1 rT Sh fa y e SYNTAX Radia = Boake, G& What is Syntx? Discuss the score of Syntax. | } > "SYNTAX is. che of the mos rank and marr branch sent enc from the Greek vod ing “ore dering tose! ‘fudting -tepe building 5 orranged Foye order to make larger units Csentence) A syntactic analykis W generally osn- cerned with sentences and “the emstituent « 5 pontenees . fcie ply speak ing , [Spntax te the yam (rao sente Toe 2 of Sentence construction rs tephaps est to cet Ine Sy nba negatively as 8 cide Of the eambina- then of Such maphemes_as are not bow Ree fede of elfer bfctin or derbal [ROBERT A. HALL, 1962] According to H.A-GLEASON, syntax may be roughly defined as the principle of arranpement of. the constryetions formed by the procate of derivation and inflection lord into larger constructions of varlous Kinds. In come ~ largqapes such q derinition of Syntax te noe alwayz sharp To ofers TE peste eo, clipiculhessBuF_@ more satisfactory dfeerime nation cannot be ound bo cover lan ¢ “generally. tone 4 ee [An INTRODUCTION To DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICS] Scanned with CamScanner22, £ ROBERT A. HALL hep es Sipnbore as, ihe: cle hg combinal-ton of such Morph OF clot oe Peel on the level of ctther shcloctta oF derivation.» Lint Robue ry ory UNGuistics | Sections Merrhelovy and suntore are the tevo sake of ito Wihitch grammar ie clivided fea te explaing 5 ao nience AS CP. HOCKETT de Fine s/ . Tn many. lanquopes , wyorchs tmporbant prommaal 3a thee Pett owe of smaller element ao bu are oa pub togelker tato conte , noe pattems, Aocmitn We ge customary +0 of a drammatical System of 4 Lanquoge as “en, ae : ae nfo Morphdloge includes the stock of mentka hem . Bn Gea eS, and lie at in which urords ‘ a oF them . Syntax includes the urays IW which the Words Berea Supra segmental Morphem- €S are arranged relative oa Ci vl “he utterances,” Se Sr There ore two quite _distinck areas of syn, one related to Morphology, the ollier_ Whell largely unrelated to it. 1 the ae oor dealt wilh he “ in zis xs s are “bul up 9a SYNTAX vt 2 a Srhenges. Which ‘They Combine wilh “each offer fo form out SSURE vaho pointed oy a pag as rae i as axkonbeiis athat Morphol she tlt dt aged eae Tem me —he said , be ask inguished Jo Scanned with CamScanneror Morphole : i yndax and lexicel / that Lexiceloey cannot be isolated from eittier synbaye ae the Sentence Grammatical 1 level fs the lysed Phonological un into Morpholo ical units called Miyphemes and Words, and into Syrtacte. ‘y Units called Phrases and Glayses. At the \ Pk Phoneme s_ Same time, Sentences may bo clescribed supta- Segmental in respect of Len, 5 Stress and h pitch ~ and inter segmentally in respect of Syll- able transition gr juncture» Some Unguists, hotably of the cohool oF Transtermational. - ratived Cgetamcs : ore Hying to ctudly, the ine mam Linguistic units through ‘the fusion of att these approaches . They have olosely fnferrelatal all the tomponents of language — the Phonological, Syntactical Grammatical (Fusing Morphol and Syntax toptier) and Smanies: r d : 7 I SEMANTICS | SYNTAX | | PHONOLOGY \ Since , Syntax studies the gtructure et Snes of Sentences, it would be proper here ne ler S 4 is meant by the term Sentence- Scanned with CamScannerA Sentence may be cetined tn various wage. ff ally speaking IF can be Jed as & 3 O4P St Words containing, a complete 2&PTEesion, “on el Single Thowohr It _usmsists chief of Fo ait. vis _ Subject sr_toph and fredieate ag whak ts sald fabod the tie “Tropes cath the with mean ing witht ag eapitod leHer and ends Stop , maak {final punctuation such. at -full ion ang ‘. oe onte regs tin or mark of exclamat- 9 nalysable” inFo these. A. sentence. where, lrgeck unit op _gtonmatival fuse, WETS @ Morphame fy u a ee os rR oot Sentence & ; 5p Ne form, nak Inekaed ie viyiererstent Unguict ATICAL eon: ‘truetion th an Unga orm B Loomesecp -furtizer explaing thay age 66 ? Tr any utterance ‘ Toh. : ~ ron rm as tng Oc else — = fendent mm not tneluded tn a ger UngatcHe form yas, for instante, John In the exclamation , John | » In C.F. Hockett’s view , « -A Sentence. is 0 grammatical rary which 1S hot” Pn Gonstryeton with ‘any other grammatical Wmv, a constitute which i nok a esmstifuent CA course IN MODERN LinguIsTics J Scanned with CamScanner2 «ko ote oe aire various syntactic ¢ de vices, such as Concord, Word ret oad the Ukes thar are helpful i tie “ask nshic x has ‘fo perform ie, explaining AGI in, inglectiona fem saa af wrord a ol ho! ord a 8 e. Vice Fo polar on strus Hien Toners ite, eee a English. Ty hints ak the peed of, certain \wods to take corre spend ing fn several ways with certain other oie This, and Thak are exam les of such words. Th shout Concord in number with the noun. They precede, eve, This/ Thar man" is there im the singular, bul in plural we have "Thase/ Those men! Thure ore ufher Synbactte devices alo a as function words uamprisi articles and and stress and fnto notion > patierns « GTeweee important syntacte device or structwe maker 7 order Tg oer tn pentch eres are Yage , See ae ae : a ir Vier hane digerene de TH anal the structore of ic er occa Pinzon tam thin order of _worde ina hase, ane mud words units woth my a sonFence. In Ung sHie studies, yao, _wsord order 1s Uiually taken to mes mean the order SF SOqvan® a grammatical elements, vie subject | Nerband Ot jeck in @ Sentence. The Co ipercee Paeere) oder anid asnati teen Foray is _ tend te pee “ : syntox studies the st racture of eee OF aitterances - The steidy of struct alysis of & Sentence into its or Comtityents: and Involves fie cn Scanned with CamScannerTe examination of the mier— relatim 7% dm2z +Hy h Coevenstituent and an bohween. these. Thin tan be pplic tient of the, process 9 ite anc uthimeate Stic te analy Ae tw phrase. Whe co 2ecporuc Jonce | 2 ge. sel vbences Passive vee. The theory of umetiFyenF ootrack ure was pur forware by TCEONARD SLOOM FIELD , caborated be hin disciples tke E Eugene NDA and RULON WELLS cnc giver Q seien- tific ane Usyiel shape. by RIoAM » CHO- MskY and Some offer Uaugiaishe Im its develo- ped ancl moditied form this thdory. eame to be Known AS “Phiqse Structure mar” en which its success ee are based. Realising the shortesmings in the Phrase structure Grarun cHomsny. a ‘the theory. of the “Transtormation Grammar” which involved Trans: ce t the structure of O sentence: in var ous ee Aahve to Pasvive Voice , Assertive 5 ae to Tee sentences, deep to Sux face, stryc~ turd and “so on, comtituente. syntactic devices used tol tak the “ui uents Faye ther, and the rules ee tramfom stracture info CThe deep structee we | into Immediate or Scanned with Camscanner