Modern Business Statistics with

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CHAPTER 8—INTERVAL ESTIMATION

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t distribution approaches the

a. uniform distribution
b. normal distribution
c. exponential distribution
d. p distribution
ANS: B PTS: 1

2. If the margin of error in an interval estimate of  is 4.6, the interval estimate equals
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: B PTS: 1

3. The t distribution is a family of similar probability distributions, with each individual distribution
depending on a parameter known as the
a. finite correction factor
b. sample size
c. degrees of freedom
d. standard deviation
ANS: C PTS: 1

4. The probability that the interval estimation procedure will generate an interval that does not contain
the actual value of the population parameter being estimated is the
a. level of significance
b. confidence level
c. confidence coefficient
d. error factor
ANS: A PTS: 1

5. To compute the minimum sample size for an interval estimate of , we must first determine all of the
following except
a. desired margin of error
b. confidence level
c. population standard deviation
d. degrees of freedom
ANS: D PTS: 1

6. The use of the normal probability distribution as an approximation of the sampling distribution of
is based on the condition that both np and n(1 – p) equal or exceed
a. .05
b. 5
c. 10
d. 30
 ANS: B PTS: 1

7. The sample size that guarantees all estimates of proportions will meet the margin of error requirements
is computed using a planning value of p equal to
a. .01
b. .50
c. .51
d. .99
ANS: B PTS: 1

8. We can reduce the margin of error in an interval estimate of p by doing any of the following except
a. increasing the sample size
b. increasing the planning value p* to .5
c. increasing the level of significance
d. reducing the confidence coefficient
ANS: B PTS: 1

9. In determining an interval estimate of a population mean when  is unknown, we use a t distribution

with
a. degrees of freedom
b. degrees of freedom
c. n − 1 degrees of freedom
d. n degrees of freedom
ANS: C PTS: 1

10. The expression used to compute an interval estimate of  may depend on any of the following factors
except
a. the sample size
b. whether the population standard deviation is known
c. whether the population has an approximately normal distribution
d. whether there is sampling error
ANS: D PTS: 1

11. The mean of the t distribution is

a. 0
b. .5
c. 1
d. problem specific
ANS: A PTS: 1

12. An interval estimate is used to estimate

a. the shape of the population's distribution
b. the sampling distribution
c. a sample statistic
d. a population parameter
ANS: D PTS: 1

13. An estimate of a population parameter that provides an interval believed to contain the value of the
parameter is known as the
 a. confidence level
b. interval estimate
c. parameter value
d. population estimate
ANS: B PTS: 1

14. As the sample size increases, the margin of error

a. increases
b. decreases
c. stays the same
d. None of the other answers are correct.
ANS: B PTS: 1

15. The confidence associated with an interval estimate is called the

a. level of significance
b. degree of association
c. confidence level
d. precision
ANS: C PTS: 1

16. The ability of an interval estimate to contain the value of the population parameter is described by the
a. confidence level
b. degrees of freedom
c. precise value of the population mean 
d. None of the other answers are correct.
ANS: A PTS: 1

17. If an interval estimate is said to be constructed at the 90% confidence level, the confidence coefficient
would be
a. 0.1
b. 0.95
c. 0.9
d. 0.05
ANS: C PTS: 1

18. If we want to provide a 95% confidence interval for the mean of a population, the confidence
coefficient is
a. 0.485
b. 1.96
c. 0.95
d. 1.645
ANS: C PTS: 1

19. For the interval estimation of  when  is assumed known, the proper distribution to use is the
a. standard normal distribution
b. t distribution with n degrees of freedom
c. t distribution with n − 1 degrees of freedom
d. t distribution with n − 2 degrees of freedom
ANS: A PTS: 1
20. The z value for a 97.8% confidence interval estimation is
a. 2.02
b. 1.96
c. 2.00
d. 2.29
ANS: D PTS: 1

21. It is known that the variance of a population equals 1,936. A random sample of 121 has been taken
from the population. There is a .95 probability that the sample mean will provide a margin of error of
a. 7.84 or less
b. 31.36 or less
c. 344.96 or less
d. 1,936 or less
ANS: A PTS: 1

22. A random sample of 144 observations has a mean of 20, a median of 21, and a mode of 22. The
population standard deviation is known to equal 4.8. The 95.44% confidence interval for the
population mean is
a. 15.2 to 24.8
b. 19.2 to 20.8
c. 19.216 to 20.784
d. 21.2 to 22.8
ANS: B PTS: 1

23. In general, higher confidence levels provide

a. wider confidence intervals
b. narrower confidence intervals
c. a smaller standard error
d. unbiased estimates
ANS: A PTS: 1

24. When the level of confidence increases, the confidence interval

a. stays the same
b. becomes wider
c. becomes narrower
d. cannot tell from the information given
ANS: B PTS: 1

25. A 95% confidence interval for a population mean is determined to be 100 to 120. If the confidence
coefficient is reduced to 0.90, the interval for 
a. becomes narrower
b. becomes wider
c. does not change
d. becomes 0.1
ANS: A PTS: 1

26. If we change a 95% confidence interval estimate to a 99% confidence interval estimate, we can expect
the
a. width of the confidence interval to increase
 b. width of the confidence interval to decrease
c. width of the confidence interval to remain the same
d. sample size to increase
ANS: A PTS: 1

27. In developing an interval estimate of the population mean, if the population standard deviation is
unknown
a. it is impossible to develop an interval estimate
b. a sample proportion can be used
c. the sample standard deviation and t distribution can be used
d. None of the other answers are correct.
ANS: C PTS: 1

28. A bank manager wishes to estimate the average waiting time for customers in line for tellers. A
random sample of 50 times is measured and the average waiting time is 5.7 minutes. The population
standard deviation of waiting time is 2 minutes. Which Excel function would be used to construct a
confidence interval estimate?
a. CONFIDENCE.NORM
b. NORM.INV
c. T.INV
d. INT
ANS: A PTS: 1

29. An auto manufacturer wants to estimate the annual income of owners of a particular model of
automobile. A random sample of 200 current owners is taken. The population standard deviation is
known. Which Excel function would not be appropriate to use to construct a confidence interval
estimate?
a. NORM.S.INV
b. COUNTIF
c. AVERAGE
d. STDEV.S
ANS: B PTS: 1

30. Whenever the population standard deviation is unknown, which distribution is used in developing an
interval estimate for a population mean?
a. standard distribution
b. z distribution
c. binomial distribution
d. t distribution
ANS: D PTS: 1

31. The t distribution should be used whenever

a. the sample size is less than 30
b. the sample standard deviation is used to estimate the population standard deviation
c. the population is not normally distributed
d. None of the other answers are correct.
ANS: B PTS: 1

32. Whenever using the t distribution in interval estimation, we must assume that the
a. sample size is less than 30
 b. degrees of freedom equals n − 1
c. population is approximately normal
d. finite population correction factor is necessary
ANS: B PTS: 1

33. From a population that is normally distributed with an unknown standard deviation, a sample of 25
elements is selected. For the interval estimation of , the proper distribution to use is the
a. standard normal distribution
b. z distribution
c. t distribution with 26 degrees of freedom
d. t distribution with 24 degrees of freedom
ANS: D PTS: 1

34. From a population that is not normally distributed and whose standard deviation is not known, a
sample of 50 items is selected to develop an interval estimate for . Which of the following statements
is true?
a. The standard normal distribution can be used.
b. The t distribution with 50 degrees of freedom must be used.
c. The t distribution with 49 degrees of freedom must be used.
d. The sample size must be increased in order to develop an interval estimate.
ANS: C PTS: 1

35. As the number of degrees of freedom for a t distribution increases, the difference between the t
distribution and the standard normal distribution
a. becomes larger
b. becomes smaller
c. stays the same
d. None of the other answers are correct.
ANS: B PTS: 1

36. The t value with a 95% confidence and 24 degrees of freedom is

a. 1.711
b. 2.064
c. 2.492
d. 2.069
ANS: B PTS: 1

37. A sample of 26 elements from a normally distributed population is selected. The sample mean is 10
with a standard deviation of 4. The 95% confidence interval for  is
a. 6.000 to 14.000
b. 9.846 to 10.154
c. 8.384 to 11.616
d. 8.462 to 11.538
ANS: C PTS: 1

38. A random sample of 36 students at a community college showed an average age of 25 years. Assume
the ages of all students at the college are normally distributed with a standard deviation of 1.8 years.
The 98% confidence interval for the average age of all students at this college is
a. 24.301 to 25.699
 b. 24.385 to 25.615
c. 23.200 to 26.800
d. 23.236 to 26.764
ANS: A PTS: 1

39. A random sample of 25 statistics examinations was taken. The average score in the sample was 76
with a variance of 144. Assuming the scores are normally distributed, the 99% confidence interval for
the population average examination score is
a. 70.02 to 81.98
b. 69.82 to 82.18
c. 70.06 to 81.94
d. 69.48 to 82.52
ANS: B PTS: 1

40. A random sample of 25 employees of a local company has been measured. A 95% confidence interval
estimate for the mean systolic blood pressure for all company employees is 123 to 139. Which of the
following statements is valid?
a. 95% of the sample of employees has a systolic blood pressure between 123 and 139.
b. If the sampling procedure were repeated many times, 95% of the resulting confidence
intervals would contain the population mean systolic blood pressure.
c. 95% of the population of employees has a systolic blood pressure between 123 and 139.
d. If the sampling procedure were repeated many times, 95% of the sample means would be
between 123 and 139.
ANS: B PTS: 1

41. To estimate a population mean, the sample size needed to provide a margin of error of 2 or less with a
.95 probability when the population standard deviation equals 11 is
a. 10
b. 11
c. 116
d. 117
ANS: D PTS: 1

42. It is known that the population variance equals 484. With a 0.95 probability, the sample size that needs
to be taken to estimate the population mean if the desired margin of error is 5 or less is
a. 25
b. 74
c. 189
d. 75
ANS: D PTS: 1

43. We can use the normal distribution to make confidence interval estimates for the population
proportion, p, when
a. np  5
b. n(1 − p)  5
c. p has a normal distribution
d. Both np  5 and n(1 − p)  5
ANS: D PTS: 1
44. Using an  = 0.04, a confidence interval for a population proportion is determined to be 0.65 to 0.75.
If the level of significance is decreased, the interval for the population proportion
a. becomes narrower
b. becomes wider
c. does not change
d. Not enough information is provided to answer this question.
ANS: B PTS: 1

45. In determining the sample size necessary to estimate a population proportion, which of the following
information is not needed?
a. the maximum margin of error that can be tolerated
b. the confidence level required
c. a preliminary estimate of the true population proportion p
d. the mean of the population
ANS: D PTS: 1

46. For which of the following values of p is the value of p(1 − p) maximized?
a. p = 0.99
b. p = 0.90
c. p = 1.0
d. p = 0.50
ANS: D PTS: 1

47. A manufacturer wants to estimate the proportion of defective items that are produced by a certain
machine. A random sample of 50 items is taken. Which Excel function would not be appropriate to
construct a confidence interval estimate?
a. NORM.S.INV
b. COUNTIF
c. STDEV
d. All are appropriate.
ANS: C PTS: 1

48. A newspaper wants to estimate the proportion of Americans who will vote for Candidate A. A random
sample of 1000 voters is taken. Of the 1000 respondents, 526 say that they will vote for Candidate A.
Which Excel function would be used to construct a confidence interval estimate?
a. NORM.S.INV
b. NORM.INV
c. T.INV
d. INT
ANS: A PTS: 1

49. The general form of an interval estimate of a population mean or population proportion is the _____
plus and minus the _____.
a. population mean, standard error
b. level of significance, degrees of freedom
c. point estimate, margin of error
d. planning value, confidence coefficient
ANS: C PTS: 1
50. The degrees of freedom associated with a t distribution are a function of the
a. area in the upper tail
b. sample standard deviation
c. confidence coefficient
d. sample size

ANS: D PTS: 1

51. The margin of error in an interval estimate of the population mean is a function of all of the following
except
a. level of significance
b. sample mean
c. sample size
d. variability of the population

ANS: B PTS: 1

Exhibit 8-1
In order to estimate the average time spent on the computer terminals per student at a local university,
data were collected from a sample of 81 business students over a one-week period. Assume the
population standard deviation is 1.2 hours.

52. Refer to Exhibit 8-1. The standard error of the mean is

a. 7.5
b. 0.014
c. 0.160
d. 0.133
ANS: D PTS: 1

53. Refer to Exhibit 8-1. With a 0.95 probability, the margin of error is approximately
a. 0.26
b. 1.96
c. 0.21
d. 1.64
ANS: A PTS: 1

54. Refer to Exhibit 8-1. If the sample mean is 9 hours, then the 95% confidence interval is approximately
a. 7.04 to 110.96 hours
b. 7.36 to 10.64 hours
c. 7.80 to 10.20 hours
d. 8.74 to 9.26 hours
ANS: D PTS: 1

Exhibit 8-2
The manager of a grocery store has taken a random sample of 100 customers. The average length of
time it took these 100 customers to check out was 3.0 minutes. It is known that the standard deviation
of the checkout time is one minute.

55. Refer to Exhibit 8-2. The standard error of the mean equals
a. 0.001
b. 0.010
 c. 0.100
d. 1.000
ANS: C PTS: 1

56. Refer to Exhibit 8-2. With a .95 probability, the sample mean will provide a margin of error of
a. 0.95
b. 0.10
c. .196
d. 1.96
ANS: C PTS: 1

57. Refer to Exhibit 8-2. If the confidence coefficient is reduced to 0.80, the standard error of the mean
a. will increase
b. will decrease
c. remains unchanged
d. becomes negative
ANS: C PTS: 1

58. Refer to Exhibit 8-2. The 95% confidence interval for the average checkout time of all customers is
a. 3 to 5
b. 1.36 to 4.64
c. 2.804 to 3.196
d. 1.04 to 4.96
ANS: C PTS: 1

Exhibit 8-3
A random sample of 81 automobiles traveling on a section of an interstate showed an average speed of
60 mph. The distribution of speeds of all cars on this section of highway is normally distributed, with a
standard deviation of 13.5 mph.

59. Refer to Exhibit 8-3. If we are interested in determining an interval estimate for  at 86.9%
confidence, the z value to use is
a. 1.96
b. 1.31
c. 1.51
d. 2.00
ANS: C PTS: 1

60. Refer to Exhibit 8-3. The value to use for the standard error of the mean is
a. 13.5
b. 9
c. 2.26
d. 1.5
ANS: D PTS: 1

61. Refer to Exhibit 8-3. The 86.9% confidence interval for  is

a. 46.500 to 73.500
b. 57.735 to 62.265
c. 59.131 to 60.869
d. 50 to 70
 ANS: B PTS: 1

62. Refer to Exhibit 8-3. If the sample size was 25 (other factors remain unchanged), the interval for 
would
a. not change
b. become narrower
c. become wider
d. become zero
ANS: C PTS: 1

63. Computing the necessary sample size for an interval estimate of a population proportion requires a
planning value for p-bar. In case of any uncertainty about an appropriate planning value, we know the
value that will provide the largest sample size recommendation is
a. .10
b. .50
c. .90
d. 1.0
ANS: B PTS: 1

PROBLEM

1. In order to estimate the average electric usage per month, a sample of 196 houses was selected and the
electric usage determined.
a. Assume a population standard deviation of 350 kilowatt hours. Determine the standard error of
the mean.
b. With a 0.95 probability, determine the margin of error.
c. If the sample mean is 2,000 KWH, what is the 95% confidence interval estimate of the
population mean?

ANS:
a. 25
b. 49
c. 1951 to 2049

PTS: 1

2. A random sample of 100 credit sales in a department store showed an average sale of $120.00. From
past data, it is known that the standard deviation of the population is $40.00.
a. Determine the standard error of the mean.
b. With a 0.95 probability, determine the margin of error.
c. What is the 95% confidence interval of the population mean?

ANS:
a. 4.00
b. 7.84
c. 112.16 to 127.84

PTS: 1
3. In order to determine the average weight of carry-on luggage by passengers in airplanes, a sample of
36 pieces of carry-on luggage was weighed. The average weight was 20 pounds. Assume that we know
the standard deviation of the population to be 8 pounds.
a. Determine a 97% confidence interval estimate for the mean weight of the carry-on luggage.
b. Determine a 95% confidence interval estimate for the mean weight of the carry-on luggage.

ANS:
a. 17.11 to 22.89
b. 17.39 to 22.61

PTS: 1

4. A small stock brokerage firm wants to determine the average daily sales (in dollars) of stocks to their
clients. A sample of the sales for 36 days revealed average daily sales of $200,000. Assume that the
standard deviation of the population is known to be $18,000.
a. Provide a 95% confidence interval estimate for the average daily sale.
b. Provide a 97% confidence interval estimate for the average daily sale.

ANS:
a. $194,120 to $205,880
b. $193,490 to $206,510

PTS: 1

5. A random sample of 121 checking accounts at a bank showed an average daily balance of $280. The
population standard deviation is known to be $60.
a. Is it necessary to know anything about the shape of the distribution of the account balances in
order to make an interval estimate of the mean of all the account balances? Explain.
b. Find the standard error of the mean.
c. Give a point estimate of the population mean.
d. Construct a 95% confidence interval estimate for the population mean.
e. Interpret the confidence interval estimate that you constructed in part d.

ANS:
a. No, since the sample means will be normally distributed by the central limit theorem.
b. 5.4545
c. 280
d. 269.31 to 290.69
e. With a 95% level of confidence, we can state that the average daily balance of all checking
accounts at this bank is between $269.31 and $290.69.

PTS: 1

6. A random sample of 49 lunch customers was taken at a restaurant. The average amount of time the
customers in the sample stayed in the restaurant was 33 minutes. From past experience, it is known
that the population standard deviation equals 10 minutes.
a. Compute the standard error of the mean.
b. What can be said about the sampling distribution for the average amount of time customers
spent in the restaurant? Be sure to explain your answer.
c. With a .95 probability, what statement can be made about the size of the margin of error?
d. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the true average amount of time customers spent in the
restaurant.
e. With a .95 probability, how large of a sample would have to be taken to provide a margin of
 error of 2.5 minutes or less?

ANS:
a. 1.4286
b. Normal by the central limit theorem
c. There is a .95 probability that the sample mean will provide a margin of error of 2.80 or less.
d. 30.20 to 35.80
e. 62

PTS: 1

7. A simple random sample of 144 items resulted in a sample mean of 1080. The population standard
deviation is known to be 240. Develop a 95% confidence interval for the population mean.

ANS:
1040.8 to 1119.2

PTS: 1

8. A random sample of 26 checking accounts at a bank showed an average daily balance of $300 and a
standard deviation of $45. The balances of all checking accounts at the bank are normally distributed.
Develop a 95% confidence interval estimate for the mean of the population.

ANS:
$281.82 to $318.18

PTS: 1

9. A random sample of 81 students at a local university showed that they work an average of 100 hours
per month. The population standard deviation is known to be 27 hours. Compute a 95% confidence
interval for the mean hours per month all students at the university work.

ANS:
94.12 to 105.88

PTS: 1

10. A random sample of 81 children with working mothers showed that they were absent from school an
average of 6 days per term. The population standard deviation is known to be 1.8 days. Provide a 90%
confidence interval for the average number of days absent per term for all the children.

ANS:
5.631 to 6.329

PTS: 1

11. The Highway Safety Department wants to study the driving habits of individuals. A sample of 41 cars
traveling on the highway revealed an average speed of 60 miles per hour and a standard deviation of 7
miles per hour. The population of car speeds is approximately normally distributed. Determine a 90%
confidence interval estimate for the speed of all cars.

ANS:
58.16 to 61.84
 PTS: 1

12. Computer Services, Inc. wants to determine a confidence interval for the average CPU time of their
teleprocessing transactions. A sample of 196 transactions yielded a mean of 5 seconds. The population
standard deviation is 1.4 seconds. Determine a 97% confidence interval for the average CPU time.

ANS:
4.783 to 5.217

PTS: 1

13. The average monthly electric bill of a random sample of 256 residents of a city is $90. The population
standard deviation is assumed to be $24.
a. Construct a 90% confidence interval for the mean monthly electric bills of all residents.
b. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean monthly electric bills of all residents.

ANS:
a. 87.5325 to 92.4675
b. 87.06 to 92.94

PTS: 1

14. A sample of 100 cans of coffee showed an average weight of 13 ounces. The population standard
deviation is 0.8 ounces.
a. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean of the population.
b. Construct a 95.44% confidence interval for the mean of the population.
c. Discuss why the answers in parts a and b are different.

ANS:
a. 12.8432 to 13.1568
b. 12.84 to 13.16
c. As the level of confidence increases, the confidence interval becomes wider.

PTS: 1

15. In order to determine how many hours per week freshmen college students watch television, a random
sample of 256 students was selected. It was determined that the students in the sample spent an
average of 14 hours. The standard deviation is 3.2 hours per week for all freshman college students.
a. Provide a 95% confidence interval estimate for the average number of hours that all college
freshmen spend watching TV per week.
b. Suppose the sample mean came from a sample of 25 students. Provide a 95% confidence
interval estimate for the average number of hours that all college freshmen spend watching TV
per week. Assume that the hours are normally distributed.

ANS:
a. 13.608 to 14.392
b. 12.679 to 15.321

PTS: 1
16. A random sample of 36 magazine subscribers is taken to estimate the mean age of all subscribers. The
data follow. Use Excel to construct a 90% confidence interval estimate of the mean age of all of this
magazine's subscribers.

Subscriber Age Subscriber Age Subscriber Age

1 39 13 40 25 38
2 27 14 35 26 51
3 38 15 35 27 26
4 33 16 41 28 39
5 40 17 34 29 35
6 35 18 46 30 37
7 51 19 44 31 33
8 36 20 44 32 41
9 47 21 43 33 36
10 28 22 32 34 33
11 33 23 29 35 46
12 35 24 33 36 37

ANS:

A B C D Value for D
1 Subscriber Age Sample Size =COUNT(B2:B37) 36
2 1 39 Sample Mean =AVERAGE(B2:B37) 37.5
3 2 27
4 3 38 Popul. Std. 6.6 6.6
Dev.
5 4 33 Confid. 0.9 0.9
Coeffic.
6 5 40 Level of Signif. =1-D5 0.1
7 6 35
8 7 51 Margin of Error 1.8095
=CONFIDENCE.NORM(D6,D4,D1)
9 8 36
10 9 50 Point Estimate =D2 37.5
11 10 28 Lower Limit =D12-D8 35.6905
12 11 33 Upper Limit =D12+D8 39.3095
13 12 35
14 13 40
15 14 35
16 15 35

Interval is 35.6905 to 39.3095

PTS: 1

17. A simple random sample of 25 items from a normally distributed population resulted in a sample mean
of 28 and a standard deviation of 7.5. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the population mean.

ANS:
24.904 to 31.096

PTS: 1
18. A sample of 25 patients in a doctor's office showed that they had to wait an average of 35 minutes with
a standard deviation of 10 minutes before they could see the doctor. Provide a 98% confidence interval
estimate for the average waiting time of all the patients who visit this doctor. Assume the population of
waiting times is normally distributed.

ANS:
30.016 to 39.984

PTS: 1

19. A sample of 16 students from a large university is taken. The average age in the sample was 22 years
with a standard deviation of 6 years. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the average age of the
population. Assume the population of student ages is normally distributed.

ANS:
18.8035 to 25.1965

PTS: 1

20. The proprietor of a boutique in New York wanted to determine the average age of his customers. A
random sample of 25 customers revealed an average age of 28 years with a standard deviation of 10
years. Determine a 95% confidence interval estimate for the average age of all his customers. Assume
the population of customer ages is normally distributed.

ANS:
23.872 to 32.128

PTS: 1

21. A statistician selected a sample of 16 accounts receivable and determined the mean of the sample to be
$5,000 with a standard deviation of $400. She reported that the sample information indicated the mean
of the population ranges from $4,739.80 to $5,260.20. She did not report what confidence coefficient
she had used. Based on the above information, determine the confidence coefficient that was used.

ANS:
0.98

PTS: 1

22. The makers of a soft drink want to identify the average age of its consumers. A sample of 16
consumers is taken. The average age in the sample was 22.5 years with a standard deviation of 5 years.
Assume the population of consumer ages is normally distributed.
a. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the average age of all the consumers.
b. Construct an 80% confidence interval for the average age of all the consumers.
c. Discuss why the 95% and 80% confidence intervals are different.

ANS:
a. 19.836 to 25.164
b. 20.824 to 24.176
c. As the level of confidence increases, the confidence interval gets wider.

PTS: 1
23. A random sample of 25 observations was taken from a normally distributed population. The average in
the sample was 84.6 with a variance of 400.
a. Construct a 90% confidence interval for .
b. Construct a 99% confidence interval for .
c. Discuss why the 90% and 99% confidence intervals are different.
d. What would you expect to happen to the confidence interval in part a if the sample size was
increased? Be sure to explain your answer.

ANS:
a. 77.756 to 91.444
b. 73.412 to 95.788
c. As the level of confidence increases, the confidence interval gets wider.
d. Decrease in width since the margin of error decreased.

PTS: 1

24. You are given the following information obtained from a random sample of 4 observations taken from
a large, normally distributed population.

25 47 32 56

Construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean of the population.

ANS:
17.613    62.387

PTS: 1

25. You are given the following information obtained from a random sample of 4 observations from a
large, normally distributed population.

25 47 32 56

a. What is the point estimate of ?

b. Construct a 95% confidence interval for .
c. Construct a 90% confidence interval for .
d. Discuss why the 90% and 95% confidence intervals are different.

ANS:
a. 40
b. 17.613 to 62.387
c. 23.445 to 56.555
d. As the level of confidence increases, the confidence interval gets wider.

PTS: 1

26. The monthly incomes from a random sample of faculty at a university are shown below.

Monthly Income ($1000s)

3.0
4.0
6.0
 3.0
5.0
5.0
6.0
8.0

Compute a 90% confidence interval for the mean of the population. The population of all faculty
incomes is known to be normally distributed. Give your answer in dollars.

ANS:
$3,867.52 to $6,132.48

PTS: 1

27. Fifty students are enrolled in an Economics class. After the first examination, a random sample of 5
papers was selected. The grades were 60, 75, 80, 70, and 90.
a. Calculate the estimate of the standard error of the mean.
b. What assumption must be made before we can determine an interval for the mean grade of all
the students in the class? Explain why.
c. Assume the assumption of Part b is met. Provide a 90% confidence interval for the mean grade
of all the students in the class.
d. If there were 200 students in the class, what would be the 90% confidence interval for the mean
grade of all the students in the class?

ANS:
a. 4.79
b. Since the sample is small (n  30) and  is estimated from s, we must assume the
distribution of all the grades is normal.
c. 64.783 to 85.217
d. 64.34 to 85.66

PTS: 1

28. A local university administers a comprehensive examination to the recipients of a B.S. degree in
Business Administration. A sample of 5 examinations is selected at random and scored. The scores are
shown below.

Grade
56
85
65
86
93

Use Excel to determine an interval estimate for the mean of the population at a 98% confidence level.
Interpret your results.

ANS:

A B C D Value for D
1 Grade Mean 77
2 56 Standard Error 7.021396
3 85 Median 85
 4 65 Mode #N/A
5 86 Standard Deviation 15.70032
6 93 Sample Variance 246.5
7 Kurtosis -2.00512
8 Skewness -0.608507
9 Range 37
10 Minimum 56
11 Maximum 93
12 Sum 385
13 Count 5
14 Confidence Level (98.0%) 26.308723
15
16 Point Estimate =D1 77.0000
17 Lower Limit =D1-D14 50.6913
18 Upper Limit =D1+D14 103.3087

Interpretation of Interval Estimate: With a 98% level of confidence, we can state that the mean
comprehensive examination score of all recipients of the B.S. degree in Business Administration is
between 50.6913 and 103.3087.

PTS: 1

29. Below you are given ages that were obtained by taking a random sample of 9 undergraduate students.

19 22 23 19 21 22 19 23 21

Use Excel to determine an interval estimate for the mean of the population at a 99% confidence level.
Interpret your results.

ANS:

A B C D Value for D
1 Grade Mean 21
2 19 Standard Error 0.552771
3 22 Median 21
4 23 Mode 19
5 19 Standard Deviation 1.658312
6 21 Sample Variance 2.75
7 22 Kurtosis -1.667060
8 19 Skewness -0.211450
9 23 Range 4
10 21 Minimum 19
11 Maximum 23
12 Sum 189
13 Count 9
14 Confidence Level (98.0%) 1.854756
15
16 Point Estimate =D1 21.0000
17 Lower Limit =D1-D14 19.1452
18 Upper Limit =D1+D14 22.8548
 Interpretation of Interval Estimate: With a 99% level of confidence, we can state that the mean age of
undergraduate students is between 19.1452 and 22.8548.

PTS: 1

30. The monthly starting salaries of students who receive an MBA degree have a standard deviation of
$110. What size sample should be selected to obtain a 0.95 probability of estimating the mean monthly
income within $20 or less?

ANS:
117

PTS: 1

31. A coal company wants to determine a 95% confidence interval estimate for the average daily tonnage
of coal that they mine. Assuming that the company reports that the standard deviation of daily output
is 200 tons, how many days should they sample so that the margin of error will be 39.2 tons or less?

ANS:
100

PTS: 1

32. If the standard deviation of the lifetimes of vacuum cleaners is estimated to be 300 hours, how large of
a sample must be taken in order to be 97% confident that the margin of error will not exceed 40 hours?

ANS:
265

PTS: 1

33. A researcher is interested in determining the average number of years employees of a company stay
with the company. If past information shows a standard deviation of 7 months, what size sample
should be taken so that at 95% confidence the margin of error will be 2 months or less?

ANS:
48

PTS: 1

34. If the standard deviation for the lifetimes of washing machines is estimated to be 800 hours, how large
a sample must be taken in order to be 97% confident that the margin of error will not exceed 50 hours?

ANS:
1206

PTS: 1

35. A real estate agent wants to estimate the mean selling price of two-bedroom homes in a particular area.
She wants to estimate the mean selling price to within $10,000 with an 89.9% level of confidence. The
standard deviation of selling prices is unknown but the agent estimates that the highest selling price is
$1,000,000 and the lowest is $50,000. How many homes should be sampled?

ANS:
 1518

PTS: 1

36. For inventory purposes, a grocery store manager wants to estimate the mean number of pounds of cat
food sold per month. The estimate is desired to be within 10 pounds with a 95% level of confidence. A
pilot study provided a standard deviation of 27.6 pounds. How many months should be sampled?

ANS:
30

PTS: 1

37. It is known that the variance of a population equals 484. A random sample of 81 observations is going
to be taken from the population.
a. With a .80 probability, what statement can be made about the size of the margin of error?
b. With a .80 probability, how large of a sample would have to be taken to provide a margin of
error of 3 or less?

ANS:
a. There is a .80 probability that the sample mean will provide a margin of error of 3.129 or less.
b. 89

PTS: 1

38. In a random sample of 400 registered voters, 120 indicated they plan to vote for Candidate A.
Determine a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of all the registered voters who will vote for
Candidate A.

ANS:
0.255 to 0.345

PTS: 1

39. In a random sample of 200 registered voters, 120 indicated they are Democrats. Develop a 95%
confidence interval for the proportion of registered voters in the population who are Democrats.

ANS:
.5321 to .6679

PTS: 1

40. In a random sample of 500 college students, 23% say that they read or watch the news every day.
Develop a 90% confidence interval for the population proportion. Interpret your results.

ANS:
0.199 to 0.261
With a 90% level of confidence we can state that the proportion of all college students who read or
watch the news every day is between 0.199 and 0.261.

PTS: 1
41. Six hundred consumers were asked whether they would like to purchase a domestic or a foreign
automobile. Their responses are given below.

Preference Frequency
Domestic 240
Foreign 360

Develop a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of all consumers who prefer to purchase
domestic automobiles.

ANS:
0.3608 to 0.4392

PTS: 1

42. A university planner wants to determine the proportion of spring semester students who will attend
summer school. She surveys 32 current students discovering that 12 will return for summer school.
a. Construct a 90% confidence interval estimate for the proportion of current spring students who
will return for summer school.
b. With a 0.95 probability, how large of a sample would have to be taken to provide a margin of
error of 3% or less?

ANS:
a. 0.234 to 0.516
b. 1001

PTS: 1

43. A new brand of breakfast cereal is being market tested. One hundred boxes of the cereal were given to
consumers to try. The consumers were asked whether they liked or disliked the cereal. You are given
their responses below.

Response Frequency
Liked 60
Disliked 40
100

a. What is the point estimate of the proportion of people who will like the cereal?
b. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of all consumers who will like the
cereal.
c. What is the margin of error for the 95% confidence interval that you constructed in part b?
d. With a .95 probability, how large of a sample needs to be taken to provide a margin of error
of .09 or less?

ANS:
a. 0.6
b. 0.504 to 0.696
c. .096
d. 114

PTS: 1
44. A marketing firm is developing a new television advertisement for a large discount retail chain. A
sample of 30 people is shown two potential ads and asked their preference. The results for ad #1
follow. Use Excel to develop a 95% confidence interval estimate of the proportion of people in the
population who will prefer ad #1.

Prefer Advertisement #1
yes no no yes yes no
no no no yes no yes
no no yes yes yes no
yes yes no no no yes
yes no yes yes no no

ANS:

A B C D Value for D
1 Prefer Ad 1 Sample size =COUNTA(A2:A31) 30
2 yes Response of Interest yes yes
3 no Count for Response =COUNTIF(A2:A31,"yes") 14
4 no Sample Proportion =D3/D1 0.466667
5 yes
6 yes Confidence Coefficient 0.95 0.95
7 no Level of Significance =1-D5 0.05
8 no z value =NORM.S.INV(1-D7/2) 1.959961
9 no
10 no Standard Error =SQRT((D4*(1-D4)/D1)) 0.091084
11 yes Margin of Error =D8*D10 0.178521
12 no
13 yes Point Estimate =D4 0.466667
14 no Lower Limit =D13-D11 0.28815
15 no Upper Limit =D13+D11 0.64519

PTS: 1

45. A survey of 40 students at a local college asks, "Where do you buy the majority of your books?" The
responses fell into three categories: "at the campus bookstore," "on the Internet," and "other." The
results follow. Use Excel to estimate the proportion of all of the college students who buy their books
on the Internet.

Where Most Books Bought

bookstore bookstore internet other internet other bookstore
other bookstore bookstore bookstore bookstore bookstore other
bookstore bookstore bookstore internet internet other other
other other other other other internet bookstore
other other internet other bookstore bookstore other
bookstore internet internet other bookstore

ANS:

A B C D Value for D
1 where bought Sample size =COUNTA(A2:A41) 40
2 bookstore Response of Interest internet internet
3 bookstore Count for Response =COUNTIF(A2:A41,"internet") 8
4 internet Sample Proportion =D2/D1 0.2
5 other
 6 internet Confidence Coefficient 0.95 0.95
7 other Level of Significance =1-D6 0.05
8 bookstore z value =NORM.S.INV(1-D6/2) 1.95996108
9 bookstore
10 bookstore Standard Error =SQRT((D4*(1-D4)/D1)) 0.06324555
11 bookstore Margin of Error =D8*D10 0.12395882
12 bookstore
13 bookstore Point Estimate =D4 0.2
14 bookstore Lower Limit =D13-D11 0.07604
15 internet Upper Limit =D13+D11 0.32396

PTS: 1

46. A health club annually surveys its members. Last year, 33% of the members said they use the treadmill
at least 4 times a week. How large of sample should be taken this year to estimate the percentage of
members who use the treadmill at least 4 times a week? The estimate is desired to have a margin of
error of 5% with a 95% level of confidence.

ANS:
340

PTS: 1

47. A local hotel wants to estimate the proportion of its guests that are from out-of-state. Preliminary
estimates are that 45% of the hotel guests are from out-of-state. How large a sample should be taken to
estimate the proportion of out-of-state guests with a margin of error no larger than 5% and with a 95%
level of confidence?

ANS:
381

PTS: 1

48. The manager of a department store wants to determine what proportion of people who enter the store
use the store's credit card for their purchases. What size sample should he take so that at 99%
confidence the error will not be more than 8%?

ANS:
260

PTS: 1

49. The manager of Hudson Auto Repair wants to advertise one price for an engine tune-up, with parts
included. Before he decides the price to advertise, he needs a good estimate of the average cost of
tune-up parts. A sample of 20 customer invoices for tune-ups has been taken and the costs of parts,
rounded to the nearest dollar, are listed below.

91 78 93 57 75 52 99 80 105 62
104 74 62 68 97 73 77 65 80 109

Provide a 90% confidence interval estimate of the mean cost of parts per tune-up for all of the tune-ups
performed at Hudson Auto Repair.
 ANS:
80.05 +/− 6.54 or 73.51 to 86.59

PTS: 1

50. The manager of University Credit Union (UCU) is concerned about checking account transaction
discrepancies. Customers are bringing transaction errors to the attention of the bank’s staff several
months after they occur. The manager would like to know what proportion of his customers balance
their checking accounts within 30 days of receiving a transaction statement from the bank.

Using random sampling, 400 checking account customers are contacted by telephone and asked if they
routinely balance their accounts within 30 days of receiving a statement. 271 of the 400 customers
respond Yes.
a. Develop a 95% confidence interval estimate for the proportion of the population of checking
account customers at UCU that routinely balance their accounts in a timely manner.
b. Suppose UCU wants a 95% confidence interval estimate of the population proportion with a
margin of error of E = .025. How large a sample size is needed?

ANS:
a. .6775 +/- .0458 or .6317 to .7233
b. 1343

PTS: 1

51. National Discount has 260 retail outlets throughout the United States. National evaluates each
potential location for a new retail outlet in part on the mean annual income of the households in the
marketing area of the new location. National develops an interval estimate of the mean annual in-
come in a potential marketing area after taking a random sample of households.

For a marketing area being studied, a sample of 36 households was taken and the sample mean income
was $21,100.39. Based on past experience, National Discount assumes a known value of  = $4500
for the population income standard deviation.

a. Develop a 95% confidence interval for the mean annual income of households in this marketing
area.
b. Suppose that National’s management team wants a 95% confidence interval estimate of the popu-
lation mean with a margin of error of E = $500. How large a sample size is needed?

ANS:
σ
a. x ± zα/2 = 21,100.39±1,470
n
We are 95% confident that the average annual income for all households in the market area being
studied falls in the interval $19,630.42 to $22,570.36.
b. We need to sample 312 households to reach a desired margin of error of $500 at 95% confidence.

PTS: 1

52. A reporter for a student newspaper is writing an article on the cost of off-campus housing. A sample
was taken of 10 one-bedroom units within a half-mile of campus and the rents paid. The sample mean
is $550 and the sample standard deviation is $60.05. Provide a 95% confidence interval estimate of
the mean rent per month for the population of one-bedroom units within a half-mile of campus. We
will assume this population to be normally distributed.
 ANS:
We are 95% confident that the mean rent per month for the population of one-bedroom units within a
half-mile of campus is between $507.05 and $592.95.

PTS: 1

53. Political Science, Inc. (PSI) specializes in voter polls and surveys designed to keep political office
seekers informed of their position in a race. Using telephone surveys, interviewers ask registered vot-
ers who they would vote for if the election were held that day.

In a recent election campaign, PSI found that 220 registered voters, out of 500 contacted, favored a
particular candidate.

a. PSI wants to develop a 95% confidence interval estimate for the proportion of the population of
registered voters that favors the candidate.
b. Suppose that PSI would like 99% confidence that the sample proportion is within +/- .03 of the
population proportion. How large a sample size is needed to provide the desired margin of error?

ANS:
a. We are 95% confident that the proportion of the population of registered voters that favors the
candidate is between .3965 and .4835.
b. The required sample size is 1816.

54. An apartment complex developer is considering building apartments in College Town, but first wants
to do a market study. A sample of monthly rent values ($) for studio apartments in College Town was
taken. The data collected from the 70-apartment sample is presented below. (Based on past expe-
rience, the developer assumes a known value of  = $55 for the population standard deviation.)

a. Develop a 98% confidence interval for the mean monthly rent for all studio apartments in this city.
b. Suppose the apartment developer wants a 98% confidence interval estimate of the population mean
with a margin of error of E = $10. How large a sample size is needed?

ANS:
a. x = 490.8 ; z /2 = 2.33; 98% confidence interval is 475.48 to 506.12
b. 162

55. The manager of Hudson Auto Repair wants to advertise one price for an engine tune-up, with parts
included. Before he decides the price to advertise, he needs a good estimate of the average cost of
tune-up parts. A sample of 20 customer invoices for tune-ups has been taken and the costs of parts,
rounded to the nearest dollar, are listed below.

Provide a 90% confidence interval estimate of the mean cost of parts per tune-up for all of the tune-ups
performed at Hudson Auto Repair. We will assume this population to be normally distributed.

91 78 93 57 75 52 99 80 105 62
104 74 62 68 97 73 77 65 80 109

ANS:
80.05 to 86.59

56. The manager of University Credit Union (UCU) is concerned about checking account transaction
discrepancies. Customers are bringing transaction errors to the attention of the bank’s staff several
months after they occur. The manager would like to know what proportion of his customers balance
their checking accounts within 30 days of receiving a transaction statement from the bank.

Using systematic random sampling, 400 checking account customers are contacted by telephone and
asked if they routinely balance their accounts within 30 days of receiving a statement. 271 of the 400
customers respond Yes.

a. Develop a 95% confidence interval estimate for the proportion of the population of checking ac-
count customers at UCU that routinely balance their accounts in a timely manner.
b. Suppose UCU wants a 95% confidence interval estimate of the population proportion with a mar-
gin of error of E = .025. How large a sample size is needed?

ANS:
a. .632 to .723
b. 1343
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 INDEX.

Abdominal Cavity, 123

Abdominal fins, 42
Abramis, 602
Abrostomus, 596
Acanthaphritis, 466
Acanthias, 331
Acanthicus, 576
Acanthobrama, 604
Acanthoclinus, 498
Acanthodes, 355
Acanthodini, 355
Acantholabrus, 528
Acanthonus, 547
Acanthophthalmus, 606
Acanthopsis, 606
Acanthopterygiau, 41
Acanthopterygii, 374
Acanthorhodeus, 601
Acanthurus, 438, 439
Acanus, 421
Acara, 536
Acclimatisation, 185
Acentronura, 683
Acerina, 378
Acestra, 579
Achilognathus, 601
Acipenser, 361
Acipenseridæ, 360
Acrochilus, 601
Acrochordonichthys, 567
Acrodus, 330
Acrogaster, 421
Acrognathus, 631
Acrolepis, 370
Acronuridæ, 438
Acronurus, 439
Acropoma, 395
Acyprinoid division, 218
Adipose eyelid, 113
Adipose fin, 42
Aegæonichthys, 476
Aellopos, 325
Aelurichthys, 569
Aesopia, 558
Aëtobatis, 345
African region, 227
Agassiz, 20, 31, 32
Ageniosus, 572
Agnus, 463
Agoniates, 610
Agonostoma, 504
Agonus, 480
Agrammus, 491
Agriopus, 416
Ailia, 566
Aipichthys, 441
Air-bladder, 142
Akysis, 567
Albacore, 458
Albinism, 183
Alborella, 604
Albula, 660
Albulichthys, 596
Alburnus, 603
Alepocephalus, 664
Alestes, 608
Ale-wife, 659
Alisphenoid, 56, 88
Allice Shad, 659
Alopecias, 322
Ambassis, 393
Amblyopsis, 618
Amblyopus, 489
Amblypharyngodon, 598
Amblypterus, 370
Amblyrhynchichthys, 596
Amia, 372
Amioidei, 370
Amiurus, 567
Ammocoetes, 693
Ammodytes, 550
Ammopleurops, 559
Ammotretis, 557
Amphioxus, 696
Amphipnous, 668
Amphiprion, 525
Amphisile, 509
Amphistium, 442
Anabas, 516
Anableps, 617
Anacanthini, 537
Anacanthus, 684
Anacyrtus, 611
Anal fin, 40, 42
Anampses, 529
Anapterus, 582
Anarrhichas, 492
Anastomus, 608
Anchovy, 656
Ancistrodon, 319
Ancylodon, 430
Anema, 463
Anenchelum, 433
Angel-fish, 334
Angler, 470
Anguilla, 671
Angular bone, 54, 91
Anomalops, 449
Anoplogaster, 422
Antarctic ocean, 289
Antennarius, 473
Anthias, 380
Anticitharus, 556
Antigonia, 449
Aphanopus, 434
Aphareus, 390
Aphoristia, 559
Aphredoderus, 396
Aphritis, 466
Aphyocharax, 610
Aphyocypris, 598
Aphyonus, 548
Apionichthys, 559
Apistus, 415
Aploactis, 417
Apocryptes, 487
Apodichthys, 496
Apogon, 394
Apophyses, 51
Appendices pyloricæ, 131
Aprion, 397
Apsilus, 397
Apua, 606
Arapaima, 654
Archæus, 442
Archipterygium, 74
Arctic ocean, 261
Arctic zone, 241
Argentina, 650
Arges, 575
Argyropelecus, 628
Argyriosus, 443
Aristotle, 1
Arius, 569
Arnoglossus, 556
Arrhamphus, 621
Arripis, 393
Artedi, 9
Artedius, 480
Arthropterus, 342
Articulary bone, 54, 90
Articulated rays, 40
Asima, 405
Aspidoparia, 602
Aspidophoroides, 480
Aspidorhynchidæ, 369
Aspius, 603
Aspredo, 580
Aspro, 379
Astracanthus, 314
Astrape, 340
Astrolepis, 354
Astronesthes, 629
Astrophysus, 572
Astroplebus, 575
Astroptychius, 314
Ateleopus, 553
Atherina, 500
Atherinichthys, 501
Atlantic, tropical, 278
Atlantic, northern, 262
Atopochilus, 570
Atopomycterus, 689
Atypichthys, 402
Auchenaspis, 354
Auchenipterus, 572
Auchenoglanis, 569
Aulacocephalus, 383
Aulolepis, 631
Aulichthys, 508
Auliscops, 507, 508
Aulopus, 587
Aulopyge, 596
Aulorhynchus, 508
Aulostoma, 507, 508
Ausonia, 455
Ausonius, 3
Autochthont, 214
Autostylic skull, 71
Auxis, 459
Avola, 604

Badis, 418
Baer, 32
Bagarius, 570
Bagrichthys, 567
Bagroides, 567
Bagropsis, 568
Bagrus, 567
Baird, 29
Bakker, 32
Balfour, 32, 33
Balistes, 684
Ballan Wrasse, 527
Band-fish, 490
Barbel, 594
Barbels, 37
Barbichthys, 596
Barbus, 594
Barilius, 602
Barracuda, 437, 499
Barramunda, 357
Barynotus, 596
Basibranchial, 58
Basihyal, 58
Basioccipital, 56, 87
Basisphenoid, 56, 57, 89
Basking shark, 322
Bass, 376
Bastard Dorey, 388
Bathydraco, 465
Bathygadus, 552
Bathylagus, 650
Bathynectes, 547
Bathyophis, 629
Bathypterois, 583
Bathysaurus, 582
Bathythrissa, 668
Bathytroctes, 664
Batoidei, 335
Batrachocephalus, 570
Batrachus, 467
Bayad, 567
Bdellostoma, 695
Becker, 408
Bellows-fish, 509
Belodontichthys, 566
Belon, 3
Belone, 620
Belonesox, 617
Belonostomus, 369
Bembras, 480
Benedenius, 370
Benthophilus, 489
Berycidæ, 420
Berycopsis, 421
Beryx, 422
Betta, 518
Bib, 541
Bichir, 364
Bitterling, 601
Black Bass, 393
Black-fish, 452, 527
Black Head, 596
Black Horses, 589
Black Sea-bream, 406
Blanchard, 28
Bleak, 604
Bleeker, 30
Bleekeria, 550
Blenniidæ, 492
Blenniops, 496
Blennius, 493
Blennodesmus, 538
Blennophis, 498
Blenny, 492
Blepsias, 480
Blind fish, 618
Bloch, 13
Blood-corpuscles, 150
Blue-fish, 447
Boar-fish, 388, 449
Bocage, 28
Bocourt, 31
Bola, 602
Boleophthalmus, 487
Boleosoma, 379
Bolty, 535
Bombay-duck, 584
Bonaparte, 28
Bonelli, 7
Bonito, 458
Bony Pike, 367
Borer, 694
Botia, 605
Bovichthys, 465
Bow-fin, 372
Box, 406
Brachionichthys, 474
Brachymystax, 646
Brachypleura, 556
Brackish water fishes, 250
Brain, 97
Brama, 454
Branched rays, 40
Branchiæ, 136
Branchial arches, 58
Branchiostegals, 39, 58, 91
Branchiostoma, 696
Bream, 602
Bregmaceros, 545
Brill, 555
British district, 263
Brontes, 575
Brook-trout, 646
Brosmius, 546
Brotula, 546
Brotulophis, 549
Brünnich, 13
Brycon, 610
Bryconæthiops, 610
Bryconops, 610
Bryttus, 396
Buccal cavity, 123
Bulbus aortæ, 152
Bull-head, 476
Bull-trout, 644
Bulti, 535
Buffaloe, 589
Bummaloh, 584
Bungia, 596
Bunocephalichthys, 580
Bunocephalus, 580
Bunocottus, 480
Burbot, 544
Bursa entiana, 128
Burton Skate, 341
Butter-fish, 496, 533
Bynni, 594
Bythites, 549

Cachius, 604
Cænotropus, 607
Cæsio, 390
Calamoichthys, 364
Californian district, 271
Calamostoma, 680
Callanthias, 381
Callichrous, 566
Callichthys, 575
Callionymus, 489
Callipteryx, 462
Callomystax, 573
Callophysus, 569
Callorhynchus, 350
Callyodon, 532
Camper, 16
Campostoma, 596
Cantharina, 405
Cantharus, 405
Cantor, 30
Capelin, 647
Capello, 28
Cape of Good Hope, 283
Capitodus, 405
Capoëta, 593
Capros, 449
Carangidæ, 440
Carangopsis, 442
Caranx, 442
Carapus, 667
Carassius, 591
Carboniferous fishes, 196
Carcharias, 316
Carchariidæ, 316
Carcharodon, 320
Carcharopsis, 319
Cardlike teeth, 126
Caribe, 613
Carmoot, 563
Carp, 589
Carpals, 59
Carpiodes, 589
Cartilage-bones, 87
Castelnau, 31
Cataphracti, 480
Cat-fishes, 568
Catla, 592
Catopra, 418
Catoprion, 613
Catostomus, 589
Caturidæ, 371
Caudal fin, 40
Cebidichthys, 498
Central American district, 279
Centrarchus, 396
Centridermichthys, 477
Centrina, 331
Centriscus, 509
Centrolabrus, 528
Ceutrolepis, 370
Centrolophus, 452
Centromochlus, 572
Centronotus, 496
Centrophorus, 331
Centropogon, 417
Centropomus, 379
Ceutropristis, 380
Centroscyllium, 332
Centrum, 51
Cephalacanthus, 482
Cephalaspis, 353
Cephaloptera, 347
Cephenoplosus, 368
Cepola, 490
Ceratias, 472
Ceratichthys, 596
Ceratobranchial, 58
Ceratodus, 357
Ceratohyal, 58
Ceratoptera, 347
Cerebellum, 97
Cestracion, 330
Cestraciontidæ, 328
Cetengraulis, 656
Cetopsis, 572
Chaca, 564
Chad, 408
Chænichthys, 466
Chætobranchus, 537
Chætodon, 398
Chætopterus, 390
Chætostomus, 576
Chalceus, 610
Chalcinopsis, 610
Chalcinus, 610
Champsodon, 464
Channa, 513
Chanodichthys, 604
Chanos, 662
Characinidæ, 606
Characodon, 615
Charr, 645
Chasmodes, 494
Chatoëssus, 657
Chauliodus, 628
Chaunax, 474
Cheilio, 530
Chela, 604
Chelmo, 399
Chiasmodus, 546
Chilian district, 288
Chilinus, 528
Chilobranchus, 669
Chilodactylus, 411
Chilodipterus, 395
Chilomycterus, 689
Chilorhinus, 674
Chiloscyllium, 326, 327
Chimæra, 349
Chimæridæ, 348
Chimarrhichthys, 466
Chiracanthus, 355
Chirocentrites, 656
Chirocentrodon, 660
Chirocentrus, 663
Chirodon, 609
Chirodus, 370
Chirolepis, 370
Chironemus, 411
Chirus, 491
Chlorophthalmus, 587
Chœrops, 530
Chologaster, 618
Chomatodus, 329
Chondropterygii, 313
Chondrostei, 360
Chondrosteus, 363
Chondrostoma, 600
Chorda dorsalis, 63
Chorinemus, 446
Chorismodactylus, 417
Chorisochismus, 512
Chromatophors, 183
Chromides, 534
Chromis, 535
Chrysichthys, 567
Chrysophrys, 409
Chub, 596, 599, 600
Cichla, 536
Cichlops, 466
Circulation, organs of, 150
Cirrhilabrus, 530
Cirrhina, 596
Cirrhites, 411
Cirrhitidæ, 410
Cirrostomi, 696
Citharichthys, 556
Citharinus, 607
Citharus, 556
Cladacanthus, 314
Cladodus, 328
Clarias, 563
Clarotes, 567
Claspers, 167
Clavicula, 59, 92
Clepticus, 530
Climbing Perch, 516
Clinus, 495
Cloudy Bay cod, 549
Clupea, 658
Clupeichthys, 660
Clupeoides, 660
Cnidoglanis, 564
Coal-fish, 541
Cobitis, 605
Coccia, 628
Coccosteus, 351
Cochlognathus, 596
Cochliodus, 329
Cock-and-hen Paddle, 484
Cod-fishes, 539
Cœcal stomach, 130
Coelacanthidæ, 365
Coelodus, 367
Coelogaster, 656
Coelonotus, 681
Coelorhynchus, 433
Coffer-fish, 686
Coilia, 657
Collichthys, 430
Commerson, 13
Conger, 673
Congrogadina, 550
Congromuræna, 674
Conodon, 386
Conodonts, 193
Conodus, 368
Conorhynchus, 569
Conus arteriosus, 151
Cook, 527
Copidoglanis, 564
Coracoid, 59, 92
Coral-fishes, 397, 525
Corax, 317
Coregonus, 647
Coridodax, 533
Coris, 530
Cork-wing, 527
Cornide, 13
Corpora quadrigemina, 103
Corpora restiformia, 99
Corpora striata, 100
Corvina, 430
Corvo, 429
Corynopoma, 607
Coryphæna, 452
Coryphænoides, 552
Cosmolepis, 370
Cosmoptychius, 370
Cossyphus, 528
Costa, 28
Cottoperca, 466
Cottus, 476
Cotylis, 512
Couch, 27
Couchia, 544
Craig-fluke, 557
Creagrutus, 610
Cremnobates, 495
Crenicichla, 537
Crenidens, 406
Crenilabrus, 527
Crenuchus, 612
Crepidogaster, 513
Cretaceous fishes, 199
Cricacanthus, 314
Cristiceps, 495
Crossochilus, 596
Crossognathus, 656
Crossorhinus, 328
Crossostoma, 604
Crucian carp, 591
Crura cerebri, 98
Cryptacanthodes, 496
Cryptopterus, 566
Ctenododipteridæ, 359
Ctenodus, 359
Ctenoid scales, 46
Ctenolabrus, 527
Ctenopharyngodon, 601
Ctenopoma, 516
Ctenoptychius, 329
Cubiceps, 456
Culter, 604
Curimatus, 607
Cut-lips, 596
Cuvier, 17
Cyathaspis, 354
Cybium, 459
Cyclobatis, 340
Cycloid scales, 46
Cyclopoma, 375
Cyclopterus, 484
Cycloptychius, 370
Cyclostomata, 691
Cyclurus, 588
Cyema, 670
Cymolutes, 530
Cynodon, 611
Cynoglossus, 558
Cynolebias, 615
Cyprinidæ, 587
Cyprinion, 598
Cyprinodon, 614
Cyprinoid division, 217
Cyprinus, 589
Cyttidæ, 450
Cyttus, 451

Dab, 557
Dace, 599, 600
Dactylopterus, 481
Dactyloscopus, 498
Dangila, 596
Danio, 602
Dascyllus, 525
Datnioides, 397
Daurade, 409
Day, 30
Deal-fish, 522
Decodon, 530
Deep-sea fishes, 296
Dekay, 29
Dendrodus, 365
Dentary, 54, 91
Dentex, 389
Dercetis, 666
Dermal spines, 53
Dermoskeleton, 85
Devil-fishes, 344
Devonian fishes, 193, 194
Diagramma, 386
Diana, 455
Dibranchus, 475
Dicerobatis, 347
Dicotylichthys, 689
Dicrotus, 437
Dictyosoma, 498
Didymaspis, 354
Digestion, organs of, 121
Dimeracanthus, 314
Dinematichthys, 549
Dinichthys, 352
Diodon, 689
Dioecious, 157
Diplocrepis, 513
Diplomystax, 569
Diplophos, 629
Diploprion, 383
Diplopterus, 365
Dipnoi, 355
Dipterodon, 406
Dipterus, 359
Diptychus, 595
Diretmus, 449
Discoboli, 483
Discognathus, 593
Discopyge, 340
Distichodus, 612
Ditrema, 534
Dog-fishes, 325, 619
Doliichthys, 487
Dolphins, 453
Domesticated fishes, 185
Domine, 436
Donovan, 17
Doras, 572
Doratonotus, 530
Dorsal fin, 40
Dorsch, 540
Dory, 450
Doryichthys, 681
Doydixodon, 406
Dragonet, 489
Drepane, 402
Drepanephorus, 331
Drum, 427
Ductor, 442
Ductus choledochus, 133
Ductus cysticus, 133
Duhamel, 13
Dules, 384
Duméril, 33
Dussumieria, 662
Duverney, 7
Duymæria, 530

Eagle-Rays, 344
Ear, 116
Echeneis, 460
Echinorhinus, 333
Echiostoma, 629
Ectopterygoid, 90
Edaphodon, 349
Eel, 671
Eel-pout, 544
Egertonia, 526
Elacate, 460
Elasmodus, 349
Elasmognathus, 349
Electric Eel, 667
Electric organs, 94
Electric Rays, 339
Electric Sheath-fish, 574
Eleotris, 488
Elonichthys, 370
Elopichthys, 604
Elops, 661
Embiotocidæ, 533
Encheliophis, 549
Enchelycore, 677
Enchodus, 433
Endoskeleton, 85
Engraulis, 656
Enneodon, 687
Enoplosus, 380
Entopterygoid, 55, 90
Epalzeorhynchus, 596
Ephippus, 402
Epibranchial, 59
Epibulus, 528
Epicoracoid, 59
Epididymis, 167
Epigionichthys, 696
Epihyal, 58
Epinnula, 436
Epioticum, 88
Epiphysis, 98
Epitympanic, 55
Equatorial zone, 218, 272
Eques, 431
Equula, 449
Eremophilus, 581
Erethistes, 580