Thing

We are not going to define what any thing or things is or are, but we can understand what any thing
or things is or are by defining the ways to know or identify any thing or things.
It is defined that,
Any thing or things is or are known or identified by seeing, hearing, tasting, touching, smelling,
thinking, or more than one of them.

Noun
It is defined that,
A noun is a word that denotes any thing or things and that is the word for any thing or things it
denotes.

Singular noun and plural noun

It is defined that,
A countable noun is a noun that denotes a countable thing or any more than one countable thing. A
countable noun that denotes a countable thing is singular and a countable noun that denotes any
more than one countable thing is plural.

Uncountable noun
It is defined that,
An uncountable noun is a noun that denotes any uncountable thing.
Specific thing and non-specific thing
It is defined that,
Any specific thing or things is or are any thing or things that or those is or are completely identified.

It is defined that,
Any non-specific thing or things is or are any thing or things that or those is or are completely
identified.

Proper noun and common noun

It is defined that,
A proper noun is a noun that denotes any specific thing or things.
Examples for a proper noun, American, Americans, Hindu, Hindus, Simpson, Simpsons, Coke,
Budweiser, India, California, etc.
Examples for a proper noun denoting a specific countable thing, American, Hindu, Simpson, etc.
Examples for a proper noun denoting the specific more than one countable thing, Americans,
Hindus, Simpsons, etc.
Examples for a proper noun denoting any specific uncountable thing, Coke, Budweiser, India,
California, etc.

It is defined that,
A common noun is a noun that denotes any non-specific thing or things.
Examples for a common noun, country, countries, religion, religions, planet, planets, water, salt, air,
etc.
Examples for a common noun denoting a non-specific countable thing, country, religion, planet, etc.
Examples for a common noun denoting any non-specific more than one countable thing, countries,
religions, planets, etc.
Examples for a common noun denoting any non-specific uncountable thing, water, salt, air, etc.
Collective noun
It is defined that,
A collective noun is a noun that denotes any collection or collections.
Combining a word with another word or other words
It is defined that,
A word is combined with another word or other words by writing, saying, or both writing and
saying the word and another word or other words in a defined manner or format.

Combination of words
It is defined that,
A combination of words is a thing that is made by combining words.

It is defined that,
A combination of words is made, or words are combined by writing, saying, or both writing and
saying the words in a defined manner or format.
Indefinite determiner
It is defined that,
An indefinite determiner is a word that is or will be combined with another word or other words to
denote any thing or things that or those may be specific or non-specific.

Let (common noun) be a common noun. Then it is defined that,

The combination of words of the form "any (common noun)” denotes any thing or things that or
those may be specific or non-specific and partially identified as any thing or things that or those the
common noun “(common noun)” denotes.
For example,
Let's place the common noun "water" in the place of (common noun) then, the combination of
words "any water" denotes any thing that may be specific or non-specific and partially identified as
water.
Then the word “any” is an indefinite determiner if it is or will be combined with the common
noun"(common noun)” to make the combination of words of the form "any (common noun)”.
Indefinite article
It is defined that,
An indefinite article is a word that is or will be combined with another word or other words to
denote any thing that is countably one and may be specific or non-specific.

Let (singular common consonant noun) be a singular common consonant noun. Then it is defined
that,
The combination of words of the form "a (singular common consonant noun)” denotes any thing
that is countably one, may be specific or non-specific, and partially identified as any thing that the
singular common consonant noun “(singular common consonant noun)” denotes.
For example, let's place the singular common consonant noun "ball" in the place of (singular
common consonant noun) then, the combination of words "a ball" denotes any thing that is
countably one, may be specific or non-specific, and partially identified as ball.
Then the word “a” is an indefinite article if it is or will be combined with the singular common
consonant noun"(singular common consonant noun)” to make the combination of words of the
form "a (singular common consonant noun)”.

Let (singular common vowel noun) be a singular common vowel noun. Then it is defined that,
The combination of words of the form "an (singular common vowel noun)" denotes any thing that
is countably one, may be specific or non-specific, and partially identified as any thing that the
singular common vowel noun “(singular common vowel noun)” denotes.
For example, let's place the singular common vowel noun "umbrella" in the place of (singular
common vowel noun) then, the combination of words "an umbrella" denotes any thing that is
countably one, may be specific or non-specific, and partially identified as umbrella.
Then the word “an” is an indefinite article if it is or will be combined with the singular common
vowel noun"(singular common vowel noun)” to make the combination of words of the form "an
(singular common vowel noun)”.
Definite article
It is defined that,
A definite article is a word that is or will be combined with another word or other words to denote
any thing or things that or those is or are specific.

Let (proper noun) be a proper noun. Then it is defined that,

The combination of words of the form "the (proper noun)" denotes any specific thing or things that
or those the proper noun “(proper noun)” denotes.
For example, the proper noun “India” denotes India, which is a specific thing, let's place the proper
noun "India" in place of (proper noun). Then the combination of words "the India" denotes India.

Let (common noun) be a common noun. Then it is defined that,

The combination of words of the form "the (common noun)" denotes any thing or things that or
those is or are specific, known to the second person, and partially identified as any thing or things
that or those the common noun “(common noun)” denotes.
For example, let's place the common noun "ball" in the place of (common noun) then, the
combination of words "the ball" denotes any thing that is specific, known to the second person, and
partially identified as ball.

Let (noun) be a noun,

Then the word “the” is a definite article if it is or will be combined with the noun"(noun)” to make
the combination of words of the form "the (noun)”.
Demonstrative determiner
It is defined that,
A demonstrative determiner is a word that is or will be combined with another word or other
words to denote any thing or things that or those is or are specific and in a position in space or time
relative to the second person.

Let (singular or uncountable common noun) be a singular or uncountable common noun. Then it is
defined that,
The combination of words of the form "this (singular or uncountable common noun)” denotes any
thing that is specific, near to the second person or an event that has happened recently to the
second person, and partially identified as any thing that the singular or uncountable common noun
“(singular or uncountable common noun)" denotes.
For example,
Let’s place the singular common noun “table” in the place of (singular or uncountable common
noun) then, the combination of words "this table" denotes any thing that is specific, near to the
second person, and partially identified as table.
Let’s place the singular common noun “winter” in the place of (singular or uncountable common
noun) then, the combination of words "this winter" denotes any thing that is specific, an event that
has happened recently to the second person, and partially identified as winter.
Then the word “this” is a demonstrative determiner if it is or will be combined with the singular or
uncountable common noun "( singular or uncountable common noun)” to make the combination of
words of the form "this (singular or uncountable common noun)”.
Then the word “this” is a demonstrative determiner if it is or will be combined with the singular or
uncountable common noun "( singular or uncountable common noun)” to make the combination of
words of the form "this (singular or uncountable common noun)”.
Let (singular or uncountable common noun) be a singular or uncountable common noun. Then it is
defined that,
The combination of words of the form "that (singular or uncountable common noun)” denotes any
thing that is specific, far away from the second person or an event that has happened long before to
the second person, and partially identified as any thing that the singular or uncountable common
noun “(singular or uncountable common noun)" denotes.
For example,
Let’s place the singular common noun “table” in the place of (singular or uncountable common
noun) then, the combination of words "that table" denotes any thing that is specific, far away from
the second person, and partially identified as table.
Let’s place the singular common noun “winter” in the place of (singular or uncountable common
noun) then, the combination of words "that winter" denotes any thing that is specific, an event that
has happened long before to the second person, and partially identified as winter.
Then the word “that” is a demonstrative determiner if it is or will be combined with the singular or
uncountable common noun "( singular or uncountable common noun)” to make the combination of
words of the form "that (singular or uncountable common noun)”.

Let (plural common noun) be a plural common noun. Then it is defined that,
The combination of words of the form "these (plural common noun)" denotes any things those are
specific, near to the second person or the events that have happened recently to the second person,
and partially identified as any things that the plural common noun “(plural common noun)"
denotes.
For example,
Let’s place the plural common noun “people” in the place of (plural common noun) then, the
combination of words "these people" denotes any things those are specific, near to the second
person, and partially identified as people.
Let’s place the plural common noun “days” in the place of (plural noun) then, the combination of
words "these days" denotes any things those are specific, the events that have happened recently to
the second person, and partially identified as days.
Then the word “these” is a demonstrative determiner if it is or will be combined with the plural
common noun "(plural common noun)” to make the combination of words of the form "these
(plural common noun)”.
Let (plural common noun) be a plural common noun. Then it is defined that,
The combination of words of the form "those (plural common noun)" denotes any things those are
specific, far away from the second person or the events that have happened long before to the
second person, and partially identified as any things that the plural common noun “(plural common
noun)" denotes.
For example,
Let’s place the plural common noun “people” in the place of (plural common noun) then, the
combination of words "those people" denotes any things those are specific, far away from the
second person, and partially identified as people.
Let’s place the plural common noun “days” in the place of (plural noun) then, the combination of
words "those days" denotes any things those are specific, the events that have happened long
before to the second person, and partially identified as days.
Then the word “those” is a demonstrative determiner if it is or will be combined with the plural
common noun "(plural common noun)” to make the combination of words of the form "those
(plural common noun)”.
Possessive determiner
It is defined that,
A possessive determiner is a word that is or will be combined with another word or words to
denote any thing or things that is or are specific and owned.

Let (common noun) be a common noun. Then it is defined that,

The combination of words of the form "my (common noun)” denotes any thing or things that or
those is or are specific, owned by the first person, and partially identified as any thing or things that
or those the common noun “(common noun)" denotes.
For example, let's place the common noun "toy" in the place of (common noun) then, the
combination of words "my toy" denotes any thing that is specific, owned by the first person, and
partially identified as toy.
Then the word “my” is a possessive determiner if it is or will be combined with the common noun
"(common noun)” to make the combination of words of the form "my (common noun)”.

Let (common noun) be a common noun. Then it is defined that,

The combination of words of the form "our (common noun)” denotes any thing or things that or
those is or are specific, owned by the first persons, and partially identified as any thing or things
that or those the common noun “(common noun)" denotes.
For example, let's place the common noun "toy" in the place of (common noun) then, the
combination of words "our toy" denotes any thing that is specific, owned by the first persons, and
partially identified as toy.
Then the word “our” is a possessive determiner if it is or will be combined with the common noun
"(common noun)” to make the combination of words of the form "our (common noun)”.

Let (common noun) be a common noun. Then it is defined that,

The combination of words of the form "your (common noun)” denotes any thing or things that or
those is or are specific, owned by the second person, and partially identified as any thing or things
that or those the common noun “(common noun)" denotes.
For example, let's place the common noun "toy" in the place of (common noun) then, the
combination of words "your toy" denotes any thing that is specific, owned by the second person,
partially identified as toy.
Then the word “your” is a possessive determiner if it is or will be combined with the common noun
"(common noun)” to make the combination of words of the form "your (common noun)”.
Let (common noun) be a common noun. Then it is defined that,
The combination of words of the form "his (common noun)” denotes any thing or things that or
those is or are specific, owned by the third male person, and partially identified as any thing or
things that or those the common noun “(common noun)" denotes.
For example, let's place the common noun "toy" in the place of (common noun) then, the
combination of words "his toy" denotes any thing that is specific, owned by the third male person,
and partially identified as toy.
Then the word “his” is a possessive determiner if it is or will be combined with the common noun
"(common noun)” to make the combination of words of the form "his (common noun)”.

Let (common noun) be a common noun. Then it is defined that,

The combination of words of the form "her (common noun)” denotes any thing or things that or
those is or are specific, owned by the third female person, and partially identified as any thing or
things that or those the common noun “(common noun)" denotes.
For example, let's place the common noun "toy" in the place of (common noun) then, the
combination of words "her toy" denotes any thing that is specific, owned by the third female
person, and partially identified as toy.
Then the word “her” is a possessive determiner if it is or will be combined with the common noun
"(common noun)” to make the combination of words of the form "her (common noun)”.

Let (common noun) be a common noun. Then it is defined that,

The combination of words of the form "its (common noun)” denotes any thing or things that or
those is or are specific, owned by the third non-human thing, and partially identified as any thing or
things that or those the common noun “(common noun)" denotes.
For example, let's place the common noun "leaf" in the place of (common noun) then, the
combination of words "its leaf" denotes any thing that is specific, owned by the third non-human
thing, and partially identified as leaf.
Then the word “its” is a possessive determiner if it is or will be combined with the common noun
"(common noun)” to make the combination of words of the form "its (common noun)”.

Let (common noun) be a common noun. Then it is defined that,

The combination of words of the form "their (common noun)” denotes any thing or things that or
those is or are specific, owned by the third persons, and partially identified as any thing or things
that or those the common noun “(common noun)" denotes.
For example, let's place the common noun "toy" in the place of (common noun) then, the
combination of words "their toy" denotes any thing that is specific thing, owned by the third
persons, and partially identified as toy.
Then the word “their” is a possessive determiner if it is or will be combined with the common noun
"(common noun)” to make the combination of words of the form "their (common noun)”.
Cardinal number determiner
It is defined that,
A cardinal number determiner is a word that is or will be combined with another word or other
words to denote any thing or things that is non-specific and countably of a certain number.

Let (singular common noun) be a singular common noun. Then it is defined that,
The combination of words of the form "one (singular common noun)” denotes any thing that is non-
specific, countably one, and partially identified as any thing that the singular common noun
“(singular common noun)” denotes.
For example, let's place the word "ball" in the place of (singular common noun) then, the
combination of words "one ball" any thing that is non-specific, countably one, and partially
identified as ball.
Then the word “one” is a cardinal number determiner if it is or will be combined with the singular
common noun "(singular common noun)” to make the combination of words of the form "one
(singular common noun)”.

Let (plural common noun) be a plural common noun. Then it is defined that,
The combination of words of the form "two (plural common noun)" denotes any thing that is non-
specific, countably two, and partially identified as any things those the plural common noun
“(plural common noun)” denotes.
For example, let's place the plural common noun "balls" in the place of (plural common noun) then,
the combination of words "two balls" denotes any thing that is non-specific, countably two, and
partially identified as balls.
Then the word “two” is a cardinal number determiner if it is or will be combined with the plural
common noun "(plural common noun)” to make the combination of words of the form "two (plural
common noun)”.
This definition can be extended to the combination of words of the forms, "three (plural common
noun)", "four (plural common noun)", "five (plural common noun)", and so on.
Quantifier
It is defined that,
A quantifier is a word that is or will be combined with another word or other words to denote any
thing or things that is or are non-specific and of a relative quantity.

Let (plural common noun) be a plural common noun. Then it is defined that,
The combination of words of the form "many (plural common noun)" denotes any things that are
non-specific, countably of a big number, and partially identified as any things those the plural
common noun “(plural common noun)” denotes.
For example, let's place the plural common noun "trees" in the place of (plural common noun) then,
the combination of words "many trees" denotes any things that are non-specific, countably of a big
number, and partially identified as trees.
Then the word “many” is a quantifier if it is or will be combined with the plural common noun
"(plural common noun)” to make the combination of words of the form "many (plural common
noun)”.

Let (plural common noun) be a plural common noun. Then it is defined that,
The combination of words of the form "few (plural common noun)" denotes any things that are
non-specific, countably of a small number, and partially identified as any things those the plural
common noun “(plural common noun)” denotes.
For example, let's place the plural common noun "trees" in the place of (plural common noun) then,
the combination of words "few trees" denotes any things that are non-specific, countably of a small
number, and partially identified as trees.
Then the word “few” is a quantifier if it is or will be combined with the plural common noun
"(plural common noun)” to make the combination of words of the form "few (plural common
noun)”.

Let (uncountable common noun) be an uncountable common noun. Then it is defined that,
The combination of words of the form "much (plural common noun)" denotes any thing that is non-
specific, uncountably large in quantity, and partially identified as any thing that the uncountable
common noun “(uncountable common noun)” denotes.
For example, let's place the uncountable common noun "water" in the place of (uncountable
common noun) then, the combination of words "much water" denotes any thing that is non-specific,
uncountably large in quantity, and partially identified as water.
Then the word “much” is a quantifier if it is or will be combined with the uncountable common
noun "(uncountable common noun)” to make the combination of words of the form "few
(uncountable common noun)”.
Let (uncountable common noun) be an uncountable common noun. Then it is defined that,
The combination of words of the form "little (plural common noun)" denotes any thing that is non-
specific, uncountably small in quantity, and partially identified as any thing that the uncountable
common noun “(uncountable common noun)” denotes.
For example, let's place the uncountable common noun "water" in the place of (uncountable
common noun) then, the combination of words "little water" any thing that is non-specific,
uncountably small in quantity, and partially identified as water.
Then the word “little” is a quantifier if it is or will be combined with the uncountable common noun
"(uncountable common noun)” to make the combination of words of the form "little (uncountable
common noun)”.

Let (plural common noun) be a plural common noun. Then it is defined that,
The combination of words of the form "all (plural common noun)" denotes any things that are non-
specific, countably of a total number, and partially identified as any things those the plural common
noun “(plural common noun)” denotes.
For example, let's place the plural common noun "trees" in the place of (plural common noun) then,
the combination of words "all trees" denotes any things that are non-specific, countably of a total
number, and partially identified as trees.
Let (uncountable common noun) be an uncountable common noun. Then it is defined that,
The combination of words of the form "all (plural common noun)" denotes any thing that is non-
specific, uncountably total in quantity, and partially identified as any thing that the uncountable
common noun “(uncountable common noun)” denotes.
For example, let's place the uncountable common noun "water" in the place of (uncountable
common noun) then, the combination of words "all water" denotes any thing that is non-specific,
uncountably total in quantity, and partially identified as water.
Let (common noun) be a common noun,
Then the word “all” is a quantifier if it is or will be combined with the common noun "(common
noun)” to make the combination of words of the form "all (common noun)”.
Let (plural common noun) be a plural common noun. Then it is defined that,
The combination of words of the form "some (plural common noun)" denotes any things that are
non-specific, countably of a certain number, but not all, and partially identified as any things those
the plural common noun “(plural common noun)” denotes.
For example, let's place the plural common noun "trees" in the place of (plural common noun) then,
the combination of words "some trees" denotes any things that are non-specific, countably of a
certain number, but not all, and partially identified as trees.
Let (uncountable common noun) be an uncountable common noun. Then it is defined that,
The combination of words of the form "some (plural common noun)" denotes any thing that is non-
specific, uncountably in a certain quantity, but not all and partially identified as any thing that the
uncountable common noun “(uncountable common noun)” denotes
For example, let's place the uncountable common noun "water" in the place of (uncountable
common noun) then, the combination of words "some water" denotes any thing that is non-specific,
uncountably in a certain quantity, but not all and partially identified as water.
Let (common noun) be a common noun,
Then the word “some” is a quantifier if it is or will be combined with the common noun "(common
noun)” to make the combination of words of the form "some (common noun)”.
Property
It is defined that,
A property is a thing that another thing or other things has or have and that another thing other
things is or are called as the haver or havers of that property.

Property based on opinion

Examples for properties based on opinion - good, bad, beautiful, ugly, normal, weird

Property based on size

Examples for properties based on size - lean, fat, fitted, small, big, tiny, huge, short, tall

Property based on age

Examples for properties based on age - old, young, new, ancient, senior, junior

Property based on shape

Examples for properties based on shape – round, square, cylindrical

Property based on color

Examples for properties based on color - red, yellowish, transparent, blue

Property based on origin

Examples for properties based on origin - American, British, eastern, western

Property based on material

Examples for properties based on material - wooden, plastic, steel, cloth, cotton
Adjective
It is defined that,
An adjective is a word that denotes a property and it is or will be combined with another word or
other words to denote any thing or things that or those has or have that property.

Let (common noun) be a common noun and (determiner) be a determiner, such that the thing that
the combination of words of the form “(determiner) (common noun)” denotes is defined.
Let (property) be a word that denotes a property. Then it is defined that,
The combination of words of the form "(determiner) (property) (common noun)" denotes any
thing or things that or those the combination of words “(determiner) (common noun)” denotes that
or those also has or have any property that the word “(property)” denotes.
For example, lets place the indefinite article “a” in the place of (determiner), the singular common
noun “ball” in the place of (common noun), and the word "blue" in the place of (property) then, the
combination of words "a blue ball" denotes a ball that has blue color.
Then a word that is or will be placed in the place of (property) in the combination of words of the
form "(determiner) (property) (common noun)" is an adjective.
Let (common noun) be a common noun and (determiner) be a determiner, such that the thing that
the combination of words of the form “(determiner) (common noun)” denotes is defined.
Let (opinion) be a word that denotes a property based on opinion, (size) be a word that denote a
property based on size, (age) be a word that denotes a property based on age, (shape) be a word
that denotes a property based on shape, (color) be a word that denotes a property based on color,
(origin) be a word that denotes a property based on origin, (material) be a word that denotes a
property based on material. Then it is defined that,
The combination of words of the form "(determiner) (opinion) (size) (age) (shape) (color) (origin)
(material) (common noun)" denotes any thing or things that or those the combination of words
“(determiner) (common noun)” denotes that or those also has or have any property that the word
“(opinion)” denotes, any property that the word “(size)” denotes, any property that the word
“(age)” denotes, any property that the word “(shape)” denotes, any property that the word
“(color)” denotes, any property that the word “(origin)” denotes, and any property that the word
“(material)” denotes.
For example, lets place the indefinite article “a” in the place of (determiner), the singular common
noun “pot” in the place of (common noun). Lets place the words, “beautiful” in the place of
(opinion), “large” in the place of (size), “old” in the place of (age), “cylindrical” in the place of
(shape), “brown” in the place of (color), “Indian” in the place of (origin), and “clay” in the place of
(material). Then the combination of words “beautiful large old cylindrical brown Indian clay pot” is
denoting a pot that is old, large, cylindrical in shape, brown in color, having an Indian origin and
made of clay.
Then the words that are or will be placed in the places of (opinion), (size), (age), (shape), (color),
and (origin) in the combination of words of the form "(determiner) (opinion) (size) (age) (shape)
(color) (origin) (material) (common noun)" , each one of them is an adjective.
The combination of words "(determiner) (opinion) (size) (age) (shape) (color) (origin)
(material)” is called as a cumulative adjective.
This definition can be extended for the combination of words of the forms, "(opinion) (size)
(shape) (origin) (common noun)", “(color) (material) (common noun)", and so on, in which the
word order “(opinion) < (size) < (age)< shape) < (color) < (origin) < (material)” is maintained.
Action
It is defined that,
An action is a thing that another thing or other things do.

The past, present and future time lines

Starting point and ending point

It is defined that,
The point in the timeline at which anything or things starts to do an action is the starting point of
the action. And the point at which the thing or things stops doing an action is the ending point of the
action.

Timeless event
It is defined that,
A timeless event is an event that has an

Timebound event
It is defined that,
A timebound is an event that has a finite happening period.
Verb
It is defined that,
A verb is a word that denotes an action and it is or will be combined with another word or other
words to denote an event that involves that action.
Present tense
Let (noun) be a noun and (intransitive base verb) be an intransitive base verb. Then it is defined
that,
The combination of words of the form "(noun) (intransitive base verb)” denotes an event that
always happens due to the thing that the noun "(noun)” denotes always does the action that the
verb “(base verb)” denotes.