#DO SEMANTICS i: adie aed Semantics |s the tee important branch of oe istics” which deals_ willy meaning and its mani- festation fn lanou Word, d~ SEMANTICS has come from = the “Greek, un “Sem. means — Signe >» anal ake “Vers Semains 2 or signify” The__shorter Oxtord ~ Vetionan losses. the term Sementieg — ¢ as “raatng fo Sp teqtion Se neahing Broadly. speak » semantics” 1s “thal oa linguiere NES deals wil 4 the scat ae ——- referents Cnames) and cneke — ie. | usdie us Cords, ed huases) ai or the objects ncepts or a Ich the = and wilh the history. changes in mean Wor nd rds Diochronie (histo rleal) Semantic — relation ihtp _ simple 0 or multiple . i Semanticist Woule_ Uke to find how aman te ¢ able do parophrase 4 82) ranstorm ar and cketeck ambi. 7 the ae rds Js sometimes force iim to) choose Ove ‘interpretation rather Than an another. A semantic _onelyads “for example in & mple im English musl- also explain the anfto antorums, Sgeonyms , homonyns al sen ang : anamalies, cont! dictions, paraphrase. a tins, ambiguities , implication 9. transformation of . Tt shall awe _an account of semantic: pro, ties “Hence, 40. understand zoning of: a senlince =i i. nant ay lexfaal ekments bu Tar al also has 7 infer ae Scanned with CamScanner> Semantic > g eee Vy the study of Unqais tic. meaning or meanings in We Git tea, a system Of- Lanta Uke. photblady and Grammar While Phonolopg & esneerned with the Sounds in, O a Language ong Grammar wath tts structure £ of urhich are external drades .Semour ; concerned with, meaning of mords or Mor phemes which 1S Bomething -} 1 canny © am utterance hi internal’ « The meaning t jext in ae 's: based Son the situation or the vn ‘ Ie iy mae: CeOARD ELooMeleLd has defined NR Of ® Unguistic form as “The situatfon fa which the speaker utters it and the response ushich ib calls forth tn the hearer.” Change age ) Meaning fs not merely a matter of structure buk Cxomething deeper: Withowr it various Unguietic etudies , such Sas the sted of Speech , Sounds and $ ntaetic structure tAtould Fem ineomplete . As Cloomped pomnts owk — “The situatiew vshich prompt people to utter speech. jnelude ever object and happ- en ton the universe. In arder to give a sefe, iffeall accurate depini tion of mean for every rparm, of vanga , we should have o sdientificall acetrate® Knowledge of everything ia the ofbeker's Word . The actual extent “of humeur Kyowledge ig very small, d +o ts. we can define the meanin a speech form, accurately when thin mean i was to do wilh some matter of Which We possess scientific Knowledge language, Scanned with CamScanner‘ec Roadl tithe Oo pal) 2 | SCOPE_OF SEMANTICS An important function of language is to Loman. unicate meaning. Meaning is commun} cated through Q combination of mean fal units oF Words into meaningful arrangements oF grammatical constructions, There May le tuso Kinde of meaning ~ Meaning of words thal constitute q sentence OF fremmatical “ cmstuctions, and NY Te meant of mstructons @ femed ty the smbina tion, words. _ Both hese Kinds ot meanings are es sential Jor_grasring the sense. of an ulferance, There be @ Lexical Meaning , © Grommatical Meanin © tuo levele oF meaning— = “The _ lexical meant implies _meanv if Wes as found th dictionaries.’ But this meas Cr nel odeqwately convey dhe. sense of the speak wsithour taking ints unsideration the real 4 |_pasition of the. rd Tn the_vanstruction te which iF oy cluster of Word havin 2 Lexical meaning (ee = am buy) cau cannot yield any _wherent mean Scanned with CamScannervv ev : st - . a eee ye oe l grammatical relatisnshtp cas ™ nee Semces » i “Ram” goes Fo buy a pen”). ufterances 'OF: tas XE ee expredtiong bedane moons d a Thx Oe & coherent arammatical structure of their, compet, oe Cordis) Gre grammatically related together « & According to MANFRED GIERWNISH , [ A semanti& theory must, bructure fra oe erenck fe struc \ eee eee to dhe Syntactic s =i . & Systematicaly represent the meaning of A Single eo eon none tea etc of ‘the meaning of words conaviten Syntactic” relations! iutersel 8 order +o are tute the interpretation of sentences, and a aie Indicate how these interpretations = related to the ‘things Spoken. aboub.?? study language Sethe structuralicks +rled +0 ae S553 d— ke WIThouk meanw Tmpor bance me ae out ; of mani pean recogra ad Stace dite Fn Toman, Meaning “fs treated ag » and the speech wsthoul- tree withoul tyuits Indian Scholars the words are eternal one Wore) tou enna baer dest SN Would One and “dhe Same thing fr all othe lorunane would have been, semantic change ody usould nor Mave felt any “necessity of leaning Scanned with CamScanner% | S Ge Ards. Nevertheless seme Western schears ‘tohave ste an talking about semantic universals Wow @ da ce “and # ay ae ts a wide agreement ‘than, it ever r_was ‘thal ' “fl y ‘nenhg is The soul_of- langue « / Some Linguists went om to the. extent of: excluding Semantics from Unguisties. A well Known etructuralist made the astoniching shatement thal cgutath sytem ofa engloge dees l= tlie “the semantics. The, _system is : abstract, as ik js a signaling “system and as soon as we shud Semantics , We GE no longer shidying 1 Tanpiage hr the "semantic system, associated” _nilh U impacge "TER. HOCKETT — LANGUAGE IN cucToRe ] The structuralists were _ of tho opinion tor it_ts only tha. form of lLanguape _ “which car be studied and not the abstract faunctions. “Buk both these are mis emeeptions « Recent}, @ serious inierest hac been ‘token inthe v various problems “of Semantics. And semanties is_betn studied _not only by the Unguists bub ‘olso by __philasephars _paychologists, ists, stientists, Artin pologi ets and gociolo ogists: _ Scholars _have log puzzled over shale words they “represent or how they relate do ave e 1 bel er words Scanned with CamScannerWater 4 able, Time- tabi Table , Table. and Vv. Aminendrents 'mMe~ Table, » Dining eek LZ v krords (ty » end the, Table Of | Nine and Hho. Hho. abo \S x body. 7 Ke “Good * aeales ever more problems . 8 hood yy an exactly, tell whalr “Good really means, ays 5 Worl carrey er of Enplish ayer learn 40 Uce HAS foete Gunite So, the” main aii Heulty Ig +0 acer real wong tal meanit s, multiple meanings urorals conditions . The vonnokation use o tions atone ee umplcatons fo a theariea- wnetophorie ond pe Partie their Suses~ tn, Wwastion, 5 eis ea Snowe as ts the thee here doe © When Ww ae about Ae talk? aby boul te K_ abo nea ning we erahen The ability, Can me anothe- = sre eau . to “Moho, t+Hed om the ted hab bul- bought the Gea one” Peccacs wo Aiftieulties. Yet there are humerous centences whic Ore prefecth Gramma teal, but ~ meaningless The mos Famous examples” jg CHOMSKY'c _Sentense — *Colourless green, ideas sleep tacionsly" Similar _ other Tngtance s are as fold ol\owst— the tee ote the ele i) The preenant_b “Bachelor gave. oa OE six ix gins to mmorrok 2 9 tt iSYesterda the table “sneczed?” a Scanned with CamScanner“Dial you understand a Ung ‘hoes hac +O erenk types » Li In a-sen 3% ine. fundamen fee sich os \ ie als OF Linguistic take Into account oft iene y OF , meanings — ~ @ Lexical |_Meanir © Grammatical Meaning . Kindo intrinsic meani aetions and fuse cdi Full words have some ing They ct bye id to have sleep, read=-Such—ajords are Ske kene UF Lert col Meaning, Ene ee or no intrinsic meanin, They exist because, of matical function The the _s* Sean = items ‘and’? fg used +o goin eff ici enfoee Sele These. words pave gran ete #0 meant Famma tical meaning re Se chich the meaning of qemunati| ifems as dic = red, =ness etc. ma teal meaning - a cover “potions _ cae 4s SubjecF and « object, sentére types az Imterre sa FiVE , T mperative ete» > foal meant Recause of its complexity, “Grammatt Pe ney d ditticult +o Oe As yeh | ‘no theal of 4. O Cope _ wilh TE_adequ- Semantics as been able cal items 1s sia Fale of more | man ermocns qoable. There _fs_a good number of Semantic theories - Each of them defines meq tn its owhk manner. OGDEN and I-Ac RICHARDS in thetr—boohK "MEANING OF MEANING” cite no less than “sixteen definitions of meaning. BLOOMFIELD aRfines meaning as : Scanned with CamScannerers alters “She situation in which the, sree forth in, it and the response which | the hearer, * Clanguage) - certati Due. +o this. there is semantic ha se of change or# changeg in meaning oceur and a among. speakers ofthe ange poit nok _becallse of it bethg a characteris ries ae of Words +o change meanings _ ¢ ae and meanings Y Vario Ainguists have a eeu mentioned various elassiticat ion of seni change cha 2. However, three anier Te autets . Gre aistissed ey several writers and Linge “hese tee Hppes Ore, I ) Exetension or Widening , dl) Limitations or astrctions , Gi) Transfers ore Shifts: Scanned with CamScanner