Professional Documents
Culture Documents
True False
2. A crowd on a street corner watching a man play the tambourine fits the
definition of a group.
True False
True False
True False
5. A formal group is formed by the organization to help accomplish
organizational goals.
True False
True False
True False
True False
True False
True False
11. A social networking site is a web site that provides a virtual community for
people interested in a particular subject or just to "hang out" together.
True False
12. Candor is imperative in any working relationship, but it's especially necessary
when there's a social aspect involved.
True False
True False
True False
15. The last stage in Tuckman's five-stage theory of group development is called
"performing."
True False
16. De-norming, de-storming, and de-forming are all observed stages of group
decay.
True False
True False
True False
19. As the group develops, positive feedback typically decreases and negative
feedback typically increases.
True False
20. The credibility of peer feedback typically increases as the group develops.
True False
21. The content and delivery of interpersonal feedback among work group or
committee members can be used as a gauge of whether the group is
developing properly.
True False
22. When group members accurately perceive important deadlines, the pacing of
work and timing of interdependent tasks tend to be more efficient.
True False
True False
24. Positive and negative peer pressure powerfully influence role performance.
True False
25. Women tend to experience greater work-versus-family role conflict than men
because they typically shoulder more of the household, child care, and elder
care duties.
True False
26. Role ambiguity occurs when others have inconsistent or conflicting
expectations from the focal person.
True False
27. People in collectivist cultures tend to have higher role ambiguity than people
in individualistic cultures.
True False
True False
True False
True False
31. Norms tend to be enforced by group members when they help individuals
avoid embarrassing situations.
True False
32. A group member who says, "The key issue here is performance," is
functioning in a maintenance role.
True False
33. A group member who says, "Let's stop wasting time and get down to
business. How do we solve this problem?" is performing a task role.
True False
34. The initiator, orienter, and energizer are goal-oriented task roles.
True False
True False
36. Tara, who is in charge of handing out pertinent materials and arranging seats
during group meetings, is performing a procedural technician task role.
True False
37. Group goals are more effective if group members clearly understand them
and are both individually and collectively committed to achieving them.
True False
38. The contingency management framework advocates a hard-and-fast rule
about group size.
True False
True False
40. Obscene gestures not directed at target are examples of sexual propositions.
True False
True False
True False
43. Men and women generally agree on what constitutes sexual harassment.
True False
44. The Asch effect refers to the distortion of individual judgment by a unanimous
but incorrect opposition.
True False
45. The difference between the Asch effect and groupthink is that victims of
groupthink are strangers to each other while Asch's subjects are a friendly
and tight-knit group.
True False
46. Inherent morality, a belief that encourages the group to ignore ethical
implications, is one symptom of groupthink.
True False
47. When trying to prevent groupthink, there should only be one group member
assigned the role of critical evaluator.
True False
48. Managers can prevent social loafing by holding group members personally
accountable for identifiable portions of the group's task.
True False
49. Social loafing is an inevitable part of group effort.
True False
50. Fair and just employee computer monitoring can be done to prevent
cyberloafing.
True False
51. Which of the following meets the four sociological criteria of a group?
B. An audience in a theatre
E. A planning committee
52. Which of the following is an example of an organizational function of a formal
group?
A. storming
B. norming
C. adjourning
D. forming
E. performing
55. Peter is part of a newly formed work group. He has been introduced to all the
group members, but he still feels like he cannot trust them. The group has not
yet chosen a leader, and Peter feels unsure about his exact role within the
group. According to Tuckman's five-stage model of group development, which
of the following stages is Peter's group currently in?
A. Norming
B. Forming
C. Storming
D. Performing
E. Adjourning
56. According to Tuckman's five-stage theory of group development, the _____
stage is a time of testing when group members test the leader's policies and
assumptions as they try to determine how they fit into the power structure.
A. storming
B. norming
C. forming
D. adjourning
E. performing
57. As a manager Laurel has established a new work group to tackle a particular
project. She has introduced all the members to each other and the group has
elected a leader. However, lately Laurel has noticed that some group
members are procrastinating on their duties. Two cliques have formed within
the group and they are frequently arguing with and challenging the group
leader's opinions. Which of the following stages of the group development
process is Laurel observing?
A. Forming
B. Storming
C. Performing
D. Norming
E. Adjourning
58. According to Tuckman's five-stage theory of group development, in the _____
stage, questions about authority and power are resolved through
unemotional, matter-of-fact group discussion.
A. forming
B. norming
C. storming
D. performing
E. adjourning
59. Tracy has been part of a work group for some weeks now. She has slowly
become well-acquainted with the other members and even made some new
friends. Although in the beginning there were a few arguments and fights,
they were resolved with time and Tracy feels a definite sense of team spirit
that gets her excited about work. According to Tuckman's five-stage model of
group development, which of the following stages is Tracy's group
experiencing?
A. Norming
B. Storming
C. Performing
D. Adjourning
E. Forming
60. _____, defined as the "we feeling" that binds members of a group together, is
the principal by-product of the "norming" stage of group development.
B. Social loafing
C. Groupthink
D. Social pressure
E. Group cohesiveness
A. adjourning
B. norming
C. storming
D. forming
E. performing
62. According to Tuckman's five-stage theory of group development, _____ (the
last stage of the group development process) occurs when the work is done
and it is time to move on to other things.
A. performing
B. forming
C. norming
D. adjourning
E. storming
A. adjourning
B. de-norming
C. performing
D. de-storming
E. de-forming
65. According to the group decay process, the _____ stage occurs when an
undercurrent of discontent slowly comes to the surface and individual
resistance increases while cohesiveness declines.
A. de-storming
B. norming
C. de-forming
D. de-adjourning
E. de-norming
66. According to the group decay process, during the _____ stage the work group
falls apart as subgroups battle for control.
A. performing
B. de-norming
C. de-forming
D. adjourning
E. de-storming
A. Adjourning
B. De-norming
C. De-forming
D. Declining
E. De-storming
68. According to research, which of the following statements about group
processes is true?
A. overload
B. clash
C. conflict
D. ambiguity
E. avoidance
71. Kelly is a full-time student at the university. To pay her tuition she works as a
waitress at a bar every night after class. Her friends are constantly
complaining that she has no time for them, but Kelly feels that there are
simply not enough hours in the day to do all that is expected of her. Kelly is
experiencing _____.
A. social loafing
B. role overload
C. role ambiguity
D. role conflict
E. role exchange
72. _____ occurs when others have contradictory or inconsistent expectations of
the focal person.
A. Role overload
B. Role clash
C. Role conflict
D. Role ambiguity
E. Social loafing
73. _____ occurs when the focal person doesn't know what's expected of him or
her.
A. Role overload
B. Role clash
C. Role conflict
D. Role ambiguity
E. Social loafing
74. Jill recently started working as a management trainee at the human resources
department of a large government organization. She read the job description
and attended the orientation for new employees, but she's still not really sure
what her job responsibilities are. Jill is experiencing _____.
A. social loafing
B. role overload
C. role ambiguity
D. role conflict
E. role exchange
75. _____ is an attitude, opinion, feeling, or action that is shared by two or more
people and guides their behavior.
A. A role episode
B. Ostracism
C. A role
E. A norm
76. Alyssa is the leader a work team. She creates a new rule that cell phones will
no longer be allowed during team meetings in order to prevent any unwanted
interruptions. This is an example of _____ which contributes to the
development of a norm.
C. primacy
D. a role episode
77. Michelle has recently started a new job as a middle school history teacher.
She is relatively certain of what she can expect from her students since she
was a high school history teacher last year. This situation is an example of
_____ that contributes to the development of a norm.
C. primacy
D. a role episode
E. a carryover behavior
78. At the first group meeting, Brandon, who is the manager and group leader,
severely berates a latecomer. As a result, all the group members perceive
Brandon to be a tough, no-nonsense boss who does not tolerate people
coming late to work. In all the subsequent group meetings, all the members
are always on time. This is an example of _____, and it contributes to the
evolution of group norms.
A. a carryover behavior
B. a role episode
C. primacy
A. "Let's focus on the main goal here. What are we trying to accomplish?"
81. The task role of _____ involves suggesting new goals or ideas.
A. initiator
B. elaborator
C. evaluator
D. recorder
E. energizer
82. As part of a work team in his office, it is Larry's job to make photocopies of
relevant materials and hand them out to the team members during meetings.
Which of the following task roles is Larry performing in his work team?
A. Coordinator
B. Orienter
C. Evaluator
D. Procedural technician
E. Recorder
83. A group member who says _____ is performing a maintenance role.
D. "Last week we decided to table this agenda item. Are we ready to address
it again?"
A. Harmonizer
B. Encourager
C. Compromiser
D. Standard setter
E. Gatekeeper
86. The maintenance role of the _____ involves helping resolve conflict by
meeting others half way.
A. encourager
B. harmonizer
C. compromiser
D. standard setter
E. commentator
87. As part of a work group, Bob main job is to resolve conflicts between other
group members. Whenever there is an argument, he tries to figure out a
solution that benefits both parties, or he quickly defuses the tension with
some jokes. Which of the following roles is Bob performing within his work
group?
A. Coordinator
B. Orienter
C. Evaluator
D. Energizer
E. Harmonizer
A. Men and women experience the same level of sexual harassment in the
workplace.
A. sexual propositions
B. role overload
C. role ambiguity
D. role conflict
E. derogatory attitudes
90. Mark has been harassing Julia for a number of days. Ever since she clearly
indicated that she is not interested in him, he has been making obscene
phone calls to her. Mark's behavior is an example of _____.
A. sexual proposition
D. sexual coercion
B. Role overload
C. Role conflict
D. Groupthink
E. Social loafing
B. Role overload
C. Role conflict
D. Groupthink
E. Social loafing
D. Inherent morality
E. Unhindered self-expression
94. Dave does not agree with the decision that has been made by his group.
However, he does not voice his opinion. This is an example of _____ which is
a symptom of groupthink.
A. invulnerability
B. self-censorship
C. illusion of unanimity
D. inherent morality
E. mindguards
95. Christina is the leader of a highly cohesive group. She and a few other
members of her group propose a plan of action. Even though some group
members do not like the plan, they remain silent. Christina interprets their
silence as consent. This symptom of groupthink is known as _____.
A. invulnerability
B. self-censorship
C. illusion of unanimity
D. peer pressure
E. mindguard
96. Which of the following is true about groupthink?
A. prevent groupthink.
99. The tendency for individual effort to decline as group size increases is
referred to as _____.
B. role overload
C. role conflict
D. groupthink
E. social loafing
101.What are the key issues in each stage of the Tuckman's group development
process?
TRUE
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 10-01 Identify the four sociological criteria of a group; and discuss the impact of social networking on
group dynamics.
Level of Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Groups in the Social Media Age
2. A crowd on a street corner watching a man play the tambourine fits the
(p. 269)
definition of a group.
FALSE
TRUE
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 10-01 Identify the four sociological criteria of a group; and discuss the impact of social networking on
group dynamics.
Level of Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Groups in the Social Media Age
FALSE
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 10-01 Identify the four sociological criteria of a group; and discuss the impact of social networking on
group dynamics.
Level of Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Groups in the Social Media Age
TRUE
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 10-01 Identify the four sociological criteria of a group; and discuss the impact of social networking on
group dynamics.
Level of Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Groups in the Social Media Age
TRUE
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 10-01 Identify the four sociological criteria of a group; and discuss the impact of social networking on
group dynamics.
Level of Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Groups in the Social Media Age
TRUE
Researchers point out that formal groups fulfill two basic functions:
organizational and individual. An organizational function of formal groups is
to coordinate interdepartmental efforts.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 10-01 Identify the four sociological criteria of a group; and discuss the impact of social networking on
group dynamics.
Level of Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Functions of Formal Groups
FALSE
Researchers point out that formal groups fulfill two basic functions:
organizational and individual. Socializing and training newcomers is an
organizational function of formal groups.
Refer: Table 10-2
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 10-01 Identify the four sociological criteria of a group; and discuss the impact of social networking on
group dynamics.
Level of Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Functions of Formal Groups
FALSE
Researchers point out that formal groups fulfill two basic functions:
organizational and individual. An individual function of formal groups is to
develop, enhance, and confirm the individual's self-esteem and sense of
identity.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 10-01 Identify the four sociological criteria of a group; and discuss the impact of social networking on
group dynamics.
Level of Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Functions of Formal Groups
FALSE
Researchers point out that formal groups fulfill two basic functions:
organizational and individual. An individual function of formal groups is to
reduce the individual's anxieties and feelings of insecurity and
powerlessness.
Refer: Table 10-2
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 10-01 Identify the four sociological criteria of a group; and discuss the impact of social networking on
group dynamics.
Level of Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Functions of Formal Groups
11. A social networking site is a web site that provides a virtual community for
(p. 272)
people interested in a particular subject or just to "hang out" together.
TRUE
A social networking site is a web site that provides a virtual community for
people interested in a particular subject or just to "hang out" together.
Members create their own online "profile" with biographical data, pictures,
likes, dislikes and any other information they choose to post.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 10-01 Identify the four sociological criteria of a group; and discuss the impact of social networking on
group dynamics.
Level of Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Functions of Formal Groups
TRUE
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 10-01 Identify the four sociological criteria of a group; and discuss the impact of social networking on
group dynamics.
Level of Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: Functions of Formal Groups
FALSE
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 10-02 Describe the five stages in Tuckman's theory of group development; and discuss the threat of
group decay.
Level of Difficulty: 2 Medium
Topic: The Group Development Process
14. Group cohesiveness is a major by-product of the performing stage of group
(p. 275)
development.
FALSE
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 10-02 Describe the five stages in Tuckman's theory of group development; and discuss the threat of
group decay.
Level of Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: The Group Development Process
FALSE
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 10-02 Describe the five stages in Tuckman's theory of group development; and discuss the threat of
group decay.
Level of Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: The Group Development Process
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Language: Italian
IL
TALLONE DI FERRO
ROMANZO DI PREVISIONE SOCIALE
MODERNISSIMA
MILANO — Via Vivaio, 10
PROPRIETÀ LETTERARIA RISERVATA
Stab. Tipo-Lit. FED. SACCHETTI & C. — Via Zecca
Vecchia, 7 — Milano (7)
INDICE
«E io so che un terzo di tutto il
genere umano sulla terra perirà
nella Grande Guerra, e un terzo
perirà nella Grande Distruzione,
ma l’ultimo terzo vivrà nel Grande
Millennio, che sarà il Regno di Dio
sulla Terra».
Selma Lagerfel
Jack London scrisse il Tallone di ferro nel 1907 [1]. Dopo un attento
esame del disordine economico del secolo XIX e delle condizioni di
lotta tra plutocrazia e proletariato egli, seguendo i maggiori uomini di
scienza e statisti del suo tempo, comprese come un inesorabile
dilemma si dibattesse nella coscienza della Società contemporanea
oppressa dagli armamenti e da una produzione inadeguata,
eccessiva ed artificiosa insieme: la rivoluzione, o la guerra.
Davanti a questo terribile dilemma, la sua grande anima di poeta, di
sognatore e di ribelle previde l’avvenire, e visse, con le creature
immortali della immaginazione, parte del grande dramma che
culminò, sette anni dopo, nella guerra mondiale.
Ma più che la guerra, il London previde la rivoluzione liberatrice, per
successive rivolte di popolo, delle quali egli descrisse una, così
sanguinaria e feroce, che fu accusato, nel 1907, di essere «un
terribile pessimista». In realtà il London anticipò con l’immaginazione
ciò che accadde negli Stati Uniti ed altrove tra gli anni 1912 e 1918;
così che oggi, nel 1925, noi possiamo giudicarlo profeta di sciagure,
se si vuole, ma profeta.
Infatti, nell’autunno del 1907, mentre il mondo s’adagiava nelle più
rosee e svariate ideologie umanitarie, Jack London, osservatore
acuto e chiaroveggente, anticipando e descrivendo gli avvenimenti
che sarebbero accaduti nel 1913, scriveva: «L’oligarchia voleva la
guerra con la Germania, e la voleva per molte ragioni. Nello
scompiglio che tale guerra avrebbe causato, nel rimescolìo delle
carte internazionali e nella conclusione di nuovi trattati e di nuove
alleanze, l’oligarchia aveva molto da guadagnare. Inoltre, la guerra
avrebbe esaurito gran parte dell’eccesso dì produzione nazionale,
ridotto gli eserciti di disoccupati che minacciavano tutti i paesi, e
concesso all’oligarchia spazio e tempo per perfezionare i suoi piani
di lotta sociale.
«Tale guerra avrebbe dato all’Oligarchia (si parla di quella degli Stati
Uniti) il possesso del mercato mondiale. Inoltre, avrebbe creato un
esercito permanente in continua efficienza, e nello stesso tempo
avrebbe sostituito nella mente del popolo l’idea di «America contro
Germania» a quella di «Socialismo contro Oligarchia». In realtà, la
guerra avrebbe fatto tutto questo se non ci fossero stati socialisti.
Un’adunanza segreta dei capi dell’Ovest fu convocata nelle nostre
quattro camerette di Pell Street. In essa fu esaminato prima
l’atteggiamento che il partito doveva assumere. Non era la prima
volta che veniva discussa la possibilità d’un conflitto armato; ma era
la prima volta che ciò si faceva negli Stati Uniti. Dopo la nostra
riunione segreta, ci ponemmo in contatto con l’organizzazione
nazionale, e ben presto furono scambiati marconigrammi attraverso
l’Atlantico, fra noi e l’Ufficio Internazionale del Lavoro. I socialisti
tedeschi erano disposti ad agire con noi... Il 4 dicembre (1913),
l’Ambasciatore americano fu richiamato dalla capitale tedesca. La
stessa notte una flotta da guerra tedesca si lanciava su Honolulu
affondando tre incrociatori e una torpediniera doganale e
bombardando la città. Il giorno dopo, sia la Germania che gli Stati
Uniti dichiararono la guerra, e in un’ora i socialisti dichiararono lo
sciopero generale nei due paesi. Per la prima volta il Dio della
Guerra tedesco si trovò di fronte gli uomini del suo impero, gli uomini
che facevano funzionare il suo impero. La novità della situazione
stava nel fatto che la rivolta era passiva: il popolo non lottava. Il
popolo rimaneva inerte; e rimanendo inerte legava le mani al Dio
della Guerra... Neppure una ruota si muoveva nel suo impero,
nessun treno procedeva, nessun telegramma percorreva i fili, perchè
ferrovieri e telegrafisti avevano cessato di lavorare, come il resto
della popolazione».
La guerra mondiale preconizzata da Jack London pel dicembre del
1913 ebbe inizio, invece, otto mesi dopo, nell’agosto del 1914, ma
l’azione delle organizzazioni operaie per impedire il conflitto, benchè
tentata, non ebbe buon successo per colpa del proletariato
tedesco [2].
Se Jack London avesse potuto prevedere la sconfitta del socialismo
nella guerra, avrebbe certamente mutato corso allo svolgimento del
suo racconto, pur lasciandone immutata la sostanza, ma non è da
pensare — dato il carattere sociale e ideale di tutta la sua opera —
che egli potesse seguire l’illusione di quelli che accettarono la guerra
come una soluzione tragica, ma definitiva della crisi mondiale, o dei
sognatori wilsoniani che credettero di aver combattuto e vinto la
guerra contro la guerra, e di poter ottenere il disarmo mediante la
Società delle Nazioni, o di coloro che vanno ripetendo che la guerra
ha trasformato la società e iniziato un’êra nuova.
Non c’è menzogna maggiore e peggiore di questa, e, a volerle
credere, più fatale ai destini umani.
La guerra non fu la soluzione di una crisi, ma tragico inevitabile
risultato delle condizioni della Società di prima della guerra, per
amoralità, immoralità, egoismo, ignoranza, avidità di ricchezza e di
piacere, squilibrio economico, ingiustizia sociale, e un’infinità di altri
mali nascosti dall’ipocrisia, svalutati dall’ottimismo, giustificati con
sofismi. La crisi perdura tuttora, perchè gli uomini, anzichè
ravvedersi degli errori passati che causarono la guerra, sembrano
quasi compiacersene e gloriarsene, giudicando la grande strage
come un fenomeno meraviglioso, e vanto non vergogna
dell’Umanità.
La spaventosa esperienza collettiva, che dovrebbe essere
considerata come un’esperienza di colpe comuni o, almeno, come
una dura e crudele necessità imposta da colpe altrui, e tale da far
ravvedere e rendere, comunque, pensosi delle cause che recarono
tanti lutti e tante rovine, pare, infatti, che faccia perdere ai più
coscienza del bene e del male, e li imbaldanzisca come se fossero
tutti trionfatori e salvatori della Patria e dell’Umanità. Ed è di oggi il
triste spettacolo dei pusillanimi, degli imboscati e intriganti di ieri,
che, sorretti dagli arricchiti di guerra, dòminano la piazza e tentano di
usurpare la gloria dei pochi veri benemeriti della Nazione, per
creare, a proprio e totale beneficio, l’ingiusto privilegio del governo
del proprio paese e dell’amministrazione della cosa pubblica.
Ma ritorniamo a Jack London, a proposito del quale questa
digressione non può considerarsi oziosa. Vien fatto di pensare,
infatti, che se le condizioni della Società prima del 1914 crearono la
Grande Guerra, il perdurare e l’aggravarsi delle stesse condizioni
non possa che preparare quella catastrofe anche maggiore, a breve
scadenza, e cioè quella Grande Distruzione prevista e
magistralmente descritta dal London. La Grande Distruzione sarà
inevitabile e vicina se gli uomini di buona volontà non agiranno
prontamente, con coraggio, e perseveranza.
Ma come agire, come evitare la nuova sventura?
***
IL TALLONE DI FERRO
(THE IRON HEEL)
CAPITOLO I.
LA MIA AQUILA.