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Introduction To Geotechnical Engineering 2Nd Edition Holtz Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
Introduction To Geotechnical Engineering 2Nd Edition Holtz Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
CHAPTER 8
COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOIL AND ROCK
8-3. Determine the overconsolidation ratio (OCR) for the five fine-grained soils of Fig. 8.9a.
SOLUTION:
σ 'p
Eq. (8.2) : OCR =
σ 'vo
200 kPa
Soil #8: OCR = = 1.25
160 kPa
250 kPa
Soil #9: OCR = = 1.47
170 kPa
350 kPa
Soil #10: OCR = = 1.52
230 kPa
350 kPa
Soil #11: OCR = = 1.25
280 kPa
290 kPa
Soil #13: OCR = = 0.85
340 kPa
8-6. Estimate the preconsolidation stress for: (a) the undisturbed Leda clay in Fig. 8.9d, (b)
undisturbed Mexico City clay in Fig. 8.9e, (c) undisturbed Chicago clay in Fig. 8.9f, and (d) the
swelling clays from Texas in Fig. 8.9g.
SOLUTION:
(a) Leda clay (undisturbed): σ'p = 220 to 280 kPa
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Compressibility of Soil and Rock Chapter 8
8-7. Determine the compression indices for the four soils of Problem 8.6.
SOLUTION:
e1 − e2
Eq. 8.7: Compression index = Cc =
σ'
log 2
σ '1
e1 − e2
Recompression index = Cr =
σ'
log 2
σ '1
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Compressibility of Soil and Rock Chapter 8
8-8. The pressure versus void ratio data determined from a consolidation test on an undisturbed
clay specimen are as follows: (a) Plot the pressure versus void ratio curve on both arithmetic and
semilogarithmic graphs. (b) Determine the equations for the virgin compression curve and for the
rebound curve for unloading, starting at 1280 kPa. (c) What are the corresponding modified
compression and recompression indices for this soil? (d) Estimate the stress to which this clay
has been preconsolidated. (After A. Casagrande.)
SOLUTION:
(a) Arithmetic graph.
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
Void Ratio
0.65
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Effective Stress (kPa)
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Compressibility of Soil and Rock Chapter 8
Semilogarithmic graph.
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
Void Ratio
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
1 10 100 1000 10000
Effective Stress (kPa)
e1 − e2 1.0 − 0.3
(b) Eq. 8.7: Compression index = Cc = = = 0.32
σ '2 10,000
log log
σ '1 60
e1 − e2 0.8 − 0.54
Recompression index = Cr = = = 0.065
σ' 10,000
log 2 log
σ '1 1.0
Cc 0.315
(c) Eq. 8.9: Modified compression index = Ccε = = = 0.17
1 + eo 1 + 0.864
Cr 0.065
Eq. 8.15: Modified recompression index = Crε = = = 0.035
1 + eo 1 + 0.864
(d) From the semillogarithmic plot: σ'p ≈ 330 kPa
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Compressibility of Soil and Rock Chapter 8
8-9. A building is to be constructed on a stratum of the clay 7 m thick for which consolidation data
are given in Problem 8.8. The average existing effective overburden pressure on this clay stratum
is 126 kPa. The average applied pressure on the clay after construction of the building is 285
kPa. (a) Estimate the decrease in thickness of the clay stratum caused by full consolidation
under the building load. Estimate the decrease in thickness due to the building load if the clay had
never been preconsolidated under a load greater than the existing overburden. (c) Show on the e
versus log σ plot of Problem 8.8 the values of Δe used.
SOLUTION:
σ 'p 310 kPa
(a) Eq. (8.2) : OCR = = = 2.5
σ 'vo 126 kPa
σ 'p σ 'vo + Δσv
use Eq. 8.19b: sc = CrεHo log + CcεHo log
σ 'vo σ 'p
310 (126 + 285)
sc = (0.035)(7 m)log + (0.17)(7 m)log = (7 m)(0.0137) + (7 m)(0.0208)
126 310
sc = 0.09579 + 0.1457 = 0.2415 m = 241mm
Δe1
= 0.0137 → Δe1 = (0.0137)(1 + 0.864) = 0.0255
1 + eo
Δe2
= 0.0208 → Δe2 = (0.0208)(1 + 0.864) = 0.0388
1 + eo
(b) σ 'p = σ 'vo = 126 kPa
σ 'vo + Δσv (126 + 285)
use Eq. 8.13: sc = CcεHo log = (0.17)(7 m)log
σ 'p 126
sc = Ho × ε = (7 m)(0.0873) = 0.611m = 611mm
ΔeNC
= 0.0873 → ΔeNC = (0.0873)(1 + 0.0873) = 0.0949
1 + eo
ε = 0.0873
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Compressibility of Soil and Rock Chapter 8
8-10. The compression curve for a certain clay is a straight line on the semilogarithmic plot, and
it passes through the point e = 1.15, σ’v = 65 kPa and e = 0.76, σ’v = 825 kPa. Determine an
equation for this relationship. (After Taylor, 1948.)
SOLUTION:
e1 − e2 1.15 − 0.76
Eq. 8.7: Compression index = Cc = = = 0.353
σ' 825
log 2 log
σ '1 65
e = ( −0.1535)Ln(σ 'v ) + 1.7907
1.4
1.2
1
Void Ratio
0.8
e = -0.1535Ln(σ') + 1.7907
Cc=0.353
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
10 100 1000
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Compressibility of Soil and Rock Chapter 8
8-12. The following consolidation test data were obtained from undisturbed San Francisco Bay
Mud. For this clay, LL = 88, PL = 43, ρs = 2.70 Mg/m3 and w = 105.7%. Initially, the specimen
height was 2.54 cm and its volume was 75.14 cm3. Plot the data as percent consolidation versus
log pressure. Evaluate the preconsolidation pressure and the modified virgin compression index.
SOLUTION:
Stress Dial Reading Void Straina Strainb % Strainc
(kPa) (mm) Ratio
0 12.700 2.765 0.000 0.000 0.00
5 12.352 2.712 0.014 0.014 1.39
10 12.294 2.703 0.016 0.016 1.62
20 12.131 2.679 0.023 0.022 2.26
40 11.224 2.541 0.059 0.058 5.88
80 9.053 2.211 0.147 0.144 14.54
160 6.665 1.849 0.243 0.238 24.04
320 4.272 1.486 0.340 0.332 33.58
480 2.548 1.224 0.409 0.400 40.45
160 2.951 1.285 0.393 0.384 38.85
40 3.533 1.374 0.369 0.361 36.52
5 4.350 1.499 0.336 0.329 33.25
Δe e − ei R o − Ri
Straina : ε= = o ; Strainb : ε=
1 + eo 1 + e o 25.4 mm
⎛ Straina + Strainb ⎞
Strainc : % Strain = ⎜ ⎟ × 100
⎝ 2 ⎠
ε2 − ε1 0.45 − 0.053
Modified Compression index = Ccε = = = 0.32
σ' 700
log 2 log
σ '1 40
Eq. 8.9: Compression index = Cc = (1 + eo )Ccε = (1 + 2.765) × (0.32) = 1.20
From the semillogarithmic plot: σ'p ≈ 38 kPa
5.00
10.00
15.00
Percent Strain
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
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Compressibility of Soil and Rock Chapter 8
8-13. Plot the data of Problem 8.12, on a void ratio versus log pressure graph. Evaluate the
preconsolidation pressure and the virgin compression index. Do these values agree with what
you found in Problem 8.12?
SOLUTIONS:
3.5
2.5
Void Ratio
1.5
0.5
1 10 100 1000
Effective Stress (kPa)
e1 − e2 2.1 − 1.486
σ 'p ≈ 39 kPa; Eq. 8.7: Compression index = Cc = = = 1.21
σ' 320
log 2 log
σ '1 100
These values agree with the solutions in Problem 8-12.
8-14. The initial water content of the sample in Problem 8.12 is 105.7%, and the density of the
solids ρs = 2.70 Mg/m3. Compute the wet and dry density and degree of saturation of the
consolidation test sample if the dry weight of the sample is 52.8 g. If the final water content is
59.6%, compute the degree of saturation and dry density at the end of consolidation.
SOLUTION:
(a) w i = 105.7%, Ms = 52.8 g
Mw
w= → Mw = (1.057)(52.8 g) = 55.81g → Mt = 55.81 + 52.8 = 108.61g
Ms
Ms 52.8 g Mw 55.81g
Vs = = = 19.55 cm3 ; Vw = = = 55.81cm3
ρs 2.70 g cm 3
ρw 1.0 g cm 3
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Compressibility of Soil and Rock Chapter 8
8-15. A 7.8 m thick layer of soft San Francisco Bay Mud is to be loaded with a granular fill 3.2 m
thick, on the average. The total density of the fill is about 1.8 Mg/m3. Assume that the test data in
Problem 8.12 is typical of the clay layer, and that the layer is normally consolidated. What
consolidation settlement will take place due to the weight of the fill?
SOLUTION:
8-16. Assume the laboratory test results in Problem 8.12 are typical of another San Francisco
Bay Mud site, but where the clay is slightly overconsolidated. The present vertical effective
overburden stress is calculated to be about 15 kPa, and the thickness of the clay is 3.9 m. At this
location, the granular fill (ρ = 1.8 Mg/m3) will be only about 1.2 m thick. Estimate the consolidation
settlement due to the weight of the fill.
SOLUTION:
Δσv = (1.2 m)(1.8 Mg m3 )(9.81m s2 ) = 21.9 kPa; σ'vo = 15 kPa; σ 'p = 38 kPa
0.0226 − 0.01
From Problem 8-12 plot: Ccε = 0.32 and Crε = = 0.0097
20
log
1.0
σ 'vo + Δσv
Eq. 8.17: sc = CrεHo log
σ 'vo
15 + 21.9
sc = (0.0097)(3.9 m)log = (3.9 m)(0.00379) = 0.0148 m = 1.5 mm
15
8-17. What settlement would you expect at the overconsolidated site in Problem 8.16 if the fill to
be constructed were 4 m thick?
SOLUTION:
Δσv = (4 m)(1.8 Mg m3 )(9.81m s2 ) = 70.63 kPa; σ'vo = 15 kPa; σ 'p = 38 kPa
0.0226 − 0.01
From Problem 8-12 plot: Ccε = 0.32 and Crε = = 0.0097
20
log
1.0
σ 'p σ ' + Δσ v
use Eq. 8.19b: sc = CrεHo log + CcεHo log vo
σ 'vo σ 'p
38 (15 + 70.63)
sc = (0.0097)(3.9 m)log + (0.32)(3.9 m)log = (3.9 m)(0.0039) + (3.9 m)(0.11291)
15 38
sc = 0.0153 + 0.440 = 0.456 m = 456 mm
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Compressibility of Soil and Rock Chapter 8
8-18. Plot the following data and determine the preconsolidation pressure and the modified
compression index. Specimen height is 25.4 mm, wn = 32.5%, ρd = 1.45 Mg/m3. Sample is from a
depth of -11.5 m.
% Strain Pressure
(kPa)
0.09 5
Effective Stress (kPa)
0.11 10
1 10 100 1000 10000
0.12 20
0.00
0.26 40
0.98 80
1.91 160 5.00
4.19 320
8.05 640
Percent Strain
10.00
8.03 320
7.83 160
7.21 80 15.00
7.34 160
7.60 320
20.00
8.35 640
12.65 1280
17.41 2560 25.00
22.18 5120
21.65 1280
20.63 160
19.26 40
15.35 5
SOLUTION:
ε 2 − ε1 0.25 − 0.031
Modified Compression index = Ccε = = = 0.154
σ' 8000
log 2 log
σ '1 300
From the semillogarithmic plot: σ'p ≈ 260 kPa
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Compressibility of Soil and Rock Chapter 8
8-19. At the site where the sample of Problem 8.18 was taken, the soil profile consists of about
6.5 m of sand and rubble fill and then 9.1 m of clay. The water table is about 1.8 m below the
ground surface. Average densities of the sand and rubble fill are 1.45 Mg/m3 above the water
table and 1.70 Mg/m3 below the water table. Estimate the consolidation settlement if the average
stress increase in the compressible layer is: (a) 50 kPa, (b) 100 kPa, and (c) 250 kPa.
SOLUTION:
(a) Δσ v = 50 kPa; σ 'p = 260 kPa (from Problem 8-18)
( )
σ'vo = 10.086 Mg m2 × 9.81m s2 = 98.9 kPa (at the center of the clay layer)
0.0815 − 0.05
From Problem 8-18 plot: Ccε = 0.154 and Crε =
= 0.0112
640
log
1.0
σ ' + Δσ v 98.9 + 50
Eq. 8.17: sc = CrεHo log vo = (0.0112)(9.1m)log
σ 'vo 98.9
sc = (9.1m)(0.00199) = 0.0181m = 1.8 mm
(b) Δσv = 100 kPa; σ 'p = 260 kPa; σ'vo = 98.9 kPa
σ 'vo + Δσ v 98.9 + 100
Eq. 8.17: sc = CrεHo log = (0.0112)(9.1m)log
σ 'vo 98.9
sc = (9.1m)(0.003398) = 0.0309 m = 3.1mm
(c) Δσv = 250 kPa; σ 'p = 260 kPa; σ'vo = 98.9 kPa
σ 'p σ 'vo + Δσv
Eq. 8.19b: sc = CrεHo log + CcεHo log
σ 'vo σ 'p
260 (98.9 + 250)
sc = (0.0112)(9.1m)log + (0.154)(9.1m)log = (9.1m)(0.0047) + (9.1m)(0.01967)
98.9 260
sc = 0.0428 + 0.179 = 0.222 m = 22.2 mm
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Compressibility of Soil and Rock Chapter 8
8-20. Plot the following void ratio versus pressure data, and evaluate the compression index and
the recompression index. Determine the preconsolidation stress.
Void Pressure 1.100
Ratio (kPa)
1.025 0 1.000
1.006 10
0.997 20 0.900
0.978 40
0.950 80 0.800
0.911 160 Void Ratio
0.893 200 0.700
0.837 300
0.600
0.780 400
0.655 800
0.500
0.504 2000
0.542 500
0.400
0.589 160
0.681 20 0.300
1 10 100 1000 10000
SOLUTION:
Effective Stress (kPa)
From the plot: σ 'p ≈ 220 kPa
e1 − e2 1.1 − 0.30
Eq. 8.7: Compression index = Cc = = = 0.412
σ' 6200
log 2 log
σ '1 71
e1 − e2 0.8 − 0.504
Recompression index = Cr = = = 0.090
σ '2 2000
log log
σ '1 71
8-21. Use the consolidation data from Problem 8.20 to compute the settlement of a structure that
adds 175 kPa to the already existing overburden pressure of 130 kPa at the middle of a 6 m thick
layer.
SOLUTION:
220
Δσ v = 175 kPa; σ'vo = 130 kPa; σ 'p = 220 kPa; OCR = = 1.7
130
From Problem 8-20: Cc = 0.412, Cr = 0.09, eo = 1.025
Ho σ 'p Ho σ ' + Δσv
use Eq. 8.18b: sc = Cr log + Cc log vo
1 + eo σ 'vo 1 + eo σ 'p
⎛ 6m ⎞ 220 ⎛ 6m ⎞ (130 + 175)
sc = (0.09) ⎜ ⎟ log + (0.412) ⎜ ⎟ log = 0.0609 + 0.1732
⎝ 1 + 1.025 ⎠ 130 ⎝ 1 + 1.025 ⎠ 220
sc = 0.234 m = 234 mm
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Compressibility of Soil and Rock Chapter 8
8-22. What would be the settlement of the same structure in Problem 8.21 if the
overconsolidation ratio of the clay were 1.0 and σ’vo + Δσv = 305 kPa at the middepth of the clay
layer? Show your work and assumptions on the e versus log s curve of Problem 8.20.
SOLUTION:
Δσv = 175 kPa; σ'vo + Δσ v = 305 kPa; OCR = 1.0 → σ 'p = σ'vo = 220 kPa
From Problem 8-20: Cc = 0.412, Cr = 0.09, eo = 1.025
Ho σ ' + Δσv
use Eq. 8.11: sc = Cc log vo
1 + eo σ 'vo
⎛ 6m ⎞ (305)
sc = (0.412) ⎜ ⎟ log = 0.173 m = 173 mm
⎝ 1 + 1.025 ⎠ (220)
8-23. The consolidation curve of Fig. Ex. 8.9 is typical of a compressible layer 5 m thick. If the
existing overburden pressure is 50 kPa, compute the settlement due to an additional stress of
150 kPa added by a structure.
SOLUTION:
120
Δσ v = 150 kPa; σ'vo = 50 kPa; σ 'p = 120 kPa; OCR =
= 1.7; Ho = 5 m
50
From Examples 8.9 and 8.12: Cc = 0.44, Cr = 0.03, eo = 0.87
Ho σ 'p Ho σ ' + Δσv
Eq. 8.18b: sc = Cr log + Cc log vo
1 + eo σ 'vo 1 + eo σ 'p
⎛ 5m ⎞ 120 ⎛ 5m ⎞ (50 + 150)
sc = (0.03) ⎜ ⎟ log 50 + (0.44) ⎜ 1 + 0.87 ⎟ log 120 = 0.0305 + 0.261
⎝ 1 + 0.87 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
sc = 0.291m = 291mm
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Compressibility of Soil and Rock Chapter 8
8-24. For the test data of Problem 8.12, construct the field virgin compression curve using the
Schmertmann procedure for an OCR of unity.
SOLUTION:
3.5
3
39.000, 2.765
2.5
Void Ratio
1.5
590.000, 1.161
1
0.5
1 10 100 1000
Effective Stress (kPa)
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Compressibility of Soil and Rock Chapter 8
39, 2.71
2.5
Void Ratio
1.5
570, 1.1613
1
0.5
1 10 100 1000
Effective Stress (kPa)
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Compressibility of Soil and Rock Chapter 8
8-26. At the midpoint of a 7.5 m thick soil layer, the void ratio is 1.9. Find this point on the field
virgin compression curve determined in Problem 8.24. What is the corresponding pressure? If this
pressure is doubled over the entire site, compute the consolidation settlement of the layer.
SOLUTION:
3.5
2.5
Void Ratio
2
170, 1.9
0.5
1 10 100 1000
Effective Stress (kPa)
Ho = 7.5 m, e1 = 1.9
From the plot: p1 = 170 kPa
p2 = 2po = 340 kPa → e2 = 1.49 (from plot)
⎛ Δe ⎞ ⎛ 1.9 − 1.49 ⎞
sc = Ho (ε) = Ho ⎜ ⎟ = (7.5 m) ⎜ ⎟ = 1.06 m = 106 mm
⎝ 1 + eo ⎠ ⎝ 1 + 1.9 ⎠
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Compressibility of Soil and Rock Chapter 8
8-31. Figure P8.31 shows a proposed foundation site, with 10 ft of sand overlying 15 ft of clay
with consolidation properties shown. The clay is normally consolidated. Assume 1-D conditions.
(a) Compute the initial σ’v at the middle of the clay layer prior to excavation and construction. (b)
After excavation and during construction, the foundation area will be heavily loaded with the
structure and equipment so that σ’v at the middle of the clay layer will be increased to 3900 psf.
Determine the settlement that will occur under these conditions. (c) After construction is
completed, the equipment will be removed and the final σ’v at the middle of the clay layer will be
3200 psf.
SOLUTION:
(a) σ 'vo = (10 ft)(110 pcf ) + (7.5 ft)(120 − 62.4 pcf ) = 1532 psf
(b) Δσv = 3900 − 1532 = 2368 psf
Given: Ccε = 0.165, Crε = 0.033, Ho = 15 ft
σ 'vo + Δσv
Eq. 8.13: sc = CcεHo log
σ 'vo
(1532 + 2368)
sc = (0.165)(15 ft)log = 1.0 ft
(1532)
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Compressibility of Soil and Rock Chapter 8
8-32. As part of a construction project, a 7.5 m thick layer of clay is to be loaded with a temporary
3 m thick sand layer (refer to Fig. P8.32).The figure shows the water-table location, soil unit
weights, and the compression curve properties for the clay. Assume the sand layer remains dry.
(a) Calculate the value of σ’v in the middle of the clay layer (at 3.75 m below the water table)
before the sand layer is applied, and after consolidation is complete. (b) Based on your answer in
part (a), and the compression curve characteristics, calculate the settlement that will occur under
these conditions. (c) How much will the clay layer heave when the 3 m sand layer is removed?
SOLUTION:
σ 'p 74 kPa
(b) Δσv = (3 m)(16 kN m3 ) = 48.0 kN m2 , σ 'p = 74 kN m2 , OCR = = = 1.85
σ 'vo 40.09 kPa
σ 'p σ 'vo + Δσ v
use Eq. 8.19b: sc = CrεHo log + CcεHo log
σ 'vo σ 'p
74 (40.09 + 48)
sc = (0.03)(7.5 m)log + (0.18)(7.5 m)log = (7.5 m)(0.00799) + (7.5 m)(0.01362)
40.09 74
sc = 0.05992 + 0.1022 = 0.162 m = 162 mm
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained
from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
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Compressibility of Soil and Rock Chapter 8
8-33. Refer to Fig. 8.5a. Determine: (a) Using log interpolation between 100 and 1000,
determine the σv value at a vertical strain, εv = 20%. (b) If the initial void ratio, eo = 2.6, determine
Cr and Cc for this soil. For Cc use the portion of the curve between σ’v = 100 and 500 kPa. (c) If
the original clay layer thickness is 9.5 m, determine the settlement that occurs in the layer when it
is loaded from 200 to 400 kPa. [Note: You don’t need the results from part (b) to do this.]
SOLUTION:
(a) There are various approaches for interpolating logarithmic scales.
One approach for interpolating the desired x (or σ'v ) value is as follows:
( ) ( )
x = x 2f × x11− f ; where, f =
a
a+b
In this case, the x data point (at ε v = 20%) is 18.2% of the way between 100 and 1000 kPa.
( ) ( )
Thus, f = 0.182 and x = 10000.182 × 1000.182 = (3.5156)(43.2514) = 152 kPa
∴ at ε v = 20%, σ'v = 152 kPa
ε2 − ε1 0.34 − 0.13
(b) Modified Compression index = Ccε = = = 0.300
σ' 500
log 2 log
σ '1 100
Compression index = Cc = Ccε (1 + eo ) = (0.30)(1 + 2.6) = 1.08
ε2 − ε1 0.07 − 0.0
Modified Recompression index = Crε = = = 0.035
σ' 1000
log 2 log
σ '1 10
Recompression index = Cr = Crε (1 + eo ) = (0.035)(1 + 2.6) = 0.126
(c) For the load increment from 200 to 400 kPa, Δε = 32 - 23 = 9.0% (From plot in Fig. 8.5a)
sc = ( Δε )(Ho ) = (0.09)(9.5 m) = 0.855 m = 855 mm
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained
from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Compressibility of Soil and Rock Chapter 8
8-34. A large embankment is to be built on the surface of a 15-ft clay layer. Before the
embankment is built, the initial σ’v at the middle of the clay layer is 480 psf. The results from a 1-D
consolidation test on the clay from the middle of the layer are as follows:
σ’p = 1800 psf Crε = 0.0352 Ccε = 0.180
If the final σ’v at the middle of the layer after the embankment loading is 2100 psf, what is the
settlement, in inches, of the clay layer resulting from this loading?
SOLUTION:
σ 'p 1800 psf
(a) σ 'vo = 480 psf, σ 'vf = 2100 psf, OCR = = = 3.75
σ 'vo 480 psf
σ 'p σ 'vo + Δσv
use Eq. 8.19b: sc = CrεHo log + CcεHo log
σ 'vo σ 'p
1800 (2100)
sc = (0.0352)(15 ft)log + (0.18)(15 ft)log = 0.3031 + 0.1808
480 1800
sc = 0.4839 ft = 5.8 in
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained
from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Compressibility of Soil and Rock Chapter 8
8-35. Figure P8.35 shows a proposed site where an excavation will be made. The 10 ft layer of
sand will be removed, so that the top of the 24 ft normally consolidated clay layer will be exposed.
Assume full capillarity in the clay only. (a) Assume that the water-table location remains the
same during excavation. Compute the σv. σ’v, and u values at the middle of the clay layer before
and after the excavation. (b) Assuming 1-D conditions, compute how much the clay layer will
deform due to this excavation, in inches. Specify whether this is settlement or heave.
SOLUTION:
(a) Before excavation
σv = (10 ft)(110 pcf ) + (12 ft)(120 pcf ) = 2540 psf
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained
from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Compressibility of Soil and Rock Chapter 8
8-36. Figure P8.36 shows the soil profile at a site where you plan to lower the water table. You
have results from two consolidation tests, one from the upper 12 ft thick overconsolidated crust,
and another from the lower 32 ft thick normally consolidated zone. You plan to lower the water
table from its current 12 ft depth to 20 ft below ground surface. The consolidation properties for
each layer are shown. Assume full capillarity. a) Compute the σ’v in the middle of each layer
before and after the water table is lowered. (b) Determine the total settlement that will result from
lowering the water table.
SOLUTION:
(a) Center of layer 1: original water table at 12 ft
σv = (6 ft)(120 pcf ) = 720 psf; u = 0; σ 'vo = 720 psf
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained
from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Compressibility of Soil and Rock Chapter 8
8-37. When a consolidation test is performed on some soils, the virgin compression region is not
linear, but bilinear. Figure P8.37 shows such a compression curve from a 15 ft thick layer.
Required: (a) What vertical strain, occurs when the soil is loaded from an initial σ’v1 = 560 psf to
σ’v2 = 3000 psf? (b) If you load the soil further, to σ’v3 = 4000 psf, how much additional settlement
occurs? (c) Finally, if you unload from 4000 psf back to σ’v4 = 3000 psf, what additional
deformation (in ft) occurs?
SOLUTION:
⎛ 980 ⎞ ⎛ 3000 ⎞
(a) ε v = (0.032)log ⎜ ⎟ + (0.14)log ⎜ 980 ⎟ = 0.00778 + 0.068 = 0.0758 = 7.58%
⎝ 560 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
sc = (15 ft)(0.0758) = 1.14 ft
⎛ 4000 ⎞
(b) ε v = (0.17)log ⎜ ⎟ = 0.0212 = 2.12%; sc = (15 ft)(0.0212) = 0.318 ft
⎝ 3000 ⎠
sc − total = 1.14 + 0.318 = 1.46 ft
⎛ 4000 ⎞
(c) εswell = (0.032)log ⎜ ⎟ = 0.004 = 0.4% (heave)
⎝ 3000 ⎠
sswell = (15 ft)(0.004) = 0.06 ft = 0.72 in
Aside : net settlement (snet ) for loading and unloading described in parts a, b, and c:
snet = 1.146 − 0.06 = 1.09 ft; or about 1 ft
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained
from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Compressibility of Soil and Rock Chapter 8
8-38. Refer to the compression curve marked Soil 13 in Fig. 8.9a. Disregard the small unloading
cycle in the middle of the curve. The initial void ratio for this soil is 1.17, and the preconsolidation
pressure is 290 kPa. Note: the right-hand vertical boundary of this graph is at σ’vc = 2000 kPa.
Required: (a) Determine the Cr and Cc for this soil based on the compression curve. (b) If a layer
of this soil 12 m thick is loaded from 50 to 800 kPa (two of the data points shown on the curve),
what settlement will result, in m?
SOLUTION:
1.17 − 1.135 1.35 − 0.67
(a) Cr = = 0.0106; Cc = = 0.523
⎛ 2000 ⎞ ⎛ 2000 ⎞
log ⎜ ⎟ log ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠
(b) Δσv = 750 kPa; σ'vo = 50 kPa; σ 'p = 290 kPa; eo = 1.17; Ho = 12 m
290
OCR = = 5.8
50
Ho σ 'p Ho σ ' + Δσ v
Eq. 8.18b: sc = Cr log + Cc log vo
1 + eo σ 'vo 1 + eo σ 'p
⎛ 12 m ⎞ 120 ⎛ 12 m ⎞ (50 + 750)
sc = (0.0106) ⎜
+ ⎟ log 50 + (0.523) ⎜ 1 + 1.17 ⎟ log = 0.0223 + 1.2745
⎝ 1 1.17 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ 290
sc = 1.30 m
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained
from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Another random document with
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para aqui el trabajo, mas en ser
un mal que no os podeys quexar
dél, porque en la hora que os
quexaredes, os ternan por loco, o
desatinado. Cosa la más contraria
al descanso que puede ser: que
ya cuando los çelos son de otro
pastor que la sirua, en quexar de
los fauores que le haze y en oyr
desculpas, passays la vida, mas
este otro mal es de manera que
en un punto la perdereys, sino
teneys cuenta con uuestro
desseo. Diana entonçes
respondio: Dexa essas razones,
Sireno, que ninguna neçesidad
tienes de querer, ni ser querido. A
trueque de no tenella de querer
(dixo Sireno) me alegro en no
tenella de ser querido. Estraña
libertad es la tuya (dixo Diana).
Mas lo fue tu oluido (respondio
Sireno), si miras bien en las
palabras que a la partida me
dixiste, mas como dizes, dexemos
de hablar en cosas passadas, y
agradezcamos al tiempo y a la
sábia Feliçia las presentes, y tú,
Syluano, toma tu flauta y
templemos mi rabel con ella, y
cantaremos algunos versos:
aunque coraçon tan libre como el
mio, ¿qué podra cantar, que dé
contento a quien no le tiene? Para
esto yo te dare buen remedio,
dixo Syluano. Hagamos cuenta
que estamos los dos de la
manera que esta pastora nos
traya al tiempo que por este prado
esparzimos nuestras quexas. A
todos paresçio bien lo que
Syluano dezia, aunque Seluagia
no estaua muy bien en ello, mas
por no dar a entender çelos
donde tan gran amor amor
conosçia, calló por entonçes y los
pastores començaron a cantar
desta manera:
SYLUANO Y SIRENO
Si lagrimas no pueden
ablandarte,
(cruel pastora) ¿qué hara mi
canto,
pues nunca cosa mia vi
agradarte?
¿Qué coraçon aurá que
suffra tanto,
que vengas a tomar en burla y
risa,
vn mal que al mundo admira y
causa espanto?
¡Ay çiego entendimiento,
que te auisa
amor, el tiempo y tantos
desengaños,
y siempre el pensamiento de
una guisa!
Ah pastora cruel, ¿en tantos
daños,
en tantas cuytas, tantas sin
razones
me quieres ver gastar mis
tristes años?
De vn coraçon que es tuyo,
¿ansi dispones?
vn alma que te di, ¿ansi la
tratas,
que sea el menor mal suffrir
passiones?
SIRENO
Vn ñudo ataste amor, que
no desatas,
es çiego, y çiego tú, y yo más
çiego,
y çiega aquella por quien tú
me matas.
Ni yo me vi perder vida y
sossiego:
ni ella vee que muero a causa
suya,
ni tú, que estó abrasado en
biuo fuego.
¿Qué quieres crudo amor,
que me destruya
Diana con ausençia? pues
concluye
con que la vida y suerte se
concluya.
El alegria tarda, el tiempo
huye,
muere esperança, biue el
pensamiento,
amor lo abreuia, alarga y lo
destruye.
Verguença me es hablar en
un tormento
que aunque me aflija, canse y
duela tanto,
ya no podria sin él biuir
contento.
SYLUANO
O alma, no dexeys el triste
llanto,
y vos cansados ojos,
no os canse derramar
lagrimas tristes:
llorad pues uer supistes
la causa prinçipal de mis
enojos.
SIRENO
La causa prinçipal de mis
enojos,
cruel pastora mia,
algun tiempo lo fue de mi
contento:
ay triste pensamiento,
quan poco tiempo dura vna
alegria.
SYLUANO
Quan poco tiempo dura vna
alegria
y aquella dulce risa,
con que fortuna acaso os ha
mirado:
todo es bien empleado
en quien auisa el tiempo y no
se auisa.
SIRENO
En quien auisa el tiempo y
no se auisa,
haze el amor su hecho,
mas ¿quién podra en sus
casos auisarse,
o quién desengañarse?
ay pastora cruel, ay duro
pecho.
SYLUANO
Ay pastora cruel, ay duro
pecho,
cuya dureza estraña
no es menos que la graçia y
hermosura,
y que mi desuentura,
¡quán a mi costa el mal me
desengaña!
SYLUANO
Pastora mia, más blanca y
colorada
que blancas[1269] rosas por
abril cogidas,
y más resplandesçiente,
que el sol, que de oriente
por la mañana assoma a tu
majada
¿cómo podré biuir si tú me
oluidas?
no seas mi pastora rigurosa,
que no está bien crueldad a
vna hermosa.
SIRENO
Diana mia, más
resplandesçiente,
que esmeralda, y diamante a
la vislumbre,
cuyos hermosos ojos
son fin de mis enojos,
si a dicha los rebuelues
mansamente,
assi con tu ganado llegues a la
cumbre
de mi majada gordo y
mejorado,
que no trates tan mal a vn
desdichado.
SYLUANO
Pastora mia, quando tus
cabellos
a los rayos del sol estás
peynando,
no vees que lo escuresçes,
y a mi me ensoberuesçes
que desde acá me estoy
mirando en ellos,
perdiendo ora esperança, ora
ganando?
assi gozes, pastora, esa
hermosura,
que des vn medio en tanta
desuentura.
SIRENO
Diana cuyo nombre en esta
sierra
los fieros animales trae
domados,
y cuya hermosura,
sojuzga a la ventura,
y al crudo amor no teme y
haze guerra
sin temor de occasiones,
tiempo, hados,
assi gozes tú tu hato y tu
majada,
que de mi mal no biuas
descuydada.
SYLUANO
La fiesta, mi Sireno, es ya
passada,
los pastores se uan a su
manida,
y la cigarra calla de cansada.
No tardará la noche, que
escondida
está, mientra que Phebo en
nuestro cielo
su lumbre acá y allá trae
esparzida.
Pues antes que tendida por
el suelo
veas la escura sombra, y que
cantando
de ençima deste aliso está el
mochuelo,
Nuestro ganado vamos
allegando,
y todo junto alli lo lleuaremos,
a do Diana nos está
esperando.
SIRENO
Syluano mio, vn poco aqui
esperemos,
pues aun del todo el sol no es
acabado
y todo el dia por nuestro le
tenemos.
Tiempo ay para nosotros, y
el ganado
tiempo ay para lleualle al claro
rio,
pues oy ha de dormir por este
prado;
y aqui cesse, pastor, el cantar
mio.
Os tempos se mudarão
a vida se acabará:
mas a fe sempre estara,
onde meus olhos estão.
Os dias, y os momentos,
as horas, con suas mudanças,
inmigas son desperanças,
y amigas de pensamentos:
os pensamentos estão
a esperança acabará,
a fe, me não deixará
por honrra do coraçon.