Stress—dilatancy a rdton 1 general framework on which to create elstiplstic mode of si behaviour was st up in Chaplet 4, The base features of is ffamenork ncuded ied suas, which bound casicalyataimale nes of sess, and plastic potentials, which control the made or Inecanii of plastic deformation tht occurs when the soil ih ‘Anboueh examples of! oct dedused from taxi ests on soa er reverted in Chapcr 3 few data mere produced to guide the choice of ‘lt pote cas, was ote, ii fen convenient to make Pinte potenti end yi surfaces ecient. Indeed inthe Cam cy Fhode Gescribel i detail in Chapter S, we astmed that the piss fotentias and iid surface were Metical s0 that laste deformation this mode sil obeys am associated low rule fms of the pat potetals which emerge oa. i response are presented and some ofthe actrs “ontoing the modes of paste deformation are discussed with refeen= to vanous sets of experinenal data, 82 Plastic pote, lw rules, and tres dlataney diagrams Plstie penal were introduced in Section 442 as cares the pg elective tress plane to which by efiniion the veto ofp fain ntement fe ae orthoonal (Fi. 8.1) Many ofthe mods {oi haviour at hate been proposed make the mechani of psi “ormation, the vale ofthe rato B/S, dependent cay on sess teal and nat onthe individual value of or p-The aio 8 {hy dation inthe dection af he normal othe plastic ott 2! itd ba function only of ses ratio all lsc potential cores Tso drawn nthe elective sess pape can Be collapsed oof «| 82 Siess-atney diagrams am ve cue Any ptr epoca ca oie ryotier one ‘by radial scaling from the origin ofthe pa plane We Way of presningilormain abot ee eta io plo aes ao» ep te pla 8 AGibg. However at oft rn Spo oe ae ‘conven istustions are to be incude Scnea included wich ino plate shear strain (6 0) or with no paste velar sna (50, respectively. A. quant wi “Senet of pc volume sn nd ster sa Saat ‘ein faite he ange ais Fig 8, where fe bameles ve yielding wit 7 ieee a ton! ea ed eo an tionship between pase stai peretent ratio and ses toi Xoown a» a a perigee ng the moe tr meni pe ‘lomaton of tow of te The ao sg Sin a 6A Seton an nage fgg ses odin gg ess pe soa ‘Sup geo yh dee ee228 8 Sires dlatney lies ante retin ems ef and ses ato 828) Grell sree lan) hagas. ain nan a “ie metal of rata is io anes wih eis + ton ao cert ng han ue pon ela wou mt eno st as eter oon sch aaa because any ven ste 0 re io of ate seam inznent depends on the apt eat oo srements, which can take any value. It is not appropriate, eithet, ACSC suo a out sa rome se ts nds bth aie {nds Frye hovers eatin ti on ac Snporens of san nt aight and olin neem sie rip nro Cn 83 Sivess-aaoney e plane sain ~~ te ploted i stres-dlstaney dugram. For many situations the ‘ootibton of elas sais to total strsae may te belgie when ding ioccurring. and the deen between a plist sin eco ‘uo and a toa strain increment eto nay be sal. Homer, though plots with cation: an under or costa volume test has Sd Yhrougout bu ifthe so isdn elastic ad plastic volumetric saa "eof opposite ign ann gnera re cerunly not vero in maga, So that Seb 4. For soll whichis being shared without plastic volumetic sain, ‘orrsponding tothe atainment ofa eral tte scoring to the Ca shay model = M and Si/4e = 0. The pli stain increment vectors ‘ne ete paral tthe yas (Fig 828) and fom (Ty 42 it (Cin Fig 825, A soil which has experenot onl ottopi tes est and is now being compresied sotopcaly 0) change in volute without changing in shape det =O. The plat sin increment wets ested parallel othe pn (Fig. 20 and sce ie, 9 0 it "in Fig 82 Aplastic potential or Boop si can be converted into "flow tle which sks points Candin the fn diagram, bt the pec fom of the curve betwen Cand Fis « mate for astumpuon fy clr soil model, ‘The Cam cay model decid in Chapter 5 is « mode of pre slvanc for fotopelly compressed soil ‘The shape of the Pate Dotcvals assumed in that medel (ental tothe eliptea! ye oa (Fig 833 leads toa fow re Bp Me a (924s) ne wy “hisow rl is plotted in Fig 835, 89 Sress-laaney i ple strain ‘The Cam clay model has been pled s0 fc only 40 the esripion of the behaviour of sil in tail eta Ma Bich Stott the interconnection betwen sts ratios and tates of tion sane deseibed more simply for conditions of plane strin Parana ‘hen be drawn to devise related Mow rls for tail condition A simple analogy of isting sli provide bythe intrioching sa ies shown in Fig 84 Because the al expanding ssi sheared,2808 Sree-ttarncy is spposed tha ing win te sl aks pas, ot on boron hens on panes nce at ange of ation yt the otal Ta tn Sig betwen acct ok prises oon te plas {Eile ate fr nla ne ing prose 84D Fe LS inom sessing sig om th ned plane then te “para eternally mabe anptson oneal es is sa-6i 40 ie) ics suposed tat te angle of ton essing motion ete ayes [Mot rts vay de then yn bese asennad iRajtcme sen sn he hig he mobil ction 3 Cin ng fda (Eaton (4 m8 gros Sates Shout theca o Nest ooh shown a Fi 84 ecu le tom sn rgmt bul on sr mien a armen oS rule moe appropri Hower dos ted sugest Dat Tone reonshiptetwen mbit ston oc stesso aint) ‘Te soho ing sue of ig A cou be imagined forming cosa dit shear box est ov #4 sumple FE 83). The (tos mc ah eo rl on te st a ute careening Spleen y dof he oud Sten The woe donety heaped ons and on te soi ange Senet placements ands i= Pby +088 os “The tem Qc epreet ce work dope in shearing he samp The tm os apse work hat don tenn he sol sample chat intolame st shed: For sl sch dese san hating ‘hlrisshmed 3)" ad the nal led Pig ied up 64 se nha on in ough ts 183 Stree diatancy plane sain a1 solisheared, The soi expands because oftheintocking ofthe parties: ‘krormation can graced only i some putes ae able tarde up over ‘ee parties: Because of hs sterleking, nal ofthe shearing Work (5s absorbed bythe sol some of tis egret it he normal oad ‘nd overcome the interlocking of the sol parties The remainder, the nei work input Ny goes into the samp some maybe sored inelastic sefomations ofthe sil pats, but most disputed fctonal estan betwee the pans a they roll ap aide on eachother Following Taylor (1948), a simple sie-latascy equation can be tained ii i assured that af ofthis sett mork ingots diated fn ‘ition energy stored inelastic deformations) adit ilo sume ‘hat this ritioaldisipaton i contol hy the normal wd Paha incon constant 30 at =P bs 66 tng (8a topes sarangi ses 0.5, Braet on ‘The st em sth eters mois ton on horizontal planes © sand, 6s) ‘he second term dese the i vith Fig 84 wy Botany taney of the sample: by comparison as Wes the soi panies are siding and eotting in sch & way thatthe ‘olume of the soil emins constant, thatthe sl bas reached a ced ste, then 43/940 and Q/P =p. Expression (87 can be wren as, tung =H ny (819) strength equals ction plus diatancy, (The aionshipbeeween os288 Seess-dlauaney and etal state angle f fein hasbeen left deliberately vag the details of he ik Between the to vaquitea numberof assump to be made; se, for example, Airey, Busha, and Wood, 1985) Relationbip (10) an be tered om dat rom diet shea box 1b ‘on dene and loot ants ported by Tahoe (1948) (Fp 8) The slope ‘ofthe graph of aisplacement data x: (Fi 86D) is sed to generate vals ‘of Sy, which ae plotted withthe aio of seu load Io norma oad (Q)P i Fig. 47a. The sum Q/P+ 5/6 plot against horizon “dsplacemen sn ip 87 seve! tha the ol poens n Figs 78 Aono match the simple expresion (87) 0 (410, Buta ow re shou ae t6 Din sete on One nd ih mae 4 cnet Sie hea mete ie hort ne sip ne en acento 83 Sess dlaaney plane stain ma ‘oatin information about plastic deformations ater than total deform !oes and inthe intial sages of sear te some work ih probly being done by the sear loadin causing elastic deformation of thes artis some deviation rom (87 oF (6.10) tobe expected. eyo tbe points of pen Toad ratio for peak motile fein) the date ae ‘2oeesion 7 saperimpond ewe tk fit QF and sant ect ape Ta ry2868 Ses daney sore conten a af 1089 might be propos Expres | {75 wth 098i ted Fp 87 a Senses ya | Sots of he sath ste op om pate ‘Aitouph xa snr of le and Spaces tnd yen be made inter on slave thar bore 68 iereon af tae qv rms tes and sa fest bsnl nhs bor scar ot ermig ome feteousy The sie ser apparatus sah aes par ‘ch testo tpn sre aim domatn on sl This maf drmaton shown nig #8 he gi he ope ‘ese conan, fo ight may change an he ump a Stat conditions he spe shes apert ave nope or ee Seton 142. with ate teestaion meu met the sora od ear ser ap and ayo i be mide Mensur hosts veal dulce a Yan be cnr sie i, <2 wm ed a Fe F8 Smp tea min nation aa fn (Sb ange oon | te | 183 Stes dataney x plane strain as ere his the beight ofthe sample. The constast length of the sample tes .0. The ange whic forthe shear box was the diction of ‘movement ofthe fp ple fhe shear box late othe bottom platen, ow has arta geometrical sgucance in te Mole cil of sain incement (Fig 8b, bere d,s the increment of volar stain and & the iacement of shear sin hat the diameter of the Mobt ice ia Fig 886; tnse ‘tain vacables for plane stan stations wee intone i Seton 1 ‘The angle Vs clled the angle of dstion it alt, as en in Fg 89h, the slope ofthe tangent o this Mobr esa the pointe mhere Me cle fut the ie of zo diet stain, 0. 1¢ oe bp to think ofp 4. stain insrement equivalent of angle of fio Fp 8) It however, only uel under conditions of plane stein) and although Flowing (14 an angle 0 might be dtd for rial condont as be, sno = wy Re. 89 Som ofssio dstngy in ple he to gion2368 Sree-dlaaney ith this or the angle hat was wedi Section 82 hasan promt Interpstation in Mobr cls of stain increment for eons of aa symmety terms ofthe ses and tran quarts that canbe determine is ‘he simple hear appara (7) Becomes ‘oe Si n teeta 16 Data from spl shear tests on dense and loose Leghton Buzzard snd formed by Stroud (197) have Ba plotted io Fig 89 a5 values of the 0 uly inf Sy agint measured vas of shea ta TH Pot equivalent to Fig 87 forthe eect sear box data, The simple Sheat data sem to support more cosy constant vale for #087, ‘hough ther ea sight wenden forthe sum to serease with icra seas sain The qty 8,47, has bee caleulated in terms oft Stain increments with 0 allowance for elati ecoveable deformations [Nevertels, oth thew exams show that when volume change nd Stresstan dat ane ought together, the response oily dese ad Inally lous samples of snd agai alle int a single ea picture A Work equations orga Cam cay uations (8.3 and (8.6) describe the way in which the work done bythe fone sting o the Boundaries ofthe sear bois dissipated toni the so The rein sren-distancy equation 87) pec {orth sear bon, Ba can be sed fo sgget ow a steer aang ‘equation might be geerated whichis appropriate for the axisymme= onto ofthe Wasa es, “The obvious patel o be dawn are Between normal load P and meas lletiv sues Shear load @ and deviator srs g ‘hear efron and ail sear sain gy and Yolumztrc delormation y and volumetie sain ‘Te ttulwork input pee wit volume to a tran sample sopporag testes pga undergoes strains 884, 18 BW = i, 48 nits ‘tof is wor tpt, pati sored i asi deformations ofthe i he enegy availabe fr dsipaton is OE= 85 +45 9 Following Taylor’ (148 analysis of the shear box, we might assume his iit entely notion accerding toa simpleexpesie SE My 5 a 84 Work equations: origina” Cam cay Pa ‘Then the combintion of 818) cavalent to (8) of 16 88 + 45 = My eg (420) 0d (19 can be rearranged in form Pre : an ‘The tea sae parameter Misa a $3 ny ‘athe esuation ofthe pac potatil shen fant a2 see 9 met indents he sof: ‘ he ofp pate peti are ‘adie the ale ofp for 0 Thc une pated Fe ei > 9 ho2388 Srse-dlaoney Wis asumed that asi whose pate flow is governed by (821 ako bey the principle of normality, then ie Tol or he soi also hae the Shape gen by (62) I these yield Tos and etic plastic potential ft then placed inte amework of volumes hardenipg esti Inodels of sol teharour described in Chapter 4 then the ‘origina Cam ‘hy move which wus desrbed by Roscoe and Schofield (196) ad Inentionod in pasing in Seton 81, receated he Now rl ofthe Cam hy sel described in Chapter 5, Sg Ma 7 026i) go» can ako be esta plate dination equation be a= 0 OBE HIRE 0 ‘owe thinks he simply of 820) The ow rule deal pls potenial for the Cam clay mods are shown in Fig. 810 (eure 1) 28 Fig 11 for compaiton with orginal Cam cay: The mos obvi Aierence appears low vals of ses aio the cial Cam oy flow rule docs not pss through the tropic point (y= 0, 0) Fig 410. Ths imple ha sigan plat shen ain will evelp ‘Schild and Wroth (96) cover this problem by suggesting that he pst potential in tas extension are mio images ofthe curves | {ran compression (Fig 11) 20 thatthe Mow rule basa disontinty| stn=0 (Fig 810) The soil then makes the theoretically accept ‘tsi fo adopt the mi-valie a the continuity, ef =O. Rose, 85 Rome's session relation 2» Seo nd Thin 969 pops soso sl demain, {adap hah pn he ay om cops nai dsc dono cui ict Secons in sch ett ‘ot sample dbs notes ny onal orton Nar oes eps pty om» mages conn foto view base the modal pts har cy al oa tere ste ron im pata sw ec ‘Scominow pasts seta ton tan abc econ en rca uae alt nt coe “thetic ran CRS dese ato aa ass ‘ows tha br rat ama aati te pe St ial Cam ay pe acta has fo be Younes ane ‘Sony limited AS Rowe's sress-dilatany relation Aalteritieustieton of flow rues roid by the sss ‘atany elton proposed by Rowe (1962) Rowe produces au cxpesion whch slates that, or nol simp hati bing steane the rat ofthe Wook done by the driving ses to the work done bythe driven tes ‘ny stun increment shoul be «conta. This constant Kis soppowed "oe the same for trail and plane tain cnions Work putin bydevngstiess _ Wworktaken out by driv os sy The constant Kirt to an angle ofsotrition dy the expression tana 2) mang ws owe suggests that the ange ges he range 5056, 20) et sth ert sate angle oto for constant volume searing, {nd the angle of interpre sding ton nasal compression, the seal srs the di 7 . i the diving sees with an ses comprise sain eet) a thera Stes 0 le driven stress (ith an abocated ene rain increment de) Rowe sts dataneyelaon then sates that for tial compesson 4 te, "uation (828) can be rewrite in terms of the stress vvabes and 9 whe appear ony assess ratio n= ap) aad the sin tacemedt -« (429)240 Sirse-ltancy vais 3, and which are preted inthis book Sig 32 aa em ‘evenness wecaninegs(829}0 nes asc pteia pare , a eles] an Tex contenien to i the ve of a the atiate ital ate valor (The. sine and M ae lated for tail compresion by (sane 710) expresion (26) becomes a t2M 33 7M sn expression (829) canbe writen 8 Mn , ie, 933M = 28 La hich na similis to the original Cam clay ow rule obtained by rearranging 820) (830 : f “The ow rl (8.35) pte in tes of an Goring te dlrene Ten ot ad plastica) in Fig 81D curve 3) The past potent ‘arv (0)is plied inthe 9 eflestive sess plane in Fig 81 or omits of tril elension, the aia stress now the Over sues and the nal ses the deve ses, and (8.25) becomes 2, -K 39) “The equiv of 829) for ail extension then 44 Bey 2K +1 7 Bgl =) #2 an he plac potential equiva of (820i rfeaye v, on % Lo-Wt " vient he plastic potential and ow ale donot have he sme ss {in anal extension snd trix compeession, The eoetesponding cus, 85 Rowe's ares diltency relation a ith <0 and <0, ae en pot in Figs 11a ‘ach igure Like onl Cam hye pte penal arr aed ‘the flow rule has a discontinuity for y= 0. = For condton of pln sun, Proved pra aes of sin increment a of ate soa 23) bees a, ti 9 sins the intermedi eincpl ses does no work. Now, rm the Mob ‘pmol es a ne, 22 # Spesediaoney cic feline sess Fig. 180, ot tsind a3) ot singe . were dy he mobile frision nthe sil From the Mobr id of Stun cements (Fg 3) te, sing sing 6a) Te" ag where isthe angle of lation forthe si From (826) with $= Hig The ctl sate angle of ion, we obtain “sng Kat tinge m ising wan auton (8 cm san be rennet ve “ng, inating ' Fain sing (any Considerations of diate, volume change on searing, trough Be varabis for 9 esther han ratios of principal stain increment ich 3 a/b a tail tes ave a beter el or he way nick the oi responding © particular state of sues: that i, wheter tis choos, to expand or contract a seared The sree lata relation the foe 35) makes lege thatthe volumetric sain weremens te zero when hestessraton = M, Dense sands usually show peak teogh n> M belre deforming Loa timate critical state wih y= (ig 8128 Sod see Sections 6' and 743) The ses aio has pase through the ‘alae = AF a a exe tage ofthe est before the peak i teach Ihe Sai flows the sess-dilatancy relation (833) throughout the tet (and the asrumpion oferta form of flow ele or pate potential pacts ‘no testctons on the form ofthe yield lou) then at this stage too the Sand is deforming instantaneouly at constant yolume, 35/8 =0 (he 8125, Susies of he behaviour of end under elie oading suchas thos of {Luong (1979) and Tatsuoka and Ishiara (1946 show that this ses rao at which the sand deforms instantaneouly at constant volun, ply fn important role in governing the Behaviour ofthe sind, controling whether ests loading tends to sabe the soi lends to catatophe “Tatwoks and Inihars cll ti ste rao the pase transformation tess ratio. and Luong call tthe ‘characteristic sess rate it fassording to stes-diatney ideas sould be the same a he ei at srs eatlo-(Luong oles that his characte ses ati ese 85 Rowe's sress-dilataney elation 20 10 determin eae seach a an cay stage fe, whereas the ia Ste ay red ot erp tase) The role lye by ths tes rato conteling repens ed 0 small gl ofosing bs ntnta in ig Bs Indrane pe eg (Fig. 138) eyeing below the eal stro tao tent we pees uml slumetic competion ad densiaion a end eon ‘ove thecal ses rato fede to prods came seine Sipnson In ude leading (ig 10) ecg Dow the ae fa ks pr poe pre ee ae ‘ole compreion presente. Thee postive pte rare eles the ctv mean sees ad ed to gelation oF tld phenome rg donations. Cysing above the eal ses tae nt 1 fe ya Jj gis NX Sai o o TEAM, ted mts ef patna tr de2 Sirese-tiltamey produce nogative pore presures tecause volumetic expansion i Deven These agai pore presure increas th elective ean ses au stecgten the Sl ‘Rowe oily deduced hs strx-ditancy relation fom mio eraycontderation of parte ing. However, de Hows de Jone {1976 sows thatthe elation meres alo fom combining considerations ‘of equlibriam aod Knematis of partis sing om inclined sate ‘races (Fig £14). The important feature tat the relation arse om "uly of ding deformations gana eaters and eae ha Ikely be of most relevance in desribing deformations of sis in which ling betwee. parts provides the principal contribution to th formation sthus ot srpeiing tat his ow rl ives prado prediction of sigscan shear strain for purely iotropicstrees =0 tre pate ing dos not dominate; the low rales eg setced teyond its region af kgsimateappiatin.Civen the siary betwen the ow sls of Rowe stess-datansy and rgioal Cam cay, which ‘vient in Fig 810,008 might sop tat original Cam clay i ko oxt fits region of egiimate application at low tes ration 20. The ‘iternce in conspt between te two How resis tht orignal Cam ly is tas on continuum considerations whereas Rowe sedate) i based on considerations of equllsiom abd kinematics of parila anes of sing ‘86 Experimenta adios Solar the presentation of Mow rules proceeded almost entirely along theoreti Ines, wih 8 brie inte forthe reanalysis of some ‘ret shear apd imple sbea data flowing Taylors (198) simple Now fale. In ths section, seeral ses of published dats ace produced fo ‘omparson wih thse theoretical rltonship, mort be etphasied enn hatin presentation of data for exploration of ow rules, mos fithrs iter exphtly of imply ignore the presence of elas ‘formation aed tae calltion of atc on ft strain inremes ‘This approach tends fo be most in eror when the elective tess path followed in tet moving most aay tangential othe erent Sel sie, Rowe's srei-dilatancy elation fas met wih greatet success in escibig the deformation of snd and other granular media. Data om Simple sea ets on Leighton Buzzard sand pesformed by Stroud (97) fave already been intodiced. The apparatos und by Steoud Was bea ‘instrumented so tat he was able o compute values of pina ses im his teste For thee test, a Interpretation in term ofan at 4 Espn dng 2s Sn posi we thc ag of icon mob ‘wih ot yh se tp cn mo Soul ln pra the tp pte Toren sa ofa awit and ee ans ahs Fp 8 I ‘ypu ta the agen hte te dy Tao 0) SA, eto tht to in ar “0403 8 Toa 0 ats ay 816 atom dase plate ei cmp = de = 186 oe Re aa2468 Sie dataney denen though he principal anes of stat increment and of res ae Fotating and not coietnt during the tests. ‘Data from ple strain tt in wbich no rotations of pcacipal ne ‘occur re eportod by Rowe (1971) These ave been eel in tems st sin gad ny in Fig 816. Equation (42) has tee pote in hi Figure wth oe vals ofsind, (5 and 07) 4 show the shape of Rowe stres-latany elatonship. The deta refer to two sands each share ‘Hom two ial dentin. The data for cachsard be witha narsow band. ‘ata from tail tests on sands ate also reported by Rowe (197) “Thea have bec replete in tern of and in Pip 817 For compas, the Cam slay flow sue (83) and Rowe's srs stay ration {Suced rom 8.33), ave bee plot or M-= 10 and 15; the data sem to be following tend which i closer to that deduced fom (833) ‘hough thee values of f have teen ealeated fom tou stat inermens tis willy azote that Rowe's sues dilataney elation, ‘aby interpreted, provide a reasonable description of he paste Dow ‘sf sandy, particularly when pare ing the dominant mechanism of tassoverledtormation. “The Cam clay fw rule hat not ben inched in Fig. 16. Rowe stress diataney relationship speccaly ignores al elastic deformations Hoover, arly the Cam clay ow rule to ple sain situations, at sumption abou th elastic Deavior ofthe sol is equed.Athous ‘he toa sen increments ey te zt these ae made up of atic we ‘i ds uae a Sn ene TS Seb atest doa toe to 86 Experimental ings or shticonponens andes eso wy tnd “xno sho ste Lakin the sate hae ml a ome Now ra ral compen Bo tera) be ore sl tun ones oe nay "eosin aig les a nig orl he ss lr Rose Scud hi (6) Save rc aa om at oon opal sey compen tain im 07 4-0 nse oie Ca ton le (634) Tea dts en roped msl) sed Fit Ths da cone om conta soo tied compre tates volume rn shar sats ae br co i soe The cs ses sa ne He} obemon sign ow ci nee sf ine fa roses mo nent anne to Sew te mre spun nthe ue ote ad ta Onan of keds prenton of 8 “A vst sy ow sr yey tei 9, Levin opr amps fy sy (03 y=) tg liste by esto tom x nya ate dan eet Oe seapof amperes competed iol (Oa inf ah es espe conpenedanedmentonly iy =0)(OP Pig 819) Fee screen e ipa yemantpe e ise ay tie a yt am ao28 § Sves-dlaaney ‘ach sample testes eat 9 =p was then change at constant meas ‘Sective sires (4B AC, ee in Fig, 8198; PO. PR, ety Fi 8190, tnd the stain wee eased om a Subsequent tes probe at constant Stes ato(BH,CC, tessa Fig 8198; ORR et, in Fig B19) Lewin ae tha tic roe were sal otal ttl stain increments could te moumed tobe eset egua 16 plastic ‘Mrs increments with which e was probing the id surtacsin Fig. 819 fe aot far fom being erthogonal to probable yl Tol, pase eects 1 ky to dominate (C Fhcgaycanpe and} cect sone (Gs ona 86 Experimental ings ~ “The results are shown in ems of and oe the two se of samples in ig 819 For th lay there a lage diferece betwee the rest forte ioopicly compressed andthe one-dimensional competed clay. and the depee of astropy thatthe one-dimensional History rode in the low ules very sinicant For example from Fg 8.198, Ten-istortional compres 8 0, f= 0) corresponds owe ratio 1104 and deformation under isotropicsueses (=, ~ Ocoresponds {oa vac of P= ~20" and asain increment ratio dr, 036, ‘Natural sis have certainly expeenond nom otopc ese in tsi past and although they may show atest, y= Mat hich ing ‘curs without plastic Volumeti stai, here co nese or increases of otopie stress im the absence of devisor test 10 cause only ompreson without dstotion* Flow rls for natural can ths be apse to pass through point Ciq= M= 2/2) n Fig. 82 but a cesar co pas hough the origi (9 = 0, =0) ‘Sin increment vectors weve shown Fig 4140 for natural cay (%:$007, e026) from Winnipeg, Canada For this ly Graham, ‘Noon snd Lew (1983 separated plastic and laste components of stain increment and ploted paste sai increment vcore. These ata have eon transferred toa 9 stress-dlatancy diagram in Fig £20 “he low re for ths Winnipeg clay i wel defied om age number Fg $20 Soe taney ei trd or nite Wanep Sn a Gata, oman dn ses aah eg ca thon ph min ce ot $y vie! a maj hang te are tte oe ae ‘ayant actress ests tg ‘Ss nt cn i ape hen eps ay mo kage ‘elisa pc het2504 Srew-launey of wail someon tts. Te dt etd wl Heyond he point of {2 platevolunetc an ncremet n=, =n a Bee [tip sos values ff peter ha 1/2 at that heating ‘tempore by ln vost esanton Aihowgs he dai show ‘enainamovat of seat, they do segs hat the Bow sles at pass though the orga, Posy compresive, non-diortionl plc ‘Eformaton 0 crs for all ost tex ato, and eng ner nope sess 90 coreponds 10 abate value o indeting psc alumetcconprenio with rae paste sbe sth (Gg 5 On th ote and he Caml rae 63) th = 088 {Pio ploted in ig 820 and provide» odraly good to ese stint th margin wih teflon tle defied th experimental ‘ts miss the orn 0, f= On i 820i ey vey Sal The frtorin suming that pas flow could be devi by the Cam dy Swale wold be small The aiotropy Cat hs ps nthe plac Foti sar tan thet ein eet p32 "Tv data mere nd a Secon 443 ln supporto raework or state plate soil mods had the ypotb of aot Dow, identi of yet fs and pas potas Paps fr eas 100 an improved darpion woul be cone by slowing totsvcaed flow ut he depart om ns does 0 seo be el opal conclon canbe dra aout the appropsenn of any ate ina ow rman experiment da for cl Chose ofl mabe gid by some experimental observation isu important vo ake some allowance othe enooy Ta a toon ntoced daring the epeiinal empesion a the cy, hough the eats of hs anotrpy say be eae othe aso he ay “7 Stang ed Atay Teves shown in Section 74 that heniy overcoat clays and dene sands can show peak sengths elore ultimate crcl sates fe rated. At the cial sate, by hypothesis, shearing continue a onsen volume. The ow rales or strlatany lations that gore ‘he dlmationbehaviout of sls ndkate tat shearing a ste rao ot equa tthe erica state stress ati # Mpisaccompanied by volume ‘ange All the flow rules that have teen presented here ar i Bond Sgreament thatthe amount ofthat volume change depends on how ‘he test rato om the cial state value Fr soi showing a pak ‘trent, delering with» > Me shseringisccompanied by volume cxpusion 48 Concsion asi Da of peak stent of sands wee present ia Secon 743, Rowe's stan elton Seon 8.3 tnd te ec enone iany granule material gute saat, adm pares en, be ual temas te volumes esjunson pel ls een peak ste Theses aistany behaviour of sais ee Ince by st el by as dd n Scion 743, sng lnc on he et stent ss The peak tery (iu) dependent on ses el only tee he Fat en {pend on es ee Mote comment can a be gen aout he deity of ing on sak seth n cating the salty of etc tre eok Seog can est oasis deemed ony unos cee oven: The etm of ack aaa ape nd resol sia Scion 16 and 77 howe hat ts ponte fave tnd cnsguet ong) cea i thin ater epee sea es fate enh cater than a peak seni ste on sco a ak be teed upon in the long teem, " Aootet connec alate mae aout th sas of anes of li colps of rained sos shoving tan heap anes ean noted in Seton 75 that eval of pany see a ‘oul potently provide upper or wer bound to aceon: ah sf stl sutures, pends onthe Jaormatons oer ne hela eing tind with este sates under wick pce, ce osu Mont plas alse ae efrmed or tenons a ‘in For plane win hs ete for tated How le the ange oaton Fg 18) and eg ofion¢ Pp Ae onl ‘eal Clery, wien the oli desing at sa se ge sd no vole ching is oseurng a tat 9 =0, a he sndion ‘Sood fow no sted Whe hei dforming at mobi snp fiction ger han thecal at ance > 8a sane eon sch sa) ld be wed tna eed ago inion A Neal cone 8 is ste diatny ration for ga=38" ws shorn Pg eh mk ang of ition ofa, 2° mit te mst he contaprtng ote anl of ction would bs rm (842. 6, 199" Neg o ‘aon ae nays consid one than tgs on 15 Condaion ‘cher enone ith teat eas 6: fw aes The pinay inten has at ent cone Parclar ow rule or stres-dilataney tlation bat to iene the2824 Sues dlatncy inci, whic is gneraly ace, sha he volume change characte nics and the ste stan characteris of soil ae linked, Wheter tit link is thought of desiton ofthe way in wick enray ested a5, sol is shard, or as 4 stape of 2 cure (pase poten fective stress plane whic indists te ral of component of (ae) ‘oration, secondary ‘Experimental data have been presented in support of some of the ‘eortcl Noe rus or stess-atancy rationships, but Fig 10 shows that since a rial ste pont i eomon to Cam ea, original Can ls, and Rowe's sues-dtany, the Hkthood of sigaiantdifeeoces tetneen these tore that cam be detect experimentally seal fr Th importance of pst history on the nature of plastic Now hasbeen noted, and fr clay a contrast as been dan betwee soil which has fhstory of iotopicompresion aod tll which has «history of one dimensional compeason, The structure of a tnd sample is determined by the sample preparation procedure, which ture means the manne of depontton ofthe sand. Sample preparation sully takes pla under 3 gruitaioal srs eld wich econ and ot isco Deformations of sands are very much governed bythe ways in which tie "ruta can change hence te suas fw rls suchas Rowe's se5- Satan relation. isnot easy to eradicate viene ofthe ntl sacs tn the sand hasbeen nade fo Mow ata eta sal. I may not be feasible wo pepe ay forope samples of sands (that i, samples wi havea unbroken history of tropic comprenon) excep im an obs nal ite nportant to rererber that alow rl nly describes the ‘mode of plastic deformation that occurs when ying takes lice a any ticular tate of sites it doesnot say snyting about whether yeking Wil actualy ocr Thi the dation between yield Yel and pas Pet that was draw in Chapter 4 Consequeny, experimental suppor of o dining ny particule Now rae cannot provide evden cite for of against the possiblity thatthe so may obey the postulate ‘of normality the identity of yet Tt ad paste potentials GL. Separate versions of Rowe's stes-dltaney relationship wes produced for raxialcompresion ad for plane strain conan fn Seeuon 8S For condivonsof plane sai, an expression eli moblied anplrofdlton and faction hasbeen quoted (84) ‘Show that or this expression fo be valid also for condition of Brercies al competson ese ¥ woul have dt raat) MHS YW ae dd a oe, a 2, Tema ‘ew say, E41, would be that, at any tate of Geto, ‘defined as in Section 1.4.1. Sane litions is not of concern.) ™ ompresed pute day te in dined tinal compo ay whee he nti speci vot lume and kis obsred to be a onsan. Show that this indiog imp that this clay has loci ofthe form given bythe rigal Can sa > ee mode (22, Ht, Assume that he ly isto be modeled within he clastic plntc ‘amor of Chapter wih elo tne with irrecoverable volumetric strain: cana bi f8e Assume a hatte cy flows he snc ow 4 In dict of the ei Scion 63 sme da sb (Fi 619 hich ina Principle of nocmiity or ene of eases for en ie by Pare (958) wre prod ‘ht sol meh acdase bs. E86. Stes daancy easel compression tt filed at values of mean fltve sires ifleen om theca state vale, appcopit to the alse ‘hue of specie volume of the simple wer sll changing 0 Volume and sil heading toward tbe ciel state at fl, esoeding to an expression Seen a Ievoing tic dformations, duce the implied ow rae or feretinoh torn> at Tew be ze 0 set he fae at for Weal dy we were preted Seton 740. These dat in terms of “tive se ae appre a expen Use the requirement ha he eta tte pont (y= Bp =) foun on ths fle inet sbain 20 expreson or /P “Taking vals of Al, and hy from the data presented Section 63 ad 74, sheen tis Dow rule na 9 digsam and ‘compare withthe Cam clay fow re Investigate the following Row rue for desecing the plastic behaviour af ey 5g in 5g PP lo ths ab tes distancy rationhip and compare wih erly rls disco in this hapler Dean expresion for ‘he cotespondng plastic poten atte the cur and compar ita ht for Cam ay For one-dimensional normal compression, drive an expeson forthe constant ste rato, assuming) hit the esti sbeae Stains ave ngigile snd (i that he changes in volume ae hen by the wsual near eatonships betwen specie volume and the Togatitm of prewure. Adopting values of eS and {stele the lvant alo Kye, = 9/6; ring one dimensional formal compression and coment on wheter his isa resonable tale fora clay with these sol parameters. ‘Thetesuls of eons stressrat stson New cay pcfomed Brevis ass by Namy (197) he oon Now rue: Er we Ais consan an 8nd hve hi wal meanings Post ae nase ataney dngram nd compar ‘it with the other flow rules introsuced in this chapter. = Cont onthe compat ois ow te wt ie psi tee fie tt rhs ely. Deu the er he ‘hurvaions of tein increments iat cou hae feed os the it that Nam atl penned conta sae se sets by spying alate re inenen fel re a