VIJAYALAKSHMIiDINESH

2214101657

MASTERiOFiCOMPUTERiAPPLICATIONi(MCA)

THIRDiSEMESTER

DCA7102

PROGRAMMING IN JAVA

SET1i&iSETi2
 SET-1i&iSETi-2
Q.1iWhatiisibyteicode?iExplainiinibrief.
Answer
Bytecodeiisicomputeriobjecticodeithatianiinterpretericonvertsiintoibinaryimachineicodeisoiit
icanibeireadibyiaicomputer'sihardwareiprocessor.iTheiinterpreteriisitypicallyiimplementedia
siaivirtualimachinei(VM)ithatitranslatesitheibytecodeiforitheitargetiplatform.iTheimachineic
odeiconsistsiofiaisetiofiinstructionsithatitheiprocessoriunderstands.
Manyicomputerilanguages,isuchiasiCiandiC++,irequireiaiseparateicompileriforiaispecificico
mputeriplatform.iThatiis,iaiseparateicompileriisineedediforieachicombinationiofioperatingis
ystemi(OS)iandihardwareiarchitecture.iForiexample,iMicrosoftiWindowsiandiIntel'simicrop
rocessorsirepresentioneiplatform,iandimacOSianditheiAppleiM-
seriesichipsirepresentianother.
Withibytecode,itheisourceicodeimustibeicompiledionlyionce.iTheiplatform-
specificiinterpreteritheniconvertsiititoimachineicodeithaticanibeiexecutedibyitheiOSiandicen
traliprocessingiunit,ioriCPU.
Bytecodeiworkiiniapplicationidelivery
Theicreationiandiexecutioniofibytecodeiisioftenipartiofianiappideliveryiprocess.iThatiproces
sibeginsiwithicreatingiaiprogram'sisourceicodeiusingitheifollowingithreeisteps:
Aideveloperibuildsianiapplicationiiniaihigh-level,ihuman-
readableiprogrammingilanguageisuchiasiJava,iC#ioriPython.iMostidevelopersiuseisomeisort
iofiintegratedidevelopmentienvironmentitoicreateitheiapplicationifilesiandithenicommitithos
eifilesitoiaiversionicontrolisystem.iAihigh-
levelilanguageihelpsitoisimplifyiandioptimizeitheiapplicationidevelopmentiprocess.iHoweve
r,itheilanguageistatementsi--iorisourceicodei--icannotibeireadibyiaicomputeriprocessor.
Aicompilericonvertsitheisourceicodeitoibytecode,ianiintermediaryicodeithatibridgesitheigapi
betweenitheihigh-levelisourceicodeiandilow-
levelimachineicode.iTheicompileriisiaispecialitypeiofiprogramithatitranslatesistatementsiinit
heisourceicodeitoibytecode,imachineicodeiorianotheriprogrammingilanguage.iAicompilerius
uallyiperformsiailexicalianalysis,isyntaxianalysisiandisemanticianalysis.iItithenigeneratesiint
ermediateirepresentationi(IR)icode.iThatiIRicodeigenerationiisiuseditoicreateitheifinalioutpu
ticode.
AispecialitypeiofiVMiinstalledionieachisystemiwhereitheiapplicationiwilliruniservesiasianii
nterpreteriforiconvertingitheibytecodeitoimachineicodeithatitargetsiaispecificiplatform.iMac
hineicodeiisimadeiupientirelyiofibinaryibitsi--i1'siandi0'si--
iiniaiformatithatiaicomputer'siprocessorsicanireadiandiexecute.iForiexample,itheiVM-
basediinterpreterionianiAppleiMacicomputeriwouldigenerateimachineicodeithatiisispecificit
oitheimacOSianditheicomputer'siprocessoriarchitecture,iwhetheriIntelioriAppleiM1.
Advantageiofibytecode
Bytecodeieliminatesitheineeditoirecompileisourceicodeiforieachitargetiplatform.iAlthoug
hitheiinterpretersidifferibetweeniplatforms,itheiapplication'sibytecodeidoesinot.

Thisiapproachiletsieachisystemiinterpretitheisameibytecodeifiles.iTheibytecodeiitselfiisiin
iaibinaryiformatithaticonsistsioficonstants,ireferencesiandinumericicodes.
Aniexampleiofibytecode
OneiofitheimosticommoniexamplesiofibytecodeiiniactioniisitheiJavaiprogrammingilangua
ge.iWhenianiapplicationiisiwritteniiniJava,itheiJavaicompilericonvertsitheisourceicodeitoi
bytecode,ioutputtingitheibytecodeitoiaiCLASSifile.

TheiCLASSifileiisithenireadiandiprocessedibyiaiJavaivirtualimachinei(JVM)irunningioni
aitargetisystem.iTheiJVM,iwhichiisipartiofitheiJavaiRuntimeiEnvironment,iinterpretsithei
bytecodeiandiconvertsiititoimachineilanguageispecificitoitheiintendediplatform.

TheiJVMiinterpreteriusuallyiprocessesitheibytecodeiinstructionsioneiinstructioniatiaitime,
ibutiaiJVMicanialsoisupportiaijust-in-
timeicompiler.iTheseicompilersicaniprocessitheibytecodeimoreiefficiently,iwhichihelpsii
mproveiapplicationiperformance.
 Programmingilanguagesithatiuseibytecode
TheiLispiprogrammingilanguage,ionceicommonlyiusediforiartificialiintelligenceiapplicati
ons,iisianiearlierilanguageithatiusesibytecodeiasianiintermediaryistep.iOtherilanguagesith
atiuseibytecodeioriaisimilariapproachiincludeitheifollowing:

HypertextiPreprocessorioriPHP
Prolog
Raku
Scala
Unicon

Q2.iWhatiDoiyouimeanibyitheistatement:iSystem.out.println(“i“);
Answer
JavaiSystem.out.println()iisiuseditoiprintianiargumentithatiisipasseditoiit.iThisigivcenistate
mentiwilliprintiaiblankiline.Theistatementicanibeibrokeniintoi3ipartsiwhichicanibeiundersto
odiseparatelyias:
System:iItiisiaifinaliclassidefinediinitheijava.langipackage.
out:iThisiisianiinstanceiofiPrintStreamitype,iwhichiisiaipubliciandistaticimemberifieldiofith
eiSystemiclass.
println(): As all instances of PrintStream class have a public method println(), hence we can
invoke the same on out as well. This is an upgraded version of print(). It prints any argument
passed to it and adds a new line to the output. We can assume that System.out represents the
Standard Output Stream..
System.out.print():iThisimethodiprintsitheitextionitheiconsoleianditheicursoriremainsiatithei
endiofitheitextiatitheiconsole.iTheinextiprintingitakesiplaceifromijustihere.iThisimethodimu
stitakeiatleastioneiparameterielseiitiwillithrowianierror.

System.out.println():iThisimethodiprintsitheitextionitheiconsoleianditheicursoriremainsiatith
eistartiofitheinextilineiatitheiconsole.iTheinextiprintingitakesiplaceifromitheinextiline.iThisi
methodimayiorimayinotitakeianyiparameter.
PerformanceiAnalysisiofiSystem.out.println()
println()iisiaimethodithatihelpsidisplayioutputioniaiconsole.iThisimightibeidependentionivar
iousifactorsithatidrivesitheiperformanceiofithisimethod.iTheimessageipassediusingiprintln()i
isipasseditoitheiserver’siconsoleiwhereikernelitimeiisirequireditoiexecuteitheitask.iKerneliti
meirefersitoitheiCPUitime.iSinceiprintln()iisiaisynchronizedimethod,isoiwhenimultipleithrea
dsiareipassedicouldileaditoitheilow-
performanceiissue.iSystem.out.println()iisiaislowioperationiasiitiincursiheavyioverheadionit
heimachineicompareditoimostiIOioperations.
ThereiisianialternativeiwayiofiperformingioutputioperationsibyiinvokingiPrintWriteriorithei
BufferedWritericlass.
Theyiareifastiasicompareditoitheiprintln()iofitheiPrintStreamiclass.
Q3.WhatiareitheidifferentitypesiofioperatoriusediiniJava?
Answer
DifferentitypesiofioperatoriusediiniJava
Operatorsiareisymbolsithatiperformioperationsionivariablesiandivalues.iForiexample,i+iisia
nioperatoriusediforiaddition,iwhilei*iisialsoianioperatoriusediforimultiplication.
OperatorsiiniJavaicanibeiclassifiediintoi5itypes:
 ArithmeticiOperators
 AssignmentiOperators
 RelationaliOperators
 LogicaliOperators
 UnaryiOperators
 BitwiseiOperators
1.iJavaiArithmeticiOperators
Arithmeticioperatorsiareiuseditoiperformiarithmeticioperationsionivariablesiandidata.iForiex
ample,
ia+b;
Operator Operation
+ iiiiiiiiiiiiii Addition
- iii iiiiiiiiiiSubtraction
* iiiiiiiiiiMultiplication
/ Division
% ModuloiOperationi(Remainderiafteridivision
2.iJavaiAssignmentiOperators
AssignmentioperatorsiareiusediiniJavaitoiassignivaluesitoivariables.iForiexample,
iintiage;
age=5;
Here,i=iisitheiassignmentioperator.iItiassignsitheivalueioniitsirightitoitheivariableioniitsileft.
iThatiis,i5iisiassigneditoitheivariableiage.
Let'siseeisomeimoreiassignmentioperatorsiavailableiiniJava.
Operator Example Equivalentito
= ai=ib; iiiiiiiiiiiai=ib;
+= ai+=ib; ai=iai+ib;
-= ai-=ib; ai=iai-ib;
*= ai*=ib; ai=iai*ib;
/= ai/=ib; iiiiiiiiiiiiai=iai/ib;
%= ai%=ib; ai=iai%ib;
3.iJavaiRelationaliOperators
Relationalioperatorsiareiuseditoicheckitheirelationshipibetweenitwoioperands.iForiexample,
iiia<b;
Here,i<ioperatoriisitheirelationalioperator.iItichecksiifiaiisilessithanibiorinot.
Itireturnsieitheritrueiorifalse
Operator Description Example
== IsiEqualiTo 3i==i5ireturnsifalse
!= NotiEqualiTo 3i!=i5ireturnsitrue
> GreateriThan 3i>i5ireturnsifalse
< LessiThan 3i<i5ireturnsitrue
>= GreateriThanioriEqualiTo 3i>=i5ireturnsifalse
<= LessiThanioriEqualito iiiiiiiiiii3i<=i5ireturnsitrue
4.iJavaiLogicaliOperators
Logicalioperatorsiareiuseditoicheckiwhetherianiexpressioniisitrueiorifalse.iTheyiareiusediini
decisionimaking.
Operator iiExample iiiiMeaning
&&i(LogicaliAND) expression1i&&iexpression2
iitrueionlyiifibothiexpression1iandi
iiiexpression2iareitrue
||i(LogicaliOR) expression1i||iexpression2
itrueiifieitheriexpression1ioriexpression2iisitrue
!i(LogicaliNOT) i!expression trueiifiexpressioniisifalseiandivicei
Versa
WorkingiofiProgram
(5i>i3)i&&i(8i>i5)ireturnsitrueibecauseibothi(5i>i3)iandi(8i>i5)iareitrue.
(5i>i3)i&&i(8i<i5)ireturnsifalseibecauseitheiexpressioni(8i<i5)iisifalse.
(5i<i3)i||i(8i>i5)ireturnsitrueibecauseitheiexpressioni(8i>i5)iisitrue.
(5i>i3)i||i(8i<i5)ireturnsitrueibecauseitheiexpressioni(5i>i3)iisitrue.
(5i<i3)i||i(8i<i5)ireturnsifalseibecauseibothi(5i<i3)iandi(8i<i5)iareifalse.
!(5i==i3)ireturnsitrueibecausei5i==i3iisifalse.
!(5i>i3)ireturnsifalseibecausei5i>i3iisitrue.
5.iJavaiUnaryiOperators
Unaryioperatorsiareiusediwithionlyioneioperand.iForiexample,i++iisiaiunaryioperatorithatii
ncreasesitheivalueiofiaivariableibyi1.iThatiis,i++5iwillireturni6.
Differentitypesiofiunaryioperatorsiare:
Operator Meaning
+ iiiUnaryiplus:inotinecessaryitoiuseisinceinumbersiareipositiveiwithoutiusingiit
- iiUnaryiminus:iinvertsitheisigniofianiexpression
++ iiIncrementioperator:iincrementsivalueibyi1
-- iiDecrementioperator:idecrementsivalueibyi1
! iiiLogicalicomplementioperator:iinvertsitheivalueiofiaiboolean
IncrementiandiDecrementiOperators
Javaialsoiprovidesiincrementiandidecrementioperators:i++iandi--
irespectively.i++iincreasesitheivalueiofitheioperandibyi1,iwhilei--
idecreaseiitibyi1.iForiexample,
iIntinum=5;i
//increaseinumibyi1
++num;
Here,itheivalueiofinumigetsiincreaseditoi6ifromiitsiinitialivalueiofi5.
weicaniuseithei++iandi--ioperatoriasiprefixesi(++a,i--
b).iWeicanialsoiuseitheseioperatorsiasipostfixi(a++,ib++).
Thereiisiaislightidifferenceiwhenitheseioperatorsiareiusediasiprefixiversusiwhenitheyiareius
ediasiaipostfix
6.iJavaiBitwiseiOperators
BitwiseioperatorsiiniJavaiareiuseditoiperformioperationsioniindividualibits.iForiexample,
BitwiseicomplementiOperationiofi35
35i=i00100011i(IniBinary)
~i00100011i
ii_______
iii11011100ii=i220i(Inidecimal)
Here,i~iisiaibitwiseioperator.iItiinvertsitheivalueiofieachibiti(0itoi1iandi1itoi0).
TheivariousibitwiseioperatorsipresentiiniJavaiare:
Operator Description
~ BitwiseiComplement
<< LeftiShift
>> RightiShift
>>> UnsignediRightiShift
& BitwiseiAND
^ BitwiseiexclusiveiOR
Q4.iWhyiviewsiareidangerous?iExplainiwithivalidiexample
Answer
iiiiiViewiiniJavaiCollectionsiFrameworkiisiailightweightiobjectiwhichiimplementsiCollectio
nioriMapiinterfaceibutiisinotiairealicollectioniiniaitraditionalisense.iInifact,iviewidoesistorei
objectsiinsideibutireferencesianothericollection,iarrayioriaisingleiobjectiandiusesiititoiprovid
eitheidataitoiaiuser.
Emptyiview
Toistartiwithiviewsilet’sitakeiailookiatitheisimplestionesiwhichirepresentiemptyicollections.
iIniCollectionsiclassiyouicanifindiemptyList(),iemptySet()iandiemptyMap()imethodsiwhichi
createiemptyiinstanceiofiList,iSetioriMapirespectively:

List<String>iclearListi=iCollections.emptyList();
Set<String>iclearSeti=iCollections.emptySet();
Map<String,iInteger>iclearMapi=iCollections.emptyMap();
Theireturnediinstanceiisiactuallyiimmutableisoitryingitoiaddianielementiintoiitiwilliresultiini
aniexception.iHowever,ithisikindiofiemptyicollectioniisiveryiconvenientiifisomeiAPIirequir
esiaicollectionibutiforisomeireasoniweidon’tiwantitoipassianyiobjectsithere.
Viewiofiaisingleiobject
Veryiofteniweineediaicollectioniwithionlyioneielement.iAchievingithisiwithiviewsiisiveryie
asy.iWeicanicreateisuchilist,isetiorimapibyicallingisingletonList(),isingleton()iorisingletonM
ap()imethodsirespectively:

List<String>ioneListi=iCollections.singletonList("elem");
Set<String>ioneSeti=iCollections.singleton("elem");
Map<String,iInteger>ioneMapi=iCollections.singletonMap("one",i1);
Itiisialsoipossibleitoicreateiailistiwhichicontainsispecifiedielementigiveninumberiofitimes:
List<String>inTimesListi=iCollections.nCopies(9,i"elem");
Theicreatedicollectionsiareiimmutableisimilarlyitoiemptyiviews.iAdditionally,itheiviewsido
esinotihaveitheioverheadiofiaitypicalicollectioniandiareieasieritoicreate.
Viewiofianiarray
Ifiyouieverineededitoirepackielementsifromianiarrayiintoiailistijustitoicalliaisingleimethod,i
youimayiappreciateiasList()imethodifromiArraysiclassiwhichicreatesiailistiviewibackedibyia
niarray:
String[]imonthArrayi=inewiString[12];
List<String>imonthListi=iArrays.asList(monthArray);
Foriobviousireasonsitheireturnedicollectioniisiimmutableiwhichimeansiitiisiimpossibleitoiad
dioriremoveielementsifromiit.iButiitiisistillipossibleitoimodifyitheielementsiinsideitheiviewi
usingiget()ioriset()imethods.
SinceiJavai5iitiisialsoipossibleitoiuseivarargsiiniasList()imethod:
List<String>imonthsi=iArrays.asList("July",i"August");
Viewiofiaiportioniofiaicollection
Weicanialsoicreateiaiviewiofiaiportioniofiailist:
List<String>inextFivei=ilist.subList(5,i10);
Theireturnediviewicontainsi5ielementsiofitheioriginalilistibetweeniindexi5,iinclusive,iandi1
0,iexclusive.iTheiviewiisialsoimutableisoianyimodificationionitheiviewi(e.g.iaddingioriremo
vingielements),iwillialsoiaffectitheioriginalilist.
TheisimilarifunctionalityiisialsoipossibleioniSortedSetiusingimethods:
SortedSet<E>iiheadSet(EitoElement);
SortedSet<E>iisubSet(EifromElement,iEitoElement);
SortedSet<E>iitailSet(EifromElement);
andioniSortedMap:

SortedMap<K,V>iiiiheadMap(KitoKey);
SortedMap<K,V>iiiisubMap(KifromKey,iKitoKey);
SortedMap<K,V>iiiitailMap(KifromKey);
ThereiareievenimoreisuchimethodsiiniNavigableSetiandiNavigableMapiinterfaces.
Viewsiofikeys,ivaluesiandientries
YouishouldibeiprobablyiawareiofikeySet(),ientrySet()iandivalues()imethodsiofiMapiinterfac
e.iTheyialsoireturniviewsiinsteadiofirealicollectionsiwhichimakeithemiveryiefficient.
Unmodifiableiviews
ClassiCollectioniprovidesimethodsiwhichicreateiimmutableiviewiforimanyicollectionsitypes
List<T>iiiiiiiiiunmodifiableList(List<?iextendsiT>ilist);
Map<K,V>iiiiiiiiunmodifiableMap(Map<?iextendsiK,?iextendsiV>im);
Set<T>iiiiiiiiiiunmodifiableSet(Set<?iextendsiT>is);
SortedMap<K,V>iiunmodifiableSortedMap(SortedMap<K,?iextendsiV>im);
SortedSet<T>iiiiunmodifiableSortedSet(SortedSet<T>is);
Ifisomebodyitriesitoiaddioriremoveielementsifromitheiview,iitiwillithrowianiexception.iTh
isikindiofibehaviouriisiveryiusefuliifiweiwantitoiensureithatigivenimethodiwillinotimodify
itheicollection.iHowever,iitiisistillipossibleitoimodifyitheielementsiinsideitheicollection.

Q5.iWhatiisitheidifferenceibetweenimanualiandiautomateditesting?
Answer
ManualiTesting
1.iManualitestingiisiaiprocessiwhichiisicon
ductedimanuallyiwithoutitakingitheihelpiof
ianyiautomationitool.
2.Allitheiphasesiofisoftwareitestingilifeicyc
lei(STLC)isuchiasitestiplanning,itestideplo
yment,iresultianalysis,itestiexecution,ibugsi
tracking,iandireportingitoolsicomeiunderith
eicategoryiofimanualitestingiandiisiconduc
tedialliphasesisuccessfullyibyihumanieffort
s
3.iWithoutistartingimanualitesting,iweican
notistartiautomationitesting.
4.iManualitestingiisinotiaccurateiallitheitim
eidueitoihumanigeneratedierrors.iTherefore
,iitiisilessireliable
5.iManualitestingiisislowianditime-
consuming.iItitakesilotsiofitime.
AutomationiTesting
1.iAutomationitestingiisiaiprocessiwhichiisicon
ductediwithitheihelpiofiautomationitools.
2.iIniautomationitesting,ialliphasesiofiSTLCiare
iconductedibyitheivariousiopen-
sourceiandipurchaseditoolsisuchiasiselenium,iQ
TP,iJimeter,iLoadiRunner,iWiniRunner,ietc.
3.iAutomationitestingiisiaicontinuousiprocessio
fimanualitesting.
4.iSinceiAutomationitestingiisiperformedibyito
olsioriscripts.iSoiitiisimoreireliable.
5.iSinceiautomateditestingiisiperformedibyisoft
wareitools.iSo,iitiisifasterithanianyimanualiappr
oachianditakesilessitime.
6.iInimanualitesting,iinvestmentiisirequired 6.iInvestmentiisirequirediforitestingitoolsiinithe
iforihumaniresources. icaseiofiautomationitesting.
7.iInimanualitesting,itestersicanidoiRando 7.iTesterialwaysitestsithroughirunningitestiscrip
miTestingitoifindibugs. tiinicaseiofiautomationitesting.
8.iWeicanifindimoreibugsiinimanualitestin 8.iIniautomationitesting,iweicannotifindimoreib
gibyierroriguessingithaniautomationitesting ugsibyierroriguessing.
.
9.iManualitestingiisinotiusefuliinicaseiofilo 9.iAutomateditestingicanibeiconsistentiandifreei
ng- fromihuman-generatedierrorsiinisuchicases.
runningiandirepetitiveitesting.iTheiresultsi
mightibeiinconsistentiandierror-prone.
10.iInimanualitesting,iRegressionitestingip 10.iIniautomationitesting,iRegressionitestingipr
rocessiisidifficultitoiperform. ocessiisieasyitoiperformibyitools.
11.iItiisinoticostly 11.iInitialicostiofiautomationitestingiisimorei
thanimanualitestingibutiusefulialways.
12.iToiexecuteitheitesticasesimanually,imo 12.iAfterimakingitheiAutomationitestisuites,I
reitestersiareirequired. feweritestersiareirequireditoiexecuteitheitesticas
es.
13.iThisitestingiisiconsiderediasilowiqualit 13.iThisitestingiisiconsiderediasihighiquality.
y.
14.iBatchitestingicannotibeiperformediinim 14.iMultipleitypesiofibatchitestingicanibeiperfo
anualitesting. rmediiniautomationitesting.
15.iThereiisinoineediofiprogrammingilang 15.iNeediforiprogrammingiknowledgeimustibei
uageiinimanualitesting. iniautomationitesting.

Q6.iExplainitheivariousiclassesiavailableiinijava.netipackage
Answer
Java.netiisiaipackageithatiprovidesiaisetioficlassesiasiwelliasiinterfacesiforinetworkingiiniJa
va.iSomeiofitheiclassesiareiURLiclass,iURLConnectioniclass,iSocketiclass,iServerSocketicl
ass,iiDatagramSocket,iMulticastSocketietc.iInitheibelowisections,itheidifferenticlassesiofith
eijava.netipackageiwillibeidiscussed.
Theijava.netipackageiisihelpfuliiniJavainetworking.iItisupportsitwoiprotocolsisuchias:
TCP(TransmissioniControliProtocol):iPermitsireliableicommunicationibetweeni2iapplicat
ions.iItiisidenotediasiTCP/IP.
UDP(UseriDatagramiProtocol):iItiisiaiconnection-lessiprotocol.
Permitsidataipacketsitoitransferibetweeniapplications.iIniorderitoiperformiseveralioperations
ionitheseiprotocols,iclassesiofijava.netipackagesiareiused
VariousiClassesiofijava.netiPackage
Theifollowingiareitheiclassesiofitheijavs.netipackage:
Authenticator
Itiisiveryiessentialitoigetiorifetchitheiconnectioniauthenticationiforinetworkingiapplicationsi
iniainetwork.iiAuthenticatoriclassiobjectsihelpiinigettingithisiauthentication.
ClassiDeclaration:ipubliciclassiAuthenticatoriextendsiObject
CacheRequest
Itiisiknownitoiusithaticacheimemoryiisiaimemoryithatiusediforifastiinformationiretrieval.iiC
acheRequesticlassihelpsiinistoringitheiResponseCacheiresources.
ClassiDeclaration:ipubliciabstracticlassiCacheRequestiextendsiObject.
ContentHandler
Normally,iainetworkiconnectioniisiestablishedibyiusingiURLs.iContentHandlericlassiisithei
superclassiofitheiparticulariclassesiwhichiareichoseniforireadingitheiURLiconnectioniobject
s.
ClassiDeclaration:ipubliciabstracticlassiContentHandleriextendsiObject
CookieHandler
CookieHandlericlassiobjectioffersiaicallbackimechanismitoiHTTPiprotocolihandleriwithithe
iHTTPistateimanagementipolicyiimplementation.
ClassiDeclaration:ipubliciabstracticlassiCookieHandleriextendsiObject.
CookieManager
CookieManager class extends or implements the CookieHandler class i.e.
Class Declaration: public abstract class CookieManager extends CookieHandler
DatagramPacket
DatagramPacket class renders the datagram packet.
Class Declaration: public final class Datagram Packet extends Object
DatagramSocket
Iniainetwork,iiniorderitoitransferidatagramipackets,ianientityisocketiisiessential.
ClassiDeclaration:ipublicifinaliclassiDatagramSocketiextendsiObjectiimplementsiCloseable.
DatagramSocketImpl
Parenticlassiwhichihelpsiinitheiimplementationiofisocketsiasiwelliasiaidatagram.
ClassiDeclaration:ipublicifinaliclassiDatagramSocketImpiextendsiObjectiimplementsiSocket
iOptions
InterfaceAddress
Aiclassithatirepresentsitheinetworkiinterfaceiaddress.
ClassiDeclaration:ipubliciclassiInterfaceiAddressiextendsiObject
JarURLConnection
ThisiclassidoesiURLiconnectioniestablishmentitoitheiJARifiles.
ClassiDeclaration:ipubliciabstracticlassiJarURLConnectioniextendsiURLConnection
MulticastSocket
MulticastiIPipacketsitransferiisidoneiwithitheihelpiofithisiclass.
ClassiDeclaration:ipubliciabstracticlassiMulticastSocketiextendsiDatagramSocket.
InetSocketAddress
IPiaddress-
portinumbericombinationiisiknowniasiIPiSocketiAddress.iInetSocketAddressiclassioffersiai
similariimplementation.iItiisideclarediasifollows:
ClassiDeclaration:ipubliciclassiInetSocketAddressiextendsiObjectiimplementsiSocketAdress
InetAddress
ThisiclassirepresentsitheiIPiAddress.
ClassiDeclaration:ipublicifinaliclassiInetAddressiextendsiObjectiimplementsiSerializable
Inet4Address
ThisiclassirepresentsitheiIPiversioni4iAddress.
ClassiDeclaration:ipublicifinaliclassiInet6AddressiextendsiInetAddress
Inet6Address
ThisiclassirepresentsitheiIPiversioni6iAddress.
ClassiDeclaration:ipublicifinaliclassiInet4AddressiextendsiInetAddress
IDN
ConversioniofiIDNibetweenitheiASCIIiCEiandinormaliUnicodeirepresentation.
ClassiDeclaration:ipublicifinaliclassiIDNiextendsiObject
HttpURLConnection
ThisiclassihelpsiinigettingiURLiconnectionsithatihaveiHTTPifeatures.
ClassiDeclaration:ipublicifinaliclassiHttpURLConnectioniextendsiURLConnection
HttpCookie
ThisiclassihelpsiinirepresentingiHTTPicookiesiwhichicarriesistateiinformationibetweeniclie
nt-server.iTheiclassiisideclaredias:
ClassiDeclaration:ipublicifinaliclassiHttpCookieiextendsiObjectiimplementsiCloneable
NetPermission
Thisiclassioffersiseveralinetwork-relatedipermissions.
ClassiDeclaration:ipublicifinaliclassiNetPermissioniextendsiBasePermission
Proxy
Thisiclassihelpsiiniproxyirelatedisettings.
ClassiDeclaration:ipublicifinaliclassiProxyiextendsiObject
ProxySelector
Thisiclassihelpsiiniproxyiserveriselection.
ClassiDeclaration:ipublicifinaliclassiProxySelectoriextendsiObject
ServerSocket
Thisiclassihelpsiiniserverisocketiimplementation.
ClassiDeclaration:publiciabstracticlassiServerSocketiextendsiObjectiimplementsiCloaseable.