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Authored by
Yaser Sabzehmeidani
School of Engineering, Taylor‘s University, Subang, Malaysia
Amin Sedighiamiri
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani
University of Technology, Babol, Iran
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ISBN: 978-0-12-812024-8
vii
viii List of Figures
Table 2.1 The Results of HPM And NM Methods For f ðηÞ And 75
θðηÞ
Table 2.2 The Dimensionless Temperature Distribution at 91
β 5 0.0, ψ 5 0.5
Table 3.1 The Results of VIM and HPM Techniques and Their 120
Errors at τ 5 0:5
Table 3.2 Comparison of the Errors of the Conventional 132
Perturbation Method and the Homotopy Perturbation
Method at τ 5 0 and When ε1 6¼ ε2
Table 4.1 Thermo-Physical Properties of Water and 160
Nanoparticles
Table 4.2 Comparison Between Numerical (NM) and HPM 173
Solutions at S 5 0:5, Ec 5 0:1, δ 5 1, φ 5 0:06 and
Pr 5 6:2
Table 4.3 Comparison Between Numerical (NM) and HPM 174
Solutions at S 5 0:5, Ec 5 0:4, δ 5 1:5, φ 5 0:06 and
Pr 5 6:2
Table 4.4 Comparison Between the Results of the Solution of 181
the Numerical Method (NM) and That of ADM for
f ðηÞ and θðηÞ, at S 5 1, Pr 5 6:2, Ec 5 0:01,
φ 5 0:02ðCu 2 WaterÞ and δ 5 0:01
Table 4.5 Thermo-Physical Properties of Different Nanoparticles 185
Table 4.6 Comparison of 2 θ0 ð1Þ Obtained by HPM and the 195
Ones Obtained by Mustafa et al. [12] for Viscous
Fluid S 5 0:5 and δ 5 0:1
Table 4.7 Value of Constant β for Different α, Ha, Reynolds 211
Number
Table 4.8 Error Comparison for Numerical and ADM Method 212
xiii
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Nonlinear Systems
and Solution
Methods
Chapter Outline
1.1 Nonlinear Differential Equations in
Science and Technology 2
1.2 Analytical Methods for Nonlinear
Equations 4
1.2.1 Homotopy Perturbation Method 6
1.2.2 Variational Iteration Method 13
1.2.3 Adomian Decomposition Method 20
References 29
ABSTRACT
Nonlinear differential or partial differential equa-
tions are widely employed in a wide range of
applied science and engineering fields to model and
understand the underlying mechanism of phenom-
ena deeply. Along with the rapid advancement in
nonlinear science, an increasing interest among
scientists and researchers has emerged to solve the
nonlinear problems and to find either the exact or
Nonlinear Systems in Heat Transfer. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812024-8.00001-1
© 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1
2 Nonlinear Systems in Heat Transfer
where,
8 Nonlinear Systems in Heat Transfer
Example 1:
For the sake of simplicity, let us first con-
sider a one-dimensional heat-like model:
1 2
ut 5 x uxx 0 , x , 1; t . 0; ð1:14Þ
2
subject to the boundary conditions of:
uð0; tÞ 5 0 uð1; tÞ 5 et ð1:15Þ
and the initial condition of:
uðx; 0Þ 5 x2 ð1:16Þ
ν 1 5 x2 t ð1:24Þ
1 22
ν2 5 xt ð1:25Þ
2!
1 23
ν3 5 xt ð1:26Þ
3!
1 24
ν4 5 xt ð1:27Þ
4!
Introduction to Nonlinear Systems and Solution Methods Chapter | 1 11
Example 2:
Now, let us consider the three-dimensional
heat-like IBVP:
1 2
ut 5 x4 y4 z4 1 ðx uxx 1 y2 uyy 1 z2 uzz Þ
36
x . 0; y , 1; z , 1; t . 0;
ð1:30Þ
subject to the boundary conditions of:
uð0; y; z; tÞ 5 0 uð1; y; z; tÞ 5 y4 z4 ðet 2 1Þ
ð1:31Þ
2 2 2
@ν 4 1 @ ν 3 @ ν 3 2 @ ν3
p4 : 2 x2 1y 2
1z 50
@t 36 @x2 @y2 @z2
ð1:40Þ
Example 2:
Consider the following three-dimensional
heat-like model
1 2
ut 5x4 y4 z4 1ðx uxx 1y2 uyy 1z2 uzz Þ
36 ð1:68Þ
x.0; y,1; z,1; t.0;
A1 5 u1 F 0 ðu0 Þ ð1:92Þ
1 2
A2 5 u2 F 0 ðu0 Þ 1 u Fvðu0 Þ ð1:93Þ
2! 1
1 3
A3 5 u3 F 0 ðu0 Þ 1 u1 u2 Fvðu0 Þ 1
u Fwðu0 Þ
3! 1
ð1:94Þ
0 1 2
A4 5 u4 F ðu0 Þ 1 u 1 u1 u3 Fvðu0 Þ
2! 2
1 1
1 u21 u2 Fwðu0 Þ 1 u41 F ðivÞ ðu0 Þ
2! 4!
ð1:95Þ
^
2 γL21
t ðAn Þ 5 0
ð1:107Þ
Example 1:
We first consider the linear Schrödinger
equation
ut 1 iuxx 5 0 ð1:114Þ
subject to the initial condition of
uðx; 0Þ 5 e3ix ð1:115Þ
ð1:116Þ
ð9itÞ2 3ix
u2 ðx; tÞ 5 2 iL21
t ðLxx u1 ðx; tÞÞ 5 e
2!
ð1:117Þ
28 Nonlinear Systems in Heat Transfer
ð9itÞ3 3ix
u3 ðx; tÞ 5 2 iL21
t ðLxx u2 ðx; tÞÞ 5 e
3!
ð1:118Þ
and so on, in the same manner the rest of
components can be found. The solution in a
series form is given by
ð9itÞ2 ð9itÞ3
uðx; tÞ 5 e 3ix
1 1 9it 1 1 1?
2! 3!
ð1:119Þ
Example 2:
Let us then consider the nonlinear
Schrödinger equation
iut 1 uxx 1 2juj2 u 5 0 ð1:121Þ
subject to the initial condition of
uðx; 0Þ 5 eix ð1:122Þ
ð1:123Þ
Introduction to Nonlinear Systems and Solution Methods Chapter | 1 29
ðitÞ2 ix
u2 ðx; tÞ 5 iL21 21
t ðLxx u1 ðx; tÞÞ 1 iγLt A1 5 e
2!
ð1:124Þ
ðitÞ3 ix
u3 ðx; tÞ 5 iL21 21
t ðLxx u2 ðx; tÞÞ 1 iγLt A2 5 e
3!
ð1:125Þ
and so on, in the same manner the rest of
components can be found. The solution in a
series form is given by
ðitÞ2 ðitÞ3
uðx; tÞ 5 e 1 1 it 1
ix
1 1?
2! 3!
ð1:126Þ
REFERENCES
[1] D.D. Ganji, E.M. Languri, Mathematical
Methods in Nonlinear Heat Transfer: A Semi-
Analytical Approach, Xlibris Corporation,
USA, 2010.
[2] R. Courant, D. Hilbert, Methods of mathemati-
cal physics, Differential Equations, Vol. 2,
Wiley-VCH, 1989.
[3] S.J. Farlow, Partial Differential Equations for
Scientists and Engineers, Dover Publications
Inc, 1993.
30 Nonlinear Systems in Heat Transfer
Conduction
Convection Heat
Transfer
Chapter Outline
2.1 Introduction to Heat Transfer 37
2.2 Heat Conduction 39
2.3 Heat Convection 41
2.4 Nonlinear ConductionConvection Heat
Transfer Problems 43
2.4.1 Cooling of a Lumped System with
Variable Specific Heat 43
2.4.2 Cooling of a Lumped System with
Variable Heat Transfer Coefficient 55
2.4.3 Heat Conduction in a Slab with
Variable Thermal Conductivity 61
2.4.4 Forced Convection Over a
Horizontal Flat Plate 65
2.4.5 Porous Media Equation 72
2.4.6 Nonlinear Heat Equation with
Cubic Nonlinearity 79
2.4.7 Temperature Distribution in a
Straight Fin 83