A

MICRO –PROJECT REPORT ON

“STUDY OF DAMAGES CAUSED BY

VARIOUS NATURAL HAZARDS”

Submitted by

Name Of Student Seat No.

Gaurav Vinayak Hande – 231334

Sachin Vijay Sah - 231336

Gopal Nathuni Rai - 231330

Arya Santosh Gaikwad - 231333

Under the Guidance of

Prof. Arjun Jadhav

In partial fulfillment for the completion of Micro project

2022-23

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING D.Y.PATIL

POLYTECHNIC, AMBI.

1
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project titled

“STUDY OF DAMAGES CAUSED BY VARIOUS NATURAL

HAZARDS”

Has been successfully completed by

Gaurav Vinayak Hande

In partial fulfillment for the report of Micro project.

(MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI)

Prof. Arjun Jadhav Prof. Onkar Patange

Internal Guide Head of Department

2
 This is to certify that the project titled

“STUDY OF DAMAGES CAUSED BY VARIOUS NATURAL

HAZARDS”

Has been successfully completed by

Sachin Vijay Sah

In partial fulfillment for the report of Micro project.

(MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI)

Prof. Arjun Jadhav Prof. Onkar Patange

Internal Guide Head of Department

3
 This is to certify that the project titled

“STUDY OF DAMAGES CAUSED BY VARIOUS NATURAL

HAZARDS”

Has been successfully completed by

Gopal Nathuni Rai

In partial fulfillment for the report

of Micro project.

(MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI)

Prof. Arjun Jadhav Prof. Onkar Patange

Internal Guide Head of Department

4
 This is to certify that the project titled

“STUDY OF DAMAGES CAUSED BY VARIOUS NATURAL

HAZARDS”

Has been successfully completed by

Arya Santosh Gaikwad

In partial fulfillment for the report of Micro project.

(MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI)

Prof. Arjun Jadhav Prof. Onkar Patange

Internal Guide Head of Department

5
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Completing A task is not one man’s effort. It is often a contribution of many people in
direct or indirect ways. The help of people, which has enabled this activity towards completion,
is unforgettable.

We feel happiness in forwarding this project report as an image of our sincere efforts.
The successful project Report reflects our hard work, efforts and also positive involvement
ofour Guide in providing us good information.

Our sincere thanks to our Guide respected Prof. Arjun Jadhav Sir We give our
special thanks for his constant interest and encouragement throughout the completion of our
project design report.

We are also equally indebted to our H.O.D. Prof. Onkar Patange Sir and Principal
Awachar Sir
We also express our deep gratitude to all staff member and all the peoplewho lend us their valuable
time support and co-operation to enable us to complete our project successfully

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 Group Details :-

Sr Name of group Roll Seat

no No Enrollment No No
members

231334
1 Gaurav Vinayak Hande 5 2009960022

231336
2 Sachin Vijay Sah 7 2009960025

231330
3 Gopal Nathuni Rai 1 2009960016

231333
4 Arya Santosh Gaikwad 4 2009960021

Name of guide: - Prof. Arjun Jadhav Sir

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 INDEX :-

SR.NO. CONTENT PAGE NO

1 Introduction 9-10

2 Abstract 11

3 Information 12

4 Conclusion 36-40

5 Weekly progressive report micro project 41

6 Annexure 42

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 INTRODUCTION
Natural disasters as we all know are the consequences of events triggered by natural
hazards that overwhelm local response capacity and seriously affect the social and economic
development of a region. There is basically no human control over the natural disaster. We
cannot stop these natural disasters but what is in our hands is to be prepared for these. Also, there
are a lot of ways through which we can minimize the damage caused due to these natural
disasters. Traditionally, natural disasters have been seen as situations that create challenges and
problems mainly of a humanitarian nature. There is no way to prevent or avert these natural
disasters, though scientists do claim to have found the ways to predict these natural disasters at
most of the times they have failed to predict natural disasters causing some seriousdestruction.

During the last few years, there has been an increase in the reports of natural disasters as
well as destruction caused due to these disasters. The tsunamis, hurricanes and earthquakes,
which hit parts of Asia and the Americas in 2004/2005 are some examples of natural disasters in
past few years and floods in the parts of Uttarakhand is a recent example of the destruction
caused due to these natural calamities. These calamities have led to the displacement of a lot of
people and heavy loss of life as well as the property was also reported. Not just these few cases,
natural disasters can be of many types which may include volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, floods,
drought, landslides, or earthquakes etc.

From past many years, there has been a constant debate on the topic of naturaldisasters and
the human role in the same. A lot of human practices, as well as rapidly growing developmental
activities, have been blamed for the constant rise of these natural disasters like floods, hurricanes
and tsunamis in past few years. One of the major causes of natural disasters has been attributed
to the global warming, which has sparked debate analyzing what the effects may be. The reality
at present is that we are experiencing an increasing number of natural disasters, and disaster
preparedness is an area still to develop. Also along with the disaster preparedness, there is a need
to keep a check on developmental activities so that we could have a sustained environment.

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 ABSTRACT

Following a natural disaster engineers undertake structural assessments for many

different purposes; for example for the assessment of structural safety, quantificationof the severity
of the event effects or for insurance loss calculation. These purposes are common irrespective of
the hazard that may have caused the structural damage. This paper presents a critical review and
comparison of existing methods for the post event damage assessment of structures under
different natural hazards. It aims to discover whether it may be possible in the future to develop a
common assessment methodology that is hazard-independent, or if fundamental differences exist
in the effects of the hazards that preclude a common approach. The natural hazards investigated
are earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. The investigation is complicated by the fact
that these hazards have different levels of development in terms of structural assessment methods
and universal acceptance of these methods.

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 INFORMATION

TYPES OF NATURAL DISASTERS

The natural disaster is the consequence when a natural hazard affects humans in an adverse
manner. Human vulnerability, caused by the lack of appropriate preparedness often leads to
financial, environmental, or human impact in a negative manner. A natural disaster always
bringsalong loss of life and property damage, and typically leaves economic damage in its wake,
the severity of which depends on the intensity of the disaster. At times there can be some minor
losses only whereas human life has also witnessed few disasters that have caused a major loss of
life andproperty as well.

The resulting loss due to a natural disaster also depends on the capacity of the population
or authorities to support or resist the disaster as well as emergency preparedness. This
understanding is concentrated in the formulation: "disasters occur when hazards meet
vulnerability". A natural hazard will hence never result in a natural disaster in areas without
vulnerability, e.g., strong earthquakes in uninhabited areas. The term natural has consequently
been disputed because the events simply are not hazards or disasters without human
involvement. Different types of natural disasters can be:

 Tsunamis
 Earthquakes
 Avalanches
 Volcanoes
 Landslides
 Floods
 Droughts
 Forest fires
 Hurricanes
 Thunderstorms
 Tornadoes
 Winter storms
 Heat Wave

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 CAUSES OF NATURAL DISASTERS

There are different types of natural disasters and depending on different types of
disasters the causes are also different. For example, the causes of an earthquake cannot be the
same as that of forest-fire. Natural disasters are caused due to different reasons like soil
erosion, seismic activity, tectonic movements, air pressure, and ocean currents etc. natural
disaster is not a new phenomenon these natural events have occurred since the earth began
forming and continue to cause serious damage and loss of life all over the globe from many
years. The root causes of most of the natural disasters that occur on earth can be attributed to the
imbalance created in our environment. This imbalance may either be in the form of air
pollution, noise pollution or water pollution and the collective effect of these imbalances are
also one of the few reasons for the natural disaster. Thoughit also a fact that we cannot blame
anyone because this is just one of the few reasons. Natural disasters like earthquake, floods
etc have also occurred in past era when the human was far away from modernization. So it
would not be fair enough to blame modernization for thesame.
Natural activities taking place in the earth’s crust, as well as surface, are the main
reasonsfor these disasters. Seismic activity caused by earthquakes has been the root cause of
volcanoes erupting and typhoons.
It has been studied that the continents sit on huge plates that occasionally shift and
when these plates shift they cause an increase in pressure underneath the earth’s surface
which is also a cause of natural disasters. Tectonic movements in the earth’s crust are
responsible for the earthquakes, which at times can get really dangerous and may lead to
some heavy loss of life and property. In areas where volcanoes have formed by solidified
magma, pressure from gasses and magma can explode or erupt to send tons of ash into the
atmosphere.

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 The activity of the moon determines the ocean waves which can get really high during
the full moon and at times these can be really dangerous. It was also observed that deadly
December 2004 tsunami also occurred on a full moon night. The earthquake was caused
when the Indian Plate was sub ducted by the Burma Plate and triggered a series of
devastating tsunamis along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean, killing
over230,000 people in fourteen countries, and inundating coastal communities with waves up
to 30 meters (98 ft) high. It was one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history.
Indonesia was the hardest-hit country, followedby Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand.
Changing ocean currents are also dangerous at times and can result in changes in water
temperature which could result in a global food shortage by killing fish and ocean plant life.
These changing oceanic currents could also adversely affect the intensity as well as the
frequency of storms. Tornadoes which are really dangerous are often formed by the
interaction of high and low-pressure air and these have proved to be really dangerous as well
as devastating for many communities in the area of America, especially the area of Tornado
Alley. Air pressure, high and low determines whether or not we have thunderstorms, rain and
hurricanes. Flooding and high winds are caused by the crashing together of low and high-
pressure air. Damage caused by flooding and hurricanes along coastal cities and towns can be
really difficult to overcome for their victims.
Natural Disasters are a set of naturally occurring events which can directly or indirectly cause
severe threats to human health and well-being and adversely affects the human life for quite
some time.
It has been witnessed that the natural disasters have their root causes in the normal
activities of the earth. However during the past few years, we have witnessed some rapid
modernization and growth, man's increased knowledge and technology has served to trigger
for some natural disasters. Flooding and erosion can occur are really prone to the areas
where mining, deforestation, and manufacturing have taken place. Global warming, which
could eventually affect the ocean currents, has its roots in modern man's overuse of fossil
fuels. Earthquakes resulting as a result of tectonic movements and movements of plates inside
theearth’s crust can also be triggered by drilling, bombing, mining, and construction.

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 EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS

Following are the major effects of Natural Disasters :

1. Environmental issues
2. Humanitarian crisis
3. Damages to infrastructure
4. Public health issues and diseases
5. Food scarcity
6. Water scarcity
7. Displaced population
8. Injuries
9. Fatalities
10. Emotional shocks
11. Economic impact

1. Environmental issues
There are severe effects of natural disasters on the whole environmental system.
Hurricanes andother storms can destroy the lives and also the livelihood of many people,
especially of those who live near the coast since they are also in danger oftsunamis.
Moreover, draughts may lead to a migration of many people who just will no longerbe able
to make their living in their home countries since there is not enough water left to grow plants or
toraise cattle.
Natural disasters not only have dramatic effects on humans but they also destroy the
habitat ofmany animals and plants which may in the worst case even becomeextinct.

2. Humanitarian crisis
Natural crises lead to humanitarian catastrophes all over the world. This includes an
increase offamine and also the spread of diseases, especially in poor developing countries since
they will often not be able to fight the consequences of natural disasters in an effective way due
to a shortage and resources and also due to a lackof technological knowledge.
Natural disasters may force many people to migrate to other countries since their
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livelihood hasbeen destroyed and thus, they will strive to search for a better life in other places
on earth.

3. Damages to infrastructure
Natural disasters usually also imply great damage to the affected infrastructure. This
includes thedestruction of important buildings like hospitals or airports.

Moreover, roads may be blocked through trees and thus the transportation system
may collapseas a result of natural disasters.

4. Public health issues and diseases

Natural disasters often destroy many important facilities that are meant to keep living
conditionsstable. If these facilities are destroyed, there will likely be an increase in diseases
since the hygienic conditions dropped as a consequence of thenatural disaster.
Making things worse, natural disasters often also destroy hospitals and other medical
facilities. This means not only the likelihood of diseases increases due to lower hygienical
standards, alsothe supply of medicines will be more difficult. As a result, it is more likely that
people will not be able to recover from their diseases.

5. Food scarcity
Another effect of natural disasters can be a scarcity of resources, which is especially
severe when it comes to the supply of food. If large areas of land have been destructed by natural
disasters, farmers will no longer be able to harvest enough crops or to raise enough cattle in
order to meet the demand. Thus, the local population is likely to suffer from starvation.

6. Water scarcity
Another related issue is the topic of water scarcity. Due to natural disasters, natural
water sourceslike rivers or lakes may be polluted and thus the water supply will be decreased
dramatically. A scarcity of water supply will be especially severe when droughts hit areas for a
long period of time.
Farmers will no longer be able to raise enough crops. Moreover, even the drinking
water will become a scarce resource which may eventually lead to migration since water is
15
essential for alllife on earth.

7. Displaced population
Due to natural disasters, people often lose all their belongings, including their
houses and theirlivelihood. If this happens, they have to decide if they will be able to rebuild all
of it or if theyinstead see a better chance to move to other countries in order to be able to find a
better futurethere.
There will be an increasing number of migrants in the future due to the fact that
global warmingwill greatly reduce the fertility make many areas since there will not be enough
water left to grow crops or to raise cattle. Thus, many people will be
forced to leave their homes and to migrate to other countries.

8. Injuries
Many people will suffer from injuries caused by natural disasters. Making things
worse, medicaltreatment in the affected areas will be quite limited since many medical facilities
may have beendestructed as well.
It will therefore not be possible to treat many injuries in an effective way which
may causeadverse long-term health effects.

9. Fatalities
Many people lose their lives as a consequence of natural disasters. Natural forces are
simply too strong to save all people. Moreover, especially in developing countries, warning
systems are often not good enough to be able to save the lives of many people.
In addition, medical facilities are often not advanced enough and will not be able to deal with
alarge number of heavily injured people at once, which may result inincreased mortality.
10. Emotional shocks
Apart from physical injuries, many people will also suffer from mental conditions
since they willnot be able to process and handle the consequences of natural disastersappropriately.
Many people lose their children or other family members to natural disasters which will
shockthem emotionally for quite a long time or even for their whole life. It will take a long
time for many people to recover from these kinds of emotional horrible events.

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 11. Economic impact
To make things worse, there are usually great adverse economic effects from
natural disasters.For example, an earthquake can lead to a devastation of large areas of land.
People will no longer be able to make their living from farming in these areas. Thus, they
willlose their livelihood because of the result of this disaster.

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THE IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON NATURAL DISASTERS

It has been estimated that rapidly growing modernization is leading to

ignorance towards the environment. Today we are growing at a rapid rate neglecting the harm
that we are causing to our environment. Environmental bylaws are being neglected for
personal gainsby few businessmen. The dual forces of global warming, as well as poor human
management in the field of land and water resources, combine to the cause of natural
disasters. Humans have created a situation where ordinary events like earthquakes and
hurricanes become increasingly elevated to the level of natural disasters which results in heavy
losses in the terms of human life as well as property.
Scientists researching on this topic from past many years have found that the
increase in hydro-meteorological disasters can be attributed to a combination of natural and
human- caused factors. The main problem is global warming which is increasing the
temperatures of Earth's oceans and atmosphere, leading to more intense storms of all types,
including hurricanes and floods due to themelting of these oceans. Unplanned urbanization is at
its peak, no one is really caring about the environmental risks and everyone is busy making
money. There are a lot of constructions coming up in flood-prone regions which have
increased the likelihood that their towns and villages will be affected by flash floods and
coastal floods. A recent flood in Uttarakhand is one such example. Human greed is increasing
day by day and people are not at all hesitant in ignoring the environmental laws and result is
the destruction.
In one way or the other we are hampering our environment, the rapidly growing
industrialization has led to a lot of air as well as water pollution. Though there are
environmental laws that these industries need to follow to treat the waste before disposing of
neglect these laws for their personal gain and even authorities are also quite relaxed and
do not take a prompt action against the culprits. Rapid construction has led to large land areas
being covered with cement, which means that the flow of water becomes very strong, and
the runoff from the water can't get absorbed by the soil anymore, so it keeps collecting and
rushing down, getting heavier and faster, which may ultimatelylead to much bigger floods.
It is not that everyone is being ignorant in the race to be the best. There are also
a lot of people who really care about the environment and are really serious about taking up
the matter at a larger scale. There are many societies and group of people who are working in
the field of environmental awareness and are working day and night out to make people aware
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of the harmful effects of the pollution and other practices that are harmful to our environment.
Several NGO’s are taking up the issue of pollution and global warming publically by taking
out rallies and organizing various campaigns to save theenvironment and such initiatives need
to be appreciated.

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 PREVENTION AND CONTROL ON NATURAL DISASTER

Natural disasters are inevitable, even if we have the technology to predict disasters we
cannot stop it from occurring. The best that we can do is to stop the practices that are harmful to
our environment and leading to environmentaldegradation and at the same time, we should also
be prepared for a disaster with our disaster management plan. Beyond damaging and
destroying physical infrastructure, natural disasters can lead to outbreaks of infectious disease.
Once a disaster strikes it leaves behind a lot of destruction and loss of life. In the case of
disasters like floods, earthquake etc. where a large number of people are displaced there is also
a great loss of life and after the disaster, there are a lot of causalities also. This is the time
when emergency preparedness comes into effect giving first aid to injured and providing rescue
and relief operation.
The overwhelming majority of deaths immediately after a natural disaster is directly
associated with blunt trauma, crash-related injuries and burn injuries. The risk of infectious
disease outbreaks in the aftermath of natural disasters has usually been overemphasized by
health officials and the media, leading to panic, confusion and sometimes to unnecessary public
health activities. After a disaster strikes there is a great risk of epidemic hence it is very
important to control the causalities as well as it is also required to dispose of the dead animals
as well human bodies properly before an epidemic outbreak.
The risk factors for increased infectious diseases transmission and outbreaks are
mainly associated with the after-effects of the disasters rather than to theprimary disaster itself
or to the corpses of those killed. It is very important to deal with these problems which in turn
can pose a greater threat. These after- effects include displacement of populations,
environmental changes and increased vector breeding sites. Unplanned and overcrowded
shelters, poor water and sanitation conditions, poor nutritional status or insufficient personal
hygiene are often the cases which may cause diarrhoea and other water-borne diseases.
Consequently, there are low levels of immunity to vaccine- preventable diseases,or
insufficient vaccination coverage and limited access to health care services.

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 Remedial Measures Against Natural Disasters:

Following are the important remedial measures against natural disasters

1. Emergency measures
2. Investments in risk reduction
3. Information sharing on newest research findings
4. Reforestation
5. Stable buildings
6. Education
7. Technology
8. Governance
9. Economic support

1. Emergency measures
Since we will not be able to entirely stop the occurrence of natural disasters, it is
crucial to doour best to mitigate the adverse effects. This means having effectiveearly warning
systems inplace which advise people to search for shelter before natural disasters hit.
Moreover, the medical facilities have to be secured against natural disasters so that
injuredpeople will be able to get medical support.
In addition, governments in high-risk countries should make agreements to help each other
incase one country is affected by a natural disaster.
With these emergency measures, the effects of natural disasters can be mitigated to a
significant degree, even though we will never be able to protect all people from the horrible
adverse effects.

2. Investments in risk reduction

Investments in risk reduction may also protect people from the adverse effects of
natural disasters. This could mean taking prevention measures even before natural disasters
occur. For example, countries can build barriers which in case of a tsunami prevent it from hitting
the coast.

3. Information sharing on newest research findings

It is crucial that countries all over the world share their newest findings and insights on
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measuresfor how to protect people from the effects of natural disasters.
Since developed countries usually have larger budgets for research, they
should supply developing countries with insights that help these countries to take action
against naturaldisasters.

4. Reforestation
Reforestation is an effective measure against some natural disasters, especially
against landslides, droughts and floods. The roots of trees hold the soil togetherand also store
largeamounts of water. Moreover, reforestation is also a counter- measure to the issue of
global warming.
Global warming also contributes to an increase in natural disasters since it increases the
seatemperature which contributes to more powerful storms. Thus,reforestation can indirectly contribute to
a decrease in the probability ofhurricanes and other storms.
5. Stable buildings
We have to make sure that our buildings are able to survive strong storms and also
earthquakes.This is possible with our current knowledge, however, it takes quite advanced
building techniques in order to achieve this kind of buildings. Moreover, poor countries may
often have not the knowledge nor the resources to build stablehomes.
Thus, especially people in these countries must improve in order to be more resistant
to naturaldisasters. It is in the responsibility of developed countries to provide help and share
insights inorder to make buildings more resistant to naturaldisasters, also in poor countries.

6. Education
Education plays an important role in the context of natural disasters. On the one
hand, it helpspeople to understand how they contribute to natural disasters in theirdaily lives.
For example, our consumption behavior leads to an increase in the speed of
global warmingwhich in turn leads to more storms.
On the other hand, education also helps people in the sense that they will be
taught how tobehave in case of emergency and thus to be able to save their lives.

7. Technology
Technology is an important part of the overall picture to deal with natural disasters.
Although we will never be able to fully prevent all kinds of natural disasters, technology can help
to mitigate the adverse consequences of these events.

22
 For instance, improved early warning systems can save many lives which would
otherwise belost due to tsunamis or other natural disasters.

8. Governance
Emergency plans on how to behave in case of natural disasters have to be prepared and
improvedby governments in the affected areas over time.
Through profound emergency plans, many people will be able to survive natural
disasters. Governments have to make sure that these plans are up to date and also adjust them
when theyget new insights.
9. Economic support
Since the biggest natural disasters often happen in poor countries, rich developed
countries canhelp them with financial support in order to recover from the adverse
consequences.
For example, it will take lots of money to rebuild the destroyed infrastructure.
This can beaccomplished much faster if financial support is supplied by othercountries.

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 HISTORICAL EXAMPLES OF NATURAL DISASTERS
 1992 Hurricane Andrew

Hurricane Andrew was a hurricane of category 5 that hit the Bahamas, Louisiana
and Florida.Although the number of fatalities was relatively low, the economic damage was
one of the largest in history and amounted to 27.3 billion USD.

 2003 Bam earthquake

The Bam earthquake happened in 2003 in Iran and killed around 26,000 people.

 2004 Indian ocean earthquake and tsunami

The epicenter of the Indian ocean earthquake in 2004 was in Sumatra, Indonesia.It also
caused atsunami. The estimated fatalities amount to over 225,000.

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  2005 Hurricane Katrina

The category 5 Hurricane Katrina hit Louisiana and Florida in 2005. Itcaused
over 1000fatalities and the damage amounted to 125 billion USD.

 2005 Kashmir earthquake

The earthquake in Kashmir, Pakistan in 2005 caused between 80,000 and90,000

fatalities.Additionally, millions of people had to be displaced.

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  2008 Sichuan earthquake

The Sichuan earthquake in China in 2008 caused almost 90,000 deaths andcaused
damageamounting to 150 billion USD.

26
  2008 Cyclone Nargis

Cyclone Nargis hit Myanmar in 2008 and is known as the worst natural
disaster in the history ofthe country. It is estimated that this cyclone caused around
140,000 fatalities.

 2010 Earthquake in Haiti

The earthquake in Haiti in 2010 caused massive destruction. The estimates

of fatalities range between 100,000 and over 300,000, depending on the source. The
300,000 estimate is the officialnumber released by the government.

 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

27
 In 2011, the Tōhoku earthquake off the coast of Japan caused around 16,000
deaths.

28
 CONCLUSIONS

In this study we studied various types of damages which were caused due to natural

hazards to structure, its effects, and remedial measures require for damges caused. For better

understanding we have also disscussed various historical example of natural hazards. Its also

include preventive measures, it effect on human activity etc.

Following are the major damage caused by natural hazards -

How Much Damage Do Natural Disasters Cause to Homes?

In 2021, there were 20 weather events that each caused at least a billion dollars

worth of damage to homes in the United States. Every year, the number seems to be going up. Since

1980 there has been around $2.1 trillion in damages from natural disasters. These are the natural

disasters that caused the most damage and how you can prepare your seller for them as an agent.

1. Highly Damaging Tropical Cyclones

Since 1980, tropical cyclones by far have caused the most home damage, coming in

at over $1.1 trillion. Hurricanes bring high winds along with potential flooding that can hit homes at

the same time. These damages occurred primarily across the Southeastern United States including

Florida, Louisana, and Texas. The peak season for hurricanes is from late July into early October.

As an agent, you should know a few things when trying to sell during hurricane

season. Talk to your client about hurricane proofing their home by adding permanent shutters or

impact-resistant glass to minimize potential damage. It even adds value to the home.

2. Severe Storms like Tornadoes

Severe storms came in second in total damages since 1980, with $330 billion in

damages. These storms are most likely to occur in the spring and summer and consist of tornadoes,

hail, and high winds. Tornadoes and the potential 100-300 mph winds they bring can devastate an

29
area. Winds can rip houses from their foundations and any debris can act like a missile, causing

major structural damage.

One way you can help your client make their home more attractive in tornado-prone

areas is to trim any trees that are within falling distance of the home.

3. Drought/Wildfire in the West

Wildfires and droughts have caused $120 billion worth of damage in the last 30

years. The size and amount of fires in the Western United States continue to grow every year as the

droughts that cause them last longer and longer. The states with the largest areas devastated by fires

are California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Montana. If firefighters can't contain these fires,

they can wipe out entire communities within minutes. Not only do fires affect houses, but droughts

can cause foundations to crack, shift, or sink, making for costly repairs.

Be sure the home you are working with meets the latest fire code in states like

California. The current landscaping may need altering to create a defensible space of 100 feet

around the home.

4. Flooding

Flooding caused $164 billion in damages across the country since 1980. While

flooding can happen due to severe storms and hurricanes, the worst times for it occur in the spring

when areas get large amounts of water from snowmelt and rain at the same time. Areas like the

Mississippi and Missouri River basins are the most flood-prone areas in the country.

To prepare a buyer looking at houses in a flood plain, do your research and see if the

potential house is in a high or low flood risk area. Make sure they get flood insurance as well to

protect their investment.

5. Cold Winter Storms

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 While winter storms have caused the least amount of damage since 1980, with $78

billion, the damage is still felt throughout the areas they affect. Typically, heavy snow can cause

damage to gutters or roof collapse in severe cases, while freezing temperatures may cause pipes to

burst. Winter storms cause the most damage when they hit warmer climate areas that aren't

expecting them. These homes weren't built to withstand the stress of the cold and snow, causing

potentially severe damage. Natural disasters like winter storms affect the value of homes across the

country.

There are a few things you can do to make a house more capable of standing up to

cold winter storms. Use spray-in insulation in the attic and walls to help retain heat. You can also

insulate water pipes with pipe wrap to prevent them from freezing. Outside of the house, you can

prune any trees that may potentially fall towards the house during heavy snow or ice storms.

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 REFERENCE

Dr.S.M.Dumne, R.T.Aghao, N.R.Bansode. Maintenance and repair of structures. Techknowledge

publication, December 2019.

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 WEEKLY PROGRESSIVE REPORT

MICRO PROJECT

SR.NO. WEEK ACTIVITY PERFORMED SIGN OF DATE

GUIDE

1 1 st Discussion and finalization of

Topic
2 2nd Preparation and submission of

Abstract
3 3rd Literature Review

4 4th Collection of Data

5 5th Collection of Data

6 6th Discussion and outline of Content

7 7th Formulation of Content

8 8th Editing and proof Reading of

Content
9 9th Compilation of Report And
Presentation
10 10th Seminar

11 11th Viva voce

12 12th Final submission of Micro

Project

Sign of the student Sign of the faculty

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 ANEEXURE II

Evaluation Sheet for the Micro Project

Academic Year: 2022-23 Name of the Faculty: Prof. Arjun Jadhav

Subject Name: MRS Course code: 22602
Semester: VI
Cos addressed by Micro Project:
“Collect information about the latest safety measures adopted at a construction
project”
A: Formulate grammatically correct sentences.
B: Summarize comprehension passages.
C: Use relevant words as per context.
D: Deliver prepared speeches to express ideas, thoughts and emotions.
Major learning outcomes achieved by students by doing the project
(a) Practical outcome:
1) Deliver oral presentations using correct grammar.
(b) Unit outcomes in Cognitive domain:
1) Rewrite sentences using relevant forms of verbs.
(c) Outcomes in Affective domain:
1) Function as team member
2) Follow Ethic
Comments/suggestions about team work /leadership/inter-personal
communication (ifany)
Roll Student Name Marks out of 6 Marks out Total
No for of4for outof 10
performancein performance
group activity in
(D5 Col.8) oral/
presentatio
n
(D5 Col.9)
5 Gaurav Vinayak Hande
7 Sachin Vijay Sah
1 Gopal Nathuni Rai
4 Arya Santosh Gaikwad

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