SCIENCE 8

QUARTER 2
Week 5-6
You’ll know I’m coming up to a week before I arrive
I have many names, but you’ve probably never met me
Eventually I will slow down and disappear
I can destroy most things
I’m a killer; I can crush you, drown you, and make you sick
I can be hundreds of miles across
I can be more powerful than a nuclear bomb
I’m powered by the Sun
I only have one eye, WHAT AM I?
ANS: TROPICAL STORM/ CYCLONE/ 2

TYPHOON/ HURRICANE
 Tropical Storm
Massive storms that form
over areas of ocean water
that are warm and tropical.
3
Hurricanes, cyclones and
typhoons are all types of tropical
storms. But what's the difference
between them?
Well, they are all basically the same thing, but
are given different names depending on
where they appear. 4
 Hurricane
The NORTH Atlantic Ocean and
in the NORTHEAST parts of the
Pacific
5
 Cyclone
formed over the areas in South
Pacific and South Indian
Ocean.
6
 Typhoons
Areas bordering the
NORTHWEST pacific ocean

7
 Typhoons
Tropical Cyclones that develops in the north-
western part of the Pacific Ocean between 180° and
100°E.
• In the Philippines, tropical cyclones (typhoons) are
called “bagyo”. The term “bagyo”, a Filipino word
meaning typhoon arose after a 1911 storm in the
city of Baguio had a record rainfall of 46 inches
within a 24-hour period.
8
Used in the Philippines

9
Used in the Philippines

Average wind speed in km/h

Classification

10
Why do storms have names?
• They do it to make people more aware when severe weather
is on the way.
• Until the early 1950s, tropical storms and hurricanes were
tracked by year and the order in which they occurred during
that year. Over time, it was learned that the use of short,
easily remembered names in written as well as spoken
communications is quicker and reduces confusion when two
or more tropical storms occur at the same time. In the past,
confusion and false rumors resulted when storm advisories
broadcast from radio stations were mistaken for warnings
concerning an entirely different storm located hundreds of11

miles away.
Why do storms have names?
• In 1953, the United States began using female names for
storms and, by 1978, both male and female names were
used to identify Northern Pacific storms. This was then
adopted in 1979 for storms in the Atlantic basin.

• Tropical storms last a long time and are given names so they
can be identified quickly.

• In most places, the first storm of a year will have a name

beginning with A, such as Hurricane Alice, and the next one
gets a name beginning with B. 12
Why do storms have names?

• Weather scientists hold meetings to decide on new

names for the next year.

• The only time that there is a change is if a storm is so

deadly or costly that the future use of its name on a
different storm would be inappropriate. Names of storms
which cause a lot of damage are never used again.

13
15
Performance Task 2
Group Activity

Think out of the box

After every presentation each group

will prepare a 10 questions for
evaluation that will be answered by 16

the rest of the class.

17
Tropical Storm
The region
between each
tropic and the
equator is
considered
tropical.
18
TROPICAL CYCLONE
Tropical
- is a rapidStorm
rotating storm originating
over tropical oceans from where it
draws the energy to develop, with
organized deep convection and a
closed surface wind circulation about
a well-defined center. Once formed,
a tropical cyclone is maintained by
the extraction of heat energy from
the ocean at high temperature and
heat export at the low
temperatures of the upper 19

troposphere.
 The Philippines lies
along the
Northwestern Pacific
Ocean Basin, the
most active Tropical
Cyclone (TC) basin in
the world.
Because of this, the Philippines is at risk for
TC-related hazards such as flooding,
landslides, and storm surges.
22
Why won’t tropical cyclones happen here?
What about here?
How about here?
How are Typhoons form?
A typhoon forms
when winds blow
into areas of the
ocean where the
water is warm.
They always form
over oceans
where sea
surface
temperature, also
air temperatures
are greater than
26°C.
How are Typhoons form? They develop at
latitudes usually
greater than 5°
from the equator.
They reach their
greatest intensity
while located
over warm
tropical water. As
soon as they
move inland, they
begin to weaken,
but often not
before they have
caused great
destruction.
 KEY
Map of major Tropical temperatures go above 26°C 9 Average number of
cyclones a year
Cyclones Direction of cyclone movement HURRICANES Local basin name for
tropical cyclones

NORTH EUROPE Typhoon

AMERICA Haiyan
TROPIC OF CANCER
(23.5°N)
TYPHOONS

13 9 AFRICA 26
2
HURRICANES
9
EQUATOR
9 CYCLONES 7 9

TROPIC OF
CAPRICORN
(23.5°S)
How are Typhoons
form?

Warm water evaporates,

rising to the atmosphere,
forming clouds. When
enough heavy clouds
form, it falls back to the
surface as rain.
How are Typhoons
form?

If the process continues,

energy and precipitation
accumulate further, and
the winds speed up.

Once the winds reach a

certain speed, it then
becomes a tropical
cyclone.
Lets make a tropical cyclone
What we need:
• 1 large area of thunderstorms

• 1 large area of warm ocean (26oC or hotter) (a few thousand

square kilometres will do)

• Winds blowing in the same direction up to 10km height

• At least 300km (186 miles) from the equator (otherwise your

storm won’t spin)
Lets make a tropical cyclone
Step one - A lot of hot air
(one large area of thunderstorms)
▪We need a few thunderstorms
– a ‘tropical disturbance’ – that
has formed near the equator
▪Thunderstorms are
unorganized storms – they
don’t have a specific shape or
size.
Lets make a tropical cyclone
o
Step two - 1 large area of warm ocean at 26 C or
hotter (a few thousand square kilometres will do)

The Earth’s surface is heated by energy received from

the Sun.

The energy from the Sun that hits the Earth is

strongest above the equator (where the Sun is
overhead), and weakest near the poles (when the Sun
is very low in the sky).
Lets make a tropical cyclone
Step three - Winds blowing in the same direction up
to 10km height
▪Although air doesn’t weigh much – it’s 1000x lighter than
water, for instance - it does weigh something.
▪At sea level, air pressure – the weight of air above you – is
about 100,000 kg over every square meter of the Earth’s
surface!
▪When warm air rises you end up with less air above you
and the pressure drops, creating low pressure.
▪When cold air sinks, you end up with more air above you
and the pressure rises, creating high pressure.
Making Wind

▪ If you have two tubs, one with more water and one with less, and take the
barrier between them away, you know from experience that water will flow
from where there is more to where there is less.
▪ It’s exactly the same with air.
▪ Air tries to get from where there is more (high pressure) to where there is
less (low pressure). It’s the same reason a balloon flies around the room if
you let it go (high pressure in the balloon, low pressure in the room). This
is wind.
 Lets make a tropical cyclone
Step four - At least 300km (186 miles) from the
equator (otherwise your storm won’t spin)
▪ The spin of the Earth causes something called the Coriolis
effect.
▪ This makes winds turn right in the Northern hemisphere, and left
in the southern hemisphere. Within about 300km from the
equator there isn’t enough spin to make the air rotate.
▪ Together, hot air rising, winds and the Coriolis effect explain why
cyclones spin.
Why do storms spin?
Coriolis Effect

• A phenomenon that
causes fluids, like
water and air, to
curve ass they travel
across or above
Earth’s surface.
38
39
Coriolis step-by-step
The Coriolis effect
▪ Step 1 – The Coriolis effect is caused by the
rotation of the earth.
▪ Step 2 – North of the equator, it turns winds to the right
(counter-clockwise) and South of the equator it turns them to
the left (clockwise).
▪ Step 3 – Where there is a tropical cyclone there is low
pressure. So air is pulled towards the cyclone, and being
turned by the Coriolis effect.
Coriolis step-by-step
The Coriolis effect turns As air moves from all directions,
Air moves from high it creates a rotation around the low pressure.
the air to the right
to low pressure
(north of equator)

Low pressure Low pressure

Low

High pressure High pressure

Why won’t tropical cyclones happen here?
Water isn’t warm enough. Cooler water in
the North is further from the equator as it’s
the end of summer; South of the equator it
is only the start of Spring.
Tropical cyclones form over oceans of the
World except in the South Atlantic
ocean and in the South eastern Pacific.
During the Southern Hemisphere Summer,
the intertropical front in these areas moves
only a degree or so south of the equator
which is not far enough for the coriolis
force to become effective.
What about here?

These areas are too close to the equator –

there is no Coriolis force to make the
tropical cyclones spin.
How about here?

These locations all meet the criteria –

temperature is 26.5°C or higher, and they
are all far enough away from the equator
to spin. Tropical cyclones develop at
latitudes usually greater than 5° from the
equator.
Structure of Typhoon
Rain bands spiral out from eye.
Contain showers and thunderstorms that
spiral inward toward the storm's center.

Central eye is clear of cloud, where

the storm's lowest pressure readings
are obtained.

Eye wall is a ring of cumulonimbus

clouds that swirl around the eye. The
heaviest precipitation and strongest
winds are found here.
(Tropical cyclone Yasi over Australia in 2011)
 EMCFA

What is a THUNDERSTORM?

• It is a local weather system. This means that

short-term bad weather can occur in small areas,
causing heavy rains, strong winds, and even
lightning. Thunderstorms can last up to 2 hours.

46
 EMCFA

What is a CUMULONIMBUS CLOUDS?

• Cumulonimbus (from Latin cumulus, "heaped"

and nimbus, "rainstorm") is a dense, towering
vertical cloud, forming from water vapor carried
by powerful upward air currents. These are
thunderstorm clouds, which are capable of
producing lightning and other dangerous severe
weather, such as tornadoes and hailstones.
47
Complete the diagram below by adding each word from the box into the gaps.

Cross section through a tropical cyclone

WORD BOX
Low shear thunderstorms
Spiral of fastest winds Line of cross Cumulonimbus
around the section Rain
Anvil of clouds 26°C+
Cooler sinking air
Eye
wind
Spiral bands of
About
12KM

bands Warm upwelling air

Warm Ocean Water
500 to 2000km
Cross section through a tropical cyclone
WORD BOX
Low WIND shear thunderstorms
Spiral of fastest winds Line of cross
Cumulonimbus
around the EYE WALL section
Rain
Cooler Anvil of CUMULONIMBUS 26°C+
sinking air clouds
EYE Eye
wind

Spiral bands of
THUNDERSTORMS About
12KM

RAIN bands Warm upwelling air

Warm Ocean Water 26°C+
500 to 2000km
 EMCFA

Development of Typhoon

In the Philippines, typhoons are classified based on

their maximum sustained winds and strengths.
In order for the tropical cyclone to develop into
typhoon, it must pass through the following stages
of progression, based on Philippine Atmospheric
Geophysical, and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA), they are identified as
follows: 50
 EMCFA

Development of Typhoon

Stage 1: Tropical Disturbance

A tropical disturbance is a discrete weather
system of cloud, showers, and thunderstorms,
with an apparent circulation that originates in
the ocean in the tropical region, and remain
intact for 24 hours or more.
51
 EMCFA

Development of Typhoon

Stage 1: Tropical Disturbance

52
 EMCFA

Development of Typhoon

Stage 2: Tropical Depression (TD)

The tropical disturbance then evolves into tropical
depression when the thunderstorms are slightly
more organized. As a result, a closed circulation
of air in the low levels is developed. The winds
blow stronger due to the greater convergence that
causes quicker decrease in the pressure.
It is a tropical cyclone with 38 mph (62 kph) maximum
53

sustained winds.
 EMCFA

Development of Typhoon

Stage 2: Tropical Depression

54
 EMCFA

Development of Typhoon
Stage 3: Tropical Storm (TS)
The tropical storm receives an official name once
sustained winds reach 39 mph (63 kph) in the closed
circulation. The winds increase greatly and can take as
little as a half day to as much as couple days. It has
better organized thunderstorms and when viewed
in the satellite, it usually shows a recognizable
pattern of rotation. It has more concentrated
convection near the center with outer organized rainfall
into distinct bands.
Tropical storm has a maximum sustained winds of 63 55

to 88 kilometers per hour.

 EMCFA

Development of Typhoon

Stage 3: Tropical Storm

56
 EMCFA

Development of Typhoon

Stage 4: Severe Tropical Storm (STS)

The tropical storm grows intense, it takes more
energy from its surroundings, it is considered to
be a severe tropical storm when it has reached
a maximum sustained winds of 89 to 117
kilometers per hour.

57
 EMCFA

Development of Typhoon

Stage 4: Severe Tropical Storm

58
 EMCFA

Development of Typhoon

Stage 5: Typhoon (TY)

It will be considered a typhoon if the maximum wind
speed reaches 118 to 184 kilometers per hour.
As the tropical storm grows more intense, it takes more
energy from its surroundings, it develops into a
“matured” tropical cyclone which can obtained a one-
minute wind of at least 74 mph at an elevation of 10
meters. Its rotation is now more obvious when viewed
in the satellite. It may develop a circular area of calm
winds at the center of the storm called, eye. 59
 EMCFA

Development of Typhoon

Stage 5: Typhoon (TY)

60
 EMCFA

Development of Typhoon

Stage 6: Super Typhoon (STY)

If the typhoon continues to strengthen, it can be
upgraded to Super typhoon, which means it
exceeds the maximum sustained winds of 115
mph (185 kph)

61
 EMCFA

Development of Typhoon

Stage 6: Super Typhoon

62
1. What can you say
about the first picture?
2. Did you notice the
box-like figure in the
map? Do you know
what that box is?
3. Look at the eye of the
typhoon, what is the
name of the Typhoon
that appears first on
the right (outside the
box)? How about the
name when it’s inside
the box?
4. Why do you think it 63

changes its name?

 EMCFA

What is a PAR?

• PAGASA starts monitoring tropical cyclones even before

they enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility. The
international names change when tropical cyclones
enter the PAR, they are given local names.
• PAGASA is mandated to issue weather bulletins every 6
hours if the disturbance is expected to make a landfall in
the Philippines. Even if tropical depression doesn’t
make a landfall, PAGASA is still mandated to issue
weather bulletins. 64
 EMCFA

What is a PAR?

• Philippine Area of Responsibility or PAR is the

smallest and innermost monitoring domain,
whose boundary is closest to the Philippine
Islands. Tropical Cyclones inside the PAR
warrants the issuance of Severe Weather
Bulletin, the highest level of warning information
issued for tropical cyclones.
65
Philippine Area of Responsibility

• There is, however, local confusion especially

among the media, and apparently it seems
sometimes even with PAGASA spokespersons
who address the public, when it comes to the
difference between the area of responsibility and
the country/bansa.

66
Philippine Area of Responsibility

• Why is it important to differentiate PAR and

"bansa"?
• Because not all systems that enter PAR do drift over or
come close to the Philippine land mass. In fact, at the
eastern section where most of the systems develop, the
boundary of PAR can be more than a thousand
kilometers away from the seaboard, and many of the
systems head north.
67
Philippine Area of Responsibility

• When a weather disturbance enters the Philippine Area

of Responsibility (PAR), the weather bureau begins to
monitor it.
• PAGASA monitors tropical cyclone activity and issues
warnings if they fall within the Philippine Area of
Responsibility or PAR. This area is bound by an
imaginary line drawn along the following coordinates:

68
 D E

A F
69
Philippine Area of Responsibility

1. If a typhoon is located at 15°N, 138°E, is it within the

PAR?
2. How about if the typhoon is at 14°N, 117°E, is it inside
the PAR?
3. What does Philippine Area of Responsibility mean?
4. What is meant when a typhoon entered the Philippines
Area of Responsibility?
5. Is Taiwan part of Philippine Area of Responsibility? 70

Why?
ADD A FOOTER 71
ADD A FOOTER 72
Activity 1: Where is it Going?

1. Using the data in table in the next slide, plot the day-
to-day location of the tropical cyclone Yolanda on the
map showing the Philippine Area of Responsibility.
2. Mark each location with a dot. You may use colored
pencils/pens to emphasize the dots.
3. Connect the dot to track the cyclone from November
6, 2013 to November 9, 2013.

73
Activity 1: Where is it Going?

74
Activity 1: Where is it Going?

75
Activity 1: Where is it Going?

1. What is the local name of the Super Typhoon recorded

and monitored by PAGASA?
2. From what body of water did Super Typhoon Yolanda
originate?
3. What direction did Super Typhoon Yolanda take as it
crossed the Philippines?
4. On what day did Super Typhoon Yolanda hit land?
5. When did Yolanda enter the Philippine Area of 76

Responsibility?
Activity 1: Where is it Going?

6. When did Yolanda leave the Philippine Area of

Responsibility?
7. In what path did Yolanda move?
8. Which provinces were hit directly by the eye of the
super typhoon?
9. Which provinces were hit directly by the eye of the
super typhoon?
10.Explain why PAGASA regularly monitors a tropical
cyclone when it is within the Philippine Area of 77

Responsibility?
ADD A FOOTER 78
 Typhoon (Rai) Odette
Stage Date Latitude Longitude
T.Disturbance 12/12/2021 4° N 143° E
T.Depression 12/13/2021 5° N 140° E
T. Storm 12/14/2021 8° N 134° E
Typhoon 12/15/2021 9° N 130° E
Super Typhoon 12/16/2021 10° N 123° E
Typhoon 12/17/2021 10° N 117° E
Super Typhoon 12/18/2021 11° N 113° E
 Typhoon (Rai) Odette

Stage Date Latitude Longitude

T.Disturbance 12/12/2021 4° N 143° E
T.Depression 12/13/2021 5° N 140° E
T. Storm 12/14/2021 8° N 134° E
Typhoon 12/15/2021 9° N 130° E
Super Typhoon 12/16/2021 10° N 123° E
Typhoon 12/17/2021 10° N 117° E
Super Typhoon 12/18/2021 11° N 113° E
ADD A FOOTER 81
Tropical Cyclone Advisory Domain
(TCAD)

• This is the "middle domain" located between the PAR and

the tropical cyclone information domain. The TCAD
completely encloses the PAR but is smaller than the TCID.
The TCAD includes the area bounded by the imaginary
lines connecting the coordinates: 4°N 114°E, 27°N 114°E,
27°N 145°E and 4°N 145°N. The TCAD does not include
the PAR. Tropical cyclones within the TCAD are too far to
have any direct effect in the country but are close enough to
for closer monitoring. Disturbances within the TCAD warrant
the issuance of a Tropical Cyclone Advisory. 82
Tropical Cyclone Information Domain
(TCID)

• The TCID is the largest and the outermost monitoring

domain of PAGASA. The TCID is the area enclosed by
the imaginary lines connecting the coordinates: 0°N
110°E, 27°N 110°E, 27°N 155°E and 4°N 145°E. The
TCID does not include the PAR and the TCAD. Tropical
cyclones present inside the TCID are of least concern
for the forecasters but are necessary enough for
monitoring and public awareness purposes.
83
 (TCID)

ADD A FOOTER 84
 EMCFA

What is ITCZ?

• The ITCZ ​or Intertropical Convergence Zone is

the area where the winds of the Northern
Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere converge
causing inclement weather such as LPAs and
Hurricanes.

85
 EMCFA

Factors affecting a Typhoon

A typhoon can become stronger and be upgraded

into a super typhoon as long as the conditions
continue to become favorable for the cyclone.
However, despite of its destructive power, a
typhoon can cease to intensify its tropical
characteristics due to several factors:

86
 EMCFA

Factors affecting a Typhoon

1. Cold waters
The absence of moisture from warm ocean waters
means the absence of a typhoon’s “fuel” source once it
lacks its access to this kind of environment. Typhoons
depend on warm water to maintain themselves but
when the storm moves over cold water, it loses its
energy source, which is the evaporating water from
ocean surface. it weakens due to the deprivation of
warm water by moving over bodies of water with a
temperature below 26.5 degree C. 87
 EMCFA

Factors affecting a Typhoon

2. No Water
A typhoon will drastically deteriorate once its
eye moves over land. The air over land cools
quickly due to specific heat causing the typhoon to
quickly lose intensity.

88
 EMCFA

Factors affecting a Typhoon

3. Wind shear
Refers to the difference between the speed shear
(wind speed) and its directional shear over relatively a
short distance within the atmosphere. The shear must
be 20 knots or less for intensification to happen. In
most instances, the tropical cyclone intensifies when
the wind shear is 10 knots or less. High wind shear at
several thousand feet from the surface can remove the
heat and moisture needed from the area near the
center of the typhoon, causing it to tear apart the storm
89

in different direction and disrupting it.