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Chemistry Micro Project 1.1
Chemistry Micro Project 1.1
MICRO PROJECT
1. Brief description
The cell and battery both store the chemical energy and then transforms the stored chemical
energy into an electrical energy. One of the major difference between the cell and the battery is
that the cell is the single unit, whereas the battery is the group of cells. Some other differences
between them are explained below in the comparison chart
9
Teacher Evaluation Sheet Annexure –Iv
(A) Process and Product Assignment(convert above total marks out of 6 marks)
5 Quality of Prototype/Model
6 Report Preparation
7 Presentation
8 Defense
Comments / Suggestions about team work / leadership / inter-personal communication (If any):
.
Name & Designation of the Faculty Member: ---------- lecturer
Dated signature:- ------------------------
Teacher Evaluation Sheet Annexure –Iv
(A) Process and Product Assignment(convert above total marks out of 6 marks)
5 Quality of Prototype/Model
6 Report Preparation
7 Presentation
8 Defense
Comments / Suggestions about team work / leadership / inter-personal communication (If any):
.
Name & Designation of the Faculty Member: ---------- lecturer
Dated signature:- ------------------------
Teacher Evaluation Sheet Annexure –Iv
(A) Process and Product Assignment(convert above total marks out of 6 marks)
5 Quality of Prototype/Model
6 Report Preparation
7 Presentation
8 Defense
Comments / Suggestions about team work / leadership / inter-personal communication (If any):
.
Name & Designation of the Faculty Member: ---------- lecturer
Dated signature:- ------------------------
Teacher Evaluation Sheet Annexure –Iv
(A) Process and Product Assignment(convert above total marks out of 6 marks)
5 Quality of Prototype/Model
6 Report Preparation
7 Presentation
8 Defense
Comments / Suggestions about team work / leadership / inter-personal communication (If any):
.
Name & Designation of the Faculty Member: ---------- lecturer
Dated signature:- ------------------------
Teacher Evaluation Sheet Annexure –Iv
(A) Process and Product Assignment(convert above total marks out of 6 marks)
5 Quality of Prototype/Model
6 Report Preparation
7 Presentation
8 Defense
Comments / Suggestions about team work / leadership / inter-personal communication (If any):
.
Name & Designation of the Faculty Member: ---------- lecturer
Dated signature:- ------------------------
Teacher Evaluation Sheet Annexure –Iv
(A) Process and Product Assignment(convert above total marks out of 6 marks)
5 Quality of Prototype/Model
6 Report Preparation
7 Presentation
8 Defense
Comments / Suggestions about team work / leadership / inter-personal communication (If any):
.
Name & Designation of the Faculty Member: ---------- lecturer
Dated signature:- ------------------------
Teacher Evaluation Sheet Annexure –Iv
Name of the Student:- SHAIKH KABEER ALI Enrollment:- 2005630215 Roll No:- 63
Name of Program: INFORMATION & TECHNOLOGY Semester: First
Course Title:BASIC SCIENCE (CHEMISTRY) Code:22102
Project Title: BATTERY & CELLS.
(A) Process and Product Assignment(convert above total marks out of 6 marks)
5 Quality of Prototype/Model
6 Report Preparation
7 Presentation
8 Defense
Comments / Suggestions about team work / leadership / inter-personal communication (If any):
.
Name & Designation of the Faculty Member: ---------- lecturer
Dated signature:- ------------------------
Teacher Evaluation Sheet Annexure –Iv
(A) Process and Product Assignment(convert above total marks out of 6 marks)
5 Quality of Prototype/Model
6 Report Preparation
7 Presentation
8 Defense
Comments / Suggestions about team work / leadership / inter-personal communication (If any):
.
Name & Designation of the Faculty Member: ---------- lecturer
Dated signature:- ------------------------
Teacher Evaluation Sheet Annexure –Iv
(A) Process and Product Assignment(convert above total marks out of 6 marks)
5 Quality of Prototype/Model
6 Report Preparation
7 Presentation
8 Defense
Comments / Suggestions about team work / leadership / inter-personal communication (If any):
.
Name & Designation of the Faculty Member: ---------- lecturer
Dated signature:- ------------------------
BATTERY & CELLS
What Is Electrochemistry?
Electrochemistry is the subdiscipline of chemistry that deals with the study of the relationship
between electrical energy and chemical changes. Chemical reactions that involve the input or
generation of electric currents are called electrochemical reactions. Such reactions are broadly
classified into two categories:
Electricity can be produced when electrons move from one element to another in certain types of
reactions (such as redox reactions). Typically, electrochemistry deals with the overall reactions
when multiple redox reactions occur simultaneously, connected via some external electric current
and a suitable electrolyte. In other words, electrochemistry is also concerned with chemical
phenomena that involve charge separation (as seen commonly in liquids such as solutions). The
dissociation of charge often involves charge transfer that occurs homogeneously or
heterogeneously between different chemical species.
Electrochemical Cell
A spontaneous chemical process is the one which can take place on its own and in such a
process Gibbs free energy of a system decreases. In electrochemistry, spontaneous reaction (redox
reaction) results in the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy. The reverse process is
also possible where a non-spontaneous chemical reaction occurs by supplying electricity. These
interconversions are carried out in equipment called electrochemical cell.
Galvanic Cell
The galvanic cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy i.e, electricity can be obtained
with the help of redox reaction. The oxidation and reduction take place in two separate
compartments. Each compartment consists of an electrolyte solution and metallic conductor which
acts as an electrode. The compartment containing the electrode and the solution of the electrolyte
is called half cells.
For example- Daniell cell is a galvanic cell in which zinc and copper are used for a redox reaction
to take place.
Zn(s) + Cu+2(aq) → Zn+2 + Cu(s)
At anode (oxidation half)
Zn(s) →Zn+2 + 2e–
At cathode( reduction half)
Cu+2(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s)
Salt bridge: Salt bridge is usually an inverted U- tube filled with a concentrated solution of inert
electrolytes. It is used to maintain the charge balance and to complete the circuit by allowing the
flow of ions through it. It contains a gel in which inert electrolytes like KNO3 or K2SO4 are mixed.
Through the salt bridge, negative ion flows towards the anode and positive ion flow to the cathode
and the charge balance is maintained and cell keeps on functioning.
Electrode potential: In a galvanic cell, when two-electrode are dipped in their respective ion
there is a tendency of one of the electrodes (anode) to undergo oxidation whereas the ion of the
other electrode (cathode) has the tendency to gain an electron. This tendency of losing of
electrons( oxidation) or gaining of electrons( reduction) is called electrode potential.
Standard electrode potential (E0): Standard electrode potential is defined as the electrode
potential of an electrode relative to standard hydrogen electrode under standard conditions. The
standard conditions taken are:
Electrochemical Series
A series of the standard electrode has been established by measuring the potential of various
electrodes versus standard hydrogen electrode(SHE). When the electrodes (metals and non-
metals) in contact with their ions are arranged on the basis of the values of their standard reduction
potential or standard oxidation potentials, the resulting series is called the electrochemical series.
Elements reduction reaction
Cell potential or emf of a cell: In the galvanic cell there are two half cell, the oxidation half-
cell( anode) and the reduction half -cell( cathode).Due to the difference in the potentials of these
half-cells, the electric current moves from the electrode of higher potential (cathode) to the
electrode of lower potential( anode). The difference between the electrode potential of the two half
cell is called cell potential or emf of a cell.
Eocell= ECathode– Eanode
ECathode= standard reduction potential of the cathode.
Eanode= standard reduction potential of the anode.
If Eocell is positive then the reaction is feasible.
If Eocell is negative then the reaction is not feasible.
Electrode and cell potentials- Nernst equation: The electrode potential and the emf of the cell
depends upon the nature of the electrode, temperature and the activities( concentrations) of the
ions in solution.
For the general electrochemical reaction of the type:
aA + bB → cC +dD
Ecell = Eocell – RT/ nF ln [C]c [D]d / [A]a [B]b
Ecell = Eocell – 2.0303 RT / nF log [C]c [D]d / [A]a [B]b
Ecell = Eocell – 0.0591 / n log [C]c [D]d / [A]a [B]b at 298K
Electrolytic Cell
The electrolytic cell converts electrical energy to chemical energy. Here the electrodes are dipped
in an electrolytic solution containing cations and anions. On supplying current the ions move
towards electrodes of opposite polarity and simultaneous reduction and oxidation take place.
For example, in the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride, sodium chloride is melted (above
801oC), two electrodes are inserted into the melt, and an electric current is passed through the
molten salt. The chemical reaction that takes place at the electrodes are:
● Sodium-ion migrates to the cathode, where sodium ion gains one electron and reduce to sodium
metal.
Na+ + e–→ Na
● Chloride ions migrate towards the anode where it loses one electron and gets oxidised to
chlorine gas.
Cl–→1/2 Cl2 + e–
The overall reaction is the breakdown of sodium chloride into its elements
2NaCl→ 2Na(s) + Cl2(g)
Preferential discharge of ions: When there are more than one cations or anion the process of
discharge becomes competitive in nature. For example, in the electrolysis of NaCl solution, apart
from Na+ and Cl–ions the solution of sodium chloride also contains H+ and OH– ions due to
ionisation of water. When the potential difference is applied between the two electrodes, Na + and
H+ ions move towards the cathode and Cl– and OH– ions move towards the anode. At cathode
H+ ions get reduce in preference to giving hydrogen gas because hydrogen has a higher reduction
potential than sodium. Similarly, at the anode, Cl– ions are oxidised in preference to OH– to give
chlorine gas.
What isBattery?
A Battery is a device consisting of one or more electrical cells that convert chemical energy into
electrical energy. Every battery is basically a galvanic cell where redox reactions take place
between two electrodes which act as the source of the chemical energy.
Battery types
Batteries can be broadly divided into two major types.
Household Batteries
These are the types of batteries which are more likely to be known to the common man.
They find uses in a wide range of household appliances (such as torches, clocks, and
cameras). These batteries can be further classified into two subcategories:
Non-rechargeable batteries
Examples: Silver oxide, Alkaline & carbon zinc
Industrial Batteries
These batteries are built to serve heavy-duty requirements. Some of their applications
include railroad, backup power and more for big companies. Some examples are:
Nickel Iron
Wet Nickel Cadmium (NiCd)
Vehicle Batteries
These are more user-friendly and a less complicated version of the industrial batteries.
They are specifically designed to power cars, motorcycles, boats & other vehicles. An
important example of a vehicle battery is the Lead-acid battery.
Primary Cell
These are batteries where the redox reactions proceed in only one direction. The reactants in these
batteries are consumed after a certain period of time, rendering them dead. A primary battery
cannot be used once the chemicals inside it are exhausted.
An example of a primary battery is the dry cell – the household battery that commonly used to
power TV remotes, clocks, and other devices. In such cells, a zinc container acts as the anode and
a carbon rod acts as the cathode. A powdered mixture of manganese dioxide and carbon is placed
around the cathode. The space left in between the container and the rod are filled with a moist
paste of ammonium chloride and zinc chloride.
The redox reaction that takes place in these cells is:
At Anode
Zn(s) –> Zn2+ (aq) + 2e–
At Cathode
2e– + 2 NH4+ (aq) –> 2 NH3 (g) + H2 (g)
2 NH3 (g) +Zn2+ (aq) –> [Zn (NH3)2] 2+ (aq)
H2 (g) + 2 MnO2 (S) –> Mn2O3 (S) + H2O (l)
Thus, the overall cell equation is:
Zn(s) + 2 NH4+ (aq) + 2 MnO2 (S) –> [Zn(NH3)2] 2+ (aq) + Mn2O3 (S) + H2O (l)
Another example of the primary cell is the mercury cell, where a zinc-mercury amalgam is used as
an anode and carbon is used as a cathode. A paste of HgO is used as an electrolyte. These cells are
used only in devices that require a relatively low supply of electric current (such as hearing aids
and watches).
Secondary Cell
These are batteries that can be recharged after use by passing current through the electrodes in the
opposite direction, i.e. from the negative terminal to the positive terminal.
Primary cell
1. Zinc-Carbon cell
A dry cell consists of a metal container in which a low moisture electrolyte paste covers the
graphite rod or a metal electrode. Generally, the metal container will be zinc whose base acts as a
negative electrode (anode) and a carbon road acts as a positive electrode (cathode). It is
surrounded by manganese dioxide and low moisture electrolyte like ammonium chloride paste,
which will produce a maximum of 1.5V of voltage, and they are not reversible.
.
The half cell reaction process has the following steps
Step 1:
During the process, a reduction reaction occurs within the moisturized electrolyte, which
comprises manganese dioxide (MnO2) and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and graphite serves as
solid support for the reduction reaction
2NH4+ + 2MnO2 →Mn2O3 + 2NH3 + H2O
Step 2:
Zinc container serves as an anode and undergoes an oxidation reaction
Zn → Zn2+ + 2e-
Zinc-carbon cell is the most common dry cell and is also called Leclanche cell. The alkaline
battery has almost same half-cell reaction, where KOH or NaOH replaces the ammonium chloride
and half-cell reactions are
ZNCl2 + 2NH3 → Zn(NH3)2Cl2
2MnO2 + H2 → Mn2O3 + H2O
The overall reaction is,
Zn + 2MnO2 + 2NH4Cl → Mn2O3 + Zn(NH3)2Cl2 + H2O
2. Alkaline battery
The alkaline battery will have almost same half-cell reactions as zinc-carbon cell, where KOH or
NaOH replaces the ammonium chloride and half-cell reactions are
Zn + 2OH– → ZnO + H2O + 2e–
2MnO2 + 2e– + H2O → Mn2O3 + 2OH–
3. Mercury cell
In the mercury cell, HgO serves as a cathode and zinc metal serves as an anode and the reaction
involves the following steps
Step 1: At the anode
Zn + 2OH– → ZnO + H2O + 2e–
Step 2: At the cathode
HgO + H2O + 2e– → Hg + 2OH–
The overall reaction is of the cell
Zn + HgO → ZnO + Hg
2. Lithium-ion cell
These are popular batteries used nowadays on laptops, iPods, cellphones. The electrodes of the
cell are made up of lightweight carbon and lithium. They are low maintenance batteries and no
memory is required to enhance battery life. They are less harmful even after disposing and self-
discharge is less than half of the NiCd cell.