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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Academic year: 2022-23 Institute Code:0563

MICRO PROJECT

BATTERY & CELLS

Program:IFORMATION & TECNOLOGY Semester: I

Course: BASIC SCIENCE (CHEMISTRY) Course code:(22102)


MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ROLL NAME OF THE STUDENTS SEAT NO ENROLLMENT NO


NO
57 AYUSH BHOIR 124319 2205630210
58 DHRU JOSHI 124304 2205630195
59 PANDEY PRACHI 124311 2205630202
60 DMELLO RAMONA 124317 2205630208
61 ABHISHAIKH MISHRA 124301 2205630192
62 RISHIKESH SAWANT 124333 2205630224
63 SHAIKH KABEER ALI 124324 2205630215
64 SHAIKH MD AHAMAD MUBIN 124357 2205630248
65 VIKAS VISHWAKARMA 124325 2205630216

FIRST Semester of Diploma in INFORMATION & TECNOLOGY


of Institute Pravin Patil College of Diploma Engineering and Technology, Bhayander (E)
(Code: 0563) has completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in subject BASIC SCIENCE
(CHEMISTRY) . (22102) for the academic year 2022–2023 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Bhayander (E)


Date:
Subject Teacher . Head of the department. Principal
PART A – Plan Micro Project Proposal Annexure –I

BATTERY & CELLS


0.1 Brief Introduction.
-
The cell and battery both store the chemical energy and then transforms the stored chemical
energy into an electrical energy. One of the major difference between the cell and the battery is
that the cell is the single unit, whereas the battery is the group of cells. Some other differences
between them are explained below in the comparison chart

2.0 Aim of the Micro-Project


1) TO KNOW WHAT IS BATTERY?
2) TO KNOW ABOUT BATTERY AND THIER CONSTRUCTION?

3.0 Action Plan

Sr Details of Activity Planned start Planed Name of Responsible team


.no date finish date member

Discussion and finalization of


1/10/22 2/10/22 AYUSH BHOIR
1 topic
Preparation and submission
12/10/22 18/10/22 DHRU JOSHI
2 of Abstract
Collection of Data & PANDEY PRACHI
19/10/22 25/10/22
3 Literature
Review
Discussion on outline of 26/10/22 1/11/22 DMELLO RAMONA
Content & Formulation of
4 the Content
Editing and proof Reading ABHISHAIKH MISHRA
2/11/22 8/11/22
5 of
Content
Compilation of Report And RISHIKESH SAWANT
9/11/212 15/11/22
6 Presentation
7
Viva voce 16/11/22 22/11/22 SHAIKH KABEER ALI
8 Final submission of Micro 28/11/22 9/12/22 SHAIKH MD AHAMAD
Project MUBIN
VIKAS VISHWAKARMA
4.0 Resources Required

Sr. No Name of Resource/Material Specifications Qt y Remarks

1 Open Learning Sources Videos/ website/ 1 For information


books,
magazines
2 Charts survey Related information 1 For report purpose
PART A – Plan Micro project report Annexure –I A
Title : BATTERY AND CELLS

1. Brief description
The cell and battery both store the chemical energy and then transforms the stored chemical
energy into an electrical energy. One of the major difference between the cell and the battery is
that the cell is the single unit, whereas the battery is the group of cells. Some other differences
between them are explained below in the comparison chart

2.0Aim of the micro-project

1) To know what is BATTERY & CELLS


2) To know BATTERY & CELLS..
3) BATTERY & CELLS and their
uses..

3.0 Course outcomes integrated


D Apply the catalysis process in industries
E Use corrosion preventive measures in industry.
F Use relevant engineering materials in industry.

4.0 Actual procedure followed:


Discussion and finalization of topic, Preparation and submission of Abstract, Collection of Data
Literature Review, Discussion on outline of Content & Formulation of the Content, Editing and proof Reading of
Content, Compilation of Report and Presentation, Viva voce, Final submission of Micro Project.

Outputs of the micro-project


a) Deliver oral presentations on given topic
b) Able to collect particular data/ information from different sources.
c) Able to write a report using relevant content.
6.0 Actual resources used
SR NO Name of specifications Qty Remarks
Resources
/Material
1 Reference books Engineering 2/3
from library Mathematics

2 search engine Google chrome 1

3 Software Mathlab , matlab 1 images

4 graphical Excel, Dplot 1


software
4 graphical Excel, Dplot 1
software

7.0Skill Developed/Learning Out Of This Micro-Project:

 Hardware. Here's how hardware is used on hardware development engineer resumes: …


 Analog. Here's how analog is used on hardware development engineer resumes: Develop
 PCB. Here's how pcb is used on hardware development
Index
SR.NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

9
Teacher Evaluation Sheet Annexure –Iv

Name of the Student:-BHORI AYUSH Enrollment:- 2005630210 Roll No:- 57


Name of Program: INFORMATION & TECHNOLOGY Semester: First
Course Title:BASIC SCIENCE (CHEMISTRY) Code:22102
Project Title: BATTERY & CELLS.

*Course Outcomes Achieved:


a. Apply the concept of algebra to solve engineering related problems
b. Utilize basic concepts of trigonometry to solve elementary engineering problems
c. Solve basic engineering problems under given conditions of straight lines
d. solve the problems based on measurement of regular closed figures and regular solids
e. Use basic concept of statistics to solve engineering related problems
*Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro-Project:

Average Good Excellent


Sr. Characteristic to be Assessed Poor
No (Marks 4-5) (Marks 6-8) (Marks 9-10)
(Marks 1-3)

(A) Process and Product Assignment(convert above total marks out of 6 marks)

1 Relevance to the course

2 Literature Survey / Information Collection

3 Completion of the Target as per project proposal

4 Analysis of Data and Representation

5 Quality of Prototype/Model

6 Report Preparation

(B) Individual presentation/Viva ( Convert above total marks out of 4 marks)

7 Presentation

8 Defense

(A) Process Assessment (B) Product Assessment Total Marks(A&B)


(Marks 10)
(Marks 6) (marks 4)

Comments / Suggestions about team work / leadership / inter-personal communication (If any):
.
Name & Designation of the Faculty Member: ---------- lecturer
Dated signature:- ------------------------
Teacher Evaluation Sheet Annexure –Iv

Name of the Student:-DHRU JOSHI Enrollment:- 2005630195 Roll No:- 58


Name of Program: INFORMATION & TECHNOLOGY Semester: First
Course Title:BASIC SCIENCE (CHEMISTRY) Code:22102
Project Title: BATTERY & CELLS.

*Course Outcomes Achieved:


f. Apply the concept of algebra to solve engineering related problems
g. Utilize basic concepts of trigonometry to solve elementary engineering problems
h. Solve basic engineering problems under given conditions of straight lines
i. solve the problems based on measurement of regular closed figures and regular solids
j. Use basic concept of statistics to solve engineering related problems
*Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro-Project:

Average Good Excellent


Sr. Characteristic to be Assessed Poor
No (Marks 4-5) (Marks 6-8) (Marks 9-10)
(Marks 1-3)

(A) Process and Product Assignment(convert above total marks out of 6 marks)

1 Relevance to the course

2 Literature Survey / Information Collection

3 Completion of the Target as per project proposal

4 Analysis of Data and Representation

5 Quality of Prototype/Model

6 Report Preparation

(B) Individual presentation/Viva ( Convert above total marks out of 4 marks)

7 Presentation

8 Defense

(A) Process Assessment (B) Product Assessment Total Marks(A&B)


(Marks 10)
(Marks 6) (marks 4)

Comments / Suggestions about team work / leadership / inter-personal communication (If any):
.
Name & Designation of the Faculty Member: ---------- lecturer
Dated signature:- ------------------------
Teacher Evaluation Sheet Annexure –Iv

Name of the Student:- PRACHI PANDEY Enrollment:- 2005630202 Roll No:- 59


Name of Program: INFORMATION & TECHNOLOGY Semester: First
Course Title:BASIC SCIENCE (CHEMISTRY) Code:22102
Project Title: BATTERY & CELLS.

*Course Outcomes Achieved:


k. Apply the concept of algebra to solve engineering related problems
l. Utilize basic concepts of trigonometry to solve elementary engineering problems
m. Solve basic engineering problems under given conditions of straight lines
n. solve the problems based on measurement of regular closed figures and regular solids
o. Use basic concept of statistics to solve engineering related problems
*Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro-Project:

Average Good Excellent


Sr. Characteristic to be Assessed Poor
No (Marks 4-5) (Marks 6-8) (Marks 9-10)
(Marks 1-3)

(A) Process and Product Assignment(convert above total marks out of 6 marks)

1 Relevance to the course

2 Literature Survey / Information Collection

3 Completion of the Target as per project proposal

4 Analysis of Data and Representation

5 Quality of Prototype/Model

6 Report Preparation

(B) Individual presentation/Viva ( Convert above total marks out of 4 marks)

7 Presentation

8 Defense

(A) Process Assessment (B) Product Assessment Total Marks(A&B)


(Marks 10)
(Marks 6) (marks 4)

Comments / Suggestions about team work / leadership / inter-personal communication (If any):
.
Name & Designation of the Faculty Member: ---------- lecturer
Dated signature:- ------------------------
Teacher Evaluation Sheet Annexure –Iv

Name of the Student:-DMELLO RAMONA Enrollment:- 2005630208 Roll No:- 60


Name of Program: INFORMATION & TECHNOLOGY Semester: First
Course Title:BASIC SCIENCE (CHEMISTRY) Code:22102
Project Title: BATTERY & CELLS.

*Course Outcomes Achieved:


p. Apply the concept of algebra to solve engineering related problems
q. Utilize basic concepts of trigonometry to solve elementary engineering problems
r. Solve basic engineering problems under given conditions of straight lines
s. solve the problems based on measurement of regular closed figures and regular solids
t. Use basic concept of statistics to solve engineering related problems
*Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro-Project:

Average Good Excellent


Sr. Characteristic to be Assessed Poor
No (Marks 4-5) (Marks 6-8) (Marks 9-10)
(Marks 1-3)

(A) Process and Product Assignment(convert above total marks out of 6 marks)

1 Relevance to the course

2 Literature Survey / Information Collection

3 Completion of the Target as per project proposal

4 Analysis of Data and Representation

5 Quality of Prototype/Model

6 Report Preparation

(B) Individual presentation/Viva ( Convert above total marks out of 4 marks)

7 Presentation

8 Defense

(A) Process Assessment (B) Product Assessment Total Marks(A&B)


(Marks 10)
(Marks 6) (marks 4)

Comments / Suggestions about team work / leadership / inter-personal communication (If any):
.
Name & Designation of the Faculty Member: ---------- lecturer
Dated signature:- ------------------------
Teacher Evaluation Sheet Annexure –Iv

Name of the Student:-ABHISHEKH MISHRA Enrollment:- 2005630 Roll No:- 61


Name of Program: INFORMATION & TECHNOLOGY Semester: First
Course Title:BASIC SCIENCE (CHEMISTRY) Code:22102
Project Title: BATTERY & CELLS.

*Course Outcomes Achieved:


u. Apply the concept of algebra to solve engineering related problems
v. Utilize basic concepts of trigonometry to solve elementary engineering problems
w. Solve basic engineering problems under given conditions of straight lines
x. solve the problems based on measurement of regular closed figures and regular solids
y. Use basic concept of statistics to solve engineering related problems
*Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro-Project:

Average Good Excellent


Sr. Characteristic to be Assessed Poor
No (Marks 4-5) (Marks 6-8) (Marks 9-10)
(Marks 1-3)

(A) Process and Product Assignment(convert above total marks out of 6 marks)

1 Relevance to the course

2 Literature Survey / Information Collection

3 Completion of the Target as per project proposal

4 Analysis of Data and Representation

5 Quality of Prototype/Model

6 Report Preparation

(B) Individual presentation/Viva ( Convert above total marks out of 4 marks)

7 Presentation

8 Defense

(A) Process Assessment (B) Product Assessment Total Marks(A&B)


(Marks 10)
(Marks 6) (marks 4)

Comments / Suggestions about team work / leadership / inter-personal communication (If any):
.
Name & Designation of the Faculty Member: ---------- lecturer
Dated signature:- ------------------------
Teacher Evaluation Sheet Annexure –Iv

Name of the Student:- RISHIKESH SAWANT Enrollment:- 2005630224 Roll No:-62


Name of Program: INFORMATION & TECHNOLOGY Semester: First
Course Title:BASIC SCIENCE (CHEMISTRY) Code:22102
Project Title: BATTERY & CELLS.

*Course Outcomes Achieved:


z. Apply the concept of algebra to solve engineering related problems
aa. Utilize basic concepts of trigonometry to solve elementary engineering problems
bb. Solve basic engineering problems under given conditions of straight lines
cc. solve the problems based on measurement of regular closed figures and regular solids
dd. Use basic concept of statistics to solve engineering related problems
*Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro-Project:

Average Good Excellent


Sr. Characteristic to be Assessed Poor
No (Marks 4-5) (Marks 6-8) (Marks 9-10)
(Marks 1-3)

(A) Process and Product Assignment(convert above total marks out of 6 marks)

1 Relevance to the course

2 Literature Survey / Information Collection

3 Completion of the Target as per project proposal

4 Analysis of Data and Representation

5 Quality of Prototype/Model

6 Report Preparation

(B) Individual presentation/Viva ( Convert above total marks out of 4 marks)

7 Presentation

8 Defense

(A) Process Assessment (B) Product Assessment Total Marks(A&B)


(Marks 10)
(Marks 6) (marks 4)

Comments / Suggestions about team work / leadership / inter-personal communication (If any):
.
Name & Designation of the Faculty Member: ---------- lecturer
Dated signature:- ------------------------
Teacher Evaluation Sheet Annexure –Iv

Name of the Student:- SHAIKH KABEER ALI Enrollment:- 2005630215 Roll No:- 63
Name of Program: INFORMATION & TECHNOLOGY Semester: First
Course Title:BASIC SCIENCE (CHEMISTRY) Code:22102
Project Title: BATTERY & CELLS.

*Course Outcomes Achieved:


ee. Apply the concept of algebra to solve engineering related problems
ff. Utilize basic concepts of trigonometry to solve elementary engineering problems
gg. Solve basic engineering problems under given conditions of straight lines
hh. solve the problems based on measurement of regular closed figures and regular solids
ii. Use basic concept of statistics to solve engineering related problems
*Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro-Project:

Average Good Excellent


Sr. Characteristic to be Assessed Poor
No (Marks 4-5) (Marks 6-8) (Marks 9-10)
(Marks 1-3)

(A) Process and Product Assignment(convert above total marks out of 6 marks)

1 Relevance to the course

2 Literature Survey / Information Collection

3 Completion of the Target as per project proposal

4 Analysis of Data and Representation

5 Quality of Prototype/Model

6 Report Preparation

(B) Individual presentation/Viva ( Convert above total marks out of 4 marks)

7 Presentation

8 Defense

(A) Process Assessment (B) Product Assessment Total Marks(A&B)


(Marks 10)
(Marks 6) (marks 4)

Comments / Suggestions about team work / leadership / inter-personal communication (If any):
.
Name & Designation of the Faculty Member: ---------- lecturer
Dated signature:- ------------------------
Teacher Evaluation Sheet Annexure –Iv

Name of the Student:-SHAIKH MD AHAMAD MUBIN Enrollment:- 2005630248 Roll No:- 64


Name of Program: INFORMATION & TECHNOLOGY Semester: First
Course Title:BASIC SCIENCE (CHEMISTRY) Code:22102
Project Title: BATTERY & CELLS.

*Course Outcomes Achieved:


jj.Apply the concept of algebra to solve engineering related problems
kk. Utilize basic concepts of trigonometry to solve elementary engineering problems
ll. Solve basic engineering problems under given conditions of straight lines
mm. solve the problems based on measurement of regular closed figures and regular solids
nn. Use basic concept of statistics to solve engineering related problems
*Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro-Project:

Average Good Excellent


Sr. Characteristic to be Assessed Poor
No (Marks 4-5) (Marks 6-8) (Marks 9-10)
(Marks 1-3)

(A) Process and Product Assignment(convert above total marks out of 6 marks)

1 Relevance to the course

2 Literature Survey / Information Collection

3 Completion of the Target as per project proposal

4 Analysis of Data and Representation

5 Quality of Prototype/Model

6 Report Preparation

(B) Individual presentation/Viva ( Convert above total marks out of 4 marks)

7 Presentation

8 Defense

(A) Process Assessment (B) Product Assessment Total Marks(A&B)


(Marks 10)
(Marks 6) (marks 4)

Comments / Suggestions about team work / leadership / inter-personal communication (If any):
.
Name & Designation of the Faculty Member: ---------- lecturer
Dated signature:- ------------------------
Teacher Evaluation Sheet Annexure –Iv

Name of the Student:-VIKAS VISHWAKARMA Enrollment:- 2005630216 Roll No:-65


Name of Program: INFORMATION & TECHNOLOGY Semester: First
Course Title:BASIC SCIENCE (CHEMISTRY) Code:22102
Project Title: BATTERY & CELLS.

*Course Outcomes Achieved:


oo. Apply the concept of algebra to solve engineering related problems
pp. Utilize basic concepts of trigonometry to solve elementary engineering problems
qq. Solve basic engineering problems under given conditions of straight lines
rr. solve the problems based on measurement of regular closed figures and regular solids
ss. Use basic concept of statistics to solve engineering related problems
*Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro-Project:

Average Good Excellent


Sr. Characteristic to be Assessed Poor
No (Marks 4-5) (Marks 6-8) (Marks 9-10)
(Marks 1-3)

(A) Process and Product Assignment(convert above total marks out of 6 marks)

1 Relevance to the course

2 Literature Survey / Information Collection

3 Completion of the Target as per project proposal

4 Analysis of Data and Representation

5 Quality of Prototype/Model

6 Report Preparation

(B) Individual presentation/Viva ( Convert above total marks out of 4 marks)

7 Presentation

8 Defense

(A) Process Assessment (B) Product Assessment Total Marks(A&B)


(Marks 10)
(Marks 6) (marks 4)

Comments / Suggestions about team work / leadership / inter-personal communication (If any):
.
Name & Designation of the Faculty Member: ---------- lecturer
Dated signature:- ------------------------
BATTERY & CELLS

What Is Electrochemistry?
Electrochemistry is the subdiscipline of chemistry that deals with the study of the relationship
between electrical energy and chemical changes. Chemical reactions that involve the input or
generation of electric currents are called electrochemical reactions. Such reactions are broadly
classified into two categories:

1. Production of chemical change by electrical energy i.e. the phenomenon of electrolysis


2. Conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy. i.e., the generation of electricity by
spontaneous redox reactions.

Electricity can be produced when electrons move from one element to another in certain types of
reactions (such as redox reactions). Typically, electrochemistry deals with the overall reactions
when multiple redox reactions occur simultaneously, connected via some external electric current
and a suitable electrolyte. In other words, electrochemistry is also concerned with chemical
phenomena that involve charge separation (as seen commonly in liquids such as solutions). The
dissociation of charge often involves charge transfer that occurs homogeneously or
heterogeneously between different chemical species.

Electrochemical Cell
A spontaneous chemical process is the one which can take place on its own and in such a
process Gibbs free energy of a system decreases. In electrochemistry, spontaneous reaction (redox
reaction) results in the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy. The reverse process is
also possible where a non-spontaneous chemical reaction occurs by supplying electricity. These
interconversions are carried out in equipment called electrochemical cell.

Types of Electrochemical Cell


Electrochemical cell are of two types: galvanic cells and electrolytic cells

Galvanic Cell
The galvanic cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy i.e, electricity can be obtained
with the help of redox reaction. The oxidation and reduction take place in two separate
compartments. Each compartment consists of an electrolyte solution and metallic conductor which
acts as an electrode. The compartment containing the electrode and the solution of the electrolyte
is called half cells.
For example- Daniell cell is a galvanic cell in which zinc and copper are used for a redox reaction
to take place.
Zn(s) + Cu+2(aq) → Zn+2 + Cu(s)
At anode (oxidation half)
Zn(s) →Zn+2 + 2e–
At cathode( reduction half)
Cu+2(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s)

Salt bridge: Salt bridge is usually an inverted U- tube filled with a concentrated solution of inert
electrolytes. It is used to maintain the charge balance and to complete the circuit by allowing the
flow of ions through it. It contains a gel in which inert electrolytes like KNO3 or K2SO4 are mixed.
Through the salt bridge, negative ion flows towards the anode and positive ion flow to the cathode
and the charge balance is maintained and cell keeps on functioning.
Electrode potential: In a galvanic cell, when two-electrode are dipped in their respective ion
there is a tendency of one of the electrodes (anode) to undergo oxidation whereas the ion of the
other electrode (cathode) has the tendency to gain an electron. This tendency of losing of
electrons( oxidation) or gaining of electrons( reduction) is called electrode potential.
Standard electrode potential (E0): Standard electrode potential is defined as the electrode
potential of an electrode relative to standard hydrogen electrode under standard conditions. The
standard conditions taken are:

 1 molar concentration of each ion in the solution.


 A Temperature of 298 K.
 1 bar pressure.

Electrochemical Series
A series of the standard electrode has been established by measuring the potential of various
electrodes versus standard hydrogen electrode(SHE). When the electrodes (metals and non-
metals) in contact with their ions are arranged on the basis of the values of their standard reduction
potential or standard oxidation potentials, the resulting series is called the electrochemical series.
Elements reduction reaction
Cell potential or emf of a cell: In the galvanic cell there are two half cell, the oxidation half-
cell( anode) and the reduction half -cell( cathode).Due to the difference in the potentials of these
half-cells, the electric current moves from the electrode of higher potential (cathode) to the
electrode of lower potential( anode). The difference between the electrode potential of the two half
cell is called cell potential or emf of a cell.
Eocell= ECathode– Eanode
ECathode= standard reduction potential of the cathode.
Eanode= standard reduction potential of the anode.
If Eocell is positive then the reaction is feasible.
If Eocell is negative then the reaction is not feasible.
Electrode and cell potentials- Nernst equation: The electrode potential and the emf of the cell
depends upon the nature of the electrode, temperature and the activities( concentrations) of the
ions in solution.
For the general electrochemical reaction of the type:
aA + bB → cC +dD
Ecell = Eocell – RT/ nF ln [C]c [D]d / [A]a [B]b
Ecell = Eocell – 2.0303 RT / nF log [C]c [D]d / [A]a [B]b
Ecell = Eocell – 0.0591 / n log [C]c [D]d / [A]a [B]b at 298K

Electrolytic Cell
The electrolytic cell converts electrical energy to chemical energy. Here the electrodes are dipped
in an electrolytic solution containing cations and anions. On supplying current the ions move
towards electrodes of opposite polarity and simultaneous reduction and oxidation take place.
For example, in the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride, sodium chloride is melted (above
801oC), two electrodes are inserted into the melt, and an electric current is passed through the
molten salt. The chemical reaction that takes place at the electrodes are:
● Sodium-ion migrates to the cathode, where sodium ion gains one electron and reduce to sodium
metal.
Na+ + e–→ Na
● Chloride ions migrate towards the anode where it loses one electron and gets oxidised to
chlorine gas.
Cl–→1/2 Cl2 + e–
The overall reaction is the breakdown of sodium chloride into its elements
2NaCl→ 2Na(s) + Cl2(g)

Preferential discharge of ions: When there are more than one cations or anion the process of
discharge becomes competitive in nature. For example, in the electrolysis of NaCl solution, apart
from Na+ and Cl–ions the solution of sodium chloride also contains H+ and OH– ions due to
ionisation of water. When the potential difference is applied between the two electrodes, Na + and
H+ ions move towards the cathode and Cl– and OH– ions move towards the anode. At cathode
H+ ions get reduce in preference to giving hydrogen gas because hydrogen has a higher reduction
potential than sodium. Similarly, at the anode, Cl– ions are oxidised in preference to OH– to give
chlorine gas.
What isBattery?
A Battery is a device consisting of one or more electrical cells that convert chemical energy into
electrical energy. Every battery is basically a galvanic cell where redox reactions take place
between two electrodes which act as the source of the chemical energy.

Battery types
Batteries can be broadly divided into two major types.

 Primary Cell / Primary battery


 Secondary Cell / Secondary battery
Based on the application of the battery, they can be classified again. They are:

 Household Batteries
These are the types of batteries which are more likely to be known to the common man.
They find uses in a wide range of household appliances (such as torches, clocks, and
cameras). These batteries can be further classified into two subcategories:

 Rechargeable batteries Nickel


Examples: Cadmium batteries, Lithium-Ion

 Non-rechargeable batteries
Examples: Silver oxide, Alkaline & carbon zinc

 Industrial Batteries
These batteries are built to serve heavy-duty requirements. Some of their applications
include railroad, backup power and more for big companies. Some examples are:
Nickel Iron
Wet Nickel Cadmium (NiCd)

 Vehicle Batteries
These are more user-friendly and a less complicated version of the industrial batteries.
They are specifically designed to power cars, motorcycles, boats & other vehicles. An
important example of a vehicle battery is the Lead-acid battery.
Primary Cell

These are batteries where the redox reactions proceed in only one direction. The reactants in these
batteries are consumed after a certain period of time, rendering them dead. A primary battery
cannot be used once the chemicals inside it are exhausted.
An example of a primary battery is the dry cell – the household battery that commonly used to
power TV remotes, clocks, and other devices. In such cells, a zinc container acts as the anode and
a carbon rod acts as the cathode. A powdered mixture of manganese dioxide and carbon is placed
around the cathode. The space left in between the container and the rod are filled with a moist
paste of ammonium chloride and zinc chloride.
The redox reaction that takes place in these cells is:

At Anode
Zn(s) –> Zn2+ (aq) + 2e–

At Cathode
2e– + 2 NH4+ (aq) –> 2 NH3 (g) + H2 (g)
2 NH3 (g) +Zn2+ (aq) –> [Zn (NH3)2] 2+ (aq)
H2 (g) + 2 MnO2 (S) –> Mn2O3 (S) + H2O (l)
Thus, the overall cell equation is:
Zn(s) + 2 NH4+ (aq) + 2 MnO2 (S) –> [Zn(NH3)2] 2+ (aq) + Mn2O3 (S) + H2O (l)
Another example of the primary cell is the mercury cell, where a zinc-mercury amalgam is used as
an anode and carbon is used as a cathode. A paste of HgO is used as an electrolyte. These cells are
used only in devices that require a relatively low supply of electric current (such as hearing aids
and watches).

Secondary Cell
These are batteries that can be recharged after use by passing current through the electrodes in the
opposite direction, i.e. from the negative terminal to the positive terminal.
Primary cell

1. Zinc-Carbon cell

A dry cell consists of a metal container in which a low moisture electrolyte paste covers the
graphite rod or a metal electrode. Generally, the metal container will be zinc whose base acts as a
negative electrode (anode) and a carbon road acts as a positive electrode (cathode). It is
surrounded by manganese dioxide and low moisture electrolyte like ammonium chloride paste,
which will produce a maximum of 1.5V of voltage, and they are not reversible.
.
The half cell reaction process has the following steps
Step 1:
During the process, a reduction reaction occurs within the moisturized electrolyte, which
comprises manganese dioxide (MnO2) and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and graphite serves as
solid support for the reduction reaction
2NH4+ + 2MnO2 →Mn2O3 + 2NH3 + H2O
Step 2:
Zinc container serves as an anode and undergoes an oxidation reaction
Zn → Zn2+ + 2e-
Zinc-carbon cell is the most common dry cell and is also called Leclanche cell. The alkaline
battery has almost same half-cell reaction, where KOH or NaOH replaces the ammonium chloride
and half-cell reactions are
ZNCl2 + 2NH3 → Zn(NH3)2Cl2
2MnO2 + H2 → Mn2O3 + H2O
The overall reaction is,
Zn + 2MnO2 + 2NH4Cl → Mn2O3 + Zn(NH3)2Cl2 + H2O

2. Alkaline battery
The alkaline battery will have almost same half-cell reactions as zinc-carbon cell, where KOH or
NaOH replaces the ammonium chloride and half-cell reactions are
Zn + 2OH– → ZnO + H2O + 2e–
2MnO2 + 2e– + H2O → Mn2O3 + 2OH–

3. Mercury cell
In the mercury cell, HgO serves as a cathode and zinc metal serves as an anode and the reaction
involves the following steps
Step 1: At the anode
Zn + 2OH– → ZnO + H2O + 2e–
Step 2: At the cathode
HgO + H2O + 2e– → Hg + 2OH–
The overall reaction is of the cell
Zn + HgO → ZnO + Hg

4. Silver oxide cell


In the basic medium, silver metal acts as inert support in the reduction of silver oxide (Ag2O) and
in the oxidation of zinc.
Step 1: Reaction at the cathode
Ag2O + 2H+ + 2e– → 2Ag + H2O
Step 2: Reaction in the electrolyte
2H2O → 2H+ + 2OH–
Step 3: Reaction at the anode
Zn + 2OH– → Zn(OH2) + 2e–
Step 4: Overall reaction
Zn + H2O + Ag2O → Zn(OH2) + 2Ag
The overall reaction in an anhydrous medium
Secondary cell

1. Nickel-cadmium cell (NiCd cell)


The Nickel-cadmium cell comprises cadmium as an anode and Nickel plate as a cathode, and a
separator acts as an insulator between the anode plate and cathode plate. Sodium hydroxide or
potassium hydroxide acts as an electrolyte.
Note: On disposing, cadmium causes harmful effects on the environment. Therefore, these days
NiCd cells are not in use.

2. Lithium-ion cell
These are popular batteries used nowadays on laptops, iPods, cellphones. The electrodes of the
cell are made up of lightweight carbon and lithium. They are low maintenance batteries and no
memory is required to enhance battery life. They are less harmful even after disposing and self-
discharge is less than half of the NiCd cell.

3. Nickel-metal hydride cell


In the Nickel-metal hydride cell, NIMH acts as anode and hydrogen-absorbing alloy acts as a
cathode. The electrochemistry of the rechargeable Ni-MH battery is as follows
Step 1: Reaction at the cathode
H2O + M + e– ⇋ OH– + MH
Step 2: Reaction at the anode
Ni(OH)2 + OH– ⇋ NIO(OH) + H2O + e–
And at the end of the reaction nickel oxyhydroxide NiO(OH) is formed.

Advantages of a dry cell


 They are easy to use in a simple electronic device.
 There is no worry about linkage in the dry cell.
 Dry cells are safe during transportation.
They are small and lightweight.

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