  0
A) B
B) H
C) I
D) D
E) E
Ans: E
given condition.
f ( x)  0 and f ( x)  0
A) B
B) C
C) I
D) G
E) A
Ans: A

given condition.
f ( x)  0 and f ( x)  0
A) C
B) B
C) H
D) D
E) E
Ans: D
79. The following figure shows the growth of a population as a function of time.
If P represents the population and t represents the time, write a mathematical symbol
that represents the rate of change (growth rate) of the population with respect to time.
A) dy dt
B) t ( P)
C) t ( P)
D) P(t )
E) P (t )
Ans: D

Which of A, B, and C correspond(s) to the point(s) at which the growth rate attains its
maximum?
A) B
B) C
C) A
D) C and A
E) none of the above
Ans: A
Which of A, B, and/or C correspond(s) to the upper limit of population?

A) B
B) C
C) A
D) B and A
Ans: B
82. Suppose that the total number of units produced by a worker in t hours of an 8-hour shift
can be modeled by the production function P (t ) : P (t )  114t  54t 2  2t 3 . Find the
number of hours before production is maximized.
A) t0
B) t  inf
C) t 5
D) t 8
E) t  19
Ans: D

83. Suppose that the total number of units produced by a worker in t hours of an 8-hour shift
can be modeled by the production function P (t ) : P (t )  6*a t  3*(a–1)t 2  2t 3 . Find
the number of hours before the rate of production is maximized. That is, find the point
of diminishing returns.
A) t0
B) t  inf
C) t 5
D) t 8
E) t a
Ans: B
84. Suppose that the oxygen level P (for purity) in a body of water t months after an oil spill
 2 4 
is given by P (t )  900 1   2
. Find how long it will be before the oxygen
 t  3 (t  3) 
level reaches its minimum.
A) t0
B) t 1
C) t6
D) t  inf
Ans: B
85. Suppose that the oxygen level P (for purity) in a body of water t months after an oil spill
 5 10 
is given by P (t )  300 1   2
. Find how long it will be before the rate of
 t  1 (t  1) 
change of P is maximized. That is, find the point of diminishing returns.
A) t0
B) t 3
C) t2
D) t  inf
Ans: D
86. The consumer price data can be modeled by the function

c( x)  –0.01x 3  0.40 x 2  4.47 x  4.02 , where x  0 represents 1945 and c(x) is the
consumer price index (CPI) in year 1945  x . During what year does the model predict
that the rate of change of the CPI reached its maximum?
A) 2003
B) 1956
C) 1965
D) 1973
E) 1958
Ans: E

87. Find the x-value at which the absolute minimum of f (x) occurs on the interval [a, b].
f ( x)  x 3  75 x  5,  –15, 6
A) x  –10
B) x  –5
C) x0
D) x5
E) x6
Ans: A
88. Find the x-value at which the absolute maximum of f (x) occurs on the interval [a, b].
f ( x)  x 3  75 x  5,  –15, 6
A) x  –10
B) x  –5
C) x0
D) x5
E) x6
Ans: B
89. Find the absolute maximum for f(x) on the interval [a, b].
f ( x)  x 3  27 x  3,  –4, 4
A) x  –4
B) x  –3
C) x0
D) x3
E) x4
Ans: B
90. If the total revenue function for a blender is R( x)  40 x  0.1x 2 , determine how many
units x must be sold to provide the maximum total revenue in dollars.
A) 4,000
B) 3,750
C) 40
D) 150
E) 200
Ans: E
91. If the total revenue function for a blender is R ( x)  30 x  0.2 x 2 , find the maximum
revenue.
A) $75
B) $0
C) $30
D) $150
E) $1125
Ans: E

92. If the total revenue function for a blender is R ( x)  45 x  0.05 x 2 , find the maximum
revenue if production is limited to at most 200 blenders.
A) $10,125
B) $450
C) $45
D) $7000
E) $200
Ans: D
93. A firm has total revenue given by R ( x)  2000 x  192.5 x 2  x 3 dollars for x units of a
product. Find the maximum revenue from sales of that product.
A) $4000
B) $5063
C) $505
D) $4400
E) $348
Ans: B
94. A company handles an apartment building with 90 units. Experience has shown that if
the rent for each of the units is $300 per month, all the units will be filled, but 1 unit
will become vacant for each $10 increase in the monthly rate. What rent should be
charged to maximize the total revenue from the building if the upper limit on the rent is
$600 per month?
A) $300
B) $600
C) $330
D) $180
E) $450
Ans: C
95. For the revenue function given by R ( x)  360 x  8 x 2  x 3 find the maximum average
revenue.
A) $360
B) $770
C) $3860
D) $640
E) $376
Ans: E
96. For the revenue function given by R ( x)  2600 x  20 x 2  x3 , find the x-value where
R ( x)  MR, that is, where the average revenue equals the marginal revenue.
A) 0
B) 3
C) 10
D) 2
E) 6
Ans: C

97. If the total cost function for a product is C ( x)  500  4 x  0.03 x 2 dollars, determine
how many units x should be produced to minimize the average cost per unit?
A) 66 units
B) 500 units
C) 91 units
D) 129 units
E) 97 units
Ans: D
98. If the total cost function for a product is C ( x)  500  5 x  0.02 x 2 dollars. Find the
minimum average cost.
A) $11.50
B) $16.00
C) $11.70
D) $11.32
E) $20.00
Ans: D
99. For the cost function C ( x)  200  4 x  0.09 x 2 , show that average costs are minimized
at the x-value where C ( x)  MC by finding this minimum.
A) $15.00
B) $23.00
C) $12.49
D) $13.03
E) $13.00
Ans: C
100. The graph shows a total cost function. Determine the level of production at which
average cost is minimized.
A) 200 units
B) 800 units
C) 0 units
D) 400 units
E) 600 units
Ans: E

101. If the profit function for a commodity is p  4600 x  14 x 2  13 x 3  1000 dollars,
determine the number of units x that must be sold to result in maximum profit.
A) 55 units
B) 83 units
C) 52 units
D) 89 units
E) 21 units
Ans: A
102. The profit function for a commodity is p  500 x  4 x 2  13 x 3  1500 dollars. Find the
maximum profit. Round your answer to the nearest dollar.
A) $4270
B) $2647
C) $4407
D) $454
E) $8290
Ans: A
103. A product can be produced at a total cost C ( x)  800  100 x 2  x3 dollars, where x is
the number produced. If the total revenue is given by R ( x)  5000 x  70 x 2 dollars,
determine the level of production x that will maximize the profit.
A) 13 units
B) 35 units
C) 66 units
D) 70 units
E) 81 units
Ans: A
104. A product can be produced at a total cost C ( x)  600  200 x 2  x 3 dollars, where x is
the number produced. If the total revenue is given by R ( x)  3000 x  70 x 2 dollars, find
the maximum profit.
A) $8374
B) $7525
C) $133
D) $7068
E) $8175
Ans: B

105. A firm can produce 100 units per week. If its total cost function is C  900  1900 x
dollars, and its total revenue function is R  2000 x  x 2 dollars, how many units x
should it produce to maximize its profit?
A) 1950 units
B) 1000 units
C) 90 units
D) 50 units
E) 100 units
Ans: D
106. A firm can produce 100 units per week. If its total cost function is C  400  1000 x
dollars, and its total revenue function is R  1100 x  x 2 dollars, find the maximum
profit.
A) $1744
B) $2100
C) $4677
D) $4179
E) $4380
Ans: B
107. The following figure shows the graph of revenue function y  R ( x) and cost function
y  C ( x). At which of the four x-values shown is the profit largest?
A) A
B) C
C) B
D) D
E) Profit is largest at more than one x-value.
Ans: B

y  C ( x). At which of the four x-values shown is the slope of the tangent to the revenue
curve equal to the slope of the tangent to the cost curve?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) profit largest at more than one x-value
Ans: C
y  C ( x). What is the relationship between marginal cost and marginal revenue when
profit is at its maximum value?
A) MR <> MC
B) MR > MC
C) MR = MC
D) MR < MC
E) no relationship exists
Ans: C

110. A travel agency will plan a tour for groups of size 13 or larger. If the group contains
exactly 13 people, the price is $800 per person. However, each person’s price is
reduced by $40 for each additional person above the 13 . If the travel agency incurs a
price of $200 per person for the tour, what size group will give the agency the
maximum profit?
A) 1
B) 15
C) 14
D) 23
E) 7
Ans: C
111. 180 x
A small business has weekly average costs (in dollars) of C   10  , where x is
x 10
the number of units produced each week. The competitive market price for this
business’s product is $61 per unit. If production is limited to 465 units per week, find
the level of production that yields maximum profit.
A) 233 units
B) 465 units
C) 285 units
D) 255 units
E) 270 units
Ans: D
112. 170 x
A small business has weekly average costs (in dollars) of C   10  , where x is
x 20
the number of units produced each week. The competitive market price for this
business’s product is $41 per unit. If production is limited to 361 units per week, find
the maximum profit.
A) $4610
B) $4504
C) $4635
D) $4590
E) $4623
Ans: C
113. The monthly demand function for x units of a product sold by a monopoly is
p  7000  12 x 2 dollars per unit, and its average cost is C  3660  3x dollars. If
production is limited to 131 units, find the number of units that maximizes profit.
A) 45 units
B) 131 units
C) 61 units
D) 85 units
E) 34 units
Ans: A

114. The manufacturer of GRIPPER tires modeled its return to sales from television
advertising expenditures in two regions, as follows:
Region 1: S1  40  30 x1  0.8 x12
Region 2: S2  30  30 x2  0.4 x22
where S1 and S2 are the sales revenue in millions of dollars, and x1 and x2 are
millions of dollars of expenditures for television advertising. How much money will be
needed to maximize sales revenue in both districts?
A) $18 million
B) $56 million
C) $37 million
D) $25 million
E) $28 million
Ans: B
115. A ball thrown into the air from a building 110 ft high travels along a path described by
 x2
y  x  110 where y is the height of the ball in feet and x is the horizontal
140
distance of the ball from the building in feet. What is the maximum height the ball will
reach? Round your answer to one decimal place.
A) 145.0 feet
B) 180.0 feet
C) 195.0 feet
D) 167.5 feet
E) 150.0 feet
Ans: A
116. The profit from a grove of orange trees is given by x  230  x  dollars, where x is the
number of orange trees per acre. How many trees per acre will maximize the profit?
A) 460
B) 120
C) 220
D) 115
E) 230
Ans: D
117. A time study showed that, on average, the productivity of a worker after t hours on the
job can be modeled by P  10t  8t 2  t 3 , 0  t  8 , where P is the number of units
produced per hour. After how many hours will productivity be maximized?
A) 5.90 hours
B) 8.00 hours
C) 5.95 hours
D) 6.03 hours
E) 2.66 hours
Ans: A

118. Suppose that the monthly cost in dollars of mining a certain ore is related to the number
9800
of pieces of equipment used, according to C  200 x  , x  0 , where x is the
x
number of pieces of equipment used. Using how many pieces of equipment will
minimize the cost?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 8
D) 6
E) 7
Ans: E
119. An inferior product with a large advertising budget sells well when it is introduced, but
sales fall as people discontinue use of the product. Suppose
140t
that the weekly sales S are given by S  , t  0, where S is in millions of
t  4
2
dollars and t is in weeks. After how many weeks will sales be maximized?
A) five weeks
B) four weeks
C) one week
D) two weeks
E) three weeks
Ans: B
120. Suppose that in an election year, the proportion p of voters who recognize a certain
6.5t
candidate’s name t months after the campaign started is given by p(t )  2  0.4 .
t 4
After how many months is the proportion maximized?
A) 5 months
B) 2 months
C) 8 months
D) 4 months
E) 3 months
Ans: B
121. The running yard for a dog kennel must contain at least 900 square feet. If a 15 -foot
side of the kennel is used as part of one side of a rectangular yard with 900 square feet,
what dimensions will require the least amount of fencing?
A) 90 ft by 10 ft
B) 900 ft by 1 ft
C) 30 ft by 30 ft
D) 60 ft by 15 ft
E) 180 ft by 5 ft
Ans: C

122. From a tract of land, a developer plans to fence a rectangular region and then divide it
into two identical rectangular lots by putting a fence down the middle. Suppose that the
fence for the outside boundary costs $7 per foot and the fence for the middle costs $2
per foot. If each lot contains 2400 square feet, find the dimensions of each lot that
yield the minimum cost for the fence.
A) Dimensions are 42.96 ft for the side parallel to the divider and 55.87 ft for the
other side.
B) Dimensions are 55.87 ft for the side parallel to the divider and 42.96 ft for the
other side.
C) Dimensions are 48.99 ft for the side parallel to the divider and 48.99 ft for the
other side.
D) Dimensions are 45.83 ft for the side parallel to the divider and 52.37 ft for the
other side.
E) Dimensions are 52.37 ft for the side parallel to the divider and 45.83 ft for the
other side.
Ans: D
123. A rectangular area is to be enclosed and divided into thirds. The family has $1000 to
spend for the fencing material. The outside fence costs $16 per running foot installed,
and the dividers cost $20 per running foot installed. What are the dimensions that will
maximize the area enclosed?
A) Dimensions are 6.00 ft for the side parallel to the dividers and 11.22 ft for the
other side.
B) Dimensions are 11.22 ft for the side parallel to the dividers and 6.00 ft for the
other side.
C) Dimensions are 7.10 ft for the side parallel to the dividers and 10.73 ft for the
other side.
D) Dimensions are 6.94 ft for the side parallel to the dividers and 15.63 ft for the
other side.
E) Dimensions are 15.63 ft for the side parallel to the dividers and 6.94 ft for the
other side.
Ans: D

124. A kennel of 864 square feet is to be constructed as shown. The cost is $15 per running
foot for the sides and $4 per running foot for the ends and dividers. What are the
dimensions of the kennel that will minimize the cost?
A) The dimensions of the kennel that will minimize the cost are 24 feet for ends and
dividers and 36 feet for sides.
B) The dimensions of the kennel that will minimize the cost are 25 feet for ends and
C) The dimensions of the kennel that will minimize the cost are 31 feet for ends and
D) The dimensions of the kennel that will minimize the cost are 25 feet for ends and
E) The dimensions of the kennel that will minimize the cost are 36 feet for ends and
Ans: E
125. The base of a rectangular box is to be twice as long as it is wide. The volume of the box
is 450 cubic inches. The material for the top costs $0.17 per square inch and the material
for the sides and bottom costs $0.10 per square inch. Find the dimensions that will make
the cost a minimum.
A) Dimensions are 9” by 10” by 12” (high).
B) Dimensions are 13” by 26” by 12” (high).
C) Dimensions are 5” by 10” by 9” (high).
D) Dimensions are 9” by 18” by 5” (high).
E) Dimensions are 12” by 24” by 13” (high).
Ans: C
126. Suppose that a company needs 200 items during a year and that preparation for each
production run costs $50. Suppose further that it costs $7 to produce each item and
$0.90 to store an item for one year. Use the inventory cost model to find the number of
items in each production run that will minimize the total costs of production and
storage.
A) 136 items
B) 149 items
C) 178 items
D) 167 items
E) 156 items
Ans: B

127. A company needs 600 items per year. Production costs are $90 to prepare for a
production run and $9 for each item produced. Inventory costs are $0.60 per item per
year. Find the number of items that should be produced in each run so that the total costs
of production and storage are minimized.
A) 424 items
B) 474 items
C) 463 items
D) 452 items
E) 441 items
Ans: A
128. A rectangular box with a square base is to be formed from a square piece of metal with
18-inch sides. If a square piece with side x is cut from each corner of the metal and the
sides are folded up to form an open box, the volume of the box is V  (18  2 x) 2 x. What
value of x will maximize the volume of the box?
A) 9
B) 7
C) 3
D) 2
E) 4
Ans: C
129. The owner of an orange grove must decide when to pick one variety of oranges. She can
sell them for $14 a bushel if she sells them now, with each tree yielding an average of
3 bushels. The yield increases by half a bushel per week for the next 10 weeks, but the
price per bushel decreases by $0.70 per bushel each week. When should the oranges be
picked for maximum return?
A) 9 weeks from now
B) 5 weeks from now
C) 10 weeks from now
D) 8 weeks from now
E) 7 weeks from now
Ans: E

130. A box with an open top and a square base is to be constructed to contain 13,500 cubic
inches. Find the dimensions that will require the minimum amount of material to
construct the box.
A) The dimensions of the box using minimum material are 30 in. by 30 in. by 15 in.
B) The dimensions of the box using minimum material are 32 in. by 32 in. by 14 in.
C) The dimensions of the box using minimum material are 15 in. by 15 in. by 30 in.
D) The dimensions of the box using minimum material are 14 in. by 14 in. by 32 in.
E) The dimensions of the box using minimum material are 32 in. by 32 in. by 15 in.
Ans: A
131. A printer has a contract to print 110,000 posters for a political candidate. He can run the
posters by using any number of plates from 1 to 30 on his press. If he uses x metal
plates, they will produce x copies of the poster with each impression of the press. The
metal plates cost $4.00 to prepare, and it costs $6.50 per hour to run the press. If the
press can make 1000 impressions per hour, how many metal plates should the printer
make to minimize costs? Round your answer to the nearest count of metal plates.
A) 16
B) 9
C) 8
D) 13
E) 12
Ans: D

132. A vacationer on an island 8 miles offshore from a point that is 48 miles from a town to
which the vacationer must travel occasionally. (See the figure.) The vacationer has a
boat capable of traveling 30 mph and can go by auto along the coast at 55 mph. At what
distance x from the point on shore closest to the vacationer on the island should the boat
be left to minimize the time it takes to get to town? Round your answer to one decimal
place.
A) 6.1 miles
B) 5.2 miles
C) 5.9 miles
D) 3.8 miles
E) 4.3 miles
Ans: B
133. The millions of worldwide cellular subscribers can be modeled by

C  t   –0.865t 3  28.1t 2  2.21t  49.6 where t is the number of years past 1994. In
what year does the model predict the number of worldwide cellular subscribers will
reach a maximum?
A) year 2017
B) year 2014
C) year 2018
D) year 2015
E) year 2016
Ans: E

134. A function and its graph are given. Use the graph to find the vertical asymptotes, if they
exist. Confirm your results analytically.
48
f ( x) 
x2
A) x6
B) x2
C) x4
D) x  –2
E) no vertical asymptotes
Ans: D
135. A function and its graph are given. Use the graph to find lim f ( x), if it exists. Confirm
x 
your results analytically.

72
f ( x) 
x2
A) 0
B) 2
C) 4
D) –2
E) does not exist
Ans: A

136. A function and its graph are given. Use the graph to find lim f ( x), if it exists. Confirm
x 
your results analytically.

56
f ( x) 
x2
A) 8
B) 2
C) 6
D) 0
E) does not exist
Ans: D
137. A function and its graph are given. Use the graph to find the horizontal asymptotes, if
they exist. Confirm your results analytically.
16
f ( x) 
x2
A) y4
B) y2
C) y0
D) y 8
E) no horizontal asymptotes
Ans: C

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guide a tool. The slide-rest, while it had been invented, had not been
put into practical form or come into general use. There were a few
rude drilling and boring machines, but no planing machines, either
for metal or wood. The tool equipment of the machinist, or
“millwright,” as he was called, consisted chiefly of a hammer, chisel
and file. The only measuring devices were calipers and a wooden
rule, with occasional reference perhaps to “the thickness of an old
shilling,” as above. Hand forging was probably as good as or better
than that of today. Foundry work had come up to at least the needs
of the time. But the appliances for cutting metal were little better than
those of the Middle Ages.
Such was the mechanical equipment in 1775; practically what it
had been for generations. By 1850 it was substantially that of today.
In fact, most of this change came in one generation, from about 1800
to 1840. Since that time there have been many improvements and
refinements, but the general principles remain little changed. With so
wonderful a transformation in so short a time, several questions arise
almost inevitably: Where did this development take place, who
brought it about, and why was it so rapid?
The first question is fairly simple. England and America produced
the modern machine tool. In the period mentioned, England
developed most of the general machine tools of the present day; the
boring machine, engine lathe, planer, shaper, the steam hammer and
standard taps and dies. Somewhat later, but partially coincident with
this, America developed the special machine tool, the drop hammer,
automatic lathes, the widespread commercial use of limit gauges,
and the interchangeable system of manufacture.
In a generalization such as this, the broad lines of influence must
be given the chief consideration. Some of the most valuable general
tools, such as the universal miller and the grinder, and parts of the
standard tools, as the apron in the lathe, are of American origin. But,
with all allowances, most of the general machine tools were
developed in England and spread from there throughout the world
either by utilization of their design or by actual sale. On the other
hand, the interchangeable system of manufacture, in a well-
developed form, was in operation in England in the manufacture of
ships’ blocks at Portsmouth shortly after 1800; and yet this block-
making machinery had been running for two generations with little or
no influence on the general manufacturing of the country, when
England, in 1855, imported from America the Enfield gun machinery
and adopted what they themselves styled the “American”
interchangeable system of gun making.[7]
[7] See page 139.
The second question as to who brought this change about is not

so simple. It is not easy to assign the credit of an invention. Mere
priority of suggestion or even of experiment seems hardly sufficient.
Nearly every great improvement has been invented independently by
a number of men, sometimes almost simultaneously, but often in
widely separated times and places. Of these, the man who made it a
success is usually found to have united to the element of invention a
superior mechanical skill. He is the one who first embodied the
invention in such proportions and mechanical design as to make it
commercially available, and from him its permanent influence
spreads. The chief credit is due to him because he impressed it on
the world. Some examples may illustrate this point.
Leonardo da Vinci in the fifteenth century anticipated many of the
modern tools.[8] His sketches are fascinating and show a wonderful
and fertile ingenuity, but, while we wonder, we smile at their
proportions. Had not a later generation of mechanics arisen to re-
invent and re-design these tools, mechanical engineering would still
be as unknown as when he died.
[8] American Machinist, Vol. 32, Part 2, pp. 821 and 868.
Take the slide-rest. It is clearly shown in the French encyclopedia

of 1772, see Fig. 3, and even in an edition of 1717. Bramah,
Bentham and Brunel, in England, and Sylvanus Brown,[9] in America,
are all said to have invented it. David Wilkinson, of Pawtucket, R. I.,
was granted a patent for it in 1798.[10] But the invention has been,
and will always be, credited to Henry Maudslay, of London. It is right
that it should be, for he first designed and built it properly, developed
its possibilities, and made it generally useful. The modern slide-rest
is a lineal descendant from his.
[9] Goodrich: “History of Pawtucket,” pp. 47-48. Pawtucket, 1876.
[10] Ibid., p. 51.
Blanchard was by no means the first to turn irregular forms on a

lathe. The old French rose engine lathe, shown in Fig. 4, embodied
the idea, but Blanchard accomplished it in a way more mechanical,
of a far wider range of usefulness, and his machine is in general use
to this day.
Figure 3. French Slide-Rest, 1772
Figure 4. French Lathe for Turning Ovals, 1772
The spindle swings sidewise under the influence of the two cams which bear
against the upright stops
JOSEPH BRAMAH Sir SAMUEL Sir MARC I.
1748-1814 BENTHAM BRUNEL
Invented Lock, Hydraulic 1757-1831 1769-1849
press, 4-way cock, and 44 NEW MACHINES.
wood working machinery. BLOCK M’CHRY-1800-08
HENRY MAUDSLAY
1771-1831
Slide rest for metal work, Block machinery, Flour,
Sawmill and Mint mach’ry, Punches, Mill and Marine
Steam Engines, Fine screw cutting. Laid basis for
Lathe, Planer and Slotter
JOSEPH CLEMENT
1779-1844
Slide Lathe, Planer 1820 and 1824
Manufactured Taps and Dies Standard
Screw Threads
MATT. JAMES RICH’D. JOSEPH JAMES
MURRAY FOX ROBERTS WHITWORTH NASMYTH
1803-87 1808-90
Engines D- Index Versatile Std. Screw Index
Valve Cutting of Inventor, Threads Milling
Planer Gears Planer Foremost tool Shaper
Lathes, builder of the Steam
Planer 19th Century Hammer
Am. Machinist
Figure 5. Genealogy of the Early English Tool Builders
To the third question as to why this development when once begun

should have been so rapid, there are probably two answers. First, an
entirely new demand for accurate tools arose during these years,
springing from the inventions of Arkwright, Whitney, Watt, Fulton,
Stephenson and others. The textile industries, the steam engine,
railways, and the scores of industries they called into being, all called
for better and stronger means of production. While the rapidity of the
development was due partly to the pressure of this demand, a
second element, that of cumulative experience, was present, and
can be clearly traced. Wilkinson was somewhat of an exception, as
he was primarily an iron master and not a tool builder, so his
relationship to other tool builders is not so direct or clear. But the
connection between Bramah, Maudslay, Clement, Whitworth and
Nasmyth, is shown in the “genealogical” table in Fig. 5.
Bramah had a shop in London where, for many years, he
manufactured locks and built hydraulic machinery and woodworking
tools. Maudslay, probably the finest mechanician of his day, went to
work for Bramah when only eighteen years old and became his
foreman in less than a year. He left after a few years and started in
for himself, later taking Field into partnership, and Maudslay &
Field’s became one of the most famous shops in the world.
Sir Samuel Bentham, who was inspector general of the British
navy, began the design of a set of machines for manufacturing pulley
blocks at the Portsmouth navy yard. He soon met Marc Isambard
Brunel, a brilliant young Royalist officer, who had been driven out of
France during the Revolution, and had started working on block
machinery through a conversation held at Alexander Hamilton’s
dinner table while in America a few years before. Bentham saw the
superiority of Brunel’s plans, substituted them for his own, and
commissioned him to go ahead.
In his search for someone to build the machinery, Brunel was
referred to Maudslay, then just starting in for himself. Maudslay built
the machines, forty-four in all, and they were a brilliant success.
There has been considerable controversy as to whether Bentham or
Brunel designed them. While Maudslay’s skill appears in the
practical details, the general scheme was undoubtedly Brunel’s. In a
few of the machines Bentham’s designs seem to have been used,
but he was able enough and generous enough to set aside most of
his own designs for the better ones of Brunel.
Of the earlier tool builders, Maudslay was the greatest. He, more
than any other, developed the slide-rest and he laid the basis for the
lathe, planer and slotter. His powerful personality is brought out in
Nasmyth’s autobiography written many years later. Nasmyth was a
young boy, eager, with rare mechanical skill and one ambition, to go
to London and work for the great Mr. Maudslay. He tells of their
meeting, of the interest aroused in the older man, and of his being
taken into Maudslay’s personal office to work beside him. It is a
pleasing picture, the young man and the older one, two of the best
mechanics in all England, working side by side, equally proud of
each other.
Joseph Clement came to London and worked for Bramah as chief
draftsman and as superintendent of his works. After Bramah’s death
he went to Maudslay’s and later went into business for himself. He
was an exquisite draftsman, a fertile inventor, and had a very
important part in the development of the screw-cutting lathe and
planer. Joseph Whitworth, the most influential tool builder of the
nineteenth century, worked for Maudslay and for Clement and took
up their work at the point where they left off. Under his influence
machine tools were given a strength and precision which they had
never had before. Richard Roberts was another pupil of Maudslay’s
whose influence, though important, was not so great as that of the
others.
We have an excellent example of what this succession meant.
Nasmyth tells of the beautiful set of taps and dies which Maudslay
made for his own use, and that he standardized the screw-thread
practice of his own shop. Clement carried this further. He established
a definite number of threads per inch for each size, extended the
standardization of threads, and began the regular manufacture of
dies and taps. He fluted the taps by means of milling cutters and
made them with small shanks, so that they might drop through the
tapped hole. Whitworth, taking up Clement’s work, standardized the
screw threads for all England and brought order out of chaos.
Some account of the growth of machine tools in the hands of
these men will be given later. Enough has been said here to show
the cumulative effect of their experience, and its part in the industrial
advance of the first half of the nineteenth century. Similar
successions of American mechanics will be shown later.
Writing from the standpoint of fifty years ago, Smiles quotes Sir
William Fairbairn: “‘The mechanical operations of the present day
could not have been accomplished at any cost thirty years ago; and
what was then considered impossible is now performed with an
exactitude that never fails to accomplish the end in view.’ For this we
are mainly indebted to the almost creative power of modern machine
tools, and the facilities which they present for the production and
reproduction of other machines.”[11]
[11] Smiles: “Industrial Biography,” p. 399.
CHAPTER II
WILKINSON AND BRAMAH
In the previous chapter it was stated that John Wilkinson, of
Bersham, made the steam engine commercially possible by first
boring Watt’s cylinders with the degree of accuracy necessary, and
that his boring machine was probably the first metal-cutting tool
capable of doing large work with anything like modern accuracy.
Although Wilkinson was not primarily a tool builder but an iron
master, this achievement alone is sufficient to make him interesting
to the tool builders of today.
He was born in 1728. His father made his financial start by
manufacturing a crimping iron for ironing the fancy ruffles of the day.
John Wilkinson first started a blast furnace at Belston and later
joined his father in an iron works the latter had built at Bersham, near
Chester. By developing a method of smelting and puddling iron with
coal instead of wood-charcoal, he obtained an immense commercial
advantage over his rivals and soon became a powerful factor in the
iron industry. Later, he built other works, notably one at Broseley,
near Coalbrookdale on the Severn.
One of the important branches of his work was the casting and
finishing of cannon. It was in connection with this that he invented
the boring machine referred to. He bored the first cylinder for Boulton
& Watt in 1775. Farey, in his “History of the Steam Engine,” says:
In the old method, the borer for cutting the metal was not guided in its
progress,[12] and therefore followed the incorrect form given to the cylinder in
casting it; it was scarcely insured that every part of the cylinder should be circular;
and there was no certainty that the cylinder would be straight. This method was
thought sufficient for old engines; but Mr. Watt’s engines required greater
precision.
[12] See Fig. 1.
Mr. Wilkinson’s machine, which is now the common boring-machine, has a
straight central bar of great strength, which occupies the central axis of the
cylinder, during the operation of boring; and the borer, or cutting instrument, is
accurately fitted to slide along this bar, which, being made perfectly straight,
serves as a sort of ruler, to give a rectilinear direction to the borer in its progress,
so as to produce a cylinder equally straight in the length, and circular in the
circumference. This method insures all the accuracy the subject is capable of; for if
the cylinder is cast ever so crooked, the machine will bore it straight and true,
provided there is metal enough to form the required cylinder by cutting away the
superfluities.[13]
[13] Farey: “Treatise on the Steam Engine,” p. 326. 1827.
Wilkinson’s relations with Boulton & Watt became very intimate.

He showed his confidence in the new engine by ordering the first
one built at Soho to blow the bellows of his iron works at Broseley.
Great interest was felt in the success of this engine. Other iron
manufacturers suspended their building operations to see what the
engine could do and Watt himself superintended every detail of its
construction and erection. Before it was finished Boulton wrote to
Watt:
Pray tell Mr. Wilkinson to get a dozen cylinders cast and bored from 12 to 50
inches in diameter, and as many condensers of suitable sizes; the latter must be
sent here, as we will keep them ready fitted up, and then an engine can be turned
out of hand in two or three weeks. I have fixed my mind upon making from 12 to 15
reciprocating, and 50 rotative engines per annum.[14]
[14] Smiles: “Boulton & Watt,” p. 185. London, 1904.
This letter is interesting as showing Boulton’s clear grasp of the

principles of manufacturing. Later, when Boulton & Watt were hard
pressed financially, Wilkinson took a considerable share in their
business and when the rotative engine was developed he ordered
the first one. He consequently has the honor of being the purchaser
of the first reciprocating and the first rotary engine turned out by
Watt. Later, when Watt was educating his son to take up his work, he
sent him for a year to Wilkinson’s iron works at Bersham, to learn
their methods.
Fig. 7, taken from an old encyclopedia of manufacturing and
engineering, shows the boring machine used for boring Watt’s steam
cylinders.
On two oaken stringers SS, frames FF were mounted which
carried a hollow boring bar A driven from the end. The cylinder to be
bored was clamped to saddles, as shown. The cutters were carried
on a head which rotated with the bar and was fed along it by means
of an internal feed-rod and rack. In the machine shown the feeding
was done by a weight and lever which actuated a pinion gearing with
the rack R, but later a positive feed, through a train of gears
operated by the main boring-bar, was used. Two roughing cuts and a
finishing cut were used, and the average feed is given as ¹⁄₁₆ inch
per revolution. While this machine may seem crude, a comparison
with Smeaton’s boring machine, Fig. 1, will show how great an
advance it was over the best which preceded it.
Wilkinson was a pioneer in many lines. He built and launched the
first iron vessel and in a letter dated July 14, 1787, says:
Yesterday week my iron boat was launched. It answers all my expectations, and
has convinced the unbelievers who were 999 in a thousand. It will be only a nine
days wonder, and then be like Columbus’s egg.[15]
[15] “Beiträge zur Geschichte der Technik und Industrie,” 3. Band. S.
227. Berlin, 1911.
In another letter written a little over a year later, he says:

There have been launched two Iron Vessels in my service since Sept. 1st: one is
a canal boat for this [i.e., Birmingham] navigation, the other a barge of 40 tons for
the River Severn. The last was floated on Monday and is, I expect, at Stourport
with a loading of bar iron. My clerk at Broseley advises me that she swims
remarkably light and exceeds my expectations.[16]
[16] Ibid., 3. Band. S. 227.
In 1788 William Symington built and ran a steam-operated boat on

Dalswinton Loch in Scotland, which was a small, light craft with two
hulls, made of tinned sheet-iron plates.[17] It has been erroneously
claimed that this was the first iron boat. It was at best the second.
Although of no commercial importance, it is of very great historical
interest as it antedated Fulton’s “Clermont” by many years.
[17] Autobiography of James Nasmyth, p. 30. London, 1883.
Twenty-three years later, in 1810, Onions & Son of Broseley built
the next iron boats, also for use upon the Severn. Five years later
Mr. Jervons of Liverpool built a small iron boat for use on the Mersey.
In 1821 an iron vessel was built at the Horsley works in
Staffordshire, which sailed from London to Havre and went up the
Seine to Paris.[18] Iron vessels were built from time to time after that,
but it was fully twenty-five years before they came into general use.
[18] Smiles: “Men of Invention and Industry,” pp. 51-52. New York, 1885.
Figure 6. John Wilkinson
Figure 7. Wilkinson’s Boring Machine
Used for Machining the Cylinders of Watt Engines
With Abraham Darby, 3d, Wilkinson has the honor of having built,
in 1779, the first iron bridge, which spanned the Severn at Broseley.
This bridge had a span of 100 feet 6 inches, and a clear height of 48
feet, and is standing today as good as ever.[19] He invented also the
method of making continuous lead pipe.
[19] Smiles: “Industrial Biography,” p. 119. Boston, 1864. Also, Beiträge,
etc., 3. Band. S. 226.
He was a man of great ability, strong and masterful. Boulton wrote

of him to Watt:
I can’t say but that I admire John Wilkinson for his decisive, clear, and distinct
character, which is, I think, a first-rate one of its kind.[20]
[20] Smiles: “Boulton & Watt,” p. 438. London, 1904.
There is a note of qualification in the last clause. With all his

admirable qualities Wilkinson was not always amiable and he was in
constant feud with the other members of his family. He became very
wealthy, but his large estate was dissipated in a famous lawsuit
between his heirs.
Forceful and able as Wilkinson was, another man, Joseph
Bramah, living in London about the same time, had a much more
direct influence on tool building. Bramah was a Yorkshire farmer’s
boy, born in 1748, and lame.[21] As he could not work on the farm he
learned the cabinet maker’s trade, went to London, and, in the
course of his work which took him into the well-to-do houses about
town, he made his first successful invention—the modern water-
closet. He patented it in 1778 and 1783, and it continues to this day
in substantially the same form. In 1784 he patented a lock, which
was an improvement on Barron’s, invented ten years before, and
was one of the most successful ever invented. For many years it had
the reputation of being absolutely unpickable. Confident of this,
Bramah placed a large padlock on a board in his shop window in
Piccadilly and posted beneath it the following notice:
“The artist who can make an instrument that will pick or open this lock shall
receive two hundred guineas the moment it is produced.”
[21] The best account of Bramah is given in Smiles’ “Industrial
Biography,” pp. 228-244. Boston, 1864.
Many tried to open it. In one attempt made in 1817, a clever

mechanic named Russell spent a week on it and gave it up in
despair. In 1851 Alfred C. Hobbs, an American, mastered it and won
the money. He was allowed a month in which to work and the
Committee of Referees in their report stated that he spent sixteen
days, and an actual working time of fifty-one hours, in doing it. This
gave Hobbs a great reputation, which he enhanced by picking every
other lock well known in England at that time, and then showing how
it was done.
This started up the liveliest kind of a controversy and gave
everyone a chance to write to the Times. They all began first picking,
then tearing each other’s locks. Headlines of “Love (Hobbs?) Laughs
at Locksmiths,” “Equivocator” and other like terms appeared.[22]
[22] Price: “Fire and Thief-proof Depositories, and Locks and Keys.”
It was finally recognized that any lock could be picked by a skillful

mechanic with a knowledge of locks, if he were given time enough.
The old Bramah lock, made, by the way, by Henry Maudslay himself,
did not fare so badly. Hobbs had unmolested access to it for days
with any tools he could bring or devise; and though he finally opened
it, a lock probably sixty years old which could stand such an assault
for fifty hours was secure for all ordinary purposes.[23]
[23] Anyone who is interested can find an account of the affair in Price’s
“Fire and Thief-proof Depositories, and Locks and Keys,” published in 1856,
and Mr. Hobbs has given his own personal account of it, explaining how the
work was done, in the Trans. of the A. S. M. E., Vol. VI, pp. 248-253.
When Bramah began manufacturing the locks he found almost

immediately that they called for a better quality of workmanship than
was available, with even the best manual skill about him. A series of
machine tools had to be devised if they were to be made in the
quantities and of the quality desired. He turned first to an old
German in Moodie’s shop who had the reputation of being the most
ingenious workman in London; but while he, with Bramah, saw the
need, he could not meet it. One of his shopmates, however,
suggested a young man at the Woolwich Arsenal named Henry
Maudslay, then only eighteen years old.
Bramah sent for him and Maudslay soon became his right-hand
man, and was made superintendent of the works at nineteen. The
work of these two men in developing the tools needed laid the
foundation for the standard metal-cutting tools of today. The most
important improvement was the slide-rest. Nasmyth later said that he
had seen the first one, made by Maudslay, running in Bramah’s shop
and that “in it were all those arrangements which are to be found in
the most modern slide-rest of our own day” (i.e., fifty years later).
Other parts of the metal-cutting lathe also began to take shape; it
has been said that parts of the lock were milled on a lathe with rotary
cutters, and that the beginnings of the planer were made. How much
of this work was Bramah’s and how much Maudslay’s it would be
hard to say. Bramah was a fertile, clever inventor; but Maudslay was
the better general mechanic, had a surer judgment and a greater
influence on subsequent tool design.
About this time Bramah invented the hydraulic press. As he first
built it, the ram was packed with a stuffing-box and gland. This
gripped the ram, retarded the return stroke, and gave him a lot of
trouble until Maudslay substituted the self-tightening cup-leather
packing for the stuffing-box, an improvement which made the device
a success.
Bramah’s restless ingenuity was continually at work. He invented a
very successful beer-pump in 1797, the four-way cock, a quill
sharpener which was in general use until quills were superseded by
steel pens, and he dabbled with the steam engine. He was a bitter
opponent of Watt and testified against him in the famous suit of
Boulton & Watt against Hornblower. He maintained the superiority of
the old Newcomen engines and said that the principle of the
separate condenser was fallacious, that Watt had added nothing
new which was not worthless, and that his so-called improvements
were “monstrous stupidity.”
In 1802 Bramah obtained a patent for woodworking machinery
second only in importance to that granted Bentham in 1791. Like
Bentham, he aimed to replace manual labor “for producing straight,
smooth, and parallel surfaces on wood and other materials requiring
truth, in a manner much more expeditious and perfect than can be
performed by the use of axes, saws, planes, and other cutting
instruments used by hand in the ordinary way.” His tools were
carried in fixed frames and driven by machinery. In his planing
machine, one of which was running in the Woolwich Arsenal for fifty
years, the cutter-head, which carried twenty-eight tools, was
mounted on a vertical shaft and swept across the work in a
horizontal plane. He used this same method in planing the metal
parts for his locks, which corresponds, of course, to our modern
face-milling. He provided for cutting spherical and concave surfaces
and used his device for making wooden bowls.
In 1806 he devised an automatic machine which the Bank of
England used many years in numbering their banknotes, eliminating
error and saving the labor of many clerks.
Maudslay was in his employ from 1789 to 1797. He was getting as
superintendent 30s. ($7.50) a week. A growing family and “the high
cost of living” rendered this insufficient and he applied for more. He
was refused so curtly that he gave up his position and started in for
himself in a small workshop on Oxford Street in London. Later he
took Field in as partner under the firm name of Maudslay & Field.
In 1813 Bramah engaged another man who later had a great
influence, Joseph Clement. Clement soon became his chief
draftsman and superintendent. Salaries had gone up somewhat by

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15. For the given function, find y  f   x  .

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17. For the given function, find the critical points.

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21. For the given function, find the critical values.

22. For the given function, find the critical points.

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29. For the given function, find the relative minima.

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62. Find all relative minima of the given function.

63. Find all points of inflection of the given function.

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Which of A, B, and/or C correspond(s) to the upper limit of population?

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86. The consumer price data can be modeled by the function

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133. The millions of worldwide cellular subscribers can be modeled by

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your results analytically.

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your results analytically.

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The second question as to who brought this change about is not

Take the slide-rest. It is clearly shown in the French encyclopedia

Blanchard was by no means the first to turn irregular forms on a

Figure 5. Genealogy of the Early English Tool Builders