FACULTY OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY

SEMESTER I 2023/2024

BITS3533 WIRELESS NETWORK & MOBILE COMPUTING

RESEARCH REPORT
LIGHTWEIGHT WIRELESS PROTOCOL FOR IOT APPLICATION: LoRaWAN

LECTURER’S NAME: TS. DR. NORHARYATI BINTI HARUM

PREPARED BY:
NO GROUP MEMBERS MATRIC NUMBER
1. NUR ADILLA BINTI ZAINUDDIN B032210019
2. WENDOLINE ELSEY ANAK BURI B032210020
3. NURUL ATIQAH BINTI SHARIF B032210028
4. HARNISHA PRASANNA KUMAR B032210037
NUR IZZATUL NAZIEHAH BINTI MOHD
5. B032210069
HANIM
TABLE OF CONTENT

NO. CONTENT PAGE

1. Introduction 1

2. Methodology 3

3. Journal Search Table 6

4. Problem / Open Issue 71

5. Systematic Literature Review 73

6. Tools 76

7. Conclusion 78

8. Reference 79
1.0 INTRODUCTION

In the age of IoT, fast and scalable communication technologies are in high demand. One
of the technologies attracting much interest is LPWAN, most significantly Long Range Wide Area
Network (LoRaWAN). LoRaWAN is one of the wireless communication protocols that were
developed to facilitate long-range low power IoT devices communications. It has many benefits,
such as cost-effective deployment, efficient battery life and the capability to wirelessly connect
thousands of equipment across continents.

This research aims to go deeper into the subtleties of LoRaWAN and analyze its possible
areas, possibilities, limitations etc. Knowing the fundamentals and workings of LoRaWAN, we
can assess its capability to suit different uses cases in IoT early contributing towards development
growth from this technology.

To carry out this research, an exhaustive and systematic approach is required. Second, a
comprehensive literature review will be conducted in order to identify and collect pre-existing
information on LoRaWAN. Reviewing review papers, research pieces, debates, book chapters,
journals, magazines, data articles, and mini-reviews derived from IEEE Xplore and ScienceDirect
databases will be required for this. We can establish a solid foundation for identifying research
gaps and unresolved topics by synthesizing and analyzing this data.

Furthermore, practical experiments and performance studies involving LoRaWAN will be

carried out to confirm the theoretical findings with real-life application scenarios. That will include
the deployment of a LoRaWAN network, IoT device configuration, and data gathering for
parameter assessment such as range, throughput latency along with power consumption. The
outcomes of these experiments will yield instrumental information regarding the operational
consequences and performance aspects in LoRaWAN installations.

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 Moreover, this research tries to solve some of the issues and constraints related to
LoRaWAN like security, scalability as well interferences. By studying these problems, we can
suggest ways in which to improve the reliability and resilience of LoRaWAN networks.

To summarize, this research aims at improving the understanding and development of

LoRaWAN as a prominent technology for IoT. By doing a full-fledged research involving
literature review, practical testing and addressing challenges we would like to offer valuable
conclusions for researchers, practitioners as well as users of the application based on this
technology.

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2.0 METHODOLOGY

No. of Date Of
Databases Searching String
Articles Acquisition
IEEE Main searching terms-using
“LoRaWAN” 263 13 Jan 2024
Xplore doc title, abstract and keywords
Secondary searching terms “LoRaWAN” AND
53 16 Jan 2024
“IOT”
“LoRaWAN” AND
86 16 Jan 2024
“LPWAN”
“LoRaWAN” AND
84 16 Jan 2024
“Network”
“LoRaWAN” AND
20 16 Jan 2024
“Architecture”
“LoRaWAN” AND
59 16 Jan 2024
“Communication”
“LoRaWAN” AND
17 16 Jan 2024
“Security”
“LoRaWAN” AND
145 16 Jan 2024
“Wireless”
“LoRaWAN” AND
“Lora Radio
8 16 Jan 2024
Frequency (RF)
Modulation”
“LoRaWAN” AND
131 16 Jan 2024
“Industry”
“LoRaWAN” AND
98 16 Jan 2024
“Protocol”

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 “LoRaWAN” AND
35 16 Jan 2024
“Downlink”
ScienceDirect Main searching terms-using
“LoRaWAN” 761 13 Jan 2024
doc title, abstract and keywords
Secondary searching terms “LoRaWAN” AND
260 16 Jan 2024
“IOT”
“LoRaWAN” AND
304 16 Jan 2024
“LPWAN”
“LoRaWAN” AND
273 16 Jan 2024
“Network”
“LoRaWAN” AND
0 16 Jan 2024
“Architecture”
“LoRaWAN” AND
255 16 Jan 2024
“Communication”
“LoRaWAN” AND
152 16 Jan 2024
“Security”
“LoRaWAN” AND
706 16 Jan 2024
“Wireless”
“LoRaWAN” AND
“Lora Radio
73 16 Jan 2024
Frequency (RF)
Modulation”
“LoRaWAN” AND
169 16 Jan 2024
“Industry”
“LoRaWAN” AND
238 16 Jan 2024
“Protocol”
“LoRaWAN” AND
176 16 Jan 2024
“Downlink”

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5
3.0 JOURNAL SEARCH TABLE

NO. JOURNAL ABSTRACT OPEN ISSUE

[1] A Comprehensive Study on Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem is The need for a comparative
LPWANs With a Focus expanding quickly, opening the door to the collection of evaluation of LoRaWAN and
on the Potential of massive volumes of data that will power cutting-edge SigFox, two emerging LPWAN
LoRa/LoRaWAN Systems information-based systems. The Low-Power Wide Area technologies, based on
Networks (LPWANs) are defined by the installations that experimental measurements of
make up the connection infrastructure that will enable the coverage and energy-efficiency in
Internet of Things ecosystem. Since LPWANs use real network deployment
affordable and energy-efficient technology, they present scenarios, aiming to gain insights
an appealing option for IoT service provisioning. To into their strengths and
support the present surge in LPWAN research and weaknesses.
development interest, a thorough analysis is offered in
this area. First, the most essential wireless technologies
for network access are described, followed by a
discussion of current cloud-based and open-source
approaches to data management. Second, a more
thorough analysis is conducted on the potential of Long
Range (LoRa) modulation and Long-Range Wide Area
Network (LoRaWAN) protocol as important LPWAN
wireless technologies in unlicensed spectrum bands. A

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 detailed analysis of the pertinent research efforts is
carried out, and the basic ideas of these technologies are
provided. Index Terms: wireless sensor and actuator
network (WSAN), wireless sensor network (WSN), long
range (LoRa), long range wide area network
(LoRaWAN), low-power wide area network (LPWAN).
[2] Coverage and Energy- Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) has made Low The comparative evaluation of two
Efficiency Experimental Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) a desirable emerging Low Power Wide Area
Test Performance for a connectivity alternative. Large coverage and low power Network (LPWAN) technologies,
Comparative Evaluation consumption are essential requirements for constructing LoRaWAN and SigFox, from an
of Unlicensed LPWAN: a communication network to serve Internet of Things experimental standpoint, focusing
LoRaWAN and SigFox applications. Network performance is a key problem even on coverage and energy-efficiency
if current LPWAN technology solutions support IoT performance in network
needs like extended communication range, energy deployment scenarios, to deepen
efficiency, scalability, and cheap cost. There is a rising the understanding of their
interest in analyzing LPWAN technologies because there respective strengths and
are so many of them accessible. Many comparative weaknesses.
studies of LPWAN technologies have been given in
recent works; however, most of them have analyzed the
data by comparing technical specifications instead of
giving measurement results from network
implementation situations. We contend that the

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comparison debate is advanced by putting up a
comparative assessment from an experimental
perspective. Based on coverage and energy-efficiency
test results, this study suggests an experimental
comparison of two LPWAN technologies that are
currently under development and are functioning in sub-
GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) frequency
bands: LoRaWAN and SigFox. The initial step in
proposing the experimental assessment was to determine
that the two most crucial design objectives for LPWAN
applications were energy efficiency and coverage. To
evaluate those aims, test performance is suggested in step
two.
Extensive measurements were conducted throughout
network installations. Lastly, the primary performance
results in both networks are highlighted for the purpose
of comparison. The findings demonstrate that LoRaWAN
performed better than SigFox in a fair-weather test with
respect to coverage, packet delivery rate (PDR & 80%),
and radio strength signal (RSSI & -110 dBm).
Conversely, under the identical test settings, Sigfox

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 demonstrates superior energy efficiency with 20% more
messages transmitted.
[3] Low-Cost Sensor-Based and During the rainy season, landslides are a common natural Review and analysis of ground
LoRaWAN hazard that cause harm to infrastructure and the global monitoring techniques, including
Opportunities for Landslide economy. Numerous investigations into landslip sensor-based methods, for
Monitoring monitoring methods have been carried out with the aim landslide detection and warning
Systems on IoT Platform: A of mitigating diverse forms of losses. This article systems.
Review provides a thorough overview of the ground monitoring
technique that makes use of a range of sensors as well as
some of the major advancements that improve design and
meet user demands. An examination of cost-effective
ground monitoring techniques in various landslip
warning systems, together with a review of certain known
incidents based on coverage area and energy collecting
techniques, is included in the research article.
Additionally, WSN architecture categories and classifies
features based on their advantages and disadvantages.
Performance metrics like efficiency, dependability,
quality of service, and network lifetime are also assessed.
[4] Enabling Roaming Across Abstract: Handover roaming of Internet of Things (IoT) Lack of successful handover
Heterogeneous IoT devices is not successful despite the most recent research roaming for Internet of Things
efforts to promote mobility and roaming in (IoT) devices in heterogeneous

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Wireless Networks: heterogeneous Low Power Wide Area Networks (LP- Low Power Wide Area Networks
LoRaWAN MEETS 5G WANs) networks. This is primarily because of (LP-WANs) due to fragmentation
fragmentation and challenges in establishing trust across and interoperability challenges,
different network domains, in addition to the lack of and the proposed solution
interoperability of various LP-WANs wireless protocols. introduces a novel mechanism that
To address this problem, this paper suggests a novel leverages the trusted 5G network
handover roaming mechanism for the Low Range Wide
Area Network (LoRaWAN) protocol. This mechanism
extends the mobility and roaming capabilities of
LoRaWAN to a global scale by relying on the reliable 5G
network to handle key management and authentication
for IoT devices. The concept facilitates the integration of
LoRaWAN and 5G networks, allowing devices equipped
with multiple Radio Access Technologies (multi-RAT
IoT) to utilise both technologies simultaneously. This can
lead to the development of innovative IoT mobility and
roaming scenarios for LP-WANs that have not been
explored previously. There are two different ways to
integrate LoRaWAN with 5G: either use normal 5G
authentication while assuming 5G spectrum connectivity
or use LoRaWAN to execute 5G authentication. The
technology has demonstrated its security viability and

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 practicality by being installed, implemented, and verified
in an actual, integrated 5G-LoRaWAN testbed.
[5] An IoT LoRaWAN Network Abstract: Based on a low-power wide-area network The development of a reliable and
for Environmental (LPWAN), a dependable and highly scalable Internet of scalable Internet of Things (IoT)
Radiation Monitoring Things (IoT) end-to-end data infrastructure has been data infrastructure utilizing a low-
designed for environmental radiation monitoring at the power wide-area network
European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN). (LPWAN) for environmental
Thousands of extremely sensitive, ultralow-power radiation monitoring at CERN.
gamma radiation sensors functioning as long-range
(LoRa) transceivers make up the planned Waste
Radiation Monitoring (W-MON) system. The system's
objective is to enhance and automate standard waste
containers' radiological safeguards. The endpoints
continuously monitor the radiation concentrations in the
garbage containers, sending data to the LoRaWAN
network server on a regular basis. The network has been
set out over hundreds of hectares in an outdoor setting.
Based on open-source technologies, a collection of web-
based user apps for data visualization, status control, and
real-time monitoring of the devices have been created. To
provide a seamless integration into the CERN Radiation
and Environment Monitoring Unified Supervision

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[6] Development of LoRaWAN-
based IoT system for water
quality monitoring in rural
areas
service (REMUS), the data pipeline infrastructure has
been created. Index Terms: low-power wide-area
network (LPWAN), long range (LoRa), Internet of
Things (IoT), environmental radiation monitoring, and
radioactive waste monitoring.
Abstract: The design and implementation of a novel real- The design and deployment of a
time water quality monitoring system specifically suited real-time water quality monitoring
for rural areas is described in this paper, with an emphasis system using IoT and LoRaWAN
on tracking the parameters of water resource quality. We technology, specifically tailored
suggest an Internet of Things (IoT)-capable, solar- for rural regions, to provide
powered, portable, and waterproof device that makes use continuous and remote access to
of Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) vital water quality information,
technology. The heart of this system is an advanced LoRa with a focus on robustness,
node that is equipped with a variety of sensors to record reliability, and seamless
important water characteristics including temperature, integration with multiple IoT
turbidity, pH, and total dissolved solids. The real-time platforms.
data capture and transmission to a LoRaWAN gateway is
facilitated by the combination of an Arduino
microcontroller-based board and a LoRa shield. The
Things Network server receives the collected data and
transmits it to a web-based ThingSpeak IoT server and
mobile ThingView apps. To ensure sustainable energy
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[7] LoRaWAN-based IoT
protocol for three levels
central protection scheme in
MT-HVDC networks with
ANFIS-PSO restoration
algorithm
provision for powering the complete system through a
rechargeable battery, we add a solar cell with a solar
shield. This enables users to access critical real-time
online data continually and concurrently on water quality.
The system was empirically tested at Gambang Lake to
show its efficacy, functionality, buoyancy, and
waterproof qualities, demonstrating its resilience. We
further verified the results by contrasting them with the
outcomes of laboratory sample analysis. The robust
agreement between the water conditions detected with
our solution and those from lab instruments demonstrated
by experimental tests validated the system's
dependability. Furthermore, our system used the LoRa
radio interface across the LoRaWAN gateway to update
data rapidly and remotely across several IoT devices.
Abstract: A novel three-tier adaptive central protection Introduction of a three-level
system has been implemented for transmission grids with adaptive central protection scheme
multiple terminals that carry high voltage direct current for multi-terminal high voltage
(MT-HVDC). Two backup protection layers are direct current (MT-HVDC)
suggested: a centralized overcurrent relay at the AC grid transmission grids, incorporating
side and a local dv/dt under-voltage relay. The primary differential, under-voltage, and
protection is based on a differential relay. A suitable overcurrent relays, coordinated
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 coordination period is used to handle the synchronization through a convenient coordination
of these three protection levels. The LoRaWAN-based time, and utilizing LoRaWAN-
Internet of Things (IoT) protocol is used to establish based IoT communication for fault
communication between the central protection unit and detection and isolation, along with
the fault isolation devices (FIDs). When the third an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference
protection level initiates fault clearing, the adaptive system (ANFIS) algorithm for line
neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) algorithm is restoration, aiming to improve the
employed to identify and isolate the defective line. The effectiveness and efficiency of
goal of the healthy lines' restoration method is to reduce protection and restoration
line power loss and load shedding. processes in MT-HVDC grids.
Using the MATLAB/Simulink® environment, the
protection strategy presented in this paper has been
constructed and evaluated under a variety of failure
circumstances. The outcomes show how well the
suggested protection approach, when combined with a
quick restoration method, can identify and isolate
malfunctioning lines in MT-HVDC transmission
networks.
[8] LoRaWAN-Based IoT Abstract: A smart long-range (LoRa) sensor node is Deployment of a smart long-range
System Implementation for suggested in this study to promptly gather data on air (LoRa) sensing node for air quality
Long-Range Outdoor Air quality and update it on the cloud. To verify the monitoring, utilizing LoRaWAN-
Quality Monitoring dependability and efficacy of the created Internet of based IoT technology, to collect

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Things (IoT) air quality monitoring system (AQMS), also and update air quality information
known as LoRaWAN IoT-AQMS, it was installed in an on the cloud in real-time, with a
outdoor setting. The system consists of an Arduino focus on reliability, sustainability,
microcontroller, a LoRa shield, a LoRaWAN gateway, and efficient data transmission.
many sensors (NO2, SO2, CO2, CO, PM2.5,
temperature, and humidity), and The Thing Network.
(TTN) Internet of Things platform. For sustainable
operation, the LoRaWAN-IoT-AQMS is a stand-alone
system that is powered by a rechargeable battery and a
photovoltaic solar panel using a solar charger shield.
Using the smart sensing unit, our system concurrently
collects the information on air quality that is taken into
consideration. After that, the system sends the data to the
TTN platform, which is connected to the ThingSpeak IoT
server, via the gateway. This operation refreshes the data
that has been gathered and shows it on a dashboard that
has been established for the Web and a Graphical User
Interface (GUI) that makes use of the Virtuino mobile
application. As a result, users of smartphones may
conveniently obtain the information offered. By
contrasting the created LoRaWAN-IoTAQMS results
with experimental findings derived from advanced

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 Aeroqual air quality monitoring equipment, the results
are verified. Our technology is capable of effectively
transmitting data in real time via the Internet while
monitoring a variety of air quality indices.
[9] LoRaWAN based internet of Abstract: Water conservation in agricultural production evaluation of a LoRaWAN-based
things (IoT) system for has been demonstrated to be possible using precision IoT system as a precision
precision irrigation in irrigation that uses sensors. Irrigation system automation irrigation tool for fresh-market
plasticulture fresh-market and real-time data monitoring from sensors require an tomato production, focusing on
tomato Internet of Things (IoT) system. irrigation scheduling treatments,
Precision agricultural irrigation may be accomplished at water use efficiency, crop yield,
a minimal cost and with ease using long-range wide-area and the feasibility of
networks (LoRaWAN), a subset of low-power wide-area implementing the IoT system for
networks (LPWAN). A LoRaWAN-based Internet of enhancing water conservation and
Things system was created and assessed in this study to sustainability in crop production.
be used as a precision irrigation tool for fresh-market
tomato production in a plasticulture system. The GesCoN
fertigation decision support system (DSS), soil matric
potential sensors (Watermark 200SS-5) at -60 kPa
(MP60) or -40 kPa (MP40), and crop evapotranspiration
(ET) were the four irrigation scheduling treatments that
were devised and evaluated.

16
 Four replicates of a randomized full block design were
used to organize the treatments. Crop yield, irrigation
water uses efficiency (iWUE), and system viability were
assessed. During the season, ET, MP60, MP40, and
GesCoN had respective total water usage efficiencies of
22.2, 26.5, 27.9, and 28.4 kg·m−3. According to the data,
MP40 had a 12.5% lower marketable yield than ET,
whereas MP60 and GesCoN had marketable fruit yields
that were 15.2 and 22.1% greater than ET. The
LoRaWAN-based Internet of Things system functioned
well overall in terms of connectivity, power
consumption, sensor reading, and valve management.
These findings showed that the application of IoT
systems for precision and autonomous watering of
vegetables and other horticultural crops might improve
the sustainability and efficiency of agricultural water
consumption.
[10] Development of a smart Abstract: The unique flood monitoring and warning Novel flood monitoring and
sensing unit for LoRaWAN- system (FMWS) presented in this paper makes use of warning system (FMWS) utilizing
based IoT flood monitoring long-range wide area networks' (LoRaWAN) capabilities LoRaWAN technology, which
and warning system in to maintain widespread network connectivity while using effectively measures flood levels,
catchment areas low data transmission rates and little electricity. To provides real-time updates on risk

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efficiently quantify and track changes in flood levels and levels, and sends early warnings to
rates, we created a novel algorithm. The creative, individuals and authorities, aiming
affordable, and user-friendly FMWS measures flood to enhance flood preparedness and
levels and assesses their state using an Arduino proactive measures through a cost-
microcontroller in conjunction with an HC-SR04 effective and user-friendly IoT
ultrasonic sensor. Using a specially designed LoRaWAN solution.
gateway, real-time data on flood levels and the
corresponding risk levels (safe, alert, cautious, or
hazardous) are linked into TagoIO and ThingSpeak IoT
platforms. The data is updated on The Things Network.
The solar-powered device serves as an independent
beacon, alerting people and authorities of alterations in
the environment.
The unique flood monitoring and warning system
(FMWS) presented in this paper makes use of long-range
wide area networks' (LoRaWAN) capabilities to maintain
widespread network connectivity while using low data
transmission rates and little electricity. To efficiently
quantify and track changes in flood levels and rates, we
created a novel algorithm. The creative, affordable, and
user-friendly FMWS measures flood levels and assesses
their state using an Arduino microcontroller in

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 conjunction with an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor. Using a
specially designed LoRaWAN gateway, real-time data on
flood levels and the corresponding risk levels (safe, alert,
cautious, or hazardous) are linked into TagoIO and
ThingSpeak IoT platforms. The data is updated on The
Things Network.
The solar-powered device serves as an independent
beacon, alerting people and authorities of alterations in
the environment.
[11] Low-Power AES Data ABSTRACT In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT)
Low-power AES encryption
Encryption Architecture for a has significantly increased the number of Internet.
architecture proposed for battery-
LoRaWAN connections to many objects in different domains,
powered IoT end nodes to reduce
including industry, homes and transportation. The
power consumption during data
LoRaWAN developed by the LoRa Alliance is a long-
encryption.
range wide area network specification suitable.
for an IoT environment due to its low-power
communication. It provides a star-of-stars topology, well
defined MAC layer protocol and three communication
modes to further lower its power consumption and
employs the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
cryptography and several session keys to increase its
network security. However, for battery powered IoT end

19

[12] A Fault-Tolerant and Secure
Architecture for Key
nodes, the AES encryption process consumes some
amounts of power owing to involving multiple cycles of
repetition. To solve this problem, in this study, we
propose a low power consumed AES encryption
architecture, named Low-Power AES Data Encryption
Architecture (LPADA), which reduces the power
consumed by the AES for data encryption by using low
power SBox, power gating technique and power
management method. A key updating procedure is also
proposed to increase the security of the session-key
renewal. The system is simulated using the Synopsys
library with five different supply voltages. The
experimental results show that 62.0% of dynamic power
reduction and 88.5% of leakage power lowering have
been achieved compared to the power consumed by
traditional AES data encryption. The security analysis
also shows that the key updating procedure for the
LPADA enables mutual authentication between end
nodes and application servers, and resists replay attacks.
and eavesdropping attacks from hackers.
Abstract: Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) is Secure and fault-tolerant
a new type of wireless technology that offers long range architecture of LoRaWAN, a low-
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Management in LoRaWAN communication for devices in the Internet of Things (IoT) Power wide area network
Based on Permissioned and LoRaWAN is one of the main technologies currently technology, to improve security
Blockchain available to enable LPWAN environments. In the and availability. Where it proposes
LoRaWAN architecture, the Join Server is a key to use permissioned blockchain
component and is responsible for security tasks, such as and smart contracts to replace
authentication and key management. However, the Join bonding servers that act as single
Server acts as a Single Point of Failure (SPOF) since all points of failure (SPOF) in
encryption keys are stored centrally. Then, this paper LoRaWAN architectures.
presents a secure and fault-tolerant architecture to
increase the levels of security and availability in
LoRaWAN. A permissioned blockchain and smart
contracts are used to replace the Join Server and solve the
SPOF problem. A working prototype was created using
open-source tools in order to evaluate the feasibility of
the proposed architecture. Additionally, the performance
of a blockchain network was analyzed in a cloud
environment under multiple workloads and fault-
tolerance experiments were performed to evaluate the
impact of network failures. The results show a trade-off
between availability and performance when choosing the
number of blockchain peers in small scenarios. However,

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 this behavior is reversed in large scenarios where the
performance of multiple peers is best suited.
[13] A Novel Network ABSTRACT This paper presents a novel network New network architectures and
Architecture and MAC architecture called edge acknowledging and a MAC MAC protocols to improve
Protocol protocol to enhance the reliability of LoRaWAN LoRaWAN confirmed messaging
for Confirmed Traffic in confirmed messaging. The edge acknowledging exploits reliability and address confirmed
LoRaWAN the great capability of the gateway and high reliability of messaging vulnerabilities and high
the cable-based connection between the gateway and energy consumption issues.
net server to reduce the vulnerable period of the
confirmed messaging. The new MAC protocol is time-
slotted and constrains the end nodes from the contention
for the channel to reduce the energy consumption.
The performance of the combination of edge
acknowledging and the new MAC protocol is evaluated.
In simulations and analysis using the metrics of packet
reception ratio, end-to-end delivery probability, energy
consumption per packet, and delay. The results show that
our edge acknowledging architecture and the cooperating
new MAC protocol obtain 4 to 10 times packet reception
ratio, 2.5 times end-to-end delivery probability, and 97%
lower energy consumption of the combination of the
conventional LoRaWAN architecture and CSMA-like

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 protocols for confirmed messaging. While the delay of
our new solution for a successfully confirmed
transmission increases by a factor of 20 to 30 in the large-
scale network consisting of 500 nodes.
[14] A Novel Network In this paper, a new network architecture edge- New network architecture and
Architecture and MAC acknowledging and MAC protocol are designed to MAC protocol for improving
Protocol for Confirmed provide support for LoRaWAN confirmed messaging reliability and efficiency in
Traffic in LoRaWAN that is more reliable. The acknowledging edge employing LoRaWAN confirmed messaging.
superb capacity of the gateway and excellent reliability The edge-acknowledging
associated with cable-based relationship constructed architecture minimizes time and
between this gateway und net server minimizes energy consumption, while
sufferable time relating confirmed messaging. The simulations show enhanced packet
introduced MAC protocol is time-slotted and limits the reception and delivery probability.
terminal nodes from channel contention to decrease fuel
utilization. To evaluate the performance of edge decking
and new MAC protocol combination, simulations and
analysis are done using packet reception ratio, end-to-end
delivery prospects per unit power consumption with an
attention delay. Our results demonstrate an improvement
in packet reception ratio, end-to-end delivery probability
and significantly reduce the energy consumption when
our edge acknowledging architectures and cooperating

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 new MAC protocol is compared with combination of
LoRaWAN architecture along with CSMA -like design
for confirmed messaging. Although the delay our new
solution for an already confirmed transmission is doubled
and tripled in a large-scale network with 500 nodes.
[15] Securing End-Node to The advent of IoT is characterized by continuous Open problem, according to the
Gateway Communication in innovation. This innovation has enabled many devices abstract supplied. To address this,
LoRaWAN with a (sensors, wearable units, smart appliances among others) a lightweight security protocol for
Lightweight Security to connect through the Internet and transfer information. gateway authentication is
Protocol This desire for interconnectivity has laid the basis of suggested. The protocol ensures
developing new protocols fitting into IoT environment, information availability, secrecy,
which required minimal energy consumption and low and integrity by utilizing
computational cost. These protocols are the Low Power lightweight cryptographic
Wide Area Network (LPWAN). In this regard, one of the functions and being examined
most common is LoRaWAN. Like many other IoT with BAN-Logic and Scyther.
protocols, it is vulnerable to attacks. The intents of these
threats are to undermine the security principles such as
confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA Triad) on
information. This paper focuses on the weaknesses
regarding gateways connected to LoRaWAN
infrastructure that will enable proposing a lightweight
security protocol in addressing Gateway authentication

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 breaches. This protocol uses lightweight cryptographic
functions to achieve this objective because of the
installation on IoT devices which are significantly limited
in terms of hardware and power resources. Also, this
protocol is analyzed systematically using BAN-Logic
and Scyther tool to ensure its security.
[16] Performance Analysis and The characteristics of massive machine-type The optimization of LoRaWAN
Optimization of Downlink communication (mMTC) of Internet-of-Things (IoT) Class B mode's energy usage, data
Transmission in LoRaWAN networks with many end devices, such as low data rates, throughput, and latency is covered
Class B Mode high network scalability, wide area coverage, and delay in the abstract. To ascertain the
tolerance with very low energy cost, have been proposed ideal amount of ping slots, it
to be satisfied by low-power wide-area (LPWA) presents a cost function and
networks. One of the most advanced LPWA networks suggests an analytical model based
(LPWANs) is the LoRa wide-area network (LoRaWAN), on the M/G/1 queueing model.
which offers three distinct medium access control (MAC)
choices: Class A, Class B, and Class C. These alternatives
are designed to meet diverse application demands. In
particular, Class B is made to shorten the time it takes for
downlink frames to be transmitted while still requiring a
minimal amount of energy from the end device. In this
paper, we offer an analytical model of LoRaWAN Class
B mode, employing the M/G/1 queueing model and

25
 concentrating on the latency, data throughput, and energy
consumption for downlink frame transmission. A cost
function that considers the average waiting time of the
frame in the gateway and the average energy
consumption of an end device is suggested, based on the
analytical model. We determine the ideal amount of ping
slots by using the cost function to maximize the cost
function's value. The ideal number of ping slots is
confirmed to grow with traffic density. The results
illustrate the trade-off relationship between the energy
consumption of an end device and the waiting time of a
frame at the gateway.
[17] Adaptive Beacon Period Low-power wide area networks (LPWANs) are widely The problem of enhancing
Configurator for Scalable used to meet the needs of Internet of Things (IoT) LoRaWAN Class B networks'
LoRaWAN Downlink networks with large numbers of end devices, Delay usability, performance, and
Applications tolerance with high network scalability, wide area scalability in dynamic Internet of
coverage, low data rates, and very low energy Things situations is covered in the
consumption. LoRa Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is abstract. It presents an analytical
one of the most popular solutions and supports three model and suggests the ABPC
types of medium access control (MAC) options to meet mechanism, which dynamically
the needs of various applications. Class B reduces modifies time-related parameters
downlink frame transmission delay while keeping end and reveals a trade-off between

26
 device energy consumption low. This article analyzes the energy consumption, delay, and
behavior of gateways with Class B devices to identify reception probability.
events that affect scalability and performance, presents an
analytical model to describe these systems, and provides
an optimal We propose a mechanism for ABPC changes
the configuration of time-related parameters to improve
the usability of these networks in dynamic scenarios. The
proposed solution is then simulated and tested against the
analytical model. The results show the trade-off between
message-to-message latency, reception probability, and
terminal energy consumption.
[18] LoRaHop: Multihop Support The abstract highlights the open issue of the limitations The downsides of LoRaWAN's
for LoRaWAN Uplink and in coverage, power efficiency, and scalability of star topology are discussed in the
Downlink Messaging LoRaWAN's star topology. It mentions that distant end abstract, with particular attention
devices require increased transmit power or spreading paid to higher energy consumption
factor, leading to higher energy consumption and reduced and decreased network reach.
network reach. The alternative of using additional LoRaHop, an extension of
gateways or relay nodes increases costs and complexity. LoRaWAN, is presented as a
To address these issues, the abstract introduces solution to these problems,
LoRaHop, an extension of LoRaWAN that enables a allowing for simultaneous
mesh network. LoRaHop allows for multihop support, transmission, smooth packet
seamless packet forwarding, simultaneous transmission, forwarding, and multihop support

27

[19] Downlink Spreading Factor
selection in LoRaWAN
improving coverage, reliability, and energy efficiency. in a mesh network. The findings of
The solution simplifies network formation and integrates the evaluation demonstrate that
mechanisms for efficient mesh operations. The LoRaHop lowers energy usage,
evaluation results demonstrate that LoRaHop effectively increases network coverage, and
expands network coverage, improves reliability by up to boosts dependability.
98.33%, and reduces energy consumption by up to
48.02%. The proposed solution addresses the open issue
by enhancing the capabilities and performance of
LoRaWAN networks through the implementation of
LoRaHop.
LoRaWAN is one of the most widely used Internet of Due to regional radio duty cycle
Things protocols for applications that require cost- limits, the abstract discusses
effective, low-power, long-range communication. This scalability and performance issues
protocol has been found to not scale well with in LoRaWAN for downlink traffic.
acknowledged (downlink) traffic, primarily due to The paper tackles fairness
regional radio duty cycle limitations. To support breaches and offers a
downlink traffic, LoRaWAN uses two receive windows, comprehensive solution for SF
RX1 and RX2, and each of these windows is allocated a selection. It also includes tests
few channels. This protocol uses a fixed spreading factor conducted on a bench and an
(SF) (LoRa PHY modulation parameter) on RX2, and the analysis on theoretical total
uplink SF is used on RX1. Since the SF on RX1 cannot downlink capacity. Enhancing
be changed, choosing a lower or higher SF value on RX2 performance and scalability in
28
is important for gateway duty cycle resources. On the LoRaWAN networks is the goal of
other hand, choosing a high SF value may quickly the project.
exhaust the time resources of the gateway, resulting in
lower capacity since higher SF values increase the
transmission time. On the other hand, a low SF value
reduces sensitivity and therefore reachability, which
causes retransmissions and reduces capacity. This article
provides a study on the theoretical total downlink
capacity. This provides useful insight into the behavior
of the protocol as the number of uplinks increases,
especially in congested network scenarios. A
comprehensive SF selection solution for calculating
maximum downlink capacity is also provided. We found
that RX2 SF, which offers the highest capacity, can lead
to fairness violations on some devices. Extensive
simulations are used to verify theoretical results for
scenarios using one or more gateways. Tests performed
on the test bench for selected scenarios also confirm the
theoretical results.

29
[20] Improving LoRaWAN
downlink performance in the
EU868 spectrum
One of the most popular Internet of Things protocols is Radio duty cycle limitations and
LoRaWAN. Its development is motivated by how simple the half-duplex characteristics of
it is to support and deploy any kind of application. LoRa transceivers cause lower
LoRaWAN, however, has been designed primarily for downlink performance in
uplink transmissions as opposed to downlink traffic. LoRaWAN. It focuses on band 47
Numerous experiments in the literature have in the EU868 spectrum and
demonstrated that it performs quite poorly even with suggests several bands, channels,
moderate downlink load. Mainly because of the radio and downlink window techniques.
duty cycle constraints on gateways, but also because Using a 10% duty cycle channel in
LoRa transceivers are half-duplex. This study addresses the first receive window can
the issue of decreased downlink performance by increase performance by about
suggesting alternative channels, bands, and downlink 200%, according to extensive
window approaches that take into consideration the simulations.
recently disclosed band 47 in the EU868 spectrum, which
offers four more downlink channels with a total radio
duty cycle of 10%.The primary problem that is handled
is demonstrating how the extra downlink time may be
utilized in news programmers’ benefits and drawbacks of
each scheme were examined and assessed according to
how easily they could be integrated into an existing
LoRaWAN and how many changes would be needed.
Results from extensive simulation are shown and
30
 contrasted with the baseline. The findings show that
schemes with bigger performance increases require more
modifications to the procedure. More precisely, a
performance boost of more than 200 percent may be
attained in terms of packet delivery ratio and energy
consumption if a 10% duty cycle channel is employed in
the first receive window.
[21] Energy-Saving Measurement Deploying sensor nodes and sending pertinent data to the energy-efficient scheduling
in LoRaWAN-Based information center are critical components of method and data reconstruction
Wireless Sensor Networks contemporary monitoring systems. Wireless sensor algorithm for a LoRaWAN-based
by Using Compressed networks (WSNs) typically operate under challenging WSN.
Sensing conditions that include noise, vibration, temperature
swings, humidity, and other factors. Due to restricted
access, sensor node batteries are never replaced. Most of
the literature already in publication attempts to increase
network longevity by enhancing sleep scheduling
techniques and deployment methodologies, either
separately or in tandem. However, it is not possible to
totally prevent the congenital flaws in mesh networks.
This work creates a LoRaWAN-based WSN and explores
its energy efficient scheduling technique to solve the
technological obstacles. Initially, the fundamentals and

31
 constraints of LoRaWAN are presented, followed by a
discussion of the viability and factors to be taken into
account for a LoRaWAN-based star wireless sensor
network. Second, for network data reconstruction, an
enhanced compressed sensing technique called ISL0
(improved SL0) is suggested. This approach can reduce
the number of LoRa nodes transmitting data packets to
prevent delay and collisions. Thirdly, an approach to
sleep scheduling is suggested to consistently track
environment information and device functioning state.
The suggested approach allows for the timely detection
of anomalous information as well as the termly recording
of all network data. The network lifetime is maximized,
and all nodes have the same power level at different
times, according to simulation and measurement data.
[22] Optimizing energy efficiency For wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs), The energy efficiency of
of LoRaWAN-based wireless longer battery life is always desirable. The recent LoRaWAN-based wireless
underground sensor integration of LoRaWAN-class massive machine-type underground sensor networks
networks: A multi-agent communication (MTC) technology and WUSNs, namely (WUSNs) still poses a significant
reinforcement learning LoRaWAN-based WUSNs, offers a promising energy- challenge due to limited battery
approach efficient solution for underground monitoring. However, energy, massive data collisions,
due to limited battery power, huge data collisions and

32
dynamic underground environment, the energy and the dynamic underground
efficiency of LoRaWAN-based WUSNs faces a great environment.
challenge. To provide a responsive solution, we
recommend Armature Learning (RL) to manage the
transmission settings of underground sensors. In this
paper, we first develop a multi-agent RL (MARL)
algorithm to improve network energy efficiency, which
considers link quality, energy consumption, and packet-
to-packet collisions. Second, a reward mechanism is
proposed to define the independent state and operation of
each node to improve the adaptability of the proposed
algorithm to the dynamic underground environment. In
addition, through simulations in different underground
environments and different network layers, the results
show that the proposed MARL algorithm can quickly
optimize the energy efficiency of the network and
significantly outperforms the traditional adaptive data
rate (ADR) mechanism. Finally, it is demonstrated that
our proposed algorithm can effectively adapt to the
dynamically changing underground environment. This
work provides insights into energy efficiency

33
 optimization and lays the foundation for realistic future
deployment of LoRaWAN-based WUSNs.

[23] A feasibility study of As human interaction with the subsurface continues to There is still a need to optimize the
LoRaWAN-based wireless increase, monitoring of the subsurface environment (e.g., selection of physical layer
underground sensor networks soil moisture) and underground structures (such as parameters to achieve a balance
for underground monitoring underground pipes) and natural disasters (e.g., landslides between data receiver rate and
and urban sinkholes) has been avoided). It gained more network energy consumption in
attention and became a research topic. However, most various underground conditions.
traditional detection methods still struggle with dynamic This optimization is crucial for
and continuous detection/monitoring in underground efficient and effective
environments. To solve this problem, this research uses underground monitoring
LoRaWAN-based wireless underground sensor network applications.
(WUSNS) to monitor underground environments or
structures. Furthermore, this paper presents and
demonstrates the feasibility of LoRaWAN-based WUSN
for underground surveillance. In this paper, we evaluate
the performance at the network level based on the current
validation of underground channel models. We first
developed a network simulator for LoRaWAN-based
WUSNs to provide feasibility analysis and test guidance
for underground surveillance. Using this simulator, we

34
 demonstrate that LoRaWAN-based WUSN technology is
capable of subsurface investigation of large and deep
areas. It also shows that proper selection of physical layer
parameters under various subsurface conditions is
beneficial for subsurface observations. Finally, a
comparison can be made between data receiver speed and
network effort using different physical layer parameters
for underground monitoring applications. These results
successfully demonstrate the good development of
LoRaWAN-based WUSN protocol and its potential in
underground monitoring applications.
[24] LoRa radio frequency LoRa technology is an important technology in the Assessing the effectiveness and
fingerprint identification development of the Internet of Things and Low Power robustness of the proposed radio
based on frequency Wide Area (LPWAN) technology. It has good frequency fingerprinting approach
offset characteristics advantages such as low power consumption, long under various practical conditions
and optimized communication distance, interference prevention, with such as different deployment
LoRaWAN access low cost, and is currently widely used in the Internet of environments, interference levels,
technology. Things. In this paper, we mainly study the fingerprint and device variations.
radio technology in terms of LoRa frequency modulation.
First, we analyze the LoRa modulation technology and
study the main characteristics of the LoRa modulation
technology and the physical meaning of many key

35
parameters of the LoRa modulation scheme based on the
dense spread spectrum technology. Then, based on the
radio frequency fingerprint technology, we study the
differences between the devices of different types of
LoRa transmitters, and collect the LoRa signals from the
USRP devices, before processing the signals. basic
model and take the wireless frequency. Frequency
fingerprinting of LoRa terminal devices. Features define
different devices. In this article, we use radio frequency
fingerprinting based on LoRa signals. According to the
radio frequency footprints taken, the differences between
the various devices can be clearly shown. As a result of
simulation tests in different SNR environments, it has
been confirmed that the fingerprint radio function can
distinguish various LoRa terminal devices even at low
SNR with certain noise suppression performance. This
paper also investigates the LoRaWAN access security
approach combined with LoRa radio frequency
fingerprinting technology and proposes a LoRaWAN
access security method to improve the LoRaWAN access
security performance.

36
[25] A Survey on LoRaWAN With the emergence of IoT, LoRaWAN is a small wide Examining the practical
for Smart Medical and area network (LPWAN) technology and is of great help implementation challenges,
Industries in monitoring indoor and outdoor industries. Considering technical limitations, and potential
its wide range, low complexity, and low power trade-offs associated with utilizing
consumption, it is recommended as a possible wireless LoRaWAN in smart industries and
connectivity method enabling the Internet of Things hospitals.
(IoT). In this study, we conducted a survey to examine
practices in smart industries and hospitals. Hospitals can
also improve existing care practices by using data and
working in an environment built around connected
people and assets. These tools allow doctors to find
patients faster, reduce costs and save lives in emergency
situations. Manufacturing plants and mobile companies
can use LoRaWAN networks to deliver data that can be
analyzed and optimized for business.

[26] Energy-Efficient Long-Range Wide Area Networks (LoRaWAN) can Examining the real-world
LoRaWAN for Industry support a wide variety of low-speed use cases in Industry deployment scenarios of
4.0 Applications 4.0 thanks to their unique characteristics (e.g., very long LoRaWAN in Industry 4.0 and
wireless range and low energy efficiency). In this paper, assessing factors such as network
we consider two industrial environments and energy scalability, interference,
harvesting (EH) to study the performance of LoRa reliability, and security.

37
 wireless devices for the industrial sector. First, we
present an example to investigate LoRaWAN in Industry
4.0 in terms of battery life, battery replacement cost, and
damage penalty. We highlight the EH potential available
in Industry 4.0, showing the impact of energy harvesting
on the battery life and detection range of LoRa sensors
deployed in a manufacturing facility. The main result of
this research is a cost analysis between battery
replacement and damage penalties for different detection
areas, showing that in a typical industry (not energy
harvesting) the total cost increases to £1500 for 5 minutes
of search time In the EH condition, it drops to a factor of
5 after the interval. In addition, savings in carbon
emissions and annual CO2 emissions per node due to the
presence of LoRa sensors of up to 3 kg/kWh when
powered by renewable energy sources have been
recorded. The analysis presented here has significant
implications for green industry through cost optimization
and energy efficiency.
[27] Enabling Roaming Despite the latest research efforts to foster mobility and The practical implementation
Across Heterogeneous roaming in heterogeneous Low Power Wide Area challenges, scalability, and
Networks (LP-WANs) networks, handover roaming of performance of the proposed

38
IoT Wireless Networks: Internet of Things (IoT) devices is not a success mainly mechanism when deployed in
LoRaWAN MEETS 5G due to fragmentation and difficulties to establish trust large-scale IoT networks with
across different network domains as well as the lack of heterogeneous LP-WANs and
interoperability of different LP-WANs wireless multiple roaming domains.
protocols. To cope with this issue, this paper proposes a
novel handover roaming mechanism for Low Range
Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) protocol that relies on
the trusted 5G network to perform IoT deviceand#039; s
authentication and key management, thereby extending
the mobility and roaming capabilities of LoRaWAN to
global scale. The proposal enables interoperability
between 5G network and LoRaWAN, whereby multi–
Radio Access Technologies IoT (multi-RAT IoT)
devices can exploit both technologies interchangeably,
thereby fostering novel IoT mobility and roaming use
cases for LP-WANs not experimented so far. Two
integration approaches for LoRaWAN and 5G have been
proposed, either assuming 5G spectrum connectivity
with standard 5G authentication or performing 5G
authentication over the LoRaWAN network. The
solution has been deployed, implemented and validated

39
 in a real and integrated 5G-LoRaWAN testbed, showing
its feasibility and security viability.

[28] Soil Moisture As the use and demand of the world's freshwater Assessing the practical
Monitoring Through resources increases, there is a growing need for implementation challenges and
UAS-Assisted Internet technologies that promote water conservation and performance of the UAV-based
of Things LoRaWAN environmental management in wet agriculture. To this LoRaWAN system in different
Wireless Underground end, Internet of Things (IoT) sensor demonstrations have agricultural environments, taking
Sensors demonstrated the value of wireless soil moisture sensors. into account factors such as
However, current wireless solutions often use terrestrial vegetation, topography, weather
wireless communication channels that disrupt conditions, and potential
agricultural operations. Underground wireless network interference sources.
solutions face significant challenges due to high radio
frequency (RF) emissions lost in the ground. In this
paper, we present a method to overcome both problems
by using terrestrial IoT sensors and communication
modules with an equipped unmanned aerial vehicle
system (UAS). LoRaWAN. LoRaWAN gateways
remove UAS equipment from the need for on-site base
stations and allow LoRa-enabled sensors to transmit data
over short distances with very little power. As proof of
concept, we conducted field experiments using this

40
 approach. The Signal Strength Index (RSSI) indicates
that the proposed solution has a good communication link
margin and a wider communication range than required
for reliable operation. In addition, this solution is easy to
implement, scalable, cost-effective and energy-efficient.
[29] An Efficient Equal Air- Large-scale wireless seismometer arrays (WSA) have To validate the proposed
Time Transmission become more significant in the field of seismology LoRaWAN-based WSA system
Strategy for Wireless research and the oil and gas exploration business in recent and the EAT&CH algorithm by
Seismometer Array years. Real-time large-scale WSA system is yet conducting experiments or
Based on LoRaWAN unsolvable, though, because of constrained wireless simulations to demonstrate its
With CuckooHash channel bandwidth, transmission delay, and excessive effectiveness in overcoming the
power consumption brought on by transmission conflicts challenges of wireless channel
in battery-powered seismometers. In this paper, we constraints, transmission delays,
present a LoRaWAN-based WSA system that derives its and power consumption.
very precise time slot from a synchronization platform
consisting of a temperature-compensated crystal
oscillator (TCXO) clock counter and a GPS timing
module. We propose an Equal Airtime and CuckooHash
(EAT&CH) algorithm for the WSA to alleviate channel
congestion and delays when many seismometers upload
data concurrently, utilizing the global sharing time slot.
In recent years, large-scale wireless seismometer arrays

41
 (WSA) have gained importance in both the oil and gas
exploration industry and the field of seismology research.
However, limited wireless channel capacity,
transmission latency, and excessive power consumption
due to transmission conflicts in battery-powered
seismometers make real-time large-scale WSA systems
unsolvable at this moment. In this research, we
demonstrate a LoRaWAN-based WSA system that uses
a GPS timing module and a temperature-compensated
crystal oscillator (TCXO) clock counter as part of a
synchronization platform to determine its extremely
exact time slot. In order to reduce channel congestion and
delays when many seismometers upload data
simultaneously, we suggest the Equal Airtime and
CuckooHash (EAT&CH) algorithm for the WSA, which
makes use of the global sharing time slot.

[30] Energy-Saving In modern monitoring systems, it is important to deploy

Investigating and mitigating the
Measurement in mobile nodes and send relevant data to a data center.
congestion and latency issues that
LoRaWAN-Based Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) operate in harsh
can arise in dense WSN
Wireless Sensor environments, including vibration, temperature changes,
deployments, especially in harsh
noise, and humidity. Laptop batteries are difficult to

42
Networks by Using access and cannot be replaced regularly. Most of the environments with limited access
Compressed Sensing current literature attempts to extend the network lifetime to replaceable batteries.
individually or by combining energy-saving scheduling
strategies and transmission methods. However, birth
defects cannot be avoided in mesh nets. To overcome the
technical challenges, this paper constructs a LoRaWAN-
based WSN and investigates energy-efficient scheduling
methods. First, we introduce the concepts and limitations
of LoRaWAN and discuss the feasibility and
considerations of a LoRaWAN star wireless sensor
network. Second, the detection method called ISL0
(enhanced SL0) is better for the network data structure,
and the compression detection algorithm can reduce the
number of LoRa nodes sending data packets to avoid
collisions and delays. Third, we propose a sleep
mechanism for environmental data monitoring and
device control. By using the proposed method, real-time
anomaly information can be detected, and all network
data can be recorded at any time. Simulation and
measurement results confirm that all nodes have the same
energy level at different times, increasing the longevity
of the network.

43
[31] Routing Strategies for Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs), because of The open issue discussed in the
LoRaWAN Multi-Hop their low power consumption, extended communication abstract is the need to improve the
Networks: A Survey and an range, and low cost, are quickly emerging as the most performance of LoRaWAN
SDN-Based Solution for appropriate communication technology for Internet of networks, particularly in scenarios
Smart Water Grid Things (IoT) applications. One of the most widely used such as Smart Water Grids, where
LPWANs now is Long Range Wide Area Network, or the use of some devices as relay
LoRaWAN. LoRaWAN is the most widely used nodes is not efficient in terms of
LPWAN option since it provides an open standard for energy consumption, and the
creating private networks. Nevertheless, LoRaWAN only deployment of many gateways
allows one-hop communication, in which case the increases the network cost. This
endpoints are linked to the gateways directly. Since LoRa has led to the proposal of different
networks can span kilometers, there is a chance that their routing protocols and the
signals can interfere with one another or run into exploration of multi-hop
obstructions like trees or buildings. In cities, a dense GW communication to address these
deployment is necessary to guarantee that indoor LoRa challenges.
devices can successfully send data back to GWs.
Regretfully, the cost of the network rises with the number
of GWs deployed. Without adding more GWs, multi-hop
communication can be used to improve packet delivery
ratio (PDR) and LoRaWAN network coverage.
Therefore, many routing strategies have recently been
developed with the goal of creating LoRaWAN multi-

44
hop networks where certain devices can act as relay
nodes to increase LoRaWAN performance. However,
using some Smart Water Grid (SWG) devices as relay
nodes is inefficient in terms of energy usage in specific
use situations, such as those where nodes are
subterranean inside pipelines. In this study, we first
present a comprehensive survey of several routing
protocols that have been proposed for LoRaWAN multi-
hop networks, and then we provide a helpful comparison
of these methods. Next, we suggest a routing protocol
based on Software Defined Networking (SDN) that
allows efficient peer-to-peer (P2P) communication
between end devices in SWG. Relay Nodes (RNs) are
nodes that relay data from leakage detecting nodes. When
a sensor identifies a leak, our routing approach sends a
signal to automatically close the water valve. Our
suggested method beats the conventional single-hop
network in terms of packet error rate and energy usage,
according to simulations run under LoRaSim. Numerous
concerns and challenges are listed, along with some
recommendations for future research

45
[32] Low-Power Wide-Area The Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming more and more This abstract discusses the main
Networks: Comparison of dependent on low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs) features of LoRaWAN and NB-
LoRaWAN and NB-IoT to facilitate communication. Applications including IoT and compares their
Performance intelligent transportation, smart agriculture, smart cities, performance indicators to guide
and smart logistics demand communication systems that designers in selecting the most
combine energy efficiency and long transmission ranges. appropriate technology for
Long-range wide-area networks (LoRaWAN) and specific IoT applications.
narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT) are the most promising IoT
business drivers, according to current and emerging
trends. After going over the key characteristics of both
technologies, we fairly compare them quantitatively in
this article by looking into various performance
indicators. This will help designers choose the best
technology for their needs based on the specifications of
the application.
[33] Enabling Roaming Across Handover roaming of Internet of Things (IoT) devices is The abstract addresses the
Heterogeneous IoT Wireless not successful despite the most recent research efforts to challenge of enabling mobility and
Networks: LoRaWAN promote mobility and roaming in heterogeneous Low roaming for IoT devices in
MEETS 5G Power Wide Area Networks (LP-WANs) networks. This heterogeneous LP-WANs,
is primarily because of fragmentation and challenges in particularly due to fragmentation,
establishing trust across different network domains, in trust establishment across different
addition to the lack of interoperability of various LP- network domains, and the lack of

46

[34] Energy-Saving Measurement
in LoRaWAN-Based
WANs wireless protocols. In order to address this interoperability of different LP-
problem, this paper suggests a novel handover roaming WAN wireless protocols. It
mechanism for the Low Range Wide Area Network proposes a novel handover
(LoRaWAN) protocol. This mechanism extends the roaming mechanism for
mobility and roaming capabilities of LoRaWAN to a LoRaWAN that leverages the
global scale by relying on the reliable 5G network to trusted 5G network to extend the
handle key management and authentication for IoT mobility and roaming capabilities
devices. The concept facilitates the integration of of LoRaWAN to a global scale,
LoRaWAN and 5G networks, allowing devices equipped enabling interoperability between
with multiple Radio Access Technologies (multi-RAT 5G and LoRaWAN for novel IoT
IoT) to utilize both technologies simultaneously. This can mobility and roaming use cases.
lead to the development of innovative IoT mobility and
roaming scenarios for LP-WANs that have not been
explored previously. There are two different ways to
integrate LoRaWAN with 5G: either use normal 5G
authentication while assuming 5G spectrum connectivity
or use LoRaWAN to execute 5G authentication. The
technology has demonstrated its security viability and
feasibility by being installed, implemented, and validated
in an actual, integrated 5G-LoRaWAN testbed.
Deploying sensor nodes and sending pertinent data to the The abstract discusses the
information center are critical components of development of a LoRaWAN-
47
Wireless Sensor Networks contemporary monitoring systems. Wireless sensor based wireless sensor network
by Using Compressed networks (WSNs) typically operate under challenging (WSN) and proposes an energy-
Sensing conditions that include noise, vibration, temperature efficient scheduling method to
swings, humidity, and other factors. Sensor node batteries monitor environment data and
are never interchangeable due to restricted access. The device operating status in harsh
majority of the literature now in publication seeks to environments. The proposed
increase network lifetime by enhancing deployment method uses an improved
techniques and sleep scheduling tactics, either separately compressed sensing algorithm
or in tandem. However, it is not possible to totally prevent named ISL0 for network data
the congenital flaws in mesh networks. This work creates reconstruction and sleep
a LoRaWAN-based WSN and explores its energy scheduling to reliably monitor the
efficient scheduling technique to solve the technological environment and device status.
obstacles. First, the fundamentals and constraints of The results show that the network
LoRaWAN are presented, followed by a discussion of the lifetime is maximized, and all
viability and factors to be taken into account for a nodes have the same power level at
LoRaWAN-based star wireless sensor network. Second, different times.
for network data reconstruction, an enhanced compressed
sensing technique called ISL0 (improved SL0) is
suggested. This approach can lower the quantity of LoRa
nodes transmitting data packets in order to prevent delay
and collisions. Thirdly, a sleep schedule technique is
suggested to accurately track ambient information and

48

[35] Unsupervised Learning
Clustering and Dynamic
Transmission Scheduling for
Efficient Dense LoRaWAN
Networks
the state of the device's operation. The suggested
approach enables termly recording of the entire network
data in addition to the timely detection of anomalous
information. The network lifetime is maximized, and all
nodes have the same power level at different times,
according to simulation and measurement data.
One of the most promising connectivity options for The abstract discusses the issue of
Internet of Things (IoT) dense applications is long-range excessive random and
(LoRa) communication technology. In particular, the low simultaneous transmissions in
power consumption and wide area coverage of LoRa LoRaWAN networks due to the
have attracted attention. The implementation of ALOHA adoption of ALOHA protocol,
protocol causes the LoRaWAN protocol to suffer from which results in severe packet
excessive random and simultaneous transmissions, collision rates as the network
notwithstanding its benefits. Consequently, when the scales up, leading to continuous
network grows larger, there will be a significant rate of retransmission attempts, increased
packet collisions. This results in constant retransmission transmission delay, and energy
efforts, which raise energy consumption and transmission consumption. The paper proposes
latency. Based on the unsupervised learning clustering a dynamic transmission Priority
algorithm, this research suggests a dynamic transmission Scheduling Technique (PST)
Priority Scheduling Technique (PST) to lower the packet based on the unsupervised
collision rate while increasing the network's transmission learning clustering algorithm to
delay and energy consumption. In particular, the nodes reduce the packet collision rate
49

[36] An IoT LoRaWAN Network
for Environmental Radiation
Monitoring
are categorized into various transmission priority clusters and enhance the network's
by the LoRa gateway. transmission delay and energy
On the other hand, the gateway can set the nodes' consumption, allowing scaling up
transmission intervals based on the transmission the network density while
priorities of their respective clusters thanks to the maintaining low packet collision
dynamic PST. This technique improves transmission rates and significantly enhancing
latency and energy consumption and permits increasing the transmission delay and energy
network density while preserving a low packet collision consumption.
rate. The suggested approach works better than
contemporary clustering and scheduling schemes and
standard LoRaWAN, according to simulation results. As
a result, the suggested work is ideal for LoRaWAN dense
applications.
Based on a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN), a The abstract discusses the
dependable and highly scalable Internet of Things (IoT) development of a reliable and
end-to-end data infrastructure has been established for highly scalable IoT end-to-end
environmental radiation monitoring at the European data infrastructure called Waste
Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). Thousands radiation MONitoring (W-MON)
of extremely sensitive, ultralow-power gamma radiation for environmental radiation
sensors functioning as long-range (LoRa) transceivers monitoring at the European
make up the proposed Waste Radiation MONitoring (W- Organization for Nuclear Research
MON) system. The system's objective is to enhance and (CERN) based on a low-power
50
automate standard waste containers' radiological wide-area network (LPWAN)
controls. The endpoints continuously monitor the using LoRa transceivers. The
radiation concentrations in the garbage containers, system consists of an
sending data to the LoRaWAN network server on a interconnected network of
regular basis. The network has been set out over hundreds thousands of highly sensitive and
of hectares in an outdoor setting. Based on open-source ultralow-power gamma radiation
tools, a collection of web-based user apps for data sensors that measure radiation
visualization, status control, and real-time monitoring of levels in waste containers on a
the devices have been created. To facilitate a seamless continuous basis and send the data
integration into the CERN Radiation and Environment periodically to the LoRaWAN
Monitoring Unified Supervision service (REMUS), the network server. The network has
data pipeline infrastructure has been created. been deployed in an outdoor
environment covering hundreds of
hectares, and a set of web-based
user applications for real-time
monitoring, data visualization, and
status control of the devices have
been designed based on open-
source tools. The data pipeline
infrastructure has been designed to
allow easy integration into the
overall CERN Radiation and

51

[37] Enhancing the Reliability of
Dense LoRaWAN Networks
with Multi-User Receivers
Environment Monitoring Unified
Supervision service (REMUS).
Low-power wireless technology known as LoRaWAN The abstract addresses the
enables long-range communication for Internet of Things challenge of improving the
(IoT) devices that run on batteries. LoRaWAN networks reliability of dense LoRaWAN
use a pure non-slotted ALOHA multiple access strategy networks by proposing a
for the uplink to reduce the energy consumption of the successive interference
IoT nodes. When the number of nodes gets significant, cancellation LoRa receiver to
the primary cause of errors is collisions between uplink reduce packet collision rates and
packets because the devices are not synced in time. In this enhance the network's
research, we propose a consecutive interference transmission delay and energy
cancellation LoRa receiver that can decode frames from consumption. The proposed two-
two colliding users, therefore improving the reliability of user detector leverages the bit-
dense LoRaWAN networks. The bit-interleaved coded interleaved coded modulation
modulation technique of LoRa is utilized by the scheme of LoRa to improve the
suggested two-user detector to enhance the detection and detection and cancellation of the
cancelation of the most powerful interfering user. It is strongest interfering user,
demonstrated that when there are two interfering users, it allowing the network to serve 4.7
is necessary to employ a low coding rate and repeated soft times more devices than a network
detection in order to get error rates that are reasonably with only a single-user receiver at
near to those of a single user. We then assess the gains of the gateway.
our proposed two-user receiver in an actual LoRaWAN
52
 network using simulations at the network level. To
achieve this, we use Monte-Carlo simulations at the
physical layer to construct sophisticated models of the
receivers under study. Simulation results show that a
LoRaWAN network using our two-user detector can
potentially service 4.7 times more devices than a network
with only a single-user receiver at the gateway, assuming
an overall packet error rate of 1%.
[38] A Novel Network This study describes a MAC protocol and a unique There is no specific open issue
Architecture and MAC network architecture called edge acknowledging to addressed in this abstract. The
Protocol for Confirmed improve the dependability of LoRaWAN verified paper proposes a novel network
Traffic in LoRaWAN messages. The edge acknowledging shortens the verified architecture called edge
messaging's susceptible duration by taking advantage of acknowledging and a MAC
the gateway's outstanding capabilities and the very protocol to enhance the reliability
dependable cable-based connection between the gateway of LoRaWAN confirmed
and net server. To save energy, the new MAC protocol is messaging by exploiting the great
time-slotted and prevents end nodes from competing for capability of the gateway and high
the channel. reliability of the cable-based
connection between the gateway
Through simulations and analysis, the effectiveness of and net server to reduce the
the edge acknowledging + new MAC protocol combo is vulnerable period of the confirmed
assessed using metrics like packet reception ratio, delay, messaging and constraining the

53
 energy consumption per packet, and end-to-end delivery end nodes from the contention for
probability. The findings demonstrate that, when the channel to reduce the energy
compared to the combination of the traditional consumption. The performance of
LoRaWAN architecture and CSMA-like protocols for the combination of edge
confirmed messaging, our edge acknowledging acknowledging and the new MAC
architecture and the collaborating new MAC protocol protocol is evaluated in
achieve 4 to 10 times packet reception ratio, 2.5 times simulations and analysis using the
end-to-end delivery probability, and 97% lower energy metrics of packet reception ratio,
consumption. However, in the large-scale network with end-to-end delivery probability,
500 nodes, our novel solution's delay for a correctly energy consumption per packet,
confirmed transmission increases by a factor of 20 to 30. and delay, and the results show
that the proposed solution
outperforms the conventional
LoRaWAN architecture and
CSMA-like protocols for
confirmed messaging.
[39] Efficient online resource Recent growth in the Industrial Internet of Things has The abstract addresses the need for
allocation in large-scale highlighted Low-Power Wide-Area Networks' potential efficient resource allocation in
LoRaWAN networks: A as an adjunct to cellular technology. Within this multi-SF LoRaWAN networks to
multi-agent approach framework, the LoRaWAN standard has established improve reliability, especially
itself as one of the most advanced in both academia and under high-traffic and large-scale
industry for low-power and low-cost machine-type deployments. It proposes a multi-

54
 communications. Since the Aloha-like characteristics of agent approach to efficient
LoRaWAN are known to compromise its reliability, resource allocation, which resulted
particularly in high-traffic and large-scale deployments, in network-size improvements and
several time-slotted techniques have been proposed to provides insights into slot-length
schedule LoRa transmissions appropriately. Though it computation and end-node
has shown to be important in real-world deployments, the allocation strategies enabling
online allocation of resources based on application large-scale collision-free channel
limitations has not gotten much attention in the literature. access in LoRaWAN networks.
To provide insight into this matter, this study addresses
architectural design, logic implementation, and
scalability-oriented assessment, proposing a multi-agent
solution to optimal resource allocation in multi-SF
LoRaWAN networks. Network sizes were improved by
up to 21.6% and 66.7%, respectively, because of the
system's integration of agents (for nearby or scatter node
distributions within the gateway). The paper offers a
collection of insights gained about end-node allocation
schemes and slot-length computation that allow for large-
scale collision-free channel access in LoRaWAN
networks.
[40] Dense Indoor Sensor Although sensors are now widely used in buildings, they The abstract discusses the
Networks: Towards are rarely linked to a network, which limits their ability potential of Dense Indoor Sensor

55
passively sensing human to analyze how people utilize, perform, and interact with Networks (DISNs) in buildings
presence with LoRaWAN the structure. Building sensors are anticipated to join the and explores the use of Long-
Internet of Things (IoT) and proliferate over the next Range Wide Area Network
several years, creating a Dense Indoor Sensor Network (LoRaWAN) as an alternative for
(DISN) that will enable hitherto unheard-of levels of creating indoor sensor networks.
performance, utilization, and interaction analysis. The paper presents a DISN with
Several technologies compete to drive this change. We 390 sensor nodes and four
investigate the Long-Range Wide Area Network gateways and empirically
(LoRaWAN) as a potential substitute for developing evaluates its performance for two
indoor sensor networks that go beyond their initial intent years, revealing that DISNs
for long-distance communication. In the current work, we achieve a much lower distance
constructed a DISN with four gateways and 390 sensor coverage compared to estimations
nodes, and we empirically assessed its performance over from previous research, indicating
a two-year period. Comparing our examination of over that more gateways are required.
86 million transmissions to estimates from earlier studies, The paper also investigates the
we found that DISNs achieve significantly less distance application of DISNs for the
coverage, suggesting the need for more gateways. passive sensing and visualization
Furthermore, the implementation of several gateways of human presence using a Digital
reduced transmission loss resulting from network and Twin (DT) and a Fused Twins
environmental conditions. We didn't receive many (FT) representation in Augmented
clashing concurrent messages because of the intricacy of Reality (AR).
our system, which shows a discrepancy between what is

56
needed for real-world applications given enough
gateways and what is anticipated of LoRaWAN systems.
Our comparison of attenuation models obtained from
various approaches also adds to the modeling of
transmissions. In all cases, we discover that installing a
gateway every 30 meters and every five floors allows for
the maintenance of strong coverage in an interior setting.
Lastly, we also look into the usage of DISNs in
augmented reality (AR) to detect and visualize human
presence passively utilizing digital twins (DT) and fused
twins (FT) representations. Through the process of
aggregation, a passive sensing approach permits us to
collect pertinent data on how people utilize a building
while maintaining privacy. New forms of engagement
and new kinds of interactions are made possible by
immersive in situ visualizations in FT. We conclude that
DISNs are currently technologically possible, and that
designing them around Low Power Wide Area Networks
(LPWAN) has interesting opportunities to lower
bandwidth usage, maintenance costs, and energy
consumption while simultaneously opening up new
avenues for human-building interaction.

57
[41] Multi-class random access The performance evaluation of the ALOHA-like multi- The abstract presents new
wireless network: General class random access wireless network is presented in this analytical results for evaluating
results and performance research using novel analytical results. The development the performance of ALOHA-like
analysis of LoRaWAN of random-access protocol-using low-power wireless multi-class random access
networks serves as the driving force behind the suggested wireless networks, motivated by
approach. Specifically, we juxtapose our analytical the growth of low-power wireless
approach with Long Range technology system-level networks that employ random
simulations. It is demonstrated that the suggested formula access protocols. The paper
offers a precise estimation of LoRaWAN's efficiency, proposes a model that provides an
considering its primary compromises. The two main accurate approximation of
contributions are the optimal proportion of users that LoRaWAN performance,
maximizes the network throughput for each class and for capturing its main trade-offs, and
each allocation strategy considered in the paper, as well compares it with system-level
as a thorough analysis of the effects of various LoRa simulations of Long Range (LoRa)
spreading factors (SFs) allocation strategies, including technology. The main
area intersection among SFs, which is little explored in contributions are an extensive
the literature and represents the optimal approach under analysis of the impact of different
some conditions. LoRa spreading factors (SFs)
allocation strategies and the
optimal proportion of users that
maximizes the network throughput
for each class and for each

58
 allocation strategy considered in
the paper.
[42] Aggregator to Electric Summary In recent years, power grid management has These abstract analyses wireless
Vehicle LoRaWAN Based received increasing attention due to growing concerns communication using LoRaWAN
Communication Analysis in about global warming. As the electric vehicle (EV) technology in Vehicle-to-Grid
Vehicle-to-Grid Systems in industry and batteries continue to evolve, electric (V2G) systems, with the goal of
Smart Cities vehicles that can exchange power bi-directionally with optimising network design and
the power grid will make an important contribution to the enabling cost-effective data
power grid. In this context, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) exchange for V2G services.
systems enable multiple functions between electric
vehicles and corresponding aggregators. Therefore,
reliable long-range communication capabilities between
aggregators and EVs are essential. This paper describes
radio channel analysis for aggregator and electric vehicle
communications using V2G long range wide area
network (LoRaWAN) technology. It provides a cost-
effective solution with wide coverage and low power
profile. It performed 4,444 radio channel and system-
level measurements in a real urban scenario between an
electric vehicle charging station in Pamplona (Spain) and
a mobile vehicle equipped with his LoRaWAN 868 MHz
device. Wireless channel characterization is performed

59
 by implementing a complete 3D urban scenario model,
including elements such as buildings, vehicles, users, and
urban infrastructure such as streetlights and benches. A
custom-developed 3D Ray Launch algorithm with hybrid
simulation capabilities was used to determine estimates
of received power levels, signal-to-noise ratio, and time-
domain parameters across test scenarios under dense
urban conditions. received.V2G end-to-end
communication was verified by implementing a vehicle
controller area network bus (CAN-BUS) data acquisition
system, connecting to an in-vehicle LoRaWAN
transceiver, and connecting to a cloud-based web service
connection. As a result, accurate deterministic radio
channel analysis allows you to optimize the network
design of LoRaWAN networks in vehicular
environments by considering the connection between the
vehicle and the infrastructure, resulting in a scalable and
cost-effective end-to-end solution. Additional V2G to
enable end-to-end data exchange and enable services.
[43] Securing End-Node to The introduction of IoT has brought about constant This abstract focuses on the
Gateway Communication in innovation. This innovation has made it possible for analysis of vulnerabilities in
LoRaWAN With a many "things" (including but not limited to sensors, LoRaWAN gateways within the

60
Lightweight Security wearable devices, and smart devices) to connect to the IoT infrastructure and proposes a
Protocol Internet and provide the information they collect. This lightweight security protocol using
need for connectivity has determined the trend for the cryptographic functions to address
development of new protocols that adapt to his IoT authentication vulnerabilities, with
environment while considering low energy consumption the protocol undergoing formal
and low computational costs. These protocols are called security analysis for validation.
Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN). In this
context, LoRaWAN is one of the most commonly used.
Like many other IoT protocols, it is subject to security
threats. These threats aim to violate security principles
such as information confidentiality, integrity, and
availability (the CIA triad). The purpose of this paper is
to analyze gateway-related vulnerabilities within
LoRaWAN infrastructure to propose a lightweight
security protocol to address gateway authentication
vulnerabilities. This protocol is intended for use in IoT
devices that have very limited hardware and power
resources, and therefore uses lightweight cryptographic
functions to achieve this goal. Similarly, this protocol has
undergone formal security analysis using tools called
BAN-Logic and Scyther to verify the security of the
proposed protocol.

61
[44] A 3D simulation framework
with ray-tracing propagation
for LoRaWAN
communication
Deploying low power wide area networks (LP-WAN) to According to the abstract, the open
connect remote wireless sensors is becoming a reality in issue addressed is the limited
intelligent scenarios, covering the communication needs accuracy of current simulation
of large-scale Internet of Things (IoT) deployments. frameworks for evaluating the
Correct operation and expected performance of such performance of Long-Range
network scenarios, which may involve hundreds or Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN)
thousands of nodes and tens of square kilometers, must communication technology in
be evaluated prior to deployment to save on installation urban settings, specifically signal
and maintenance costs. While common network planning strength estimation and
tools can help you determine potential coverage at a high propagation modelling in the
level, network simulation provides detailed information presence of terrain elevation,
about network performance. Nevertheless, current buildings, and vegetation.
simulation frameworks include limited dispersion models
based on statistical and empirical measurements and do
not consider scenario details such as terrain height,
buildings, and vegetation. This is very important in urban
environments. In this spirit, this article presents a
simulation framework that includes a network simulator,
3D engine, and ray tracing tools to realistically model the
performance of long-range wide-area network
(LoRaWAN) communication technologies. We evaluate
the performance of our solution using an experimental
62
 campaign in the city of Cartagena (Spain) as a reference
and compare the data obtained in the simulation with
commonly used propagation models such as Okumura
grouper and path loss. This result shows that our
framework, built using data from open geographic
information systems, accurately matches experimental
values and shows that our framework, built using open
geographic information system data, accurately matches
experimental values when estimating signal strength on
difficult urban roads with signalized obstacles. This
suggests that they report 10% to 50% improvement in
error compared to more roads. Powerful classic Okumura
Hata model.
[45] LoRaWAN Security The LoRaWAN security design follows modern According to this abstract, the
principles, including standard algorithms and end-to-end open issue is not explicitly stated.
security. LoRaWAN security includes mutual end-point However, one potential open issue
authentication, data origin authentication, is the evaluation and mitigation of
integrity/replay protection, and confidentiality. Using potential vulnerabilities or
symmetric cryptography and sharing secret keys between weaknesses in the LoRaWAN
devices and servers allows for a highly efficient security design, despite its
activation process, both in terms of power and network adherence to cutting-edge
usage.

63
 principles and use of standard
cryptographic algorithms.
[46] Investigation on Security Overview The LoRaWAN standard is derived from the This abstract discusses the security
Risk of LoRaWAN: Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology vulnerabilities and risks associated
Compatibility Scenarios and is suitable for the development of Internet of Things with the LoRaWAN protocol,
(IoT) systems that will revolutionize the semiconductor specifically focusing on the
industry. Although it is a widely used technology in compatibility between different
various applications, security issues are still a big versions of the protocol and the
challenge for long-range LoRa networks and devices. potential for cyber-attacks in
Although LoRa Alliance has improved the security of heterogeneous systems.
LoRaWAN and his network architecture from version 1.0
to version 1.1, the latest version still has some drawbacks
such as vulnerability to attacks. Some studies evaluated
the security risks and vulnerabilities of LoRaWAN (v1.0
and v1.1). Additionally, all of these specifications must
coexist, making compatibility a key factor in ensuring the
sustainability of this technology. For this reason, we are
investigating vulnerabilities in LoRaWAN protocol from
a compatibility perspective. Therefore, he considers 4
compatibility scenarios and 4,444 cyber-attack
possibilities when connecting two versions of a device.
This article analyzes the LoRaWAN architecture and

64
 discusses basic security concepts related to homogeneous
or heterogeneous system compatibility scenarios that
integrate two LoRaWAN versions. Next, investigate and
identify potential security risks and network
vulnerabilities in LoRaWAN technology. We create a
catalog of LoRaWAN vulnerabilities based on a
systematic framework. The catalog contains five
vulnerabilities related to LoRaWAN v1.0.x and v1.1 and
seven vulnerabilities related to LoRaWAN v1.0.x. Next,
check whether these vulnerabilities apply to your
compatibility scenario. The majority of vulnerabilities
fixed in LoRaWAN v1.1 remain in the compatibility
scenario.
[47] Enhancing LoRaWAN The inherent requirements of LoRaWAN designs, such According to this abstract, the
Security: An Advanced as low power consumption, cost efficiency, and high open issue is the selection of the
AES-Based Cryptographic scalability, require that their security protocols be equally most suitable encryption method
Approach robust and durable, especially since devices are often for LoRaWAN that balances
deployed in the field for long periods of time. This security, network throughput, and
research paper describes his new encryption method for improved energy consumption,
LoRaWAN based on Advanced Encryption Standard especially the effectiveness of
(AES) and using 256-bit keys. The effectiveness and AES128-based and AES256-
efficiency of the proposed cryptographic solutions are

65
 analyzed through comprehensive performance based methods and to compare
evaluation. Key performance metrics include security efficiency
metrics, network throughput, and endpoint power usage.
It has been observed that increasing the key size from 128
bits to 256 bits significantly improves the resilience of
LoRaWAN against various cyber-attacks. The results
also show that there are slight differences between the
proposed AES256-based method and existing AES128-
based methods in terms of network throughput and
energy consumption. However, the enhanced security
provided by the AES256 standard highlights the potential
of LoRaWAN as a viable encryption method, providing
a favorable balance between increased security and
operational performance.
[48] Securing End-Node to Overview The introduction of IoT has brought The open issue are the needed to
Gateway Communication in continuous innovation. This innovation has made it analyze LoRaWAN gateway
LoRaWAN With a possible for many "things" (including but not limited to vulnerabilities and provide simple
Lightweight Security sensors, wearable devices, and smart devices) to connect solutions to address gateway
Protocol to the Internet and provide the information they collect. authentication vulnerabilities, with
This need for connectivity has determined the trend for a particular focus on the limited
the development of new protocols that adapt to his IoT hardware and power resources of
environment while taking into account low energy IoT devices.

66
 consumption and low computational costs. These The aim is to propose a security
protocols are called Low Power Wide Area Networks protocol.
(LPWAN). In this context, LoRaWAN is one of the most
used. Like many other IoT protocols, it is subject to
security threats. These threats aim to violate security
principles such as information confidentiality, integrity,
and availability (the CIA triad). The purpose of this paper
is to analyze gateway-related vulnerabilities within
LoRaWAN infrastructure to propose a lightweight
security protocol to address gateway authentication
vulnerabilities. This protocol is intended for use in IoT
devices that have very limited hardware and power
resources, and therefore uses lightweight cryptographic
functions to achieve this goal. Similarly, this protocol has
undergone formal security analysis using tools called
BAN-Logic and Scyther to verify the security of the
proposed protocol.

[49] LoRaWAN-based IoT The new three-layer adaptive central protection scheme Mainly describes a novel three-
protocol for three levels is provided for the MTMT HVDC transmission system. layer adaptive central protection
central protection scheme in The primary protection is based on a differential relay, method and highlights its efficacy
MT-HVDC networks with while two backup protection levels are proposed: At the and efficiency in identifying

67
 ANFIS-PSO restoration
algorithm
[50] A Secure and LoRaWAN
Compatible User
Authentication Protocol for
Critical Applications in the
IoT Environment
AC grid side, a local dv/dt under-voltage relay and an problematic lines and enabling
overcurrent relay at centralize. These three protection quick recovery. There are no
levels are coordinated according to the beneficial time particular unresolved difficulties
for the coordination. The connection between the central or issues that the suggested
protection unit and the Fault Isolation Devices (FIDs) is protection plan seeks to address or
formed through a LoRaWAN-based IoT protocol. The resolve mentioned in the abstract.
ANFIS algorithm is used for the detection and tripping
of faulty section in case of third stage protection as a
result. The healthy lines restoration process aims at
avoiding load shedding and minimizing line power loss.
The proposed protection scheme in this article has been
carried out and verified under different fault conditions
via MATLAB/Simulink® environment. The findings
show that the proposed protection method is both very
effective and highly efficient for detecting faulty lines in
MT-HVDC transmission networks, followed by a fast
recovery procedure.
In Internet of Things, critical applications are two key The abstract discusses the
issues that include security and privacy. LoRaWAN is a importance of security and privacy
protocol that efficiently provides wide band in IoT applications, particularly
communication for battery-restricted IoT end devices for LoRaWAN networks. It
including personal users and industry. To help to employ presents a novel user-
68
this technology and obtain the trust from users, it is authenticated key setup approach
important that security and privacy of information for bidirectional authentication,
gathered by end devices are ensured. In this regard the demonstrating its security and
user authentication and key establishment protocols are authentication characteristics
very crucial. Despite few authentication schemes that using formal proofs and validation
have surfaced in the literature, they are not practical for tools, and highlighting its low
LoRaWAN networks. So, in this paper we present a new computing costs.
user authenticated key establishment scheme that is
secure for LoRaWAN networks. The proposed plan
ensures bidirectional authentication among participants
which also includes a user and end device that generates
only for them, secure session key between themselves
without trusting the network server conditionally
completely. We created a formal proof in order to show
that the suggested scheme is safe using the real-or
random model. In addition, we used Proverif and the
automated tool of validation for internet security
protocols and applications as a verification that it meets
requirements with authentication and safety features. In
addition, we argue that our proposal is a low-cost solution
concerning computation costs in end devices. Then, we

69
provide a practical demonstration of our proposal using
the NS2 simulator.

70
4.0 PROBLEM / OPEN ISSUE

OPEN ISSUE JOURNAL

Coverage and energy-efficiency [1], [2]

Sensor-based methods [3], [42]

Novel mechanism [4], [10], [38],

[49]

Monitoring [5], [6], [8]

Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) algorithm for line [7]

restoration

Agricultural [9], [28]

Reduce power consumption during data encryption. [11]

Use permissioned blockchain and smart contracts to replace bonding [12]

servers that act as single points of failure (SPOF) in LoRaWAN
architectures.

LoRaWAN confirmed messaging [13], [14]

Security protocol [15], [29], [43],

[45], [46], [47],
[48], [50]

LoRaWAN class b [16], [17]

Paid to higher energy consumption and decreased network reach [18]

Downlink traffic for LoRaWAN [19]

71
Lower downlink performance [20]

Energy efficiency of LoRaWAN network [21], [22]

Achieve a balance between data receiver rate and network energy [23]
consumption in various underground conditions.

Proposed radio frequency fingerprinting approach under various practical [24]

conditions

Utilizing LoRaWAN in smart industries and hospitals. [25], [26]

Heterogeneous LP-WANS [27], [33]

Dense WSN deployments [30], [34]

Performance of LoRaWAN networks [31], [32]

Aloha protocol [35], [41]

The reliability of dense LoRaWAN networks [13], [14], [36],

[37], [39]

Indoor sensor networks. [40]

Limited accuracy of current simulation frameworks for evaluating the [44]

performance of long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN)

72
5.0 Systematic Literature Review

i) Novel mechanism

Conclusion: The four articles talk about protective measures for high voltage direct
current transmission systems, novel uses of IoT, and LoRaWAN technology. They
focus on difficulties, economical solutions, coordination, fault detection, and the
dependability of LoRaWAN verified messages. They address handover roaming,
flood monitoring, adaptive central protection, and edge acknowledging.

Future Work: Standardization efforts for interoperability between LP-WANs should

be the main focus of future research, especially in multi-RAT IoT devices. Future
advancements in environmental monitoring might involve the use of more energy-
efficient technologies and sensors. Protection plans could be expanded to take into
account changing grid conditions and technological advancements. It's also advised to
optimize MAC protocols for particular use cases.

ii) Monitoring

Conclusion: The articles cover the planning and execution of Internet of Things (IoT)
systems for environmental monitoring, with an emphasis on air, water, and radiation
quality. They present the LoRaWAN IoT-AQMS sensor node for real-time data
transmission, the Waste Radiation Monitoring system at CERN, and a solar-powered
water quality monitoring system for rural areas.

Future Work: Subsequent investigations ought to concentrate on the assimilation of

IoT systems into environmental monitoring frameworks, augmenting sensor
functionalities, tackling scalability and network optimization, accentuating energy
efficiency, guaranteeing resilient data security and privacy protocols, and engaging
nearby communities in the analysis and determination of data. Additionally, by

73
extending their operational life in isolated or off-grid areas, these systems might
guarantee a more thorough comprehension of environmental conditions.

iii) Security protocol

Conclusion: The paper addresses the flaws in LoRaWAN infrastructure, especially

with regard to gateways, and suggests simple security measures to plug these holes. It
also covers the significance of encryption standards, including the application of
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), and the difficulties associated with
maintaining compatibility across various LoRaWAN iterations. The ongoing
innovation in the IoT space is also acknowledged in the article.

Future Work: Future studies should concentrate on improving and fine-tuning

lightweight security protocols in order to safeguard LoRaWAN infrastructure against
constantly changing cyberthreats. It is also advised to prioritize standardization and
interoperability, investigate dynamic security measures, and investigate energy-
efficient encryption techniques. Proactive approaches to IoT security also require
regular security audits and educating the public about safe practices.

iv) The reliability of dense LoRaWAN networks

Conclusion: The optimization and enhancement of Low-Power Wide-Area Network

(LPWAN) technology, particularly for Internet of Things (IoT) applications, is the
subject of the five articles. Energy efficiency, scalability, and dependability are among
the important topics discussed. Edge-acknowledging architectures and multi-agent
resource allocation are examples of novel techniques. The goal of solutions is to
maximize energy consumption and handle issues with large-scale deployments. The
articles also demonstrate how LoRaWAN is being used in real-world scenarios for a
variety of purposes, including confirmed messaging and environmental radiation
monitoring.

74
Future work: Potential avenues for future research include the investigation of
sophisticated resource allocation techniques, integration with 5G networks, security
considerations, and standardization for large-scale deployments, dynamic MAC
protocols, and environmental monitoring diversification. Resource allocation could be
optimized based on network conditions using AI or machine learning techniques. The
goal of standardization efforts could be to define protocols and best practices for the
smooth integration of various Internet of Things applications. Development of
dynamic MAC protocols that adjust to changing network conditions could also be the
subject of research.

v) Coverage and energy-efficiency

Conclusion: Two articles examine how Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs)
are used in the Internet of Things (IoT), with an emphasis on LoRaWAN protocol and
long range modulation. Their large coverage areas, energy efficiency, and
affordability are their main selling points. In the second article, which contrasts
SigFox and LoRaWAN, it is found that while LoRaWAN performs better in terms of
coverage, packet delivery rate, and radio signal strength, SigFox exhibits better energy
efficiency and sends 20% more messages.

Future work: Prospective investigations may concentrate on enhancing energy

efficiency within LoRaWAN networks, investigating novel protocols or adaptable
tactics, and carrying out a range of environmental assessments. It is imperative to
tackle the advantages and difficulties of scalability as IoT deployments increase.
Security assessments ought to be carried out in order to find weaknesses and suggest
strong defenses. Examining the interoperability, smooth data exchange, and
cooperative solutions for various IoT applications, as well as how LPWAN
technologies integrate with other IoT technologies, could prove to be beneficial. This
will contribute to strengthening the base that the articles established.

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6.0 TOOLS

6.1 Laman Hikmah Library UTeM

Laman Hikmah Library UTeM is as a resource that we use for the preparation of our
research, to accessing journals and articles. This online platform acts as a repository
providing a hub for various scholarly materials such, as the IEEE and Science Direct
databases. By utilizing its collection we was able to navigate the librarys features to
find relevant information using filters and search strategies for precision. Additionally
the user friendly interface of the Laman Hikmah Library UTeM seamlessly integrated
information into my work greatly enhancing the depth and accuracy of my research
while simplifying the citation and referencing process.

6.2 ChatGPT

ChatGPT represents a language model powered by artificial intelligence that serves as

a tool to generate text that closely resembles human language. His ability to offer
perspective on topics and foster creativity makes him indispensable in studying
LoRaWan technology. ChatGPT has analytical prowess that allows it to interpret large
amounts of data resulting in the creation of textual structures that inspire reflection,
present diverse opinions, and facilitate the concise formulation of complex concepts.
Therefore, we chose this model as a catalyst for exploration, in the field of LoRaWan
Technology.

6.3 QuillBot

QuillBot proved to be an invaluable tool for citation and paraphrasing while working
on research assignments. QuillBot made it easier to integrate external sources into our
research by generating accurate and well-formatted citations. This not only
streamlined the citation process, but also ensured that academic standards were met.
Furthermore, QuillBot provides a user-friendly and efficient way to rephrase complex

76
sentences and ideas. Using QuillBot, we were able to improve the clarity and
coherence of our research assignment.

6.4 Grammarly

Grammarly is useful in the writing process because it helps to identify and correct
grammatical errors, improving the overall quality of written content. In academic
writing, language accuracy is critical, and Grammarly is a dependable ally in
upholding these standards. By incorporating Grammarly, we allow the software to
automatically identify and suggest corrections for grammatical errors, ensuring that
our assignments comply with current grammar and language usage standards. This
proactive approach not only streamlines the editing process, but also ensures that
assignments are grammatically correct and precise.

6.5 Google Translate

Google Translate is a simple tool for basic language translation that can help us in
gain a general understanding of content when searching about LoRaWan Technology.
When using Google Translate in the research process, it is critical to double-check the
translated text for errors and inaccuracies, especially in complex or specialized topics.

77
7.0 CONCLUSION

Overall, LoRaWAN's low power, long range, and affordable communication

capabilities make it a viable technology for Internet of Things applications. It is used
in numerous applications such as localization, smart city applications, wireless sensor
networks, traffic monitoring, health and welfare monitoring, and intelligent grids.
However, LoRaWAN has drawbacks and limitations such as interference, scalability
issues, and security issues. This research aims to improve the understanding and
development of LoRaWAN and address these issues through literature analysis, real-
world testing, and removing barriers. The goal is to provide insightful insights to
consumers, practitioners, and academics of LoRaWAN-based applications.

78
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