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Chapter 6
Individual Deductions
INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL
Learning Objectives
1. Identify the common deductions necessary for calculating adjusted gross income (AGI).
2. Describe the different types of itemized deductions available to individuals and compute itemized
deductions.
3. Explain the operation of the standard deduction, determine the deduction for personal and
dependency exemptions, and compute taxable income.
Teaching suggestions
In Chapter 5, we discussed the calculation of gross income and identified several specific types of taxable
income and exclusions. In Chapter 6, we describe the deductions allowed in the computation of taxable
income. It is important to emphasize that taxpayers are only allowed to deduct expenditures if there is a
specific tax law authorizing the deductions. Of course, Congress grants many deductions for taxpayers for
a variety of reasons, and these deductions appear in one of two places in the individual income tax
formula. Deductions “for AGI” (also called deductions “above the line”) are subtracted directly from
gross income. In contrast, deductions “from AGI” (also called deductions “below the line” or “itemized”
deductions) are subtracted from AGI.
Deductions for AGI are preferred over deductions from AGI because these deductions reduce taxable
income dollar for dollar. An indirect benefit of deductions for AGI is that these deductions reduce AGI.
Because many of the limitations on tax benefits for higher income taxpayers are based upon AGI,
deductions for AGI reduce these limitations thereby increasing potential tax benefits. In contrast to
deductions for AGI, itemized deductions will have no effect on taxable income unless the total exceeds
the standard deduction. Students often confuse the location of the deduction with the deduction rule. So, a
good rule is to emphasize the order of the questions. First, determine if the expense is deductible. Next,
determine the location of the deduction (for or from).
If the students have already been exposed to the calculation of taxable income for other entities (e.g.,
corporations, partnerships, etc.), it might be helpful to discuss which deductions and limitations are
specific to individuals relative to other entities. For example, the distinction between for and from AGI
deductions does not exist for corporations. If the objective of the course is a survey of tax rules (as
opposed to an in depth understanding of the specific deductions), it might be preferable to skip the details
of itemized deductions. A good approach might be to have students read the first part of the chapter and
skim the second part (itemized deductions).
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Instructor’s Manual – McGraw-Hill’s Taxation, by Spilker et al.
Assignment Matrix
Learning Text feature
objective
Tax Forms
Research
Planning
Problem
Time
LO1
LO2
LO3
Difficulty
DQ6-1 10 min. Easy X
DQ6-2 10 min. Easy X
DQ6-3 10 min. Easy X
DQ6-4 20 min. Medium X
DQ6-5 15 min. Medium X
DQ6-6 45 min. Medium X X
DQ6-7 15 min. Medium X
DQ6-8 15 min. Medium X
DQ6-9 10 min. Medium X
DQ6-10 15 min. Medium X
DQ6-11 10 min. Easy X
DQ6-12 15 min. Medium X
DQ6-13 15 min. Medium X
DQ6-14 10 min. Medium X
DQ6-15 45 min. Medium X X
DQ6-16 20 min. Medium X
DQ6-17 10 min. Medium X
DQ6-18 10 min. Medium X
DQ6-19 45 min. Medium X X
DQ6-20 10 min. Medium X
DQ6-21 10 min. Medium X
DQ6-22 10 min. Medium X
DQ6-23 20 min. Medium X
DQ6-24 15 min. Medium X
DQ6-25 20 min. Medium X
DQ6-26 45 min. Medium X X
DQ6-27 20 min. Medium X
DQ6-28 15 min. Medium X
DQ6-29 15 min. Medium X
DQ6-30 15 min. Medium X
DQ6-31 15 min. Medium X
DQ6-32 15 min. Medium X
DQ6-33 15 min. Medium X
DQ6-34 30 min. Medium X X
DQ6-35 30 min. Medium X X
P6-36 15 min. Easy X
P6-37 15 min. Medium X
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Instructor’s Manual – McGraw-Hill’s Taxation, by Spilker et al.
Lecture Notes
1) Deductions For AGI
a) Congress allows taxpayers to claim a variety of deductions for AGI.
b) Deductions Directly Related to Business Activities
i) Work through Example 6-1.
ii) Refer to Exhibit 6-1 for Individual Business and Investment Expense Deductions for AGI and
from AGI.
iii) Trade or business expenses
iv) Refer to Exhibit 6-2 Parts I and II from Schedule C Profit or Loss from Business.
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
6-3
Instructor’s Manual – McGraw-Hill’s Taxation, by Spilker et al.
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
6-4
Instructor’s Manual – McGraw-Hill’s Taxation, by Spilker et al.
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
6-5
Instructor’s Manual – McGraw-Hill’s Taxation, by Spilker et al.
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
6-6
Instructor’s Manual – McGraw-Hill’s Taxation, by Spilker et al.
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
6-7
Instructor’s Manual – McGraw-Hill’s Taxation, by Spilker et al.
Ethics
From page 6-23:
Discussion points:
If Sabrina gets an appraisal that states the value of the clothes is $6,000, how much tax deduction
will she receive for the clothes?
If Sabrina’s clothes are worth $6,000, is she better off getting the appraisal or reporting a
deduction of $4,900? What information would you need to answer this question?
Does Sabrina’s reporting $4,900 violate tax law and/or ethical standards?
Do you think the IRS has reason to be suspicious of contributions that fall just below $5,000?
Why?
Class Activities
o Deductions: A great activity for this chapter is to compile a list of the deductions that are to be
emphasized in the chapter (business, rental/royalty, employee, education, medical, charitable,
etc.) and have students prepare a set of examples for each type of deduction. Alternatively,
prepare a list of expenditures and have students determine whether the expenditure is deductible
and, if so, where the deduction is claimed.
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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in order to have the mosque finished before the Rhamadan, lest the
workmen should idle away their time in his absence.
To-day Mahomed Moode, the gadado’s brother, lost an adopted
son, who died of the small-pox. I paid him a visit of condolence,
which seemed to gratify him exceedingly. The Felatahs here, and
indeed almost all the principal people of Soudan, bury their dead in
the house where they die, as before-mentioned. Poor Moode’s grief
was inconsolable; after the burial was over, he came and sat down
alone in the shade before my door, and spreading his tobe over his
knees as if he was reading a book, repeated in a low broken tone of
voice several verses of the Koran, his eyes all the time streaming
with tears. In this woful state of dejection he remained at least two
hours. I could not help admiring the affectionate warmth of his
feelings, so indicative of a good heart, and I sincerely sympathized in
his sorrow. The child was the son of his brother the gadado. The
practice of adopting children is very prevalent among the Felatahs,
and though they have sons and daughters of their own, the adopted
child generally becomes heir to the whole of the property.
April 10.—At three in the afternoon I waited on the sultan, to wish
him success on the present expedition, and a happy return. We
conversed on different subjects, but ended, as usual, about the trade
with England; when I again endeavoured to impress on his mind,
that we should be able to supply his subjects with all kinds of goods
at a very cheap rate,—that his dominions were better situated for the
gum trade than any other country in Africa,—and that many other
valuable articles would be brought here from Timbuctoo, Bornou,
and Wadey, and easily carried by the Felatahs to the sea-coast, to
be disposed of to the English. He dwelt much on receiving in return
cloth, muskets, and gunpowder; and asked me if I would not come
back, and if the King of England would be induced to send out a
consul and a physician, should he address a letter to His Majesty on
the subject. He now asked in what time they would come: I told him
they could be upon the coast in two months after his wishes were
known in England. He resumed,—“Let me know the precise time,
and my messengers shall be down at any part of the coast you may
appoint, to forward letters to me from the mission, on receipt of
which I will send an escort to conduct it to Soudan.” He also assured
me he was able to put an effectual stop to the slave trade, and that
the chart I asked for was nearly ready. At the close of this interview,
the sultan kindly requested me not to be uneasy in his absence. At
five in the afternoon, the sultan and gadado joined the army at the
Sansan.
April 11, 12, and 13.—A refreshing breeze for the last two or three
days. I received a present of two large baskets of wheat, which the
sultan had ordered me before his departure. I was sitting in the
shade before my door, with Sidi Sheikh, the sultan’s fighi, when an
ill-looking wretch, with a fiend-like grin on his countenance, came
and placed himself directly before me. I asked Sidi Sheikh who he
was? He answered, with great composure, “The executioner.” I
instantly ordered my servants to turn him out. “Be patient,” said Sidi
Sheikh, laying his hand upon mine: “he visits the first people in
Sackatoo, and they never allow him to go away without giving him a
few Goora nuts, or money to buy them.” In compliance with this hint,
I requested forty cowries to be given to the fellow, with strict orders
never again to cross my threshold. Sidi Sheikh now related to me a
professional anecdote of my uninvited visitor. Being brother of the
executioner of Yacoba, of which place he was a native, he applied to
the governor for his brother’s situation, boasting of superior
adroitness in the family vocation. The governor coolly remarked, “We
will try;—go, fetch your brother’s head!” He instantly went in quest of
his brother, and finding him seated at the door of his house, without
noise or warning he struck off his head with a sword, at one blow;
then carrying the bleeding head to the governor, and claiming the
reward of such transcendent atrocity, he was appointed to the vacant
office. The sultan being afterwards in want of an expert headsman,
sent for him to Sackatoo, where a short time after his arrival he had
to officiate at the execution of 2000 Tuaricks, who, in conjunction
with the rebels of Goober, had attempted to plunder the country, but
were all made prisoners; this event happening about four years ago.
I may here add, that the capital punishments inflicted in Soudan are
beheading, impaling, and crucifixion; the first being reserved for
Mahometans, and the other two practised on Pagans. I was told, as
a matter of curiosity, that wretches on the cross generally linger three
days, before death puts an end to their sufferings.
April 14.—Clear and warm. The gadado’s harem having paid me
repeated visits, I was much struck with the beauty of some of the
female slaves. To-day an Arab belonging to a kafila that left Quarra
on the 10th instant made his escape here, all his fellow travellers
having been taken by the people of Goober and Zamfra, who fell
upon the kafila near the lake Gondamee.
April 15.—Notwithstanding that I had an attack of fever to-day, I
received a visit from the females of the gadado’s household, who
during their stay seemed to evince much sympathy, but as soon as
they reached the outer square, their unrestrained gaiety and noisy
mirth soon convinced me that they only frequented my house as a
place where they could with security amuse themselves.
April 16.—I took an emetic of ipecacuanha, with immediate relief
of my bilious symptoms.
April 17.—At day-break the sultan returned with the army, having
made a large capture of sheep, bullocks, asses, &c. in the
neighbourhood of the new capital of Zamfra.
April 18.—This morning I went to congratulate the sultan and the
gadado on their safe return. In the evening we had rain, thunder, and
lightning.
April 19.—The gadado’s favourite son, by Bello’s sister, died to-
day of small-pox, after being considered convalescent, in
consequence of riding out too early to visit his grandfather. This lad
was buried in the house, as usual, a few hours after death, amid the
loud lamentations of the female slaves of the family.
April 20.—I went this morning to condole with the gadado on the
death of his son. He was sitting in an inner apartment, and smiling
mournfully at my entrance, he said: “This is very kind of you,
Abdullah; I have met with a great misfortune, but it is the will of God.”
I endeavoured to reconcile him to this severe dispensation of
Providence, and expressed my hope that he might yet have another
son in room of him he had lost. He shook his head, and said, “God
willing, but I am an old man:” then covering his face with his hands,
we sat together nearly an hour in silence, when, unable to alleviate
his grief, I took him by the hand; he pressed mine in return; and I left
this disconsolate father with heaviness of heart.
April 21.—News arrived this morning, that the Tuaricks of the tribe
of Kilgris had taken and plundered the town of Adia, six days’
journey to the northward of Sackatoo; in consequence of which a
proclamation was issued, that all the Tuaricks belonging to that tribe
should depart from Bello’s dominions in three days, under the
penalty of death. The gadado informed me to-day, that he should not
be able to accompany me to Kano before the rains, as he once
intended, in consequence of all the horses being worn out from want
of water during the last expedition. In the afternoon I had a severe
attack of ague, with bilious vomiting.
April 22.—Thunder and lightning all night.
April 23.—We heard that another kafila had been seized by the
Gooberites, and six Felatah women taken amongst the spoil,
besides 300 slaves.
A Reduction of Bello’s Map of Central Africa.
Published as the Act directs Jany. 1826, by John Murray Albemarle Street London.