WIND

POWERPLANT
By:
Calzado, Egie
Dinlauso, Aldrin
Estellore, Gabor
Leynes, John Patrick
Suarez, Joana Paula
Viernes, Aldream
Virrey, Denniel
WI ND POWER
W in d Po w e r is th e c o n v e rs io n o f w in d
e n e r g y into a useful form of energy,
s u c h a s u s i n g generator to p r o d u c e
e le c tric ity, w in d m ills fo r m e c h a n ic a l
p o we r to drive p u m p s and other
mechanical system.
WIND TURBINE GENERATOR SET-UP & CONNECTION

Supplied to
the grid

Electricity

Suplies directedly to
household
BASIC PART OF
WIND PLANT
 ANEMOMETER

PROJECT 1

Anem om eter : m easures th e w in d sp eed

and transmits w i n d speed data to the
controller.
 BLADES

PROJECT 1

Blades : m ost turb in es h ave eith er tw o or

three blades. Wind blowing over the blades
cause the blade to "lift" and rotate.
 BRAKE

PROJECT 1
Brake : A d isc b rake, w h ic h c an b e ap p lied
mechanically, electrically or hydraulically to
stop the rotor in emergency cases.
 CONTROLLER

Controller

Controller : th e c on troller starts up th e

PROJECT 1
machine at w i n d speeds equivalent to cut-in
speed and shuts off the machine cut-out
speed. Turbines d o not operate at w i n d
speeds above cut-out speed because the
high winds m i g h t d a m a g e them.
 GEARBOX
Gearbox

PROJECT 1 Gear box : gears c on n ec t th e low sp eed

shaft to the high-speed shaft and increase
the rotational speeds from about 30 to 6 0
rotations per minute (rpm) to about 1000-
1800 rpm, the rotational speed required by
most generators to produce electricity.
 GENERATOR

Generator

PROJECT 1
Generator : c onverts m ec h an ic al sh aft
energy to electrical energy.
 NACELLE
Nacelle

PROJECT 1
Nacelle : a c over h ousin g th at h ouses all of
the generating components in a w i n d
turbine, including the generator, gearbox,
drive train, and brake assembly.
 PITCH

Pitch : B lad es are turn ed , or p itc h ed , out of

the w in d to control the rotor speed and keep
the rotor from turning in winds that are too
high or too low to produce electricity.

PROJECT 1
 ROTOR

Rotor

PROJECT 1

Rotor : the blades and the h u b together are

called the rotor.
 TOWER

Tower

PROJECT 1
Tower : towers are m a d e from tubular steel
concrete, or steel lattice. Because wind speed
increases with height, taller towers enable turbines
to capture mire energy and generate more
electricity.
 WIND DIRECTION

W ind direction : th is is an "up w in d " turb in e, so-

called because it operates facing into wind.
Other turbines are designated to run "downwind"
facing away from the wind.
 WI ND VANE

W ind vane : m easures w in d d irec tion an d

c o m m u n i c a t e with the yaw drive to orient the
turbine properly on the wind.
 YAW MOTOR

PROJECT 1
Yaw motor: powers the yaw drive
during the startup.
 YAW DRI VE

Yaw drive : up w in d turb in es fac e in to th e

PROJECT 1
wind; the yaw drive is used to keep the rotor
facing into the w i n d as the w i n d direction
changes. D o w n w i n d turbines don't require a
yaw drive; the w i n d blows the rotor
downwind.
 ADVANTAGES & DI S ADVANTAGES
OF WIND ENERGY
Advantages of Wind Energy Disadvantages of Wind Energy

01 FREE FUEL 01 D A N G E R O U S TO S O M E WILDLIF E

02 O N E O F THE C L E A N E S T F O R M S O F E N E R G Y
02 N O IS Y

03 A D VA N C E S IN T E C H N O L O G Y
03 E X P E N S IV E U P F R O N T C O S T

04 D O E S N ’ T DISRU P T FA R M L A N D O P E R AT I O N S

04 U N R E L IA B L E /U N P R E D IC TA B L E
05 R E D U C E S O U R D E P E N D E N C E O F F O S S IL F U E L S
 TOP 3 WI NDMI LL I N THE
PHILIPPINES

01 02 03
Caparispisan Wind
Farm, also known as
The Bangui Wind Farm Burgos Wind Farm is
the North Luzon
is a wind farm in located in Burgos,
Renewables Wind
Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Norte,
Farm, is located in
Philippines. Philippines.
Pagudpud, Ilocos
Norte
WIND TURBINE TYPES
 Burgos Wind, Ilocos

HORIZONTAL AXIS
TURBINES
• Horizontal-axis turbines have blades like airplane
propellers, and they commonly have three blades.
• The largest horizontal-axis turbines are as tall as 20-story
buildings and have blades more than 100 feet long.
• Taller turbines with longer blades generate more
electricity. Nearly all of the wind turbines currently in use
are horizontal-axis turbines.
• However, the construction of this type of turbine requires
a heavy support for the tower to support the weight of
the blades, gearbox and generator as well as utilizing a
sizable crane to lift the components to the top of the
tower.
 VERTICAL AXIS TURBINES
• Darrieus Wind Turbine is also called an Eggbeater turbine. This
kind of turbine was invented in the year 1931 by Georges
Darrieus.
• A Darrieus machine is a low torque and high-speed device used to
generate AC (alternating current). Generally, Darrieus requires
physical push so some exterior power source is used to start
rotating because the initial torque is extremely low.
• This machine consists of two blades that are vertically oriented
and rotating around a perpendicular shaft.
• These turbines are eggbeater shaped which includes high
efficiency, but, they are not consistent.
• In order to utilize this turbine, you should have an exterior power
source to start them
• This turbine includes two blades so it is the best choice to select
instead of selecting a three-blade wind turbine.
• This wind turbine can be supported by using a superstructure that
will fix it close to the pinnacle bearing.
 VERTICAL AXIS TURBINES
• The Savonius turbine is one of two main types of vertical axis
turbines (VAWT). Invented in Finland in the 1922 by Sigurd J.
Savonius, the Savonius turbine is S-shaped if viewed from above, and
has two, three, or more scoops to catch the wind. Although, unlike
the Darrieus turbine (which uses airfoils and aerodynamic lift to turn
the blades), the Savonius turbine can't rotate faster than the speed of
the wind, it does yield a high torque.
• It is useful for grinding grain, pumping water, and many other tasks,
but its slow rotational speeds make it unsuitable for generating
electricity on a large-scale. Small electricity-producing Savonius
turbines for domestic use, however, such as the one shown here,
have been developed.
• Because the Savonius design works well even at low wind speeds,
there's no need for a tower or other expensive structure to hold it in
place, greatly reducing the initial setup cost.
FUNDAMENTAL
EQUATIONS
 ENERGY CONVERSION
• A wind turbine transforms the mechanical
energy of wind into electrical energy. A turbine
takes the kinetic energy of a moving fluid, air in
this case, and converts it to a rotary motion.
• As wind moves past the blades of a wind
turbine, it moves or rotates the blades. These
blades turn a generator.
• A generator works as an inverse of an electric
motor; instead of applying electrical energy to
turn it and create mechanical energy, it uses
mechanical energy to turn and create electrical
energy.
• Generators spin coiled wire around magnets to
create an electrical current.
 WIND POWER
• Wind energy depends on:
amount of air (the volume of air in consideration)
speed of air (the magnitude of its velocity)
mass of air (related to its volume via density)
• Wind power quantifies the amount of wind energy flowing
through an area of interest per unit time. In other words, wind
power is the flux of wind energy through an area of interest.
• Flux is a fundamental concept in fluid mechanics, measuring
the rate of flow of any quantity carried with the moving fluid,
by definition normalized per unit area.
• For example, mass flux is the rate of mass flow through an
area of interest divided by this area. Volume flux is the volume
flowing through area of interest per unit time and per unit
area
ENERGY AND POWER
Kinetic Energy – energy in Theoretical Wind Power
motion 𝐾𝐸 1 𝑚𝑣 2
1 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃 = =
𝑡 2 𝑡
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑣𝑎 2 𝑚
2 = mass flow rate
𝑡
where: 𝐴∗𝑙∗𝜌
= =𝐴∗𝑣∗𝜌
𝐾𝐸 = kinetic energy 𝑡
1
𝑚𝑎 = mass of air ∴ 𝑃 = 𝐴𝜌𝑣 3
2
𝑣𝑎 = volume of air Where:
P = Power (W)
𝜌 = density of air (𝑘𝑔ൗ𝑚3)
A = swept area of the wind blades (𝑚2 )
 BETZ LIMIT
• A German physicist Albert Betz concluded in
1919 that no wind turbine could convert more
than 16/27 (59.3%) of the kinetic energy of the 𝐶𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.59
wind into mechanical energy turning a rotor. To So:
this day, this is known as the Betz Limit or Betz' 1
Law. ∴ 𝑃 = 𝐶𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐴𝜌𝑣 3
2
• The theoretical maximum power efficiency of
any design of wind turbine is 0.59 (i.e. no more
than 59% of the energy carried y the wind can
be extracted by a wind turbine).
• This is called the "power coefficient" and is by • By the time we take into account the other factors in a
59% of the energy carried y the wind can be complete wind turbine system - eg the gearbox, bearings,
extracted by a wind turbine). This is called the and generator and so on - only 10-30% of the power of the
"power coefficient” and is defined as: wind is ever actually converted into usable electricity.
Burgos Wind Farm
Design and Features

 -The 150 Mw Burgos wind farm in

Ilocos Norte is the biggest wind farm
in the Philippines.
 -Burgos wind farm consist of 50
Vestas V90 wind turbine with a
rated capacity of 3 MW each.
Vestas V90
THE POWER REGULATION pitch regulated with variable speed

OPERARION DATA
Rates Power 3.0 m/s
Cut-in wind speed 3.5 m/s
Rated wind speed 15 m/s
Cut-out wind speed 25 m/s
Re-cut wind speed 20 m/s
Wind class IEC IA and IEC IIA
Operating temperature range Standard range
-20C to 40C
SOUND POWER

 (Mode 0, 10m above the ground, hub height 80 m, air density 1,225kg/m3)
 4 m/s 97.9 dB (A)
 5 m/s 100.9 dB (A)
 6 m/s 104.2 dB (A)
 7 m/s 106.1 dB (A)
 8 m/s 107.0 dB (A)
 9m/s 106.9 dB (A)
 ROTOR  ELECTRICAL
 Rotor Diameter 90 m  Frequency 50/60 Hz
 Swept Area 6,362 m2  Generator Type 4 pole double fed generator
 Nominal Revolutions 16.1 rpm
 Operational Interval 8.6- 18.4 rpm
 Air Brake full blade feathering
 with 3 pitch cylinders
GEAR BOX
Type Two planetary stages and one helical stage
TOWER
Type Tubular steel tower
Hub heights 65m and 80m (IEC IA)
 105m (IEC IIA)
BLADE DIMENSIONS
Length 44m
Max chord 3.5m
NACELLE DIMENSIONS
Height for transport 4m
 Length 9.65 m
Width 3.65(3.85m installed)
HUB DIMENSIONS
Max diameter 3.6 m
Max width 4.2 m
Length 4.4 m
Max weight per unit for transportation 70 metric tonnes
 The wind speed is not constant, a special double feed generator design is normally used for wind
turbines.
 Power curve for Vectus V90-3.0MW
Cut-in speed
At very low wind speed, there is a insufficient torque exerted by the wind on the turbine
blades to make them rotate. However, as the speed increases, the wind turbine will begin to
rotate and generate electrical power.
Rated output power and rate output wind speed
As the wind speed rises above the cut-in speed, the level of electrical output power rises
rapidly. However typically somewhere between 12 to 17 meters per second, the power
output reaches the limit that the electrical generator is capable of.
Cut-out speed
As the speed increases above the rate output wind speed, the forces on the turbine structure
continue to rise and, at some point, there is a risk of damage to the rotor.
WIND POWER PLANT
IN THE PHILIPPINES

 As of 2021, all wind farms in the

Philippines consist of onshore (land-
based) wind farms. On April 20,
2022, the Department of Energy and
World Bank Group released the
Philippines Offshore Wind Roadmap,
which shows that the country has a
178GW of technical offshore wind
potential.
Operating wind farms

Burgos Wind Farms

The Burgos Wind Farm in Ilocos Norte is
currently the largest wind farm in the
Philippines, powering locals with 150MW
of energy. In October 2016, the Provincial
Board of Ilocos Norte unanimously
designated Ilocos Norte as a “clean, green,
and coal-free province
 Caparispisan Wind Farm
The second largest, Caparispisan Wind
Farm (also known as the North Luzon
Renewables Wind Farm) is a wind farm in
Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte, Philippines.
Pililla Wind Farm
The Pililla Wind Farm, owned and
operated by Alternergy Philippine
Holdings Corporation (APHC), covers
an area of 4,515 hectares under
Department of Energy WESC NO. 2009-
09-018. This Wind Energy Service
Contract (WESC) has two phases, Pililla
Wind Power Project under WESC NO.
2009-09-018-AF1 and the Mt. Sembrano
Wind Power Project under WESC NO.
2009-09-018-AP2.
San Lorenzo Wind Farm
The San Lorenzo Wind Farm is based in
San Lorenzo, Guimaras. It is owned and
operated by Trans-Asia Renewable Energy
Corporation (TAREC) and was
commissioned in 2015. Since its
commissioning, the wind farm has
sparked tourism and economic
development in the province.
Puerto Galera Wind Farm
The Puerto Galera Wind Farm, also called
the Wind Energy Power System (WEPS),
is a 48MW wind farm project located near
Puerto Galera in Mindoro Oriental.
 Nabas Wind Farm
 The Nabas Wind Farm is based in Nabas,
Aklan. It is owned and operated by
PetroWind Energy, Inc. The first phase,
which consists of 36MW, was commissioned
in 2015.
 Bangui Wind Farm
 The Bangui Wind Farm is a wind farm in
Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines. The wind
farm uses 20 units of 70m (230 ft) high
Vestas V82 1.65 MW wind turbines, arranged
in a single row stretching along a 9-kilometer
(5.6 mi) shoreline off Bangui Bay, facing the
West Philippine Sea.
 Project Type Island Location Commission Owner Operator Installed
Year Capacity

Burgos Wind Farm Onshore Luzon Burgos, Ilocos 2014 EDC Burgos Wind Vestas Wind 150MW
Norte Power Systems A/S
Corporation

Caparispisan Wind Onshore Luzon Pagudpud, Ilocos 2014 Joint venture North Luzon 81MW
Farm Norte between AC Renewable
Energy Holdings, Energy
Philippine Corporation
Alliance for
Infrastructure and
UPC Philippines
Wind Holdco
Pililla Wind Farm Onshore Luzon Pililla, Rizal 2016 Alternergy Alternergy 54MW
Philippine Philippine
Holdings Holdings
Corporation Corporation

Pililla Wind Farm Onshore Visayas San Lorenzo, 2015 Trans-Asia Trans-Asia 54MW
Guimaras Renewable Renewable
Energy Energy
Corporation Corporation
Bangui Wind Farm Onshore Luzon Bangui, Ilocos 2005 AC Energy, Inc. NorthWind Power Phase 1: 24.75
Norte Development MW
Corp. Phase 2: 8.25 MW

Phase 3: 18.90
MW

Total: 51.9 MW
Nabas Wind Farm Onshore Visayas Nabas, Aklan 2015 PetroWind PetroWind 36MW
POWER
PLANT AND
ECONOMICS
Definition of terms and
Load Curves

LOAD CURVES- the curve showing the

variation of load to the power station with
respect to time. It illustrate the value of a
particular load for each unit of period covered.
The unit of time considered maybe hour, days,
weeks, months or years.
 DAILY LOAD CURVE

The load on the power

plant varies from time to
time due to the uncertain
demands of the customer
and is known as the variable
load on the station.
BASE LOAD
The unvarying load which occur almost the whole day on the power station.

PEAK LOAD
The various peak demands of the load over the base load of the power station.

DUMP POWER
This term is used in hydro power plants, and it shows the power in excess of
the load requirements and made available by surplus water
 FIRM WATER
Is the power which should always be available even under emergency
condition.

PRIME POWER
Is the power maybe mechanical, hydraulic or thermal that is always available
for conversion into electric power.

COLD RESERVED
Is the reserved generating capacity which is operation but can made available
for service.
HOT RESERVED
Is the reserved generating capacity which is in operation but not in service.

SPINNING RESERVED
Is the reserved generating capacity which is connected to the bus and is ready
to take the load.
LOAD DURATION CURVED
When the load element of a load curved are arrange in the order of descending magnitude.
POWER PLANT AND
DISTRIBUTION FACTORS
A. Connected Load
-> sum of continuous ratings of all the equipment connected to the electrical supply
system

B. Maximum Demand
-> greatest demand of the load on the power station during a given period

C. Demand Factor
-> ratio of maximum demand on the power station to its connected load
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
Demand Factor =
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
D. Average Load / Average Demand
-> average of load occurring on the power station in a given period ( day, month or year ) is know as
average

𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑑𝑎𝑦

Daily average load =
24 ℎ𝑟𝑠

𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

Monthly average load =
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

Daily average load =
8760
E. Load Factor

-> ratio of the average load to the maximum demand during a given period

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
Load Factor =
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

If the plant is in operation for T hours,

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 𝑇
Load Factor =
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 ×𝑇

𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑇 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

=
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 × 𝑇 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
F. Diversity Factor

-> ratio of the sum of individual maximum demands to the maximum demand on the power station

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

Diversity Factor =
𝑀𝑎𝑥.𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

G. Plant Capacity Factor

-> ratio of actual energy produced to the maximum possible energy that could have been produce during the given period

-> indication of the reserve capacity of the plant

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑

Plant capacity factor =
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
=
𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

Annual Plant capacity factor =
𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 8760
H. Reserve Capacity
-> difference between the plant capacity factor and maximum demand

Reserve Capacity = 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

I. Plant Use Factor

-> ratio of kWh generated to the product of plant capacity and the number of hours for which the
plant was in operation

𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑊ℎ

Plant Use Factor =
𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑠𝑒
POWER PLANT
COSTS
• The cost of a power plant depends
upon when a new power plant is to be
constructed, or an existing plant is to
be replaced or plant to be extended.
The cost analysis includes:
A. Capital Cost (CAPEX) or fixed cost
• Land cost
• Building cost
• Equipment cost (turbines, condensers, pumps, control
systems, auxiliaries, etc.
• Installation cost and commissioning
• Overhead charges which will includes the transportation
cost, storage and storekeeping charges, depreciation,
insurance, taxes, interest during construction etc.
B. Operational Cost (COPEX)
• The operating cost of a power station
includes the following:
• Fuel cost
• Operating labor cost
• Maintenance cost
• Consumable supplies
• Supervision and management
• Operating taxes
•
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
WIND POWERPLANT
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
A wind turbine with blades that are 45 meters long each is blown by winds at the speed of 10
meters per second, assuming the turbine is at sea level how much is the theoretical wind power?
Solve for: Given:
2 r = 45 m
a. A = 𝜋𝑟 v = 10 m/s
1 3
b. 𝑃𝑤 = 2
𝐴𝜌𝑣
Solution:
2 1 2 3 3
a. A = 𝜋(45 𝑚) b. 𝑃𝑤 = (6362 𝑚 )(1.225 𝑘𝑔/ 𝑚 )(10 𝑚/𝑠)
2
❖A = 6362 𝑚 2 ❖ 𝑃𝑤 = 3896725 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
❖ 𝑃𝑤 = 3.9 𝑀𝑊
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
With the same wind turbine from sample problem 1, calculate the electrical power generated with a
turbine efficiency of 50%, gearbox mechanical efficiency of 40% and generator efficiency or 65%.
Solve for: Given:
1 A = 6263 𝑚2 𝜂𝑡 = 0.5
3
a. 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 2
𝐴𝜌𝑣 𝜂𝑡𝜂𝑚𝜂𝑔 v = 10 m/s 𝜂𝑚 = 0.4
Cpmax = 16/27 𝜂g = 0.65
Solution:

1 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 3
a. 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 6362 𝑚2 1.225 10 (0.5)(0.4)(0.65)
2 𝑚3 𝑠
❖ 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 506574.25 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
❖ 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 0.51 𝑀𝑊
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
A wind farm is observed to have steady winds at 10 m/s. The air flowrate through the wind turbine is
known to be 1200 kg/s. If the wind turbine converts 70% of the mechanical power considering Betz
limit into electricity how much electrical power is generated?
Solve for: Given:
𝐾𝐸 1 𝑚 𝑚𝑎 = 1200 kg/s Cpmax = 16/27
a. 𝑃𝑤 = = 𝑣2 v = 10 m/s 𝜂g = 0.7
𝑡 2 𝑡
b. 𝑃𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑧 = 𝑃𝑤 𝐶 16
𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥
b. 𝑃𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑧 = 60 𝑘𝑊
27
c. 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑃𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑧 𝜂g ❖ 𝑃𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑧 = 35.56 𝑘𝑊
Solution:
1 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 2
a. 𝑃𝑤 = 2
1200
𝑠
10
𝑠 c. 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 35.56 𝑘𝑊 0.7
❖ 𝑃𝑤 = 60,000 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 ❖ 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 24.89 𝑘𝑊
❖ 𝑃𝑤 = 60 𝑘𝑊
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
POWERPLANT AND ECONOMICS
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
The maximum (peak) load on a thermal power plant of 60 MW capacity is 50 MW at an annual load
factor of 50%. The loads having maximum demands of 25 MW, 20 MW, 8 MW and, 5 MW are
connected to the power station

Solve for:

a) Average load on power station

b) Energy generated per year
c) Demand factor
d) Diversity factor.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
Given:
Max. Load = 50MW
Connected Loads = 25 MW, 20 MW, 8 MW and, 5 MW
Annual Load Factor = 50%

Solution:
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
a.) Load Factor = c.) Demand Factor =
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑

Average load = (Load Factor)(Max. demand) 50 𝑀𝑊

Demand Factor =
(25 + 20 + 8 + 5) MW
Average load = (0.5)(50 MW)
Demand Factor = 0.86
Average load = 25 MW

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

b.) Energy generated per year = (Average load)(8760) d.) Diversity Factor =
𝑀𝑎𝑥.𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

E/year= 219 × 106 kWh. (25 + 20 + 8 + 5) MW

Diversity Factor =
50 MW
Diversity factor = 58/50 = 1.16
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
A hydro power plant is to be used as peak load plant at an annual load factor of 30%. The electrical
energy obtained during the year is 750 × 105 kWh. Determine the maximum demand. If the plant
capacity factor is 24% find reserve capacity of the plant.

Solve for:

a) Average load
b) Maximum demand
c) Plant capacity
d) Reserve capacity
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
Given:
E = Energy generated = 750 × 105 kWh
Load factor = 30%
Plant capacity factor = 24%

Solution:
No.of units kWh generated in a year 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
a.) Average load = c.) Annual Plant capacity factor =
8760 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 8760

750 × 105 kWh 750 × 105 kWh

Average load = 0.24 =
8760 hrs. 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 8760

Average load = 8562 kW Plant capacity = 35,674 kW

Average load
b.) Load Factor = d.) Reserve capacity = Plant capacity – Max. demand
Max. demand

Average load 8562 kW Reserve capacity = 35,674 – 28,540

Max. demand = =
Load Factor 0.3
Reserve capacity = 7134 kW
Max. Demand = 28.540 kW
 Activity
Wind Powerplant and Powerplant Economics

1.A wind turbine with 12 meters long blades is exposed to wind at the speed of 8 meters per second, assume the turbine is at sea level how much is the wind power in megawatts?
Pw = 0.142 MW
2. A site evaluated for a wind farm is observed to have steady winds at a speed of 9.5 m/s. Determine the wind power in kilowatt for a flowrate of 1050 kg/s.
Pw = 47.381 kW
3. Calculate the mechanical power in megawatts converted by a wind turbine with 25 meters long blades with wind speeds of 12 m/s considering Betz limit.
Pw = 1.232 MW
4. A wind turbine receives 35 megawatts of wind power. Calculate the electrical power generated in megawatts with a turbine efficiency of 55%, gearbox mechanical efficiency of 42%
and generator efficiency or 75%.
Poutput = 6.06 MW
5. Calculate the overall efficiency of a wind turbine that generates 10 megawatts of electrical power from 42 000 kilowatts of wind power.
ηtotal = 0.24 = 24%
6. The maximum (peak) load on a diesel power plant of 70 MW capacity is 55 MW at an annual load factor of 45%. Calculate the average load in megawatts.
Average Load= 24.75 MW
7. A diesel station supplies the following loads:
Industrial power = 2500 kW
Domestic power = 1500 kW
Domestic lights = 800 kW
Commercial establishments = 1200 kW
If the maximum demand on the station is 5 megawatts, calculate the diversity factor.
Diversity factor = 1.2
8. A thermal power plant of 65 MW capacity has a peak load of 45 MW. Calculate the energy it generates in kWh per year with a load factor of 60%.
E/year = 237 × 106 kWh
9. A hydro powerplant has a plant capacity of 400 megawatts and generates 875 × 106 kWh per year. Determine its annual plant capacity factor.
Annual Plant capacity factor = 0.25
10. A thermal powerplant has a load factor of 35% with an average load of 9 megawatts. If the plant capacity is 40 megawatts, determine its reserve capacity in kilowatts.
Reserve capacity = 14285.711 kW