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Pulmonary Disease
Examination and
Board Review
Edited by
Ronaldo Collo Go, MD
F ly
Dv P lm y, C l C , d Sl p M d
M S B hI l
N w Y k, N w Y k
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N w Y k Ch g S F Ah L d M d d Mx C y
N w D lh S J S gp Syd y
Pulmonary Disease Examination and Board Review
C py gh © 2016 y M G w H ll Ed . All gh v d. P d Ch . Ex p p m d d h U dS
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T is book is dedicated to:
Cont r ibu t or s x
Pr efa ce xv
vii
viii Co n t e n t s
xi
xii Co n t r ib u t o r s
Patricia Walker, MD
Co-director of Adult Cystic Fibrosis Center
Acting Chief
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Sl p M d
M S B hI l
N w Y k, N w Y k
Preface
xv
1
he Cell and Immunology
Ronaldo Collo Go MD
G0
CASE 2
G1 S Human immune system consists o two parts: innate
immunity which recognizes pathogen receptor moti s in
many microbes and adaptive immunity which involves
Mitos is G2 generation o speci c antigen receptors on and B cells.
1
2 Pu l m o n a r y Dis e a s e e x a m in a t io n a n D Bo a r D r e v ie w
paracrine, or endocrine. Which cytokine is responsi- Question 6: What type o hypersensitivity involves
ble or the release o eosinophils? arthus reaction?
A. IL-5 A. ype I hypersensitivity reaction
B. IL-1, IL-6, NF-alpha B. ype II hypersensitivity reaction
C. IL-2 C. ype III hypersensitivity reaction
D. Il-17 D. ype IV hypersensitivity reaction
E. IL-10 E. ype V hypersensitivity reaction
Question 4: Adaptive immunity requires an initial con- Question 7: Which inter eron is prominent in granu-
tact with the antigen ollowed by a more vigorous loma ormation in sarcoidosis?
in ammatory response af er re-exposure to the antigen. A. Inter eron alpha
Bone marrow is the major site or B cells and thymus is B. Inter eron beta
the major site or cells. In the lymph nodes, the cells C. Inter eron gamma
are in the deep paracortical areas around B-cell germi- D. Inter eron alpha and beta
nal centers. wo important subsets o cells include E. All o the above
the cytotoxic CD8+ /MHC Class I and helper CD4+ /
MHC Class II. Which o the ollowing is not true Question 8: Which oll-like receptor proteins are
regarding the -cell recognition o an antigen? associated with gram-negative septic shock?
A. It is a heterodimer with CD3 subunits. A. LR1
B. It closely resembles the immunoglobulin heavy and B. LR3
light chains. C. LR4
C. Diversity is determined by rearrangements o V D. LR5
(variable), D (diversity), and J (joining) regions. E. LR6
D. CR recognizes protein antigen peptides which have
been “processed” by antigen presenting cells. Question 9: Anti-IgE therapy in asthma involves which
E. None o the above. type o antibody?
A. IgG
Question 5: B cells express immunoglobulins on their B. IgA
sur ace which can recognize unprocessed native anti- C. IgM
gens, and components o activated complement. D. IgD
Which immunoglobulin is ound as either a monomer E. IgE
or dimer, with J chain, and has secretory properties?
A. IgG Question 10: Which o the ollowing is pro brotic?
B. IgA A. GF-beta
C. IgM B. Plate-derived growth actor
D. IgD C. Insulin-derived growth actor
E. IgE D. Connective tissue growth actor
E. All o the above
Answers
3
4 Pu l m o n a r y Dis e a s e e x a m in a t io n a n D Bo a r D r e v ie w
CELL MEMBRANE CELL MEMBRANE CELL MEMBRANE CELL MEMBRANE CELL MEMBRANE CELL MEMBRANE CELL MEMBRANE CELL MEMBRANE
Pro-cas pas e 8
Cas pas e 8
P53
Cytochrome C
Cas pas e 9
Cas pas e 3
APOPTOSIS
Figure 1–1 T ere are two pathways leading to apoptosis. T e intrinsic pathway involves the P53 system which detects stress signals
via DNA damage, oncogene, and hypoxia. T is activates the BAX to proceed to increased permeability and release o cytochrome
C. T e extrinsic pathway involves binding o Fas Ligand and entering the apoptosis pathway via Caspase 3.
E ector Cells
P53
Macrophages First line o de ense o innate immunity
Binding LPS
APC to lymphocytes
Secretions o IL-1, NF-a, IL-12, IL-6
Dendritic cells APC
P16
P21 P27 INK CD83, MHC II, multiple thin membrane
projectile
Most potent producers o IFN-alpha
Natural killer Sur ace receptors or Fc o IgG, NCAM-I
cells (CD56), CD8
Dual role: Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity
CDK2 and nonimmune killing o target cells
Cyclin E2 Killing ability is inversely related to levels
o MHC I
Rb Rb
Granulocytes:
CDK2 Neutrophils Fc receptors or IgG (CD16) and or com-
Cyclin D1
E2F E2F plement components (C3b and CD35)
Secretes azurophilic granules into the sur-
Figure 1–2 RB Pathway. T e retinoblastoma pathway is the ace generating superoxide radicals a er
downstream pathway or P53 and disrupts G1 entry to S phase. stimulation rom immune complexes or
T is is highlighted by phosphorylation o RB/E2 F product, opsonized bacteria
causing dissociation o E2 F rom RB. (Reproduced with per- Eosinophils Fc receptors o IgG (CD32)
mission o Brambilla E, Gazdar A. Pathogenesis o lung cancer Cytotoxic to parasitic in ections
signalling pathways: roadmap or therapies. Eur Respir J. 2009; Contents include major basic protein,
33(6):1485–1497.) eosinophilic cationic protein, neurotoxin
and Anti-in ammatory enzymes such as
histaminase, arylsul ase, phospholipase D
T e ve phases o host de ense include: (1) migration o Basophils IL-4
leukocytes to antigen; (2) antigen recognition by innate High af nity or IgE (FCRI)
immunity; (3) antigen recognition by adaptive immu- Release histaminine, eosinophlic chemo-
nity; (4) in ammatory response; and (5) destruction and tactic actor, neutral protease
removal o particles. Expresses C3a and C5b receptors
**
Migration o the leukocyte, such as a neutrophil, involves pathway. C4a, C3a, and C5a release histamine rom
interaction with endothelial cells and con ormational basophils and mast cells.4 C3b and C3bi participate in
change with their adhesion molecules. T e rst stage, the phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages and
called attachment and rolling, involves leukocyte leav- participate in the ormation o immune complex. C5–9
ing the blood stream through the post-capillary venule, is the membrane attack complex.
mediated by L-selectin molecule. T e second stage, rm
adhesion with activation-dependent stable arrest, is Question 3: A. IL-5
attachment o leukocyte to high endothelial venules via Recognition interleukins and their roles might have
cytokines. T e third stage is the migration o leukocyte to therapeutic implications such as in asthma. T e normal
endothelial cells and release o matrix metalloprotenases airway is rich with T 1 cells. In an asthmatic airway, they
which digest the subendothelial basement membrane. are rich in T 2 cells.8 Below is a table that lists selected
interleukins, their mechanisms, and associated drugs.8
Question 2: E. C5–9
T e complement system is a cascading series o reactions Question 4: E. None o the above
which results in cell lysis. T ere are three pathways which MHC-peptide- CR is the initiation o an antigen
include classic activation pathway via immune com- driven immune response. T e major histocompatibility
plex, mannose-binding lectin pathway, and alternative complex (MHC), also called human leukocyte antigen
6 Pu l m o n a r y Dis e a s e e x a m in a t io n a n D Bo a r D r e v ie w
IL-10 • Anti-in ammatory and inhibits release o IL-1,IL-6,IL-12, and NF-alpha • Corticosteroids
• Deactivates macrophages, mast cells, and eosinophils • Vitamin D
(HLA) complex, is located on chromosome 6 and has a Other groups o HLA are organ speci c such as: HLA-
role on antigen speci city and presentation. T ey have DRB1*12 and HLA-DRB1*14 are associated with lung
roles in pathogen resistance and autoimmune disease. involvement, HLA-DRB1*04-BQB1*0301 are associated
T ere are two classes. Class I, HLA-A,-B, and -C, appear with uveitis, and HLA-DQB1*0601 are associated with
to have particular characteristics such as polymorphism cardiac involvement.13–18
and linkage disequilibrium. Recognized by CD8 cells,
class I allele has a heavy chain and a nonpolymorphic **
B2-microglobulin light chain. Recognized by CD4 cells, CD4 helper cells produce cytokines. T 1 CD4+ aide
class II consists o a heterodimer with amino-terminal in cellular killing and help generate opsonizing antibod-
domains representing antigen-binding regions. ies that lead to a delayed hypersensitivity response. T ey
secrete IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-3, NF-alpha, GM-CSF, and
**
NF-beta. T 2 CD4+ produce IL3-6, IL-10, and IL-13
T e association o HLA and sarcoidosis has been well
regulate humoral immunity and isotype switching.
documented, initially with Class I HLA-B8 but more
so with Class II HLA, with variable implications.13
**
HLA-DQB1*0201 and HLA-DRB1-301 are associated
with good prognosis in British and Dutch and in Swish CD4 and CD8 regulatory cells are produced by den-
respectively.14,15 HLA-DRB1*01 and HLA-DQB1*0501 dritic cells and suppress immune response, particularly
have been shown to be protective against sarcoidosis.14 those rom sel -antigens.
c h a Pt e r 1 t h e c e l l a n D im m u n o l o g y 7
Fibrocytes • Bone marrow derived, they produce collagen and express CD45 (leukocytes) and CD34
(stem cells)
• Di erentiate to myo broblasts and contribute to ECM or di erentiate into mesenchy-
mal cells
• Recruitment dependent on CXCL12, CCL2, CCL3, and IL-10
CD40–CD40 L • Co-stimulators in the activation o CD4+ cells via CD40L and antigen presenting cell
(APC) via CD40
• With IL-4, promotes broblasts
Integrins • Cell sur ace molecules involve in adhesion between cell to cell and cell to ECM
• Roles in cell migration, growth, and survival
REFERENCES 10. odd NW, Lyzina IG, Atamas SP. Molecular and cellular
mechanisms o pulmonary brosis. Fibrogenesis Tissue
1. Rom WN, Hay JG, Lee C, et al. Molecular and genetic
Repair. 2012;5(11):1–24.
aspects o lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;
11. Strunk RC, Bloomberg GR. Omalizumab or asthma.
161:1355–1367.
N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2689–2695.
2. Brambilla E, Gazdar A. Pathogenesis o lung cancer signal-
12. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH. Basic Immunology. New York,
ing pathways: roadway to therapies. Eur Respir J. 2009;33(6):
NY: Saunders; 2010.
1485–1497.
13. Inannuzzi MC, Rybicki BA, eirstein AS. Sarcoidoisis. N
3. Armanios, M. elomerase and idiopathic pulmonary
Engl J Med. 2007;357:2153–2165.
brosis. Mutat Res. 2012;730:52–58.
14. Grunewald J, Eklund A. Lo gren’s Syndrome. Human Leu-
4. Stone KD, Prussin C, Metcal e DD. IgE, mast cells, basophils
kocyte Antigen Strongly In uences the Disease. Course.
and eosinophils. J Allergic Clin Immunol. 2010;125:S73–S80.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;179:307–312.
5. Marzouk K, Saleh S, Kannass M, et al. Inter eron-induced
15. Sato H, Grutters JC, Pantelidis P, et al. HLA-DQB1*0201.
granulomatous lung disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2004;
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2002;27:406–412.
10(5):435–440.
16. Sato H, Woodhead FA, Ahmad , et al. Sarcoidosis HLA
6. Petousi N, T omas EC. Inter eron-B-induced pulmonary
Class II genotype distinguishes di erences o clinical phe-
sarcoidosis in a 30-year-old woman treated or multiple
notype across ethnic groups. Hum Mol Gen. 2012;19:
sclerosis. J Med Case Reports. 2012;6:344.
4100–4111.
7. Morris DG, Jasmer RM, Huang L, et al. Sarcoidosis
17. Iannuzzi MC, Maliarik MJ, Poisson LM, et al. Sarcoidosis
ollowing HIV In ection: Evidence or CD4+ lymphocyte
susceptibility and resistance HLA-DQB1 alleles in A rican
dependence. Chest. 2003;124:929–935.
Americans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167:1225–
8. Garcia G, aille C, Pierantonio L, et al. Anti-interleukin-5
1231.
therapy in severe asthma. Eur Respir Rev. 2013;22:251–257.
18. Ayyala US, Nair AP, Padilla ML. Cardiac Sarcoidosis. Clin
9. Gibeon D, Menzies-Gow AN. argeting interleukins to treat
Chest Med. 2008;29:493–508.
severe asthma. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2012;6(4):423–429.
2
Pulmon ry Func ion ss
Ronald Evans DO, Ronaldo Collo Go MD, Andrew Matragrano MD, and
Paul Simonelli MD, PhD
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
IRV
Time (s econds ) IC
IVC
4 VT
)
TLC
d
3
n
o
ERV
c
e
2
S
(
FRC
w
1
o
l
F
RV
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
R pro uc wi h p rmission rom W ng r J, Cl us n JL, Co s
Time (s econds ) A, l. S n r is ion o h m sur m n o lung volum s.
Eur Respir J. 2005;26(3):511–522.
Question 1: What kind o arti act do you see?
A. Cough Question 1: Which o the ollowing are increased
B. H si ion during the third trimester o pregnancy?
C. E rly rmin ion A. V n IC
D. Air l k B. VC
E. Glo is closur C. FRC, ER, RV
9
10 Pu l m o n a r y Dis e a s e e x a m in a t io n a n D Bo a r D r e v ie w
2
D. LC
N
f
o
E. FRC III
%
II
CASE 3 I
**
Spirom ry p r orm by his prim ry c r physici n
prior o sp ci l y consul ion is s ollows:
12 Re f P re P re P o s t Pos t Pos t
Me a s % Re f Me a s % Re f % Chg
8
FVC Liters 5.09 5.40 106 5.38 106 - 0
4 FEV1 Liters 4.39 3.80 87 3.87 88 2
FEV1/FVC % 85 70 72
0 FEF25–75% L/s ec 4.92 2.82 57 2.86 58 1
PEF L/s ec 9.39 7.90 84 7.70 82 - 2
- 4 FET100% Sec 10.46 9.62 - 8
FIVC Liters 5.09 5.28 104 5.40 106 2
- 8 FIF50% Liters 5.13 4.70 - 8
MVV L/min 179
- 12
- 2 0 2 4 6 8
Volume
**
H is s n or m h cholin ch ll ng s s h r is
s rong n o cl ri y i h ruly h s i gnosis o
s hm . R sul s o h m h cholin ch ll ng s r
s ollows:
12 12
12 10 10
10 8 8
8 6 6
6
4 4
4
2 2
2
0 0 0
- 2 2 4 6 - 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 4 - 4 - 4
- 6 - 6 - 6
- 8 - 8 - 8
- 10 - 10 - 10
- 12 - 12 - 12
Pred Pred
Pred Pre Pre
Pre Chlg Pos t
12 Pu l m o n a r y Dis e a s e e x a m in a t io n a n D Bo a r D r e v ie w
Question 1: What can be said about this patient having C. T p i n r nk cup o r gul r co on h w y
a diagnosis o asthma? o his m h cholin s
A. T p i n bsolu ly h s s hm s vi nc by D. T p i n ook 1,000 mg c minoph n on h
h > 20% cr s in FEV1 uring m h cholin morning o his m h cholin s
s ing E. H lso k s lisinopril or hyp r nsion
B. T p i n bsolu ly o s no h v i gnosis o
s hm s his FEV1 i no ll b low 20% un il CASE 5
conc n r ion on 8 mg/mL m h cholin
C. T prob bili y o h p i n h ving s hm is bor r- A 73-y r-ol m n h s r c n ly b n i gnos wi h
lin u o h m h cholin conc n r ion n o COPD n h s smok 1 p ck p r y or 50 y rs. H
in uc 20% or gr r cr s in FEV1, bu his l ck no s his shor n ss o br h is no limi ing his ily
o s hm ic symp oms giv him low pr - s prob - c ivi i s n h con inu s oing s r nuous m nu l
bili y or i gnosis o s hm l bor roun his hom ily. H no s ily symp oms o
D. PF s prior o m h cholin s ing show 2% cough pro uc iv o y llow-brown spu um n s s h
improv m n in FEV1 ollowing broncho il or. T is h s on o wo bou s o “bronchi is” p r y r, or which
lon shows bronchi l r sponsiv n ss n prov s h s s his prim ry c r physici n n is ypic lly r
nough vi nc or h i gnosis o s hm in his wi h cours o or l n ibio ics n or l cor icos roi s.
p i n
**
E. H h s s hm s vi nc by h i gnosis h c r-
ri s rom chil hoo His physic l x min ion is o h rwis unr m rk bl
xc p or BMI 32 n occ sion l xpir ory wh z .
Question 2: Which o the ollowing may have inter-
ered with the methacholine challenge testing? **
Pulmon ry unc ion s s r shown b low:
A. T p i n us lbu rol inh l r 1 y prior o
m h cholin s ing
B. T p i n c m o clinic r ing milk n o
c r l or br k s prior o m h cholin s ing
Pre-Bronch Post-Bronch
Actual Pred %Pred SD LLN Actual %Chng
— SPIROME RY —
FVC (L) 2.86 3.97 72 0.54 3.08
FEV1 (L) 1.42 2.88 49 0.45 2.14
FEV1/FVC (%) 50 73 67 6 63
FEF 25% (L/s c) 1.61
FEF 75% (L/s c) 0.27
FEF 25–75% (L/s c) 0.58 2.12 27 0.92 0.60
FEF m x (L/s c) 3.75 7.56 49 1.33 5.37
FIVC (L) 2.22
FIF m x (L/s c) 2.71
(continued)
14 Pu l m o n a r y Dis e a s e e x a m in a t io n a n D Bo a r D r e v ie w
(Continued)
Pre-Bronch Post-Bronch
Actual Pred %Pred SD LLN Actual %Chng
— LUNG VOLUMES —
SVC (L) 3.22 3.97 81 0.54 3.08
IC (L) 2.43 3.12 77
ERV (L) 0.79 0.85 92
GV (L) 5.25 3.54 148 0.72 2.10
RV (Pl h) (L) 4.46 2.42 184 0.37 1.68
LC (Pl h) (L) 7.68 6.66 115 0.79 5.08
RV/ LC (Pl h)(%) 58 37 157 4 29
r pp g s (L)
— DIFFUSION —
DLCOunc (mL/min/mm Hg) 15.09 29.49 51 4.83 19.83
DLCOcor (mL/min/mm Hg) 29.49 4.83 19.83
DL/VA (mL/min/mm Hg/L) 2.76 4.43 62
VA (L) 5.47 6.66 82 0.79 5.36
— AIRWAYS RESIS ANCE —
R w (cmH 2O/L/s) 1.45 0.48 0.66
G w (L/s/cmH 2O) 1.03
0
1 2 3 4
- 8
- 8
- 6
- 8
Pred Pre
c h a Pt e r 2 Pu l m o n a r y Fu n c t io n t e s t s 15
Six-minute walk test results: W lk 372 m in 6 minu s C. His COPD is s v r , lung volum s r no sugg s iv
o ir r pping, his DLCO is mo r ly cr s ,
Heart Borg n h r is no vi nc o hypox mi wi h x r ion
SpO2 (%) Rate Scale O2 (L/min) D. His COPD is v ry s v r , lung volum s r sugg s iv
o ir r pping, his DLCO is mo r ly cr s ,
B s lin 94 94 2 Room ir
n h r is no vi nc o hypox mi wi h x r ion
1 minu 93 99 2 Room ir E. His COPD is s v r , lung volum s r sugg s iv o
2 minu s 93 102 3 Room ir ir r pping, his DLCO is s v r ly cr s , n
3 minu s 93 100 3 Room ir h r is no vi nc o hypox mi wi h x r ion
4 minu s 94 104 4 Room ir
5 minu s 94 103 4 Room ir CASE 6
6 minu s 93 103 4 Room ir A 68-y r-ol m n wi h 50 p ck-y rs n qui 11 y rs
R cov ry go, obs ruc iv sl p pn on CPAP, hyp r nsion,
1 minu 94 98 3 Room ir GERD, n hypo hyroi ism pr s n s or v lu ion o
2 minu s 96 93 3 Room ir incr sing yspn on x r ion. H c n pr s n ly climb
l ss h n on igh o s irs b or h ving o r s u o
3 minu s 96 95 2 Room ir
br hl ssn ss. H lso no s yspn wh n r ssing
4 minu s 95 92 2 Room ir hims l . How v r, h h s no shor n ss o br h r s
5 minu s 95 92 2 Room ir or wh n lying . H ni s ny occup ion l, nviron-
m n l, or ch mic l xposur s.
(continued)
16 Pu l m o n a r y Dis e a s e e x a m in a t io n a n D Bo a r D r e v ie w
(Continued)
Actual Pred %Pred SD LLN Actual %Chng
— LUNG VOLUMES —
SVC (L) 2.29 4.12 55 0.53 3.25
IC (L) 1.79 3.12 57
ERV (L) 0.50 1.00 50
GV (L) 2.70 3.44 78 0.72 2.00
RV (Pl h) (L) 2.20 2.28 96 0.37 1.54
LC (Pl h) (L) 4.48 6.56 68 0.79 4.98
RV/ LC (Pl h) (%) 49 35 139 4 27
r pp g s (L)
— DIFFUSION —
DLCOunc (mL/min/mm Hg) 10.76 30.32 35 4.83 20.66
DLCOcor (mL/min/mm Hg) 30.32 4.83 20.66
DL/VA (mL/min/mm Hg/L) 3.45 4.62 74
VA (L) 3.12 6.56 47 0.79 5.26
— AIRWAYS RESIS ANCE —
R w (cmH 2O/L/s) 1.45 0.48 0.66
G w (L/s/cmH 2O) 1.03
sR w (cmH 2O*s) < 4.76
sG w (1/cmH 2O*s) 0.20 0.07 0.08
10
8
6
4
2
0
- 2 1 2 3 4 5
- 4
- 6
- 8
- 10
Question 1: What is the major nding in the spirome- v lu ion o shor n ss o br h. Un il r c n ly, sh h s
try and lung volumes? l h h r s hm symp oms w r un r con rol n
A. R s ric iv physiology bu no ru r s ric ion u o h no us h r lbu rol inh l r or mon hs. Sh no s
h pr s rv o l lung c p ci y n insi ious ons o yspn on x r ion ov r h p s
B. Obs ruc iv lung is s u o h FEV1 b ing l ss 1 o 2 y rs. Sh m inly h s no if cul y p r orming
h n h low r limi o norm l h r ily robic x rcis rou in u o yspn . Sh
C. ru r s ric iv is s no s sh h s ri h r lbu rol inh l r wi h only mil
D. Emphys m u o h low DLCO r li o h r symp oms. Sh ls h r symp oms only
E. Norm l spirom ry occur wi h physic l x r ion n l i r n h nh r
pr vious s hm symp oms.
CASE 7 **
A 20-y r-ol wom n wi h p s m ic l his ory signi - Physic l x min ion is r m rk bl or BMI is 24 kg/m²
ic n or ob cco us (h l p ck o cig r s p r y or n x spli S2.
4 y rs—qui 1 mon h prior o pr s n ion), ri l s p- **
l c , n mil in rmi n s hm i gnos clin-
Pulmon ry unc ion s ing is p r orm n h r sul s
ic lly (wi hou PF s) wh n sh w s chil pr s n s or
ollow.
Pre-Bronch Post-Bronch
Actual Pred %Pred SD LLN Actual %Pred %Chng
— SPIROME RY —
FVC (L) 4.03 3.97 101 0.44 3.24 4.23 106 +4
FEV1 (L) 2.51 3.45 72 0.37 2.84 3.14 91 + 25
FEV1/FVC (%) 62 86 72 6 76 74 86 + 19
FEF 25% (L/s c) 2.60 6.08 42 1.30 3.94 3.32 54 + 27
FEF 75% (L/sw) 1.79 2.11 84 0.58 1.15 2.17 102 + 21
FEF 25–75% (L/s c) 2.35 3.81 61 0.79 2.51 3.05 79 + 29
FEF m x (L/s c) 2.70 7.08 38 1.09 5.28 3.42 48 + 26
FIVC (L) 2.17 2.17 +0
FIF m x (L/s c) 2.58 3.89 + 50
FEV6(L) 4.03 3.97 101 0.43 3.26 4.23 106 +4
im o FEF m x (s c) 0.355 0.465 + 30
10
8
6
4
2
0
- 2 1 2 3 4 5
- 4
- 6
- 8
- 10
Max Predicted HR
(continued)
c h a Pt e r 2 Pu l m o n a r y Fu n c t io n t e s t s 19
(Continued)
MVV
2
E
O
V
C
V
WR VCO 2
VC
2
P
O
E
C
T
V
C
F
/
E
O
(
V
B
2
r
e
a
t
T
h
V
s
p
e
P
r
E
2
m
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T
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V
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n
/
u
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E
t
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)
VO 2 VO 2
2
O
A
P
T
V
P
/
a
D
C
V
S
O
a
O
2
2
2
O
a
P
VO 2 VO 2
Mo i wi h p rmission rom Am ric n T or cic Soci y; Am ric n Coll g o Ch s Physici ns. A S/ACCP S m n on c r iopulmon ry x rcis
s ing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167(2):211–277.
CASE 1
)
4
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o
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3
e
S
Question 1: A. Cough
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s
2
r
An cc p bl or is voi o ny r i c s, which
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t
i
L
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c n inclu bnorm li i s in h volum - im curv n 1
w
o
ow-volum curv s con ry o cough or v ri bl or ,
l
F
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
rly rmin ion (< 6 s con s wi h no pl u r ch
Time (s econds )
in volum - im curv n low o l volum in ow-
volum curv ), l k (volum - im curv rops ins Hesitation
o pl us n ow-volum b ck r cks), glo is closur
( n brup s op in bo h curv s), n h si ion ( h ini- 4
i l xh l ion is l y or no orc ul).
)
s
3
r
e
t
i
L
Glottis closure
(
2
e
m
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l
4
o
1
)
V
s
r
e
3
t
i
L
(
2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
e
m
u
Time (s econds )
l
1
o
V
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 4
)
d
n
Time (s econds )
o
c
3
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S
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)
4
s
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r
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n
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c
3
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S
w
1
/
o
s
l
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r
F
e
t
i
L
(
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
w
o
Time (s econds )
l
F
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (s econds )
Leak
Early termination 4
)
s
r
3
e
t
i
4
L
(
2
)
e
s
m
r
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l
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1
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V
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2
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m
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l
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
o
1
V
Time (s econds )
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (s econds )
20
c h a Pt e r 2 Pu l m o n a r y Fu n c t io n t e s t s 21
n
e
Time (s econds )
g
o
r
t
i
N
Question 2: C. wo largest values o FVC are within
0.150 L rom each other
T cc p bl cri ri or in ivi u l spirogr ms consis s
o (1) r o r i c s; (2) goo s r s s n by x r -
pol volum < 5% o FVC or 0.15 L, which v r is Volume
gr r; n 3) s is c ory xh l ion n s ≥ 6 s c-
Mo i wi h p rmission rom W ng r J, Cl us n JL, Co s
on s, pl u in volum im curv or p i n c nno or
A, l; A S/ERS sk Forc . S n r is ion o h m sur -
shoul no con inu o xh l .1 m n o lung volum s. Eur Respir Jl. 2005;26(3):511–522.
**
T r pro ucibili y cri ri involv s l s hr in i- **
vi u l spirogr ms which h r o h cc p bili y cri- Ano h r g s ilu ion chniqu is h clos circui
ri wi h h wo l rg s FEV1 n FVC wi hin 0.150 L h lium ilu ion. Spirom r is ll wi h 20% o 30%
rom ch o h r.1 I his is chi v , h x min ion c n oxyg n, ir n h lium is un il 10% is chi v .2
b conclu . I no , i c n b r p 8 im s. P i n r br h s h spirom r un il h H con-
c n r ion is in quilibrium. T c lcul ion is FRC =
(% H lium ini i l – % H lium n l) × sys m volum %
CASE 2 H lium n l.2 A jus m n s r m or 100 mL or h lium
los in h bloo n -sp c volum rom br hing
Question 1: A. V and IC v lv n l r.
During pr gn ncy h r is progr ssiv cr s in
xpir ory r s rv , r si u l volum , unc ion l r si u l **
c p ci y, n o l lung c p ci y s con ry o h grow- In bo y pl hysmogr phy, volum rom bo h communi-
ing u rus. V n IC incr s . T V incr s s up o c ing n noncommunic ing irw ys is ccoun or.
600 mL s con ry o prog s ron -m i r spir ion T p i n is pl c in box n p n s wi h h n s on
n nh nc m n o hyp rc pnic v n il ory riv . VC ch k, g ins clos shu r. D cr s s in c bin vol-
o s no ch ng . um r in ir c ly r l o hor cic volum incr s .2
Question 2: E. FRC
Lung volum s c n b c lcul by ini i lly rmin- CASE 3
ing h FRC.2 T r r wo ppro ch s. On is o us
g s ilu ion chniqu which works on h riv iv Question 1: A. A
o Boyl ’s l w (P1V1 = P2V2). Ni rog n n h lium ilu- R sis nc is h pr ssur r quir o ow 1 L/S in n
ion chniqu s only m sur irw ys o communic - ou o h lung.3 I h s r ciproc l r l ionship wi h con-
ing con uc ing irw ys.2 Wi h h ni rog n w shou uc nc n is l ss in l rg r irw ys comp r o sm ll r
m ho , 100% oxyg n or 3 o 7 minu s is mploy irw ys. I is m sur in wo w ys: (1) ob ining h
or un il hr cons cu iv br hs h v < 1.5% ni rog n. pl ur l pr ssur in ir c ly vi sm ll b lloon c h r
FRC h s ni rog n conc n r ion o 0.75 n h c lcu- h is l soph gus n comp ring i wi h h pr ssur.
l ion (VFRC = [Conc n r ion o xh l N2] [volum h mou h ivi by ow (Rpulm = Ppl – P o/V)
22 Pu l m o n a r y Dis e a s e e x a m in a t io n a n D Bo a r D r e v ie w
**
CASE 4
Compli nc is r uc in pulmon ry brosis. In COPD,
h s ic compli nc is incr s bu h yn mic
compli nc m yb norm l u o h h rog n ous Question 1: C. T e probability o the patient having
v n il ion. asthma is borderline due to the methacholine concen-
tration needed to induce a 20%or greater decrease in
** FEV1, but his lack o asthmatic symptoms give him a
Choic A r rs o COPD wh r h lung p r nchym low pre-test probability or a diagnosis o asthma.
c nno is n h irw ys o h x n o non is-
**
s lung, Choic B is h norm l r ng . Choic C
r rs o r uc bili y o xpir ory muscl s b c us M h cholin ch ll ng s m yb us o provi mor
o r uc lung volum n incr s r coil s s n in vi nc or n s hm i gnosis only i b s lin spirom-
pulmon ry brosis. ry o s no show signi c n irw y obs ruc ion (FEV1
shoul b ≥ 50% o pr ic [i lly ≥ 60% or 70%] n
Question 2: C. III ≥ 1 L [i lly ≥ 1.5 L] n h r is no signi c n broncho-
Singl br h ni rog n (SBN2) s s h is ribu ion il or r spons ).4 T bl b low lis s h in ic ions
o v n il ion. A r xh ling o r si u l volum h n con r in ic ions or m h cholin ch ll ng s .
Ass ssing or i gnosis o s hm , risk o FEV1 < 50% pr ic , or < 1 L FEV1 < 60% pr ic or < 1.5 L or
v loping s hm , r spons o s hm CVA or MI in h l s 3 mon hs FEV1
r m ns Uncon roll H N (SBP > 200 or In bili y o ollow ir c ions
Chronic cough v lu ion DBP > 100) Pr gn ncy or loc ion
Bronchi l hyp rr sponsiv n ss ss ssm n in Aor ic n urysm Cholin s r s inhibi or us
p i n s wi h bronchocons ric ion R spir ory in c ion wi hin 2 w ks
Epil psy
c h a Pt e r 2 Pu l m o n a r y Fu n c t io n t e s t s 23
** **
T ch ng in FEV1 is prim rily wh is moni or ur- Bronchoprovoc ion s s, which lso inclu s his -
ing m h cholin ch ll ng s . A ll in FEV1 by ≥20% min , m nni ol, n x rcis , h lp i n i y p i n s wi h
n s h PC20 n his is consi r signi c n s hm , x rcis -in uc bronchocons ric ion (EIB) or
m rk r o bronchi l r sponsiv n ss.4 Low s os o m h- o h r is s s wi h bronchi l hyp rr sponsiv n ss, g ug
cholin which r sul s in cr s in FEV1 by ≥20% rom h s v ri y o h ir is s , i n i y rigg rs o h ir is-
b s lin is known s h PC20. ypic lly, m h cholin is s, n rmin i h r is clinic r spons .4 T y c n
in ro uc in s ri s o incr sing conc n r ions un il c ir c ly (m h cholin n his min ) by s imul ion
os o 16 mg/mL is r ch or un il FEV1 cr s s ≥20% o irw y smoo h muscl r c p ors or in ir c ly (m nni-
rom pr - s spirom ry. During s ing, spirom ry is ol, nosin monophosph , n uc pnic hyp rv n i-
p r orm 30 n 90 s con s r ch os o ilu l ion) vi h r l s o in mm ory m i ors.
m h cholin . I conc n r ion o 16 mg m h cholin
p r mL o s no r sul in cr s in FEV1 by 20% or **
mor , h n h PC20 shoul b r por s “gr r h n Wi h m nni ol ch ll ng , h subj c is sk o xh l
16 mg/mL.” I h FEV1 is cr s by 20% or mor prior compl ly b or king s ri s o con roll p
o h os r ching 16 mg m h cholin p r mL, h n h br hs rom vic con ining 0 mg n h n incr s-
s is rmin h os n h PC20 is r por s ing os s o m nni ol. T p i n hol s his/h r br h
h low s m h cholin conc n r ion which r sul in or 5 s con s n h n xh l s hrough h mou h. A
h FEV1 lling by ≥20% rom b s lin . Following s ing, ch os l v l, spirom ry is p r orm in uplic ,
lbu rol shoul b minis r n spirom ry r p 60 s con s r inh l ion o h os . Cons cu iv
un il pr - s spirom ry r sul s r uplic . os s r minis r un il h rg is chi v , which
is 15% ll h FEV1 or cumul iv os < 635 mg.
Bronchocons ric ion is h n r v rs wi h lbu rol.
% Fall in FEV 1
20% **
Wh n comp r o m h cholin , h is l ss robus
or m nni ol ch ll ng . In hos wi h symp oms o
10%
PC 20
s hm , h s is 58% s nsi iv n 98% sp ci c wi h
posi iv pr ic iv v lu o 91% n n g iv pr ic
0 v lu o pproxim ly 90%.4 T us n g iv m nni ol
Dilvent 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 ch ll ng in p i n wi h symp oms o s hm ( n
Conc entration in mg/cc
hus high pr - s prob bili y) m k s h i gnosis o
s hm unlik ly bu o s no xclu i .
**
T PC20 c n b in rpr s b low. As c n b s n, in **
h corr c clinic l con x , x r m s in PC20 m y r sul Bronchoprovoc ion ch ll ng s wi h x rcis b gins
in mor s r igh orw r in rpr ion o m h cho- wi h pr - s ing inh l ion o ry ir (< 10 mg H 2O)
lin ch ll ng s ing whil in rm i os r spons s rom g s cylin r wi h r s rvoir b g n on
b com mor ch ll nging.4 w y v lv pp r us. T x rcis s shoul llow h
p i n o r ch 80% o 90% o pr ic m ximum vol-
PC20 (mg/mL) Interpretation un ry v n il ion (MVV ≈ 40 × FEV1). Spirom ry is
Gr r h n 16 Norm l bronchi l r sponsiv n ss p r orm prior o n 5, 10, 15, 20, n 30 minu s
r h x rcis s is compl . A ll in FEV1 o 10%
4–16 Bor rlin bronchi l hyp rr sponsiv n ss
is sugg s iv bu 15% is mor i gnos ic.
1–4 Mil bronchi l hyp rr sponsiv n ss
L ss h n 1 Mo r o s v r bronchi l hyp rr s- **
ponsiv n ss Bronchoprovoc ion ch ll ng s vi uc pnic volun-
Source: Cr po RO, C s buri R, Co s AL, l. Gui lin s or m h cho- ry hyp rc pni (EVH) involv s inh l ion o chill
lin n x rcis s ing-1999. T is of ci l s m n o h Am ric n hyp rc pnic ir o r 80% o 85% o MVV. wo
T or cic Soci y w s op by h A S Bo r o Dir c ors, July 1999.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:309–329. r pro ucibl spirom ri s r p r orm 5, 10, n
24 Pu l m o n a r y Dis e a s e e x a m in a t io n a n D Bo a r D r e v ie w
15 minu s n h s is consi r posi iv i FEV1 decreased, and there is no evidence o hypoxemia with
cr s s by ≤ 10%. exertion
Question 2: C. T e patient drank a cup o regular co - **
ee on the way to his methacholine test T h llm rk o obs ruc ion is h ispropor ion
Drugs which c bronchi l r sponsiv n ss shoul b cr s in FEV1 wh n comp r o h FVC. T us h
s opp prior o h s .5 T im r m r comm n FEV1/FVC r io will ll (unl ss h FVC lso is signi -
c n b oun in s n r pro ocols. In i ion, n ihis- c n ly iminish , i. ., in c s s o s v r ir r pping).1
min s n o b s opp b c us o h n icholin rgic T low FEV1 is r c ion o xpir ory ir ow slow-
c o m h cholin . No , h c o inh l cor icos- ing n r sul s in h cl ssic conc v sh p o h xpir-
roi s on bronchi l hyp rr sponsiv n ss p rsis s or up ory limb o h ow-volum loop. Abnorm li i s in
o 3 w ks r h rug is s opp . A “n g iv ” bronch- h xpir ory ow uring xh l ion 75% FVC o
oprovoc ion s whil h p i n is using inh l cor- 25% FVC (FEF 25–75) r lso ypic lly s n ( s in his
icos roi n is symp om ic impli s h h p i n ’s x mpl ) bu r no sp ci c or sm ll irw ys is s .1
symp oms r no u o s hm . o xclu irw ys How v r, som u hori i s l h r uc ion in FEF
hyp rr sponsiv n ss, h ch ll ng shoul b p r orm 25–75 c n b sign o rly obs ruc iv physiology.
3 w ks r h iscon inu ion o inh l cor icos roi s.
**
**
As xpir ory ow con inu s o cr s , h FVC lso
M h cholin , riv iv o c ylcholin , is cholin rgic
cr s s s llu o bov . T is r c s h in bili y o
gonis h c us s bronchocons ric ion by ir c s imu-
h p i n o ully xh l uring h orc ul m n uv r.
l ion o cholin rgic r c p ors. B or s ing, qu s ion-
T r l iv ly high ows which occur in h FVC ( orc
n ir r vi wing pr vious s hm his ory, r c n in c ion,
vi l c p ci y) m n uv r c n c us xc ssiv n rrowing
o h r p r in n m ic l con i ions, n m ic ion is
o h in r hor cic irw ys, r sul ing in obs ruc ion.
minis r . Also n in orm cons n is ob in .
T SVC (slow vi l c p ci y, lso r rr o s VC [vi l
Minimum time between c p ci y]) is slow xpir ory m n uv r h c n lim-
Agent last exposure and testing in som o h in r hor cic irw y coll ps in uc
uring orc xh l ion. T i r nc in SVC n FVC
Shor c ing inh l 8 hours r c s r pp ir. In s v r COPD, h FVC m y b sig-
broncho il ors
ni c n ly low r h n h SVC. A signi c n i r nc in
M ium c ing inh l 24 hours SVC n FVC is consi r o b 200 mL or mor .
broncho il ors
Long c ing inh l 48 hours (Up o 1 w k or **
broncho il ors io ropium) T r io o FEV1 o FVC (or VC [slow vi l c p ci y, lso
Or l broncho il ors 12–48 hours known s SVC]) s blish s h pr s nc o obs ruc iv
Cromolyn so ium 8 hours is s . T b s r pro ucibl r sul o spirom ry r
Hy roxyzin 3 ys
s vr l mp s n r h minis r ion o bron-
cho il or shoul b us o cl ssi y h s v ri y o
L uko ri n inhibi ors 24 hours
ir ow obs ruc ion. Un or un ly, h r w s no pos -
Inh l cor icos roi s Up o 3 w ks broncho il or r sul r por or his p i n so “ h
C in con ining oo s Hol on h yo su y b s ” r sul is h only r sul lis . I h r or c n
b rgu h his s is in qu or cl ssi ying h
Source: Cr po RO, C s buri R, Co s AL, l. Gui lin s or m h cho-
lin n x rcis s ing-1999. T is of ci l s m n o h Am ric n s v ri y o his COPD.
T or cic Soci y w s op by h A S Bo r o Dir c ors, July 1999.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:309–329. **
As bov , i FEV1/FVC is us , s v r obs ruc ion wi h
ir r pping m y r sul in norm l r io (“ps u onor-
CASE 5
m liz ion”) u o h yn mic cr s in FVC long
wi h h xp c cr s in FEV1. I FEV1/VC is us ,
Question 1: B. His COPD is severe, lung volumes are h r io will b mor s nsi iv bu l ss sp ci c or
suggestive o air trapping, his DLCO is moderately c ing obs ruc iv ci s. A subs n i l i r nc
c h a Pt e r 2 Pu l m o n a r y Fu n c t io n t e s t s 25
** MEF (Mid
Signi cant Expiratory
Air ow r sis nc is r r ly us o c obs ruc iv
Changes Over Flow)
ci s. How v r, ir ow r sis nc m y h v rol in
ime FVC FEV1 25–75% DLCO
c ing x r hor cic or l rg c n r l irw y n rrowing.
D y o y
** Norm l subj c s ≥5 ≥5 ≥ 13 > 7%
Cl ssi c ion o h s v ri y o ir ow obs ruc ion is COPD p i n s ≥ 11 ≥ 13 ≥ 23
lso impor n . T is shoul b rmin by h b s
W k ow k
r pro ucibl FEV1 ( i h r pr - or pos broncho il or,
bu ypic lly pos broncho il or) m sur uring h Norm l p i n s ≥ 11 ≥ 12 ≥ 21 > 6 uni s
spirom ry m n uv rs.1 COPD p i n s ≥ 20 ≥ 20 ≥ 30 > 4 uni s
Y r oy r ≥ 15 ≥ 15 > 10%
A S Criteria or Severity o
Any Spirometric Abnormality FEV1 (%Predicted) Flow-Volume Loop
Mil 70 or gr r T ow-volum loop mus lso b ss ss . As b low, h
Mo r 60–69 ow-volum loop m y llu o h pr s nc o x or
v ri bl obs ruc ion, obs ruc iv physiology, r s ric iv
Mo r ly s v r 50–59
physiology, or o h r irw ys obs ruc ion. T ov r ll sh p
Svr 35–49
o h ow-volum loop mus b ss ss n mos im s
V ry s v r L ss h n 35 is s r v ling s h spirom ric numb rs h ms lv s.
26 Pu l m o n a r y Dis e a s e e x a m in a t io n a n D Bo a r D r e v ie w
FEF25
FEF50
PEF
FEF75 FEF25
FEF50
TLC FVC FEV RV
FEF75
RV
TLC FEV
Obstructive Loops FVC
PEF
FEF25
FEF50
Mixed Loop
FEF75
PEF
FEF25
TLC FVC FEV RV
FEF50
FEF75
PEF
FEF25
FEF50
Lung Volumes
FEF75
Exp c (or “Norm l”) lung volum s r rmin
prim rily by g n r n bo y siz (s n ing h igh b ing
h mos impor n siz v lu ) n hnici y. In chil-
RV
FVC FEV r n n ol sc n s, lung grow h n s o l g b hin
TLC
bo y grow h uring grow h spur s. T us, xp c lung
volum s or chil r n n ol sc n s r l ss r li bl .
c h a Pt e r 2 Pu l m o n a r y Fu n c t io n t e s t s 27
** CASE 6
T r c n lso b n incr s in DLCO. T is c n b s n in
c r in con i ions such s x rcis , s hm , ob si y, supin Question 1: C. rue restrictive disease
posi ion, polycy h mi , l o righ in r c r i c shun , His spirom ry shows r s ric iv physiology u o low
rly pulmon ry m , n in r pulmon ry h morrh g . FVC n FEV1 wi h norm l FEV1/FVC r io. No
r s ric iv lung is s c nno b con rm un il lung
** volum s r m sur n con rm low o l lung vol-
A jus ing DLCO or lung volum (DLCO/V or DLCO/ um ( LC < h p rc n il o h pr ic v lu or
LC) is con rov rsi l.7 Conc p u lly, corr c ing h < low r limi o norm l [LLN]) s is ru in his c s .2
DLCO or lung volum loss (such s in pn umon c- T r is no signi c n ch ng ollowing h minis r -
omy) s ms o m k s ns . How v r, h r l ion o loss ion o broncho il or. Lung volum s show low o l
28 Pu l m o n a r y Dis e a s e e x a m in a t io n a n D Bo a r D r e v ie w
FEF50
CASE 7
FEF75
Elle vit très bien le comte sortir, engager une conversation avec
Albert, dans le parc. Alors, prestement, elle s’esquiva.
Dans la bibliothèque, Léon Terral était seul. Il attendait,
bouillonnant d’impatience, s’efforçant de se distraire, examinant un à
un les cadeaux étalés sur la longue table.
Au bruit léger de la robe, il se retourna, et pâlit.
— Quelle imprudence ! dit-il.
— Vous trouvez ! répondit-elle, avec un sourire d’ironie. Vous
trouvez ?… Les hommes ont peur de tout ! Il n’y a pas plus
d’imprudence aujourd’hui qu’il n’y en aurait dans un an. Il y en a
même moins. Comment voulez-vous qu’on suppose que, le jour
même de mon mariage, je viens causer avec vous… d’autre
chose ?… Tous ces gens-là sont bien trop honnêtes pour ça.
Elle avait une certaine volubilité rageuse. L’excitation de la
journée, la fièvre de la danse, le tendu de la situation, tout cela
faisait passer dans ses paroles une fébrilité particulière.
Tous deux étaient en action d’attaque et de défense ; comme
deux duellistes sur le terrain.
De plus, ce jour rappelait à l’ambitieuse toutes les humiliations du
passé, parce qu’il les vengeait. Jamais elle ne s’était sentie plus
armée, plus mauvaise. Elle était, entre le comte et Léon Terral,
comme entre deux destinées redoutables toutes les deux. Qu’elle se
tournât vers l’une ou vers l’autre, elle se voyait en guerre avec la vie.
Ses narines palpitaient. Un souffle court faisait battre sa poitrine,
mais ses yeux avaient des regards ternes, où l’on sentait une âme
murée, qui a fermé toutes les issues par où on pourrait l’atteindre.
Elle n’était plus que résolution hostile.