PP Code No.: MP-B.Com.

(CA)- 202 E-2

BRILLIANT’S®

Relational Database
Management System
B.Com. II Year
(Computer Application)
PAPER- 2nd

With Last Year Solved Question Paper

Bilingual (English & Hindi)

A§J«oOr Ed§ {hÝXr ^mfm _|

2nd Revised Edition

www.thebrilliants.in
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Am°ãOopŠQ>d àíZm| H$m g_mdoe&
àË`oH$ `y{ZQ> Ho$ A§V _| Review
Questions.

T-20 àíZm| H$m g_yh {Og_| go

A{YH$m§e àíZ narjm _| nyN>o OmZo
H$s g§^mdZm&
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AmnHo$ hmW _|&
 AmnHo$ gwPmdm| H$m ñdmJV h¡&
Mob.: 9826290888
mukeshfjain@gmail.com
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New Syllabus
UNIT 1 : Database Technology
Evolution of Database Technology, File-Oriented System, Da-
tabase System, Client Server Platforms, Database System in
the Organization, Databases and Data Sharing, Strategic
Database Planning, Management Control, Risks and Cost of
Database, Logical and Physical Data Representation.
S>mQ>m~og VH$ZrH$ H$s CËnpËV, ’$mBb-Am°[aE§Q>oS> {gñQ>‘, S>mQ>m~og {gñQ>‘,
³bmB§Q> gd©a ßboQ>’$m°åg©, g§JR>Z ‘| S>mQ>m~og {gñQ>‘: S>mQ>m~ogog VWm S>mQ>m
eo¶[a¨J, ñQ´>oQ>o{OH$ S>mQ>m~og ßbmqZJ, ‘¡ZoO‘|Q> H§$Q´>mob, S>mQ>m~og Ho$ Omo{I‘ VWm
bmJV, bm°{OH$b VWm {’${OH$b S>mQ>m àñVw{V&
UNIT 2 : Conceptual Database
Database Development Life Cycle (DDLC), Principles of Con-
ceptual Database Design, Objects, Specialization, Generali-
zation, Relationship, Cardinality, Attributes, Relational Data
Model: Fundamental Concepts, Normalization Process (1NF,
2NF, 3NF, BCNF, 4NF), Transforming Conceptual Model to a
Relational Model.
S>mQ>m~og S>odbn‘|Q> bmB’$ gm¶H$b (DDLC), H§$goßMwAb S>mQ>m~og {S>OmBZ
Ho$ {gÕm§V, CX²Xoí¶, {d{eîQ>rH$aU, gm‘mݶrH$aU, [aboeZ{en, H$m{S>©Zm{bQ>r,
E{Q´>ã¶yQ²>g& [aboeZb S>mQ>m ‘m°S>b: ’§$S>m‘|Q>b H§$goßQ²>g, Zm°‘©bmBOoeZ à{H«$¶m
(1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, 4NF), H§$goßMwAb ‘m°S>b H$mo EH$ [aboeZb
‘m°S>b ‘| n[ad{V©V H$aZm&
UNIT 3 : Relational Database
Relational Algebra, Relational Implementation with SQL, In-
troduction: Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipu-
lation Language (DML), Data Control Language (DCL),
Transaction Control Language (TCL), Schema and Table Defi-
nition, SQL Functions: Mathematical Functions, Group Func-
tions, View Definition: Introduction, Command to Create a
View.
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[aboeZb EëOo~m« , SQL Ho$ gmW [aboeZb {H«$¶mÝd¶Z, n[aM¶, S>mQ>m S>{o ’${ZeZ
b¢½doO (DDL), S>mQ>m ‘oZrnwboeZ b¢½doO (DML), S>mQ>m H§$Q´>mob b¢½doO
(DCL), Q´>mO§ o³eZ H§$Q´>mb
o b¢½doO (TCL), ñH$s‘m VWm Q>o~b S>{o ’${ZeZ, SQL
’§$³eÝg: J{UVr¶ ’§$³eÝg, g‘yh ’§$³eÝg, ì¶y S>{o ’${ZeZ: n[aM¶, EH$ ì¶y
~ZmZo Ho$ {ZX}e&
UNIT 4 : Physical Database
Physical Storage Media, Disk Performance Factors, Data
Storage Format, File Organization and Addressing Methods,
Implementing, Managing the Database Environment: Data-
base Administration and Control, DBA Functions, Goals, In-
tegrity, Security and Recovery.
{’${OH$b, ñQ>moaoO ‘r{S>¶m, {S>ñH$ na’$m°‘]g ’¡$³Q>g©, S>mQ>m ñQ>moaoO ’$m°‘}Q>,
’$mBb Am°J©ZmBOoeZ VWm ES´>oqgJ ‘oWS²>g, Bpåßb‘|qQ>J, ‘¡ZoqOJ S>mQ>m~og
EÝdm¶Z©‘|Q>… S>mQ>m~og ES>{‘{ZñQ´>e
o Z VWm H§$Q´>mob, DBA Ho$ H$m¶©, bú¶, B§Q>o[J«Q>r,
gwajm VWm [aH$dar&
UNIT 5 : SQL and Oracle
Introduction to SQL: Components of SQL, DDL, DML, Query
Language, DCL, TCL, SCL etc. Invoking SQL *Plus. The
Oracle Data types, Two Dimensional Matrix Creation. In-
sertion, Updation, Deletion Operations, The Many Faces of
SELECT Command, Creating Tables Using Query, Inserting
Data Using Query, Modifying the Structure of Tables, Re-
naming Tables, Dropping Tables, Dropping Columns, Logical
Operators, Range Searching, Pattern Matching, Use of Alias,
Oracle Functions, Accessing Data from Multiple Tables. Set
Operations: Union, Intersect, Minus. Data Constraints: I/O
Constraints, Business Rule Constraints, Grouping Data from
Tables. Joins: Equi-Join, Self-Join, Sub-Queries, Views, Se-
quences, Synonyms, Use of Savepoint, ROLLBACK & COM-
MIT Commands, Creating User Accounts, Granting Permis-
sion, Revoking Permission.
SQL H$m n[aM¶: SQL Ho$ KQ>H$, DDL, DML, ³doar b¢½doO, DCL,
TCL, SCL Am{X& SQL *Plus BZdmoH$ H$aZm& Am°aoH$b S>mQ>m Q>mBßg, Qy>
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S>m¶‘|eZb ‘¡{Q´>³g {Z‘m©U, B§ge©Z, AnS>oeZ, {S>breZ Am°naoe§g, SELECT>
H$‘m§S> Ho$ H$B© nhby, ³doar H$m Cn¶moJ H$aHo$ Q>~o ëg H$m {Z‘m©U, ³doar H$m Cn¶moJ
H$aHo$ S>mQ>m B§gQ>© H$aZm, Q>o~ëg H$s g§aMZm H$mo gwYmaZm, Q>o~ëg H$m Zm‘
~XbZm, Q>o~ëg H$mo S´>m°n H$aZm, H$m°båg H$mo S´>m°n H$aZm, bm°{OH$b Am°naoQ>g©,
a|O g{MªJ, n¡Q>Z© ‘¡qMJ, E{b¶mg H$m Cn¶moJ, Am°aoH$b ’§$³e§g& H$B© Q>o~ëg go
S>mQ>m H$mo E³gog H$aZm& goQ> Am°naoe§g: ¶y{Z¶Z, B§Q>ago³Q>, ‘mBZg& S>mQ>m
H§$gQ>¡´§Q²>g: I/O H§$gQ´>¢Q²>g {~OZog ê$b H§$gQ>¢Q²>g& Q>o~ëg go S>mQ>m Ho$ g‘yh
~ZmZm& Om°B§g: Bp³d-Om°BZ, goë’$-Om°BZ, g~-³doarO, ì¶yO, {g³d|gog,
{gZmo{Zåg, godnm°B§Q> H$m Cn¶moJ, ROLLBACK & COMMIT H$‘m§S²>g,
¶yOa AH$mC§Q²>g ~ZmZm, na{‘eZ XoZm, na{‘eZ dmng boZm&

1. Create table for student information like name, age, add,

phone, class, college etc.
N>mÌ H$s OmZH$mar O¡go-Zm‘, Am¶w, nVm, ’$moZ, H$jm, ‘hm{dÚmb¶
Am{X Ho$ {bE Q>o~b ~Zm¶|& 307

2. Create table for student information like-name, age, add,

phone, class, college etc. using create table command.
{H«$EQ> Q>o~b H$‘m§S> H$m Cn¶moJ H$aHo$ N>mÌ H$s OmZH$mar O¡go-Zm‘,
Am¶w, nVm, ’$moZ, H$jm, ‘hm{dÚmb¶ Am{X Ho$ {bE Q>o~b ~Zm¶|& 307

3. Insert data into tables using both types of insert

commands. / B§gQ>© H$‘m§S²>g Ho$ XmoZm| àH$mam| H$m Cn¶moJ H$aHo$ Q>o~ëg
‘| S>mQ>m B§gQ>© H$a|& 307

4. Add another column into database using modify

command.
‘mo{S>’$m¶ H$‘m§S> H$m Cn¶moJ H$aHo$ S>mQ>m~og ‘| EH$ Aݶ H$m°b‘ Omo‹S>|& 307

5. Select particular type of data using select command using

like functions etc.
bmBH$, ’§$³e§g Am{X g{hV {gbo³Q> H$‘m§S> H$m Cn¶moJ H$aHo$ S>mQ>m Ho$
{deof àH$ma H$m M¶Z H$a|& 308

6. Create another table from old table.

nwamZr Q>o~b go EH$ Aݶ Q>o~b H$m {Z‘m©U H$a|& 308

7. Run commands like DROP table, ROLLBACK, EDIT, DESC

etc. / H$‘m§S²>g aZ H$a| O¡go-S´>m°n Q>o~b, amob~¡H$, E{S>Q>, S>oñH$ Am{X& 308
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8. Apply nested queries by joining two tables and select
particular data item from both tables.
Xmo Q>o~ëg H$mo Om°BZ H$aHo$ ZoñQ>oS> ³doarO à¶w³V H$a| VWm XmoZm| Q>o~ëg
go {deof S>mQ>m Am¶Q>‘ H$m M¶Z H$a|& 309

9. Arrange column's data items in ascending or descending

order.
Ag|qS>J ¶m {S>g|qS>J Am°S>©a ‘| H$m°båg Ho$ S>mQ>m Am¶Q>åg H$m M¶Z H$a|& 309

10. Create view and indexes on table.

Q>o~ëg na ì¶y VWm B§S>o³gog ~Zm¶|& 309

11. Join tables using join command.

Om°BZ H$‘m§S> H$m Cn¶moJ H$aHo$ Q>o~ëg H$mo Om°BZ H$a|& 310

12. Create client table with following fields- cid, cname, cadd,
city, state and insert 10 records.
{ZåZ{b{IV ’$sëS²>g- cid, cname, cadd, city, state go ³bmB§Q>
Q>o~b ~Zm¶o VWm 10 [aH$m°S²>©g B§gQ>© H$a|& 310

13. Create customer table with following fields- cust_id,

cust_name, cust_add, city, state and insert 10 records and
apply the following constraints *NOT NULL, *Primary Key,
*Check Constraint, *Unique.
{ZåZ{b{IV ’$sëS²>g cust_id, cust_name, cust_add, city, state
go H$ñQ>‘a Q>~o b ~ZmB© VWm 10 [aH$m°S>² g
© B§gQ>© H$a| VWm {ZåZ{b{IV
H§$gQ´>¢Q²>g *NOT NULL, *Primary Key, *Check Constraint,
*Unique à¶w³V H$a|& 310

14. Select two fields from the table using following clauses
*Order by, *Distinct.
{ZåZ{b{IV ³bm°Og o *Order by, *Distinct H$m Cn¶moJ H$aHo$ Q>o~b go
Xmo ’$sëS²>g H$m M¶Z H$a|& 311

15. Select fields from the table and apply ORACLE functions
like *AVG( ), *MAX( ), *MIN( ), *COUNT( ), *ABS( ),
*POWER( ), *ROUND( ).
Q>~o b go ’$sëS²>g H$m M¶Z H$a| VWm Am°aHo $b ’§$³e§g à¶w³V H$a| O¡go
*AVG( ), *MAX( ), *MIN( ), *COUNT( ), *ABS( ), *POWER( ),
*ROUND( ). 311
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16. Apply the WHERE clause on client (cid, cname, salary,
cadd, city, state) table with 1. SELECT, 2. DELETE, 3. To
insert data into some other table.
³bmB§Q> (cid, cname, salary, cadd, city, state) Q>o~b na ìho¶a
³bm°O à¶w³V H$a| {Og‘| 1. {gbo³Q> 2. [S>brQ> 3. {H$gr Aݶ Q>o~b ‘|
S>mQ>m B§gQ>© H$a|& 312

17. Create a table and apply ALTER TABLE command on the

table.
EH$ Q>o~b ~Zm¶| VWm Q>o~b na AëQ>a Q>o~b H$‘m§S> à¶w³V H$a|& 312

18. Retrieve client information like-cust_id, cust_name, city

for customers where field city = Delhi or Baroda.
H$ñQ>‘g© Ho$ {bE ³bmB§Q> B§’$m°‘}eZ O¡go-cust_id, cust_name, city
àmßV H$a| Ohm± ’$sëS> city=Delhi ¶m Baroda h¡& 312

19. Create tables and relate them by using foreign key and
reference table.
Q>o~b ~Zm¶| VWm ’$m°aoZ H$s VWm ao’$a|g Q>o~b H$m Cn¶moJ H$aHo$ CÝh|
[aboQ> H$a|& 313


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Contents
UNIT 1 : Database Technology
EVOLUTION OF DATABASE TECHNOLOGY
S>mQ>m~og Q>o³Zmobm°Or H$s CËnpËV
Q.1. Describe the evolution of database technology in de-
tail.
S>mQ>m~og Q>o³Zmobm°Or H$s CËnpËV H$m {dñVma go dU©Z H$s{OE&
OR
What is the evolution of database technology? Explain
in brief.
S>mQ>m~og Q>o³Zmobm°Or H$s CËnpËV ³¶m h¡? g§{jßV dU©Z H$s{OE& 25

FILE-ORIENTED SYSTEM / ’$mBb-Amo[aEÝQ>oS> {gñQ>‘

Q.2. What is the concept of file-oriented system? Enlist vari-
ous drawbacks of file-oriented system.
’$mBb-Amo[aEÝQ>So > {gñQ>‘ H$s AdYmaUm ³¶m h¡? ’$mBb-Amo[aEÝQ>So >
{gñQ>‘ H$s {d{^ÝZ H${‘¶m± ~VmB¶o&
OR
Write down a brief note on file-oriented system. What
are the limitations of this system? Describe.
’$mBb Amo[aEÝQ>oS> {gñQ>‘ na EH$ g§{jßV {Q>ßnUr {b{IE& Bg
{gñQ>‘ H$s H${‘¶m± ³¶m h¢? dU©Z H$s{OE& 27

DATABASE SYSTEM / S>mQ>m~og {gñQ>‘

Q.3. Give a brief introduction to database system.
S>mQ>m~og {gñQ>‘ H$m EH$ g§{jßV n[aM¶ Xr{OE&
OR
What does database system mean? Write down vari-
ous objectives of database system.
S>mQ>m~og {gñQ>‘ H$m ³¶m AW© h¡? S>mQ>m~og {gñQ>‘ Ho$ {d{^ÝZ CX²Xoí¶
{b{IE& 31

CLIENT/SERVER PLATFORMS / ³bmB§Q>/gd©a ßboQ>’$m°åg©

Q.4. Justify the overall concept of client/server platform.
³bmB§Q>/gd©a ßboQ>’$m°‘© H$s gånyU© AdYmaUm H$mo ñnîQ> H$s{OE& 34
BRILLIANT'S/RDBMS/9
PP
DATABASE SYSTEM IN THE ORGANIZATION
Am°J}ZmBOoeZ ‘| S>mQ>m~og {gñQ>‘
Q.5. Explain the followings in brief: Database, Data Sharing.
{ZåZ{b{IV H$m g§{jßV dU©Z H$s{OE: S>mQ>m~og, S>mQ>m eo¶[a¨J&
OR
What do you mean by database and data sharing?
Elaborate.
S>mQ>m~og VWm S>mQ>m eo¶[a¨J go AmnH$m ³¶m Ame¶ h¡? g‘PmBE& 40
STRATEGIC DATABASE PLANNING
ñQ>óQ>o{OH$ S>mQ>m~og ßbmqZJ
Q.6. Enumerate the concept of strategic database planning.
Write down a note on database planning project.
ñQ´>oQ>o{OH$ S>mQ>m~og ßbmqZJ H$s AdYmaUm g‘PmB¶o& S>mQ>m~og ßbmqZJ
àmoOo³Q> na EH$ {Q>ßnUr {b{IE& 43

MANAGEMENT CONTROL / ‘¡ZoO‘|Q> H§$Q´>mob

Q.7. Write a short note on management control.
‘¡ZoO‘|Q> H§$Q´>mob na EH$ g§{jßV {Q>ßnUr {b{IE&
OR
Describe management control in short.
‘¡ZoO‘|Q> H§$Q´>mob H$m g§{jßV ‘| dU©Z H$s{OE& 46
RISKS AND COST OF DATABASE
S>mQ>m~og Ho$ Omo{I‘ VWm bmJV
Q.8. What are the risks and cost of database? Enumerate.
S>mQ>m~og Ho$ Omo{I‘ VWm bmJV ³¶m h¢? dU©Z H$s{OE& 46
LOGICAL AND PHYSICAL DATA REPRESENTATION
bm°{OH$b VWm {’${OH$b S>mQ>m [aàoOoÝQ>oeZ
Q.9. Justify the overall concept of logical data representa-
tion and physical data representation.
bm°{OH$b S>mQ>m [ano«oOoÝQ>oeZ VWm {’${OH$b S>mQ>m [aàoOoÝQ>oeZ H$s
gånyU© AdYmaUm H$m ñnîQ>rH$aU Xr{OE& 49

 Review Questions .......................................... 52

 Objective Questions ....................................... 53

BRILLIANT'S/RDBMS/10
PP
UNIT 2 : Conceptual Database
DATABASE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
S>mQ>m~og S>odbn‘|Q> bmB’$ gm¶H$b
Q.10. Elaborate overall phases of database development life
cycle.
S>mQ>m~og S>odbn‘|Q> bmB’$ gm¶H$b Ho$ g§nyU© MaU g‘PmB¶o&
OR
Briefly describe database development life cycle.
S>mQ>m~og S>odbn‘|Q> bmB’$ gm¶H$b H$m g§{jßV dU©Z H$s{OE& 59
PRINCIPLES OF CONCEPTUAL DATABASE DESIGN
H§$goßMwAb S>mQ>m~og {S>OmBZ Ho$ {gÕm§V
Q.11. What do you mean by conceptual database design?
Explain in brief. / H§$goßMwAb S>mQ>m~og {S>OmBZ go AmnH$m ³¶m
Ame¶ h¡? g§{jßV dU©Z H$s{OE&
OR
Give a brief introduction to conceptual database design.
H§$goßMwAb S>mQ>m~og {S>OmBZ H$m g§{jßV n[aM¶ Xr{OE& 63

OBJECTS / Am°ãOo³Q>²g
Q.12. What is the concept of object in conceptual database
design? Explain in few words.
H§$goßMwAb S>mQ>m~og {S>OmBZ ‘| Am°ãOo³Q> H$s AdYmaUm ³¶m h¡?
Hw$N> eãXm| ‘| g‘PmB¶o&
OR
Bring out a short note on object used in conceptual
database design.
H§$goßMwAb S>mQ>m~og {S>OmBZ ‘| Cn¶moJ {H$¶o OmZo dmbo Am°ãOo³Q> na
g§{jßV {Q>ßnUr {b{IE& 63

SPECIALIZATION / ñno{ebmBOoeZ
Q.13. Write a brief note on specialization.
ñno{ebmBOoeZ na EH$ g§{jßV {Q>ßnUr {b{IE&
OR
Enumerate specialization with suitable example.
ñno{ebmBOoeZ H$m Cn¶w³V CXmhaU Ho$ gmW dU©Z H$s{OE& 65

BRILLIANT'S/RDBMS/11
PP
GENERALIZATION / OZabmBOoeZ
Q.14. Briefly describe the term generalization.
OZabmBOoeZ eãX H$m g§{jßV dU©Z H$s{OE& 67

RELATIONSHIP / [aboeZ{en
Q.15. Enumerate the concept of relationship. Also describe
degree of relationship. / [aboeZ{en H$s AdYmaUm H$m dU©Z
H$s{OE& [aboeZ{en H$s {S>J«r H$m ^r dU©Z H$s{OE&
OR
Define: Degree of relationship, unary, binary and
ternary relationship. / ì`m»`m H$s{OE: [acoeZ{en H$s {S>J«r,
`yZoar, ~mBZoar, Q>Z©ar [acoeZ{enŸ& 69

CARDINALITY / H$m°{S>Z
© mcrQ>r
Q.16. Explain the concept of mapping cardinalities. Discuss
the different mapping cardinalities.
H$m°{S>©Zmcr{Q>g Ho$ _oqnJ H$s {dMmaYmam H$s ì`m»`m H$s{OEŸ& {d{^Þ
_oqnJ H$m°{S>©Zmcr{Q>O na MMm© H$s{OEŸ&
OR
What do you mean by Mapping Constraints?
_oqnJ H$m°ñQ´>oÝQ²>g go Amn Š`m g_PVo h¢? 72

ATTRIBUTES / E{Q´>ã¶yQ²>g
Q.17. Define the term attribute. How many types of attributes
are there? Explain each. / E{Q´>ã¶yQ> eãX H$mo n[a^m{fV H$s{OE&
E{Q´>ã¶yQ²>g Ho$ {H$VZo àH$ma hmoVo h¢? à˶oH$ H$m dU©Z H$s{OE&
OR
What do you understand by the term attribute? Ex-
plain various types of attribute. / E{Q´>ã¶yQ> eãX go Amn ³¶m
g‘PVo h¢? E{Q´>ã¶yQ> Ho$ {d{^ÝZ àH$ma g‘PmB¶o& 75

RELATIONAL DATA MODEL / [aboeZb S>mQ>m ‘m°S>b

Q.18. Write a short note on relational data model. Bring out
the fundamental concepts of relational data model.
[aboeZb S>mQ>m ‘m°S>b na EH$ g§{jßV {Q>ßnUr {b{IE& [aboeZb
S>mQ>m ‘m°S>b H$s ‘yb AdYmaUm ~VmB¶o& 81

BRILLIANT'S/RDBMS/12
PP
NORMALIZATION / Zm°‘b
© mBOoeZ
Q.19. What is the utility of Normalizaton and various Normal
Forms?
Zm°‘©bmBOoeZ VWm {d{^ÝZ Zm°‘©b ’$m°åg© H$s ³¶m Cn¶mo{JVm h¡? 83

Q.20. Write a short note on First Normal Form (1NF) with the
help of suitable example.
’$ñQ>© Zm°‘©b ’$m°‘© (1NF) na Cn¶wº$ CXmhaU H$s ghm¶Vm go
g§{já {Q>ßnUr {b{IE&
OR
Explain why 1NF is acceptable for data processing
appli-cations?
dU©Z H$s{OE {H$ 1NF S>mQ>m àmogqo gJ EpßbHo$e§g ‘| ³¶m| ñdrH$m¶© h¡? 87

Q.21. How 2NF is better than 1NF? / NF go 2NF AÀN>m ³¶m| h¡?
OR
Explain the concept of Second Normal Form.
goH§$S> Zm°‘©b ’$m°‘© H$s AdYmaUm g‘PmB¶o& 91

Q.22. Explain 3NF with suitable example.

3NF H$mo Cn¶w³V CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmB¶o&
OR
Define the Third Normal Form.
WS>© Zm°‘©b ’$m°‘© H$mo n[a^m{fV H$s{OE& 96

Q.23. Explain BCNF with suitable example.

BCNF H$mo Cn¶w³V CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmB¶o&
OR
Illustrate BCNF with suitable example. How BCNF is
better than 3NF?
BCNF H$m Cn¶w³V CXmhaU g{hV dU©Z H$s{OE& BCNF 3NF go
loîR> ³¶m| h¡? 100
Q.24. Prove that the relation which is in 4NF must be in
BCNF.
{gÕ H$s{OE {H$ [aboeZ Omo 4NF ‘| h¡ BCNF ‘| hmoZm Amdí¶H$Vm h¡&
OR
Discuss Fourth Normal Form with suitable example.
’$moW© Zm°‘©b ’$m°‘© H$s Cn¶w³V CXmhaU g{hV ì¶m»¶m H$s{OE& 103

BRILLIANT'S/RDBMS/13
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TRANSFORMING CONCEPTUAL MODEL TO A RELATIONAL
MODEL
H§$goßMwAb ‘m°S>b H$mo EH$ [aboeZb ‘m°S>b ‘| n[ad{V©V H$aZm
Q.25. Transform the conceptual model to a relational model.
H§$goßMwAb ‘m°S>b H$mo [aboeZb ‘m°S>b ‘| ê$nmÝV[aV H$s{OE&
OR
How to convert an ER diagram into relational data-
base? Explain in detail.
ER S>m¶J«m‘ H$mo [aboeZb S>mQ>m~og ‘| H¡$go n[ad{V©V H$a|? g§{jßV
dU©Z H$s{OE& 105

 Review Questions .......................................... 110

 Objective Questions ....................................... 111

UNIT 3 : Relational Database

RELATIONAL ALGEBRA / [aboeZb EëOo~«m
Q.26. Justify the overall concept of relational algebra.
[aboeZb EëOo~«m H$s g§nyU© AdYmaUm ñnîQ> H$s{OE&
OR
Describe various operators used in relational algebra.
[aboeZb EëOo~m« ‘| Cn¶moJ {H$¶o OmZo dmbo {d{^ÝZ Am°naoQ>g© H$m dU©Z
H$s{OE& 119

Q.27. Illustrate all the set operations used in relational al-

gebra.
[aboeZb EëOo~«m ‘| Cn¶moJ {H$¶o OmZo dmbo g^r goQ> Am°naoe§g H$m
dU©Z H$s{OE&
OR
Explain following operations by taking suitable ex-
amples: (i) Cartesian Product (ii) Union
Cn¶w³V CXmhaU boH$a {ZåZ{b{IV Am°naoe§g H$m dU©Z H$s{OE:
(i) H$mQ>}{g¶Z àmoS>³Q> (ii) ¶y{Z¶Z 121
Q.28. What are the relational-oriented operations? Enumer-
ate each with suitable example.
[aboeZb Am°[aE§Q>oS> Am°naoe§g ³¶m h¡? à˶oH$ H$m Cn¶w³V CXmhaU
g{hV dU©Z H$s{OE& 126
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RELATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION WITH SQL
SQL Ho$ gmW [aboeZb {H«$¶mÝd¶Z
Q.29. Briefly define the relational implementation with SQL.
SQL Ho$ gmW [aboeZb {H«$¶mÝd¶Z H$mo g§{jßV ‘| n[a^m{fV H$s{OE&
OR
What do you understand by relational query lan-
guage? Explain.
[aboeZb ³doar b¢½doO go Amn ³¶m g‘PVo h¢? dU©Z H$s{OE& 136

INTRODUCTION / n[aM¶: DDL, DML, DCL, TCL

Q.30. What is data definition language? Enumerate various
commands of DDL with suitable examples.
S>mQ>m S>o{’${ZeZ b¢½doO ³¶m h¡? DDL H$s {d{^ÝZ H$‘m§S²>g H$mo
Cn¶w³V CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmB¶o&
OR
Explain Data Definition Language with respect to
SQL. Also write syntax and example of DDL
commands.
SQL Ho$ g§X^© _| S>mQ>m S>o{\$ZoeZ c¢½doO g_PmBEŸ& DDL H$_m§S> Ho$
qgQ>oŠg Ed§ CXmhaU ^r {c{IEŸ& 138

Q.31. Discuss about data manipulation language.

S>mQ>m _¡{ZnwcoeZ c¢½doO Ho$ ~mao _| MMm© H$s{OEŸ&
OR
Give a brief introduction of following commands:
{ZåZ{c{IV H$_m§S> H$m g§{jßV n[aM` Xr{OE:
(i) SELECT (ii) FROM (iii) WHERE. 143
Q.32. What do you understand by data control language
(DCL)?
S>mQ>m H$ÝQ´>moc c¢½doO (DCL) go Amn Š`m g_PVo h¢?
OR
Discuss GRANT and REVOKE commands with suitable
examples. / g_w{MV CXmhaUm| Ho$ gmW J«m§Q> (GRANT) Am¡a
[admoH$ (REVOKE) H$_m§S na MMm© H$s{OEŸ&> 151

Q.33. Define TCL. / TCL H$s ì`m»`m H$s{OEŸ&

OR
Write a short note on- TCL. / TCL na g§{jßV {Q>ßnUr {c{IEŸ& 153

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SCHEMA AND TABLE DEFINITION / ñH$s‘m VWm Q>o~b S>o{’$ZoeZ
Q.34. Define schema and table in brief.
ñH$s‘m VWm Q>o~b H$mo g§jon ‘| n[a^m{fV H$s{OE&
OR
What is the concept of schema and relation? Describe
the types of both.
ñH$s‘m VWm [aboeZ H$s AdYmaUm ³¶m h¡? XmoZm| Ho$ àH$mam| H$m
dU©Z H$s{OE& 155

SQL FUNCTIONS / SQL ’§$³e§g

Q.35. Enlist various mathematical functions used in SQL.
SQL ‘| Cn¶moJ {H$¶o OmZo dmbo {d{^ÝZ J{UVr¶ ’§$³e§g Ho$ Zm‘
~VmB¶o&
OR
Explain all the arithmetic functions of SQL.
SQL Ho$ g^r A[aW_o{Q>H$ \§$ŠeZ H$m dU©Z H$s{OEŸ& 160

GROUP FUNCTIONS / Jw«n ’§$³e§g

Q. 36. Illustrate several group functions used in SQL.
SQL ‘| Cn¶moJ {H$¶o OmZo dmbo {d{^ÝZ Jw«n ’§$³e§g H$m dU©Z
H$s{OE&
OR
Explain Aggregate Function in SQL.
EgŠ`yEc _| EJ«rJoQ> \§$ŠeZ ñnîQ> H$s{OEŸ& 163

VIEW / ì¶y
Q.37. Give a brief introduction to view of SQL. Also write
about view definition. / SQL Ho$ ì¶y H$m g§{jßV n[aM¶ Xr{OE&
ì¶y H$s n[a^mfm Ho$ ~mao ‘| ^r {b{IE&
OR
Justify the concept of view. Write a command to cre-
ate a view. / ì¶y H$s AdYmaUm ñnîQ> H$s{OE& ì¶y H$m {Z‘m©U H$aZo
Ho$ {bE EH$ H$‘m§S> ^r {b{IE& 168

 Review Questions .......................................... 170

 Objective Questions ....................................... 170

BRILLIANT'S/RDBMS/16
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UNIT 4 : Physical Database
PHYSICAL STORAGE MEDIA / {’${OH$b ñQ>moaoO ‘r{S>¶m
Q.38. Write a short note on physical database design.
{’${OH$b S>mQ>m~og {S>OmBZ na EH$ g§{jßV {Q>ßnUr {b{IE&
OR
What do you mean by physical database design?
Elaborate physical storage media.
{’${OH$b S>mQ>m~og {S>OmBZ go AmnH$m ³¶m Ame¶ h¡? {’${OH$b
ñQ>moaoO ‘r{S>¶m H$m dU©Z H$s{OE& 177

DISK PERFORMANCE FACTORS / {S>ñH$ na’$m°‘]g ’¡$³Q>g©

Q.39. What are various disk performance factors? Explain
each in short. / {S>ñH$ na’$m°‘]g Ho$ {d{^ÝZ H$maH$ ³¶m h¢?
à˶oH$ H$m g§{jßV dU©Z H$s{OE& 182

DATA STORAGE FORMAT / S>mQ>m ñQ>moaoO ’$m°‘Q} >

Q.40. What do you understand by data storage format? Briefly
explain.
S>mQ>m ñQ>mao O
o ’$m°‘Q} > go Amn ³¶m g‘PVo h¢? g§{jßV dU©Z H$s{OE& 183
FILE ORGANIZATION AND ADDRESSING METHODS
’$mBb Am°J}ZmBOoeZ Am¡a ES´>oqgJ {d{Y¶m±
Q.41. How many types of file organizations are there?
Explain addressing methods.
’$mBb Am°J}ZmBOoeZ Ho$ {H$VZo àH$ma hmoVo h¢? ES´>oqgJ {d{Y¶m±
g‘PmB¶o& 186
IMPLEMENTING AND MANAGING DATABASE
S>mQ>m~og H$m {H«$¶mÝd¶Z VWm à~§YZ
Q.42. Bring out a brief note on implementing and managing
database.
S>mQ>m~og Ho$ {H«$¶mÝd¶Z VWm à~§YZ na EH$ g§{jßV {Q>ßnUr Xr{OE&
OR
How to implement and manage the database? Elabo-
rate.
S>mQ>m~og H$m {H«$¶mÝd¶Z VWm n«~§Y H¡$go H$a|? dU©Z H$s{OE& 193

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Q.43. What is the database system environment? Explain in
detail?
S>mQ>m~og {gñQ>‘ EÝdm¶Z©‘|Q> ³¶m h¡? {dñVma go dU©Z H$s{OE& 195
DATABASE ADMINISTRATION AND CONTROL
S>mQ>m~og ES>{‘{ZñQ>óoeZ VWm H§$Q´>mob
Q.44. What does the term database administration and con-
trol consist? Explain.
S>mQ>m~og ES>{‘{ZñQ>óoeZ VWm H§$Q´>mob eãX {H$ggo ~Zm h¡? dU©Z
H$s{OE& 198

DBA : FUNCTIONS AND GOALS/H$m¶© VWm bú¶

Q.45. Illustrate various functions of database administrator.
What are the main goals of a DBA? Elaborate. / S>mQ>m~og
ES>{‘{ZñQ´>Qo >a Ho$ {d{^ÝZ H$m¶mo] H$m dU©Z H$s{OE& DBA Ho$ ‘w»¶ bú¶
³¶m h¢? dU©Z H$s{OE& 199

DATABASE INTEGRITY / S>mQ>m~og B§Q>{o J«Q>r

Q.46. Bring out a detailed note on database integrity.
S>mQ>m~og B§Q>o{J«Q>r na {dñV¥V {Q>ßnUr Xr{OE&
OR
Justify the overall concept of integrity constraint.
B§Q>o{J«Q>r H§$ñQ´>¢Q> H$s g§nyU© AdYmaUm ñnîQ> H$s{OE& 203

DATABASE SECURITY / S>mQ>m~og gwajm

Q.47. Illuminate the term database security.
S>mQ>m~og gwajm eãX na àH$me S>m{bE& 207

DATABASE RECOVERY / S>mQ>m~og [aH$dar

Q.48. What do you understand by database recovery? Enu-
merate in brief.
S>mQ>m~og [aH$dar go Amn ³¶m g‘PVo h¢? g§{jßV dU©Z H$s{OE&
OR
How is the term recovery associated with database?
Explain. / [aH$dar eãX S>mQ>m~og go H¡$go Ow‹S>m h¡? g‘PmB¶o& 209

 Review Questions .......................................... 211

 Objective Questions ....................................... 212

BRILLIANT'S/RDBMS/18
PP
UNIT 5 : SQL and Oracle
INTRODUCTION TO SQL / SQL H$m n[aM¶
Q.49. Give a brief introduction to SQL.
SQL H$m g§{jßV n[aM¶ Xr{OE& 220

COMPONENTS OF SQL / SQL Ho$ KQ>H$

Q.50. Write down different components of SQL.
SQL Ho$ {d{^ÝZ KQ>H$ {c{IEŸ& 220

QUERY LANGUAGE / ³doar b¢½doO

Q.51. What do you understand by query language? Explain
different types of query language. / ³doar b¢½doO go Amn
³¶m g‘PVo h¢? ³doar b¢½doO Ho$ {d[^ÝZ àH$mam| H$mo g‘PmB¶o& 221

INVOKING SQL*PLUS / SQL*PLUS H$mo BZdmoH$ H$aZm

Q.52. Enumerate the overall procedure for invoking
SQL*Plus.
SQL*Plus H$mo BZdmoH$ H$aZo H$s g§nyU© à{H«$¶m H$m dU©Z H$s{OE& 223

ORACLE DATA TYPES / ORACLE S>mQ>m Q>mBßg

Q.53. What are different data types used in ORACLE?
ORACLE _| Cn`moJ {H$E OmZo dmbo {d{^ÝZ S>mQ>m Q>mBn Š`m h¢? 227
TWO DIMENSIONAL MATRIX CREATION
Qy> S>m¶‘|eZb ‘¡{Q´>³g {Z‘m©U
Q.54. Write a program of two dimensional matrix creation.
Qy> S>m¶‘|eZb ‘¡{Q´>³g {Z‘m©U H$m EH$ àmoJ«m‘ {b{IE&
OR
Write a program of two dimensional array in PL/SQL.
PL/SQL ‘| Qy> S>m¶‘|eZb Eao H$m EH$ àmoJ«m‘ {b{IE& 232
INSERTION, UPDATION AND DELETION OPERATIONS
B§ge©Z, AnS>oeZ VWm {S>breZ Am°naoe§g
Q.55. How does the modification of database perform on
SQL? Elaborate. / Eg³¶yEb ‘| S>mQ>m~og H$m ‘mo{S>{’$Ho$eZ H¡$go
g§nÝZ {H$¶m OmVm h¡? g‘PmB¶o& 233
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THE MANY FACES OF SELECT COMMAND
{gbo³Q> H$‘m§S> Ho$ {d[^ÝZ nhbw
Q.56. Enumerate many faces of SELECT command in de-
tail.
{gbo³Q> H$‘m§S> Ho$ {d[^ÝZ nhbwAm| H$m {dñVma go dU©Z H$s{OE& 233
CREATING TABLES AND INSERTING DATA USING QUERY
³doar H$m Cn¶moJ H$aHo$ Q>o~ëg ~ZmZm VWm S>mQ>m B§gQ>© H$aZm
Q.57. Illustrate creating table and inserting data using query.
³doar H$m Cn¶moJ H$aHo$ Q>o~b ~ZmZo VWm S>mQ>m B§gQ>© H$aZo H$m dU©Z
H$s{OE& 234
MODIFYING THE STRUCTURE OF TABLES
Q>o~b H$s g§aMZm gwYmaZm
Q.58. Illustrate the examples for modifying the structure of
tables. / Q>o~b H$s g§aMZm gwYmaZo Ho$ CXmhaU H$m dU©Z H$s{OE& 235

LOGICAL OPERATORS / bm°{OH$b Am°naoQ>g©

Q.59. What do you mean by logical operators? Explain.
bm°{OH$b Am°naoQ>g© go AmnH$m ³¶m Ame¶ h¡? g‘PmB¶|& 235

RANGE SEARCHING / a|O g{MªJ

Q.60. Describe range searching with suitable example.
a|O g{MªJ H$m Cn`wº$ CXmhaU g{hV dU©Z H$s{OEŸ& 236

PATTERN MATCHING / n¡Q>Z© _¡qMJ

Q.61. Describe pattern matching with suitable example?
n¡Q>Z© _¡qMJ H$mo Cn`wº$ CXmhaU g{hV dU©Z H$s{OEŸ& 237

USE OF ALIAS / E{b¶mg H$m Cn¶moJ

Q.62. What is the use of alias? Describe in brief.
E{b¶mg H$m ³¶m Cn¶moJ h¡? g§{jßV ‘| dU©Z H$s{OE& 240

ORACLE FUNCTIONS/ Am°aoH$b Ho$ ’§$³e§g

Q.63. How many types of functions are used in Oracle? Ex-
plain each with example. / Am°aoH$b ‘| {H$VZo àH$ma Ho$ ’§$³e§g
Cn¶moJ {H$¶o OmVo h¢? à˶oH$ H$m CXmhaU g{hV dU©Z H$s{OE& 242

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ACCESSING DATA FROM MULTIPLE TABLES
H$B© Q>o~ëg go S>mQ>m E³gog H$aZm
Q.64. Bring out a detailed note on accessing data from mul-
tiple tables.
H$B© Q>o~ëg go S>mQ>m E³gog H$aZo na EH$ {dñV¥V {Q>ßnUr {b{IE& 250

SET OPERATIONS / goQ> Am°naoeÝg

Q.65. What different set operations are used in Oracle?
Elaborate union, intersect and minus operator with
suitable examples. / Am°aoH$b ‘| Cn¶moJ {H$¶o OmZo dmbo {d{^ÝZ
goQ> Am°naoeÝg ³¶m h¢? ¶y{Z¶Z, B§Q>ago³Q> VWm ‘mBZg Am°naoQ>a
H$mo Cn¶w³V CXmhaU g{hV g‘PmB¶o& 258

DATA CONSTRAINTS / S>mQ>m H$§ñQ´>Q¢ >² g

Q.66. What is the concept of data constraint? Briefly clas-
sify I/O constraints and business rule constraints.
S>mQ>m H§$ñQ´>¢Q> H$s AdYmaUm ³¶m h¢? I/O H§$ñQ>¢Q²>g VWm {~OZog ê$b
H$§ñQ´>¢Q²>g H$m g§{jßV dJuH$aU H$s{OE& 258
GROUPING DATA FROM TABLES
Q>o~ëg go S>mQ>m H$r J«wqnJ
Q.67. Write a short note on grouping data from tables.
Q>o~ëg go S>mQ>m H$r J«wqnJ na g§{jßV {Q>ßnUr {b{IE&
OR
How to group data from the tables? Elaborate.
Q>o~ëg go S>mQ>m H$mo Jw«n H¡$go H$a|? dU©Z H$s{OE& 269

JOIN / Om°BZ
Q.68. What do you understand by join? Explain equi join &
self join. / Om°BZ go Amn ³¶m g‘PVo h¢? Bp³d Om°BZ VWm goë’$
Om°BZ H$m dU©Z H$s{OE& 273

SUB-QUERIES / g~-³doarO
Q.69. Justify the overall concept of sub-queries.
g~-³doarO H$s g§nyU© AdYmaUm ñnîQ> H$s{OE&
OR
What is the working of sub-query? Briefly illustrate.
g~-³doar H$s H$m¶©àUmbr ³¶m h¡? g§{jßV dU©Z H$s{OE& 273

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VIEWS / ì`y
Q.70. What are views? What are the operations that can be
performed on views?
ì`y Š`m h¢? do H$m`© Š`m h§¡ Omo ì`y na {H$`o Om gH$Vo h¢? 275

SEQUENCES / {g³d§ogog
Q.71. Bring out a detailed note on sequence.
{g³d§og na {dñV¥V {Q>ßnUr Xr{OE& 280

SYNONYMS / {gZmo{Zåg
Q.72. Enumerate the overall working of synonym.
{gZmo{Z‘ H$s g§nyU© H$m¶©àUmbr H$m dU©Z H$s{OE& 282

USE OF SAVEPOINT / godnm°B§Q> H$m Cn¶moJ

Q.73. What is the role of savepoint in Oracle? Define roll-
back and commit. / Am°aoH$b ‘| godnm°B§Q> H$s ^y{‘H$m ³¶m h¡?
amob~¡H$ VWm H${‘Q> H$mo n[a^m{fV H$s{OE& 284

CREATING USER ACCOUNTS / ¶yOa AH$mC§Q>² g ~ZmZm

Q.74. Write down a detailed note on creating user accounts.
¶yOa AH$mC§Q²>g ~ZmZo na EH$ {dñV¥V {Q>ßnUr {b{IE& 286

GRANTING PERMISSIONS / AZw_{V àXmZ H$aZm

Q.75. Discuss about granting permissions.
AZw_{V àXmZ H$aZo Ho$ ~mao _| MMm© H$s{OEŸ& 290

REVOKING PERMISSIONS / AZw_{V`m| H$mo [admoH$ H$aZm

Q.76. Discuss about Revoking the permissions given.
Xr JB© AZw_{V`m| H$mo [admoH$ H$aZo Ho$ ~mao _| MMm© H$s{OEŸ& 296

 Review Questions .......................................... 297

 Objective Questions ....................................... 298

 Queries ............................................................ 307

 T-20 Questions ................................................ 315

BRILLIANT'S/RDBMS/22