LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

GRADE 12 – 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD

NAME: ________________________________________________________ SCORE: ________________________

SECTION: _____________________________________________________ DATE: _________________________

MODULE 1: Geographic, Linguistic and Ethnic Dimensions of Philippine Literacy

History from Pre-Colonial to the Contemporary

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World Module aims to engage students in appreciation and
critical study of 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World, encompassing their various dimensions, genres,
elements, structures, contexts, and traditions.

The term literature is derived from the Latin word "littera" which means "a letter of the alphabet". According to
the website Britannica, literature is traditionally defined as body of written works associated to imaginative and creative
works of poetry and prose and can be classified according to variety of systems such as language, national origin, historical
period, genre and subject matter.

Literature can either be in oral or written form. The oral literature handed down from one generation to another, then
later on transformed into written form. The products of written literature are called literary text. A text can be considered
literary if it has the elements of psychological characterization and chronology. Also, literature uses literary devices such as
metaphor and symbolism. Reading for entertainment and learning is the most common reason why people read literature.

Simply, the best way to describe the characteristics of literary text is that (1) it narrates a story; (2) it expresses
feelings, thoughts, and ideas which can either be based from the imagination or real life experiences of the author or other
people; and (3) it delivers significant information and crosses boundaries of time, places, cultures and languages.

Also, literature contains specific structure. Literary structure refers to the organizational method used in literature
in which the most common type is the narrative. Parts of the narrative structure (or plot) are the exposition, rising action,
climax, falling action, and resolution (denouement). In a much broader context, literary structure is not only limited to
content and form but this may also refer to "the general features or characteristic of genre, style, a specific literary trend,
literature as an art form, and finally, art as a whole" (The Great Soviet Encyclopedia). For Murphy (n.d.), literary structure
may involve arrangement of various elements according to purpose, style, and genre to effectively convey the intended
meaning for the audience.

Two Major Forms of Literature

1. Poetry. This literary type is usually written in lines and is characterized by having the element of rhythm, sound, imagery,
and form. Its main purpose is to express feelings, thoughts, and ideas. It can be divided into three types: narrative, dramatic,
and lyrical poetry.
a. Narrative Poetry. This poetry tells a story and has the elements of a narrative such as characters, setting, conflict, etc.
b. Dramatic Poetry. This is an emotionally appealing drama written in verse that tells a story and is intended to be recited
or sung in front of the audience by a character speaking in poetry.
c. Lyric Poetry. It is the most common type of poetry that focuses on expressing feelings rather than telling a story.

2. Prose. In contrast to poetry, this literary piece applies a natural flow of speech and grammatical structures which are
mainly consisting of complete sentences arranged logically and sequentially in a paragraph form.
a. Fiction. This serves as a product of the writer's wild imagination and creative thinking where the characters react to the
conflict and various issues central to the main idea of a literary work. Its three types are: short story, novel, and novella. The
main genres are crime, fantasy, romance, science fiction, western, inspirational, historical fiction and horror.
b. Non-fiction. These are stories inspired by real events where the writers aim to present, interpret, or describe experiences
based on facts. The judgments, opinions, and commentaries of the writers may be presented in the form of essays, journals,
diaries, feature articles, editorials, and the like.
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
GRADE 12 – 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD

Genre refers to the forms of literature. The general ones are oral and written. The main types are prose and poetry.
There are many other forms that have sprung through the years. Specifically, it is defined in the curriculum guide as
something that “may be determined by literary technique, tone, content, or even (as in the case of fiction) length. The
distinctions between genres and categories are flexible and loosely defined, often with subgroups. The most general genres
in literature are (in loose chronological order) epic, tragedy, comedy, and creative nonfiction. They can all be in the form
of prose or poetry. Additionally, a genre such as satire, allegory or pastoral might appear in any of the above, not only as a
sub-genre, but as a mixture of genres. Finally, they are defined by the general cultural movement of the historical period in
which they were composed. Genre should not be confused with age categories, by which literature may be classified as
either adult, young-adult, or children. They also must not be confused with format, such as graphic novel or picture book.”
(Glossary, Curriculum Guide)

Literary elements refer “to identifiable characteristics of a whole text. They are not “used,” per se, by authors; they
represent the elements of storytelling which are common to all literary and narrative forms. For example, every story has a
theme, a setting, a conflict, and has a particular point-of-view, etc. To be discussed legitimately as part of a textual analysis,
literary elements must be specifically identified for that particular text.” (Glossary, Curriculum Guide). The common
elements of a story are setting, character, conflict, theme, point of view, and plot. Plot also has its own elements such as
exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution or denouement /ˌdeɪˈnuːmɒ̃/. In poetry, there are four essential
elements: form, imagery, rhythm, and sound. Poetry comes in different forms such as whether it is free verse, couplet,
limerick, etc. Imagery on the other hand is the reason why we see pictures in words and it adds color in any types of literature
especially in poetry. Rhythms and sounds are somehow similar. In fact, rhythm falls under the broad category sound. While
sound deals with the common use of rhymes and other literary devices such as repetition (repeating of words, phrases, or
lines), alliteration (repeating same consonant sounds), assonance (repeating same vowel sounds), and onomatopoeia (the
use of the actual sound to represent someone or something), rhythm is more concerned with the flow of the beat such as
whether it is fast or slow. In general, both sounds and rhythms are the key ingredients that give poetry a musical effect
(Encyclopedia Britannica).

LITERARY PERIODS

Think About This!

Our forefathers already had their literature, which reflected in their customs and traditions. They had their alphabet
even before they had colonized. The Spanish friars burned their alphabet in the belief that they were works of the devil or
were written on materials that quickly perished, like the barks of trees, dried leaves, and bamboo cylinders, which could not
have remained firm even if efforts were made to preserve them. Our unique geographic location is the reason why we are
rich and varied.

PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

• Folk tales. These are made up of stories about life, adventure, love, horror, and humor where one can derive lessons about
life. An example of this is THE MOON AND THE SUN.
• The Epic Age. Epics are long narrative poems in which a series of heroic achievements or events, usually of a hero, are
dealt with at length.
• Folk Songs. These are one of the oldest forms of Philippine literature that emerged in the pre-Spanish period. These songs
mirrored the early forms of culture. Many of these have 12syllables. Examples of which are Kundiman, Kumintang o
Tagumpay, Ang Dalit o Imno, Ang Oyayi o Hele, Diana, Soliraning and Talindaw

SPANISH PERIOD

Literature in this period may be classified as religious prose and poetry and secular prose and poetry.
• Spanish Influences On Philippine Literature The first Filipino alphabet, called ALIBATA, was replaced by the Roman
alphabet. Also, the teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices. European legends and
traditions brought here became assimilated in our songs, corridos, and moro-moros.
• Folk Songs It manifests the artistic feelings of the Filipinos and shows their innate appreciation for and love of beauty.
The examples are Leron-Leron Sinta, Pamulinawen, Dandansoy, Sarong Banggi, and Atin Cu Pung Sing-sing.
• Recreational Plays There are many recreational plays performed by Filipinos during the Spanish times. Almost all of
them were in a poetic form such Cenaculo, Panunuluyan, Salubong and Zarzuela.

NATIONALISTIC AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD

In 19th Century, Filipino intellectuals educated in Europe called ilustrados began to write about the hitch of colonization.

The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896) - This movement was spearheaded mostly by the intellectual middle-class like
Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar; Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban, and Pedro
Paterno.
• Some of Rizal’s writings: Noli Me Tangere, Mi Ultimo Adios, Sobre La Indolencia Delos Filipinos and Filipinas
Dentro De Cien Aňos.
• Some of Del Pilar’s writings: Pagibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (Love of Country), Kaingat Kayo (Be Careful), and
Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayers and Jokes).
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
GRADE 12 – 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD
• Some of Jaena’s writings: Ang Fray Botod, La Hija Del Fraile (The Child of the Friar). and Everything Is Hambug
(Everything is mere show), Sa Mga Pilipino...1891), and Talumpating Pagunita Kay Kolumbus (An Oration to
Commemorate Columbus).

AMERICAN REGIME

Linguistically, Americans influenced Filipino writers to write using English language. Jose Garcia Villa became famous for
his free verse.

Characteristics of Literature during this period:

The languages used in writing were Spanish and Tagalog and the dialects of the different regions, but the writers in Tagalog
continued in their lamentations on the conditions of the country and their attempts to arouse love for one’s native tongue
and the writers in English imitated the themes and methods of the Americans.

A. Short Stories
I. Dead Stars – Paz Marquez Benitez
II. The Key – Paz Latorena
III. Footnote to Youth – Jose Garcia Villa

Jose Garcia Villa - “Poet of the Century” and became famous because of his free verse

JAPANESE PERIOD

Between 1941-1945, Philippine Literature was interrupted in its development when another foreign country, Japan,
conquered the Philippines. Philippine literature in English came to a halt. Except for the TRIBUNE and the PHILIPPINE
REVIEW, almost all newspapers in English were stopped by the Japanese.

Filipino Poetry During This Period

The common theme of most poems during the Japanese occupation was nationalism, country, love, and life in the barrios,
faith, religion, and the arts.

Three types of poems emerged during this period:

a. Haiku , a poem of free verse that the Japanese like. It was made up of 17 syllables divided into three lines and
b. Tanaga – like the Haiku, is short, but it had measure and rhyme.
c. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form)

• Strict prohibitions imposed by Japanese in writing and publishing (dark period)

• Literary “giants” appeared

MODERN / CONTEMPORARY PERIOD

The new trends have been used and introduced to meet the need and tastes of the new generation. 21st Century learners are
demanded to be ICT inclined to compete with the style and format of writing as well. New codes or lingos are used to add
flavor in the literary pieces produced nowadays.

1. Martial Law repressed and curtailed human rights and freedom of the press.
2. Theater was used to as a vehicle of protest, such as PETA (Phil. Educational Theater Association and UP Theater)
3. New trends have been used and introduced to meet the needs and tastes of new generation.
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
GRADE 12 – 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD

ACTIVITY 1: My Favorite Pinoy Story and Poem

Bedtime stories, legends, myths, fables and parables made our childhood life complete. We had listened to these tales when
somebody shared it to us in school or at home. Who could forget those moments when our parents or teachers forced us to
recite poems with embarrassing gestures? Literature has been part of us since then.

A. Recall your most unforgettable story or poem written by a Filipino author. Write a description of its content and tell the
reasons why you like it that much. Have a separate sheet for this activity.

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B. Find a Philippine example for each from old books on the internet.

C. Look up a Lola Basyang story or a popular local tale and identify its elements. Use a separate sheet for this activity.

ACTIVITY 2: FACT OR FICTION

Write "Fact" if the statement is true about Africa and "Fiction" if it is false. Write the correct word or phrase on top of the
incorrect one to make the false statement right.

______________1. Earliest Philippine literature before the colonization period was rich in written literary works.
______________2. Christianity is the first religion known to ancient Filipinos.
______________3. Islam emerged first before Catholicism faith.
______________4. Philippine literature can be divided into three major periods.
______________5. The two major classifications of poetry are fiction and non-fiction.
______________6. Spanish were the ones who introduced Protestantism in the Philippines.
______________7. The Filipino is a unique blend of both Eastern and Western influences.
______________8. Biography is a non-fiction literary work.
______________9. Sounds and rhythm give a musical effect to any prose.
______________10. Philippine history and cultures are associated to the country's literature.
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
GRADE 12 – 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD

NAME: ________________________________________________________ SCORE: ________________________

SECTION: _____________________________________________________ DATE: _________________________

MODULE 2: Identifying Representative Texts from the Regions

The country’s rich repertoire of literary masterpieces may be rooted in the diverse cultural heritage of the Filipino people.
They have produced varied texts because of differences. The mighty roar of the North and to the fiery temperament of the
South blended well. The Filipinos speak of the collective experiences from the people who have gone through difficulties,
triumphs, struggles, successes, armed conflicts, bloodless revolutions, and others. It is the reason why these masterpieces
resonated loud and clear in the Philippine archipelago.

A Taste of Philippine Poetry

Located in the northwest of Luzon, the Ilocos Region or Region 1 is comprised of four provinces, namely: Ilocos Norte,
Ilocos Sur, La Union, and Pangasinan. It is bordered to the west by the turbulent South China Sea, to the east by the
Cordillera Administrative Region, the northeast and southeast by Cagayan Valley and the South by Central Luzon. Most of
the inhabitants of the Ilocano homeland are concentrated along a narrow coastal plain. Because of geographical boundaries,
these people often experience heavy rains and violent typhoons, especially during rainy seasons. The region, then, takes
pride in long stretches of white sand and clear waters alongside its rich cultural heritage. What you are about to read is a
poem written by a Carlos Palanca Memorial Awardee in Poetry in 1964, Carlos A. Angeles. His collection of poems entitled,
Stun of Jewels, also bagged him the Republic Cultural Heritage Award in Literature in the same year.
A Moment of Silence
Gabu depicts a coastline in Ilocos that is constantly experiencing the battering restlessness of the sea. The water that comes
back to the shore seems furious and ruthless with its daylong bashing, which havocs the wasteland. Being an archipelagic
country, the Philippines knows the importance of water and the sea.
A Taste of Tagalog Essay
More popularly known now as the CALABARZON referring to the provinces of Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and
Quezon, Region IV-A is home to Tagalog-speaking people in the Philippines. Recognized all over the country for their
bravery and fearlessness in battles, CALABARZON has participated actively in the country’s fight for freedom and
democracy. It is home to many a Philippine hero foremost, and among them are Rizal of Laguna, Mabini of Batangas, and
Aguinaldo of Cavite.
A Taste of Creative Nonfiction

The island of Visayas is one of the major geographical divisions in the Philippines, the other two being Luzon and Mindanao.
It is divided into Western, Central, and Eastern Visayas. The Visayas region is comprised of several islands circling the
Visayan Sea. Its people, therefore, share a sea-based culture and tradition that may be rooted in a strong religious foundation.
The dwelling place of many festivals such as the Ati-Atihan, Di-nagyang, Sinulog, Pintados, and Maskara, the Visayas may
indeed be considered as one of the cradles of Philippine civilization.

ACTIVITY 1: UNDERSTANDING THE POEM

Read the poem entitled “Gabu” by Carlos A. Angeles and answer the following questions.

Gabu
Carlos A. Angeles

The battering restlessness of the sea

Insists a tidal fury upon the beach
At Gabu, and its pure consistency
Havos the wasteland hard within its reach.
Brutal the daylong bashing of its heart
Against the seascape where, for miles around,
Farther than sight itself, the rock-stones part
And drop into the elemental wound.
The waste of centuries is grey and dead
And neutral where the sea has
beached its brine,
Where the spilt salt of its heart lies spread
Among the dark habiliments of Time.
The vital splendor misses. For here, here
At Gabu where the ageless tide recurs
All things forfeited are most loved and dear.
It is the sea pursues a habit of shores.
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
GRADE 12 – 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD

1. What image does the poem, Gabu, try to create?

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2. Which word or group of words from the poem help you form this image?

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3. Why was the text written? What does it hope to achieve especially among its client?

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4. Who is the voice behind the text? What is known about him or her?

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ACTIVITY 2: SHORT REFLECTION

1. In what ways can you as a Filipino reader be affected by such works (short stories in Tagalog) that endeavor to open the
minds of people on socio-political and moral issues confronting the country? Elaborate your answer.

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LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
GRADE 12 – 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD

NAME: ________________________________________________________ SCORE: ________________________

SECTION: _____________________________________________________ DATE: _________________________

MODULE 3: 21st Century Literary Genres

The desire for self-expression resulted to the production of literature. It is a writer’s expression of his mind, heart, emotions,
thoughts, and ideas. Literature is written works like poetry, novels, journals of famous authors and usually published.
‘Genre’ literally means ‘type”, so literary genre means types of literary works.
CONVENTIONAL GENRES
A. Poetry
Poetry is one of the earliest genres of literature. It was either recited or sang back to prehistoric times to call for help from
a deity, narrate a hero’s life and victories, tell about the love story of their rulers, or describe someone who inspires them.
In order to understand or even write a good poem, you must know the elements of poetry:

1. Rhyme – it is the identical rhyme if the last words or sounds match each other. alliteration: followed, flats, front bother,
back assonance: big, slipper picked, slimy
2. Meter – it is also called the rhythm in poetry. It is the pattern of beats (foot) (stressed and unstressed syllables in a line).
It is also called foot.
3. Imagery and Symbolism The beauty of poetry is on the carefully chosen words that rhyme and the lines and stanzas with
uniform rhythm. Poetry must also employ figurative language to creatively express emotions, feeling and ideas.

B. Fiction
Fiction is a story of make believe. It is a story made by the author’s creative imagination. It has various sub-genres like
mystery, fantasy, suspense, historical fiction science fiction, realistic fiction and folklore (myths, fables, legends). To
understand fiction and to write a good fictional story, you must be able to identify and understand its elements that comprise
the texts’ contents and message the story wanted to impart to its readers.

The following are the elements of short story according to Freytag:

1. Exposition tells about the background of the story. The information can be about the setting, characters’ back stories, or
historical contexts.
2. Rising action is the part of the story after the characters and setting are introduced and events in the story begin to reveal
probable conflicts that the protagonist must resolve. It also involves events that lead to the climax of the story.
3. Climax is the highest point of tension in the story. It is usually the most interesting part.
4. Falling action is the part of a story after the climax and before the very end.
5. The denouement is the final outcome of the story and it is where other secrets are revealed, if there is any.
The setting includes the time or period and place where the event happened. The characters are the persons/ animals/ or any
inanimate object that functions as the protagonist, antagonist and other minor entities that perform the
actions, speak dialogue and moving the story along a plot line.

Conflict creates tension in the story, and it involves the struggle of between two opposing forces/ characters, usually the
protagonist and the antagonist.
Conflict can be internal and external.
Internal conflict is a psychological conflict which arises when the character experiences two opposite emotions (like love
and hate, patriotism and devotion) or aspirations (like career and marriage, fame and peace of mind) which usually involves
good and evil.
External conflict is the struggle of a protagonist against outside forces that hamper his/ her progress and hinders him/her
to achieve his/ her goal.

C. Non- fiction: Memoir

Nonfiction is a literary genre that tells about stories that actually happen in real life. The sub genres of literary nonfiction
are biography, memoir, autobiography, journals, diaries, periodicals and references. These works of literary nonfiction have
character, setting, plot, conflict, figurative language, and theme just like literary fiction, fiction and thriller or suspense. To
interpret fiction, we must analyze and interpret using the elements of fiction.

D. Drama
A script may only come to existence once it is performed before an audience. Its basic elements include the literary element
(script), technical element (scenery set, make-up, costume, lights, and sound) performance element (acting, character
analysis, character motivation…)
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
GRADE 12 – 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD

THE NEW GENRES OF LITERATURE

The various genres of literature and its sub-genres changes through time. The invention of electricity, use of electronics and
other modern technology affected how people view life and express themselves differently from their contemporaries 10
years, 20 years, or a hundred years ago.
Technology made our lives easier than the last decade. It made people work fast. Beating deadlines and presenting marketing
and management strategies creatively.
These changes have also brought new literary genres that gave us new avenues of expressing ourselves; like cell phones
and computer screens. These new genres include mobile textula, hyperpoetry, flash fiction, chick lit and blogs.
To understand these new genres, their definitions are given below to give you clue on how similar or different they are from
the major genres of literature.

ILLUSTRATED NOVEL
▪ Story through text and illustrated images
▪ 50% 0f the narrative is presented without words
▪ The reader must interpret the images to comprehend the story completely.
▪ Textual portions are presented in traditional form.
▪ Some illustrated novels may contain no text at all.
▪ Span all genres.
▪ Examples include The Invention of Hugo Cabret by Brian Selznick and The Arrival by Shaun Tan.

DIGI-FICTION
▪ Triple Media Literature
▪ Combines three media: book, movie/video and internet website
▪ To get the full story, students must engage in navigation, reading, viewing in all three forms.
▪ Patrick Carman’s Skeleton Creek and Anthony Zuiker’s Level 26 are examples.

GRAPHIC NOVEL
▪ Narrative in comic book formats
▪ Narrative work in which the story is conveyed to the reader using a comic form.
▪ The term is employed broadly manner, encompassing non-fiction works and thematically linked
▪ short stories as well as fictional stories across a number of genres.
▪ Archie Comics by John Goldwater and illustrator, Bob Montana, is a good example.

MANGA
▪ Japanese word for comics
▪ It is used in the English-speaking world as a generic term for all comic books and graphic novels
▪ originally published in Japan. Considered as an artistic and storytelling style.
▪ Ameri-manga- sometimes used to refer to comics created by American artists in manga style.
▪ Shonen- Boy’s Manga (Naruto, Bleach, One Piece)
▪ Shojo- Girl’s Manga (Sailormoon)
▪ Seinen- Men’s Manga (Akira)
▪ Josei- Women’s Manga (Loveless, Paradise Kiss)
▪ Kodomo- Children’s Manga (Doraemon, Hello Kitty)

DOODLE FICTION
▪ Literary presentation where the author incorporates doodle writing and drawings and handwritten graphics in place
of the traditional font.
▪ Drawing enhances the story, often adding humorous elements
▪ Examples include The Diary of a Wimpy Kid by Jeff Kinney and Timmy Failure by Stephan Pastis.

TEXT-TALK NOVELS
▪ Blogs, email and IM format narratives
▪ Stories told almost entirely in dialogue simulating social network exchanges.

CHICK LIT or CHICK LITERATURE

▪ Is genre fiction which addresses issues of modern womanhood, often humorously and
▪ lightheartedly.
▪ Chick Lit typically features a female protagonist whose femininity is heavily thermalizing in the plot.
▪ Scarlet Bailey’s The night before Christmas and Miranda Dickinson’s It started with a Kiss are examples of this.

FLASH FICTION
▪ Is a style of fictional literature of extreme brevity
▪ There is no widely accepted definition of the length and category. It could range from word to a thousand.
▪ SIX-WORD FLASH FICTION
▪ Ernest Hemingway: For sale: baby socks, never worn.
▪ Margaret Atwood: Longed for him. Got him, Shit.
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
GRADE 12 – 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD
CREATIVE NON-FICTION
▪ Also known as literary non-fiction or narrative non-fiction
▪ A genre of writing that uses literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate narratives.
▪ Contrasts with other non-fiction, such as technical writing or journalism, which is also rooted
▪ in accurate fact, but is not primarily written in service to its craft.
▪ As a genre, creative non-fiction is still relatively young and is only beginning to be scrutinized
▪ with the same critical analysis given to fiction and poetry.
▪ 1000 Gifts by Ann Voscamp and Wind, Sand, and Stars by Antoine de Saint-Exupery are examples.

SCIENCE FICTION
▪ Is a genre of speculative fiction dealing with imaginative concepts such as futuristic science and technology, space
travel, time travel, faster than light travel, a parallel universe and extra-terrestrial life.
▪ Often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations and has been called a “literature of
ideas”.
▪ Examples include Suzanne Collins’ Mockingjay and Sarah Maas’ Kingdom of Ash.

BLOG
▪ A weblog, a website containing short articles called posts that are changed regularly.
▪ Some blogs are written by one person containing their own opinions, interests and experiences, while others are
written by different people.

HYPER POETRY
▪ Digital poetry that uses links using hypertext mark-up
▪ It can either involved set words, phrases, lines, etc. that are presented in variable order but sit
▪ on the page much as traditional poetry does, or it can contain parts of the poem that move and mutate.
▪ It is usually found online, through CD-ROM and diskette versions exist. The earliest examples date to no later than
the mid-1980’s.

ACTIVITY 1: SELF-REFLECTION

You have tried your hands in discovering the characteristics of the literary genres discussed in this module. Reflect on what
you have learned by answering the questions that follow.

1. What are the conventional literary genres?

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2. What are the common characteristics of conventional literary genres?

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3. What are the different 21st century literary genres?

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4. What are the common characteristics of modern literary genres?

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5. What is the difference between conventional and modern literary genres?

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LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
GRADE 12 – 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD

ACTIVITY 2: I CAN WRITE

Try your writing skills by choosing one (1) task from the given tasks below. Write on a separate answer sheet.

1. Write an original poem and upload it in the internet using Facebook. It must consist of 3 quatrains, must have rhythm or
rhyme, and remember to use literary devices to provide vivid description and intense feeling.
2. Send your teacher a mobile textula through SMS. Write a poem using the tanaga format about your feeling, ideas,
opinions, love, or frustration about the current pandemic and community quarantine. Remember to use / to end your lines
and // to end your stanza.
3. Write a flash fiction using 150 words with 1 setting and 2-3 characters about your parents’ and your experience on they
dealt with the scarcity of income during the CoVid-19 Pandemic.

ACTIVITY 3: I CAN IDENTIFY

Identify what is being described in each statement. Write your answer on the space provided.
____________________1. These are written works such as poems, plays, and novels that are considered to be very good
and have lasting importance. It could be printed materials that provide information about something.
____________________2. These are narratives that were based on the creative imagination of the author.
____________________3. It is a literary genre that tells about stories that actually happen in real life. The sub-genres are
biography, memoir, autobiography, journals, diaries, periodicals and references.
____________________4. It is more complicated than other genres of literature because aside from the script, other
elements must suit and work together to the theme of the show and make the audience feel the plight of the protagonist,
antagonist and other characters in the story effectively.
____________________5. It is one of the earliest genres of literature. It was either recited or sang back to prehistoric times
to call for help from a deity, narrate a hero’s life and victories, tell about the love story of their rulers, or describe someone
who inspires them. It uses rhyme, meter, and imagery to convey its ideas.
_____________________6. It is poetry uploaded in the internet. Its medium is the computer screen.
_____________________7. It is a short poetry in a form of tanaga, that is sent through SMS on mobile phone. It consists
of 4 lines with 7 syllables using / to end a line and // to end the stanza.
_____________________8. It is telling a story in a few words, usually about 100-1000 words or less.
_____________________9. It is a heroine-centered fiction narrative; usually focus on the trials of the protagonist.
_____________________10. It is a regularly updated web page or website that is written in conversational style.
_____________________11. It is the repetition of consonants to achieve rhyme in poetry.
____________________ 12. It is the most interesting and important part of a story.
____________________ 13. It is the problem encountered by the protagonist in the story.
_____________________14. It is the used to convey ideas. It represents various ideas or things at one time. Like darkness
or color black may symbolize death, uncertainty, failure, or an end. A white rose may mean purity, freshness, new beginning,
or death.
_____________________15. It refers to a literary device that uses a part to represent the whole or vice-versa.
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NAME: ________________________________________________________ SCORE: ________________________

SECTION: _____________________________________________________ DATE: _________________________

MODULE 4: Figurative Language

What is Figures of Speech?

▪ The collections of universal artistic structures that are so typical of all works of literature.
▪ It is used by writers in their works to create narrative literature, poetry, speeches or any form of writing.

IMAGERY
Use of figurative language to evoke sensory experience or create picture with words for a reader through the appealing of
our physical senses.
POETIC IMAGERY
▪ Visual – sight
▪ Olfactory – smell
▪ Audio – hearing
▪ Gustatory – taste
▪ Tactile – touch
▪ Kinesthetic – motion or movement
▪ Organic – feelings or emotion

SIMILE
Simile is a figures of speech in which comparison is made between unlike objects using words “like” and “as”
▪ Her cheeks are red like a rose.
▪ Our soldiers are as brave as lions.
▪ “I wandered lonely as a cloud
▪ that floats on high o’er vales and hills.”
- The Daffodils (William Wordsworth)

METAPHOR
The hidden comparison of two unlike things, but which shares common characteristics.
▪ Her voice is music to my ears.
▪ His words are pearls of wisdom.

IRONY
A figure of speech in which contradictory statements or situations reveal a reality that is different from what appears to be
true. Irony often stems from an unanticipated response (verbal irony) or an unexpected outcome (situational irony).
▪ “Oh great! I have a good friend who stole my boyfriend.”
▪ “You are so pretty! You look like a Christmas tree.”
▪ Telling a rude customer to “Have a nice day”
▪ Describing someone who says foolish things as a “genius”

HYPERBOLE
It involves an exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis.
▪ “I will cross the ocean for you, and I will give you the moon.”
▪ “My back pain is killing me.”
▪ “I am so hungry that I could eat a horse.”

PERSONIFICATION
It is a figure of speech in which an idea or thing is given human attributes and/or feelings or is spoken of as if it were human.
It is a common form of metaphor in that human characteristics are attributed to nonhuman things.
▪ My alarm yelled at me this morning.
▪ I wanted to get money, but the ATM died.
▪ My heart danced when he walked in the room.
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ACTIVITY 1: I CAN IDENTIFY

Identify the figures of speech used in each sentence.

_______________1. The door protested as it opened slowly.

_______________2. My alarm clock yells at me every morning.
_______________3. Conscience is a man's compass.
_______________4. The suits are having a conference about the trends of time.
_______________5. I will die if you leave me.
_______________6. Bucket of tears flowed down her cheeks that day.
_______________7. The sun stretched its golden arms across the plain.
_______________8. Helen’s beauty can launch a thousand ships.
_______________9. Her eyes shone like diamonds.
_______________10. I entered the dark and gloomy room.

NAME: ________________________________________________________ SCORE: ________________________

SECTION: _____________________________________________________ DATE: _________________________

MODULE 5: The Canonical Authors

from the Regions

Collecting literary works does not only involve words but also passion. Literary writers/authors have enriched our
Filipino culture and their works introduce something vital in exploring our humanity. Discovering and appreciating what
our writers from the different regions have produced will help in preserving the heritage of our country's literary arts.

As defined by Oxford dictionary, canonical /kənɒnɪkəl/ traditionally means anything that is included in a list of holy
books that are accepted as genuine. Another definition given is its connectedness with works of literature that are highly
respected. It comes from the root word "canon" or a generally accepted rule, standard or principle by which something is
judged. If something has canonical status, it is accepted as having all the qualities that a thing of its kind should have. Thus,
canonical authors are those who are highly esteemed and well-respected writers whose published works have contributed
greatly in the field of literature.

As we gain an awareness of the gaps and issues concerning the field of literature across the regions, we must also
remember to appreciate the works of the great authors in our country for they are the key to the restoration of our National
heritage, cultures, and traditions.

LUZON

Whenever we hear the island group of Luzon, it is not surprising that the language mostly associated with it is Tagalog.
In fact, most literary works from Luzon are written in this language which coined the term "Tagalog Literature" and
flourished greatly during the Japanese occupation when the English language was strictly banned. Specifically, bulk of
Tagalog Literature comes from Southern Luzon, Central Luzon, and National Capital Region or Metro Manila.

It is not surprising as well that the majority of the recognized National Artists came from this major group of islands
in the Philippines. Authors from Metro Manila seem to be widely accepted among readers as their popularity is more
observed and evident. This could be attributed to having NCR as the central focus of politics, culture, and economics.
Moreover, most of our influential historical figures who were writers themselves were also from this island such as Jose
Rizal, Andres Bonifacio, Jose P. Laurel, and Amado Hernandez to name a few. Consequently, we can still trace modern
literature reflecting the country's historical development.

VISAYAS

"It is time to restore those pieces in the voices of our poets and storytellers in the local languages'', Sugbu (n.d). The
call to write in mother tongue has been the battle cry of many writers from the other regions relative to acknowledging
regional and local languages.

Many critiques consider literature from Visayas as the home of hybrid forms especially in their romance novels where
age-old pattern like corrido (metrical romances) is mixed with new trends and genre mostly depicting social realities. These
hybrid forms are also rich in local colors that significantly show Visayan cultures and traditions. Unfortunately, lack of
venue for publication hinders the flourishing of fiction from this island according to Sugbu (n.d.). One of the longest known
epics in the world called Hinilawod is actually from Visayas. Truly, the love for poetry runs in the blood of Visayans.
Modern literature revolves around poetry and drama which are mostly satirical in nature that deal with social behavior
produced since the 1900s up to the present. Literature produced is widely written in Waray, Cebuano, and English.
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MINDANAO

People from Mindanao are divided into three groups: Christian settlers (mostly migrants from Visayas and Luzon),
Moro (mainly from ARMM groups), and Lumads (consisting of 18 ethnolinguistic groups). Being the only island of the
Philippines where majority is non-Christian, ignorance among Christians, discrimination, and distortion are mostly felt by
Muslim people. Some of the insensitive words associated among Muslims are being immoral because they can marry as
many wives as they can, warlike, killer, and totally different from that of Christians. The conflict in Mindanao is mostly
because of two factors: political and religious. Unfortunately, this conflict extends up to their literature as it seems to be
widely invisible or inaccessible.

With reference to the compilation of Philippine literature by Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) Encyclopedia
of the Arts, Jaime An Lim of Encyclopedia stated that out of 272 recognized individuals, only seven are from Mindanao (as
cited by Santos; 2009). Attempts have been made to support Mindanao Literature as CCP, National Commission for Culture
and the Arts (NCCA), and CHED take joint efforts in tapping Mindanawons such as Jaime An Lim and Christina Godinez
Ortega for journals dedicated to Mindanao Literature.

The negative image portrayed among Muslims has perpetuated the so-called "Moro-Moro Literature" representing
them as “savage, barbarian, bandit, lawless and wicked”. In the critical review focusing mainly on the inclusion of Mindanao
in contemporary literary made by Paz Verdades M. Santos and published in the Ateneo de Davao University Journal called
Tamara in 2009, she suggested that our history books should be rewritten and the "Moro-Moro Literature" should be
condemned in order to address the problem of distortion and discrimination. She said that fairness should be observed in
doing so and focus on the need for peace in Mindanao should be prioritized instead.

Most literary works in this island are under oral tradition such as epics, folk stories, and folk poetry. Santos (2009),
stated that " literature of Mindanao has its own unique landscape, distinct from that of Luzon and the Visayas, and marked
by its peculiar history and tripeople character".

Some Writers across the Region

Filipinos of today, though separated by seas, cultures, and languages, choose to maintain a united front for equality
and freedom as one nation. Understanding the different cultures across the country would provide an opportunity to discover
the literature of other regions to paint a better picture of who we are as a nation. With the help of the new technology, we
build bridges across the archipelago because many contemporary authors are already publishing their work online such as
blogs, online newspapers and magazines, online journals, and video sharing sites. Below are some of the famous
contemporary authors associated with each group of islands in the Philippines who have been noted for their exemplary
works in the field of literature and are recipient of multiple national and international awards:

LUZON:
Among the country's eighteen recognized National Artists, sixteen are from Luzon who mostly came from NCR such as
Amado V. Hernandez, Jose Garcia Villa, Nick Joaquin, Carlos P. Romulo, Francisco Arcellana, Rolando S. Tinio, Levi
Celerio, Carlos Quirino, Alejandro R. Roces, and Cirilo F. Bautista. The National Artists from the other regions are Lazaro
Francisco (Bataan) and Virgilio S. Almario (Bulacan) for Region III, NVM Gonzales (Romblon) for Region IV-B
Mimaropa, F. Sionil Jose (Pangasinan) for Region 1, Edith L. Tiempo (Nueva Viscaya) for Region 2, and Dr. Bienvenido
Lumbera (Batangas) for Region IV-A.

▪ Lualhati Torres Bautista. Known as contemporary writer of Tagalog fiction, this foremost Filipino female
novelist from Tondo, Manila is also famous for her screenwriting career as most of her works such as Dekada 70
and Bata, Bata, Pa'no Ka Ginawa already have film versions. This realist writer often tackles issues among women
who courageously face difficult situations. She is a recipient of numerous literary awards such as Carlos Palanca
Memorial Awards for Literature.

▪ Roberto "Bob" Ong. This author's actual name and identity is unknown. He is the author of various popular books
such as ABNKKBSNPLAko?!, Bakit Baligtad Magbasa ng Libro ang mga Pilipino, and Alamat ng Gubat to name
a few. He is widely known for his conversational and humorous writing style that often depicts Filipino cultures.
His technique of violating standard writing principles shows one unique characteristic of a 21st century literary
writer who applies latest trends in writing.

VISAYAS:
Two of our National Artists are natives of this island such as essayist and literary historian Resil B. Mojares of Cebu and
novelist Ramon L. Muzones of Iloilo province.

▪ Peter Solis Nery. This Hiligaynon pride from Iloilo is an award-winning Filipino poet, fictionist, and author of
various books. He is a recipient of multiple awards from Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature, the
Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) Literary Grant, and the All-Western Visayas Literary Contest of the
National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA). Among his notable and award-winning works are collection
of poems Umanhon nga Gugma (Love of the Rural Folks), Hiligaynon short story "Lirio", and screenplay "Buyong".

▪ Merlie Alunan. She is another pride of Iloilo who wrote award-winning collections of poetry in English and
Cebuano languages such as Susumaton: Oral Narratives of Leyte and Sa Atong Dila, Introduction to Visayan
Literature which earned her the title National Book Award for 2016 and 2017 and Carlos Palanca Awards. Also,
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she is a recipient of international awards such as ASEAN Poets in 2013 by the Kingdom of Thailand and Lillian
Jerome Thornton Award.

MINDANAO

▪ Anthony L. Tan. He was born in Siasi, Sulu whose writings have been appearing locally and internationally in
magazines, journals, and anthologies. This poet, essayist, and fictionist is the author of The Bajao Cemetery and
Other Poems and Poems for Muddas. He has received multiple awards from Don Carlos Palanca for his poetry and
essay.

▪ Myrna Peña Reyes. This poet from Cagayan de Oro is a recipient of Oregon Literary Fellowship for poetry. Some
of her works are the following: Memory’s Mercy: New and Selected Poems (University of the Philippines Press,
2015), Almost Home: Poems (University of the Philippines Press, 2004) and The River Singing Stone (Anvil, 1994).
Her works are published both in the Philippines and United States.

ACTIVITY 1: INVENTORY OF FILIPINO AUTHORS

Choose three (3) literary works that you really like the most and provide descriptions based on the required information and
format below.

Title: _______________________________________________ Genre: ___________________________________

Author: _____________________________________________ Region: __________________________________

A. The literary work (Brief description of the content):

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B. Why do I like it?

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Title: _______________________________________________ Genre: ___________________________________

Author: _____________________________________________ Region: __________________________________

A. The literary work (Brief description of the content):

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B. Why do I like it?

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Title: _______________________________________________ Genre: ___________________________________

Author: _____________________________________________ Region: __________________________________

A. The literary work (Brief description of the content):

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B. Why do I like it?

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ACTIVITY 2: MY NATIONAL ARTIST

The National Artist is a Filipino citizen recognized for his/ her significant contribution in the fields of music, dance,
theater, visual arts, literature, film and broadcast arts, and architecture or allied arts based on the criteria mandated with
reference to Proclamation No. 1144 s. 1973 and Presidential Decree No. 208 s. 1973 "Granting Certain Privileges and
Honors to National Artists and Creating a Special Fund for the Purpose". The National Commission for Culture and the
Arts (NCCA) and the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) committee are the ones in charge of the administration and
selection process. The President of the Philippines grants the title or rank upon recommendation of both institutions. The
insignia that each recipient will get upon being proclaimed as a National Artist symbolizes its motto coined by Imelda
Marcos “KATOTOHANAN, KABUTIHAN, AT KAGANDAHAN”. Below are the criteria, honors, and privileges for a
National Artist with reference to the Official Gazette of the Philippines where some information have been changed prior
to the new guidelines set by the NCCA Board of Commissioners Meeting since April 27, 2017.

The order of National Artists is the highest recognition given to Filipinos who have contributed significantly to the
status of Philippine arts, such as Music, visual arts, literature, film, broadcast arts, theater, dance architecture, design, and
allied arts.

The country’s president approves the rank and title of a National Artist based on the recommendation conferred by
the NCCA and the CCP as mandated by an executive order. The criteria set to get this prestigious award are dreamlike but
to be granted this is truly an honor. One of the most important privileges a National Artist can get is the gift of immortality
as he/ she will be remembered for great works forever.

REFLECTION: If you were given the chance to vote for a National Artist in any field that interests you, who would that be
and why?

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NAME: ________________________________________________________ SCORE: ________________________

SECTION: _____________________________________________________ DATE: _________________________

MODULE 6: CONTEXT’S OF 21ST CENTURY PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

Reading literary pieces becomes a challenge to a student like you. But as the years go by, changes happened even in the
literary genre. Understanding the selection you read takes time, but if you will familiarize yourself with the context of the
literary piece, appreciation comes along.

Context originates from the notion of weaving together. It is defined as the circumstances that form the setting of events,
statements, or ideas and in the way of which it can be fully understood and assessed. Reading a literary piece may
contribute to the production of the author and the reception of the reader as they appreciate and explore.

▪ The writer's context is knowing about the writer's life, values, assumptions, gender, race, race, sexual orientation,
and the political and economic issues related to the author.
▪ Reader's context is about the reader's previous reading experience, values, assumptions, political and economic
issues.
▪ The text's context is about its publishing history. It is part of the larger text such as newspaper, history, events,
translated in it.
▪ Social context and socio-cultural of a text feature the society in which the characters live and in which the author's
text was produced.

BIOGRAPHICAL CONTEXT
Before you read someone’s work, you must learn some background information about the author’s life, including his or her
educational background, professional background, or socioeconomic background, which directly or indirectly
influence his or her literary work.

LINGUSTIC CONTEXT
Focuses on form, organization, and structure including:
❑ Grammar Patterns
❑ Vocabulary

LEVELS OF COMPREHENSION
Literal Comprehension - “reading the lines” take note of specific details that relate to who, what, when, where, why, and
how questions
Inferential Comprehension – “reading between the lines” you must determine the meaning of certain words and
expressions within the text not by using the dictionary
Evaluative Comprehension - takes your imagination outside of the text. It enables you to generalize, form new conclusions,
or make judgments about certain issues presented explicitly or implicitly in the text.

SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXT
Focus on understanding the social, economic, political and cultural forces affecting the literary work. It combines social
and cultural elements that are significant in understanding and appreciating a work of literature.
❑ How does the literary piece depict society?
❑ With what societal issues is it concerned?
❑ Does the work describe real events, or some that are strikingly like real events?

ACTIVITY 1: GETTING FAMILIAR WITH TEXT’S MEANING

Read the poem and make the necessary responses to the following instructions given below.

Earnest wish
Lydia S. Villanueva

I will
Count the multitude of stars
The leaves in all the branches
The flock of birds perched in the loft
The blades of grass in the meadow
And the cogon flowers in the air.

I will
Listen to the sound of breeze
To the rustling of leaves
To the chirping of birds
To the buzzing of the bees
To the flapping of butterfly’s wings.
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I will
Tend the garden
Rearrange the stones in a pile
Weed the grass in the field
Harvest the fruits in season
And do again all of these.

Let us
Bring the front liners back home
Fight the unforeseen enemy
Help the new beginning
Contribute to the humanity
Flatten the curve
Stay at home!

1. What was the situation when the author wrote this poem?
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2. How the author presents the events in the poem?

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3. How did the author present her willingness to attain her fervent wish?
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4. What nearly impossible things or difficult tasks the author was willing to do?
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5. What do you think the main reason why the author wrote this piece?
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NAME: ________________________________________________________ SCORE: ________________________

SECTION: _____________________________________________________ DATE: _________________________

MODULE 7: Creative Representation of Literary Text

Have you found studying literature more exciting with multimedia supports where you can actively and
collaboratively build knowledge structures using technology? Evidently most of the learners like you have realized the huge
impact of the use of multimedia in studying literature. It provides opportunities for learners like you to construct and
reconstruct your ideas in audio and visual formats. Through multimedia platforms, you can apply a wide range of strategies
to understand, interpret and evaluate texts.

Marshall (2001) defined multimedia as computer-controlled integration of text, graphics, drawings, still and moving images
(video), animation, audio, and any other media where every type of information can be represented, stored, transmitted and
processed digitally. Computer-controlled integration of text, graphics, drawings, still and moving images (videos),
animation, audio, and any other media where every type of information can be represented, stored, transmitted, and
processed digitally.

Here are some of the multimedia formats that you can use to creatively interpret various genres of literary texts:

1. Blog or a “weblog” is a website containing informational articles about a person’s own opinions, interests, and
experiences. These are usually changed regularly (DepEd 2013, 9).

2. Mind mapping is a graphical technique to visualize connections of ideas and pieces of information. This tool structures
information to better analyze, comprehend, synthesize, recall, and generate new ideas. You can use Microsoft Word or
online mind mapping tools in creating a mind map (Pasuello 2017).

3. Mobile phone text tula is a traditional Filipino poem. A particular example of this poem is a tanaga that consists of 4 lines
with 7 syllables each with the same rhyme at the end of each line. (DepEd 2013, 8).
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4. Slideshow presentation is created with the use of Microsoft PowerPoint. It contains series of pictures or pages of
information (slides) arranged in sequence and often displayed on a large screen using a video projector (Computer Hope
2018).

5. Tag cloud is a visual, stylized arrangement of words or tags within a textual content such as websites, articles, speeches
and databases (Techopedia 2020).

6. Video is an electronic device used to record, copy, playback, broadcast, and display moving visual media (Lexico 2020).

ACTIVITY 1: MIND MAPPING

Do the following instructions.

1. Create a cluster map as shown below using Microsoft Word.

2. Write related concepts on multimedia formats used to interpret literary texts in the cluster map.
3. Write a brief explanation of the cluster map
4. Send your output to your teacher via messenger.

ACTIVITY 2: MOBILE TEXT TULA

1. Watch the video clip, “Ang Pipit”, by Levi Celerio.
2. Create a mobile phone text tula reflecting your interpretation on the message of the song.
3. Send your output to your teacher via messenger.